Since the main method for determining body weight is weighing, in everyday life the concepts of body weight and body weight have long become synonymous. As a rule, when the weight of a body is mentioned, its mass is meant. In physics, weight is the force of a body acting on a suspension or support, which arises due to gravitational attraction Earth. Body weight can change in a fairly wide range - from weightlessness to huge overloads. The mass of the body is an almost constant characteristic. physical body.

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Instruction

To obtain the mass of a physical body, given in tons to its weight (in kilonewtons), multiply the number of tons by the number 9.8 (acceleration free fall). That is, use the following formula: Kkn \u003d Kt * g, where: Kt is the number of tons,
Kkn - the number of kilonewtons,
g - free fall acceleration (? 9.8m / s?) You can ignore the dimension of the value g (m / s?). For a more accurate result, use "exact g value: 9.806652.

Example.
The tank contains 60 tons of water. The mass of an empty tank is 1 ton.
Question: What is the weight of a filled tank?
Solution: (60+1)*9.8= 59.78 (kilonewton). The calculations made according to the above formula are valid only for “normal conditions, i.e. near earth's surface, away from geomagnetic anomalies and provided that the buoyancy force of the gas (or liquid) can be neglected.

If a body is in a fluid, then it is acted upon by a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. Therefore, to convert tons to kilonewtons for a body immersed in a liquid, use the following formula: Kkn \u003d Kt * g - Vzh, where: Vzh is the weight of the liquid displaced by the body. Example.
A metal billet of mass 2 is placed in a water tank tons. The weight of the liquid displaced by the billet was 5 kilonewtons.
Question: What will be the weight of the workpiece in water?
Solution: 2 * 9.8 - 5 \u003d 14.6 (kilonewton).

Since the weight of the displaced fluid depends on its density and the volume of the body, the following formula can be used: Pzh is the density of the liquid,
in this case, the volume of the body must be presented in cubic meters, and the density of the liquid - in tons per cubic meter.

If instead of volume, the density of the body is known, then use the following formula: Kkn \u003d Kt * g - Kt / Pt * Pzh * g * \u003d Kt * g * (1 - Pzh / Pt), where: Pt - body density (in tons per cubic meter ).

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1 kilogram-force [kgf] = 0.00980664999999998 kilonewton [kN]

Initial value

Converted value

newton exanewton petanewton teranewton giganewton meganewton kilonewton hectonewton decanewton decinewton centinewton millinewton micronewton nanonewton piconewton femtonewton attonewton dyne joule per meter joule per centimeter gram-force kilogram-force ton-force (short) ton-force (long) ton-force kilopound (metric) -force kilopound-force pound-force ounce-force poundal pound-foot per sec² gram-force kilogram-force walls grav-force milligravity-force atomic unit of force

More about strength

General information

In physics, force is defined as a phenomenon that changes the motion of a body. This can be both the movement of the whole body and its parts, for example, during deformation. If, for example, a stone is lifted and then released, it will fall, because it is attracted to the ground by gravity. This force changed the movement of the stone - from a calm state, it moved into motion with acceleration. Falling, the stone will bend the grass to the ground. Here, a force called the weight of the stone changed the movement of the grass and its shape.

Force is a vector, that is, it has a direction. If several forces act simultaneously on the body, they can be in equilibrium if they vector sum equals zero. In this case, the body is at rest. The rock in the previous example will probably roll on the ground after the collision, but will eventually stop. At this moment, the force of gravity will pull it down, and the force of elasticity, on the contrary, will push it up. The vector sum of these two forces is zero, so the rock is in balance and is not moving.

In the SI system, force is measured in newtons. One newton is the vectorial sum of forces that changes the speed of a one kilogram body by one meter per second in one second.

Archimedes was one of the first to study forces. He was interested in the influence of forces on bodies and matter in the Universe, and he built a model of this interaction. Archimedes believed that if the vector sum of the forces acting on a body is zero, then the body is at rest. Later it was proved that this is not entirely true, and that bodies in equilibrium can also move at a constant speed.

Basic forces in nature

It is forces that move bodies, or make them stay in place. There are four main forces in nature: gravity, electromagnetic interaction, strong and weak interaction. They are also known as fundamental interactions. All other forces are derivatives of these interactions. Strong and weak interactions act on bodies in the microcosm, while gravitational and electromagnetic effects also act at large distances.

Strong interaction

The most intense of the interactions is the strong nuclear force. The connection between the quarks that form neutrons, protons, and the particles that consist of them, arises precisely due to the strong interaction. The motion of gluons, structureless elementary particles, is caused by strong interaction, and is transmitted to quarks due to this motion. Without the strong force, matter would not exist.

Electromagnetic interaction

Electromagnetic interaction- the second largest. It occurs between particles with opposite charges that are attracted to each other, and between particles with identical charges. If both particles have a positive or negative charge, they repel. The movement of the particles that occurs is electricity, physical phenomenon which we use every day Everyday life and in technology.

Chemical reactions, light, electricity, the interaction between molecules, atoms and electrons - all these phenomena occur due to the electromagnetic interaction. Electromagnetic forces prevent the penetration of one solid body into another, since the electrons of one body repel the electrons of the other body. Initially, it was believed that electric and magnetic influences are two different forces, but later scientists discovered that this is a kind of one and the same interaction. Electromagnetic interaction is easy to see with a simple experiment: pulling off a wool sweater over your head, or rubbing your hair against a woolen cloth. Most bodies are neutrally charged, but rubbing one surface against another can change the charge on those surfaces. In this case, electrons move between two surfaces, being attracted to electrons with opposite charges. When there are more electrons on the surface, the total surface charge also changes. Hair "standing on end" when a person removes a sweater is an example of this phenomenon. The electrons on the surface of the hair are more strongly attracted to the c atoms on the surface of the sweater than the electrons on the surface of the sweater are attracted to the atoms on the surface of the hair. As a result, the electrons are redistributed, which leads to the appearance of a force that attracts the hair to the sweater. In this case, hair and other charged objects are attracted not only to surfaces with not only opposite but also neutral charges.

Weak interaction

The weak nuclear force is weaker than the electromagnetic force. Just as the motion of gluons causes a strong interaction between quarks, so the motion of W- and Z-bosons causes a weak interaction. Bosons - emitted or absorbed elementary particles. W-bosons participate in nuclear decay, and Z-bosons do not affect other particles with which they come into contact, but only transfer momentum to them. Due to the weak interaction, it is possible to determine the age of matter using the method of radiocarbon analysis. Age archaeological finds can be determined by measuring the content radioactive isotope carbon relative to stable carbon isotopes in the organic material of this find. To do this, a previously cleaned small fragment of a thing is burned, the age of which needs to be determined, and, thus, carbon is mined, which is then analyzed.

Gravitational interaction

The weakest interaction is gravitational. It determines the position of astronomical objects in the universe, causes the tides to ebb and flow, and because of it, thrown bodies fall to the ground. The gravitational force, also known as the force of attraction, pulls bodies towards each other. The greater the mass of the body, the stronger this force. Scientists believe that this force, like other interactions, arises due to the movement of particles, gravitons, but so far they have not been able to find such particles. The movement of astronomical objects depends on the force of gravity, and the trajectory of motion can be determined by knowing the mass of the surrounding astronomical objects. It was with the help of such calculations that scientists discovered Neptune even before they saw this planet through a telescope. The trajectory of the movement of Uranus could not be explained by gravitational interactions between the planets and stars known at that time, so scientists assumed that the movement occurs under the influence of the gravitational force of an unknown planet, which was later proven.

According to the theory of relativity, the force of attraction changes the space-time continuum - the four-dimensional space-time. According to this theory, space is curved by the force of gravity, and this curvature is greater near bodies with greater mass. This is usually more noticeable near large bodies such as planets. This curvature has been proven experimentally.

The force of attraction causes acceleration in bodies flying towards other bodies, for example, falling to the Earth. Acceleration can be found using Newton's second law, so it is known for planets whose mass is also known. For example, bodies falling to the ground fall at an acceleration of 9.8 meters per second.

Ebb and flow

An example of the action of the force of attraction is the ebbs and flows. They arise due to the interaction of the forces of attraction of the Moon, the Sun and the Earth. Unlike solids, water easily changes shape when a force is applied to it. Therefore, the forces of attraction of the Moon and the Sun attract water more strongly than the surface of the Earth. The movement of water caused by these forces follows the movement of the Moon and the Sun relative to the Earth. This is the ebb and flow, and the forces that arise in this case are tide-forming forces. Since the Moon is closer to the Earth, the tides depend more on the Moon than on the Sun. When the tide-forming forces of the Sun and the Moon are equally directed, the greatest tide occurs, called the syzygy tide. The smallest tide, when tide-forming forces act in different directions, is called quadrature.

The frequency of flushes depends on geographical location water mass. The gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun pull not only water, but the Earth itself, so in some places tides occur when the Earth and water are attracted in one direction, and when this attraction occurs in opposite directions. In this case, high tide occurs twice a day. In other places it happens once a day. Ebb and flow depends on coastline, ocean tides in the area, and the positions of the Moon and Sun, as well as the interaction of their attractive forces. In some places, high and low tides occur every few years. Depending on the structure of the coastline and on the depth of the ocean, tides can affect currents, storms, change in wind direction and strength, and change atmospheric pressure. Some places use special clocks to determine the next high or low tide. Having set them up in one place, you have to set them up again when you move to another place. Such clocks do not work everywhere, as in some places it is impossible to accurately predict the next high and low tide.

The power of moving water during high and low tides has been used by man since ancient times as a source of energy. Tidal mills consist of a water reservoir, which is filled with water at high tide and discharged at low tide. Kinetic energy water drives the mill wheel, and the resulting energy is used to do work, such as grinding flour. There are a number of problems with the use of this system, such as environmental ones, but despite this - tides are a promising, reliable and renewable source of energy.

Other powers

According to the theory of fundamental interactions, all other forces in nature are derivatives of four fundamental interactions.

Force of normal support reaction

The force of the normal reaction of the support is the force of counteraction of the body to the load from the outside. It is perpendicular to the surface of the body and directed against the force acting on the surface. If the body lies on the surface of another body, then the force of the normal reaction of the support of the second body is equal to the vector sum of the forces with which the first body presses on the second. If the surface is vertical to the surface of the Earth, then the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed opposite to the force of gravity of the Earth, and is equal to it in magnitude. In this case, they vector force is zero and the body is at rest or moving at a constant speed. If this surface has a slope with respect to the Earth, and all other forces acting on the first body are in equilibrium, then the vector sum of the gravity and the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed downward, and the first body slides on the surface of the second.

Friction force

The force of friction acts parallel to the surface of the body, and opposite to its movement. It occurs when one body moves along the surface of another, when their surfaces are in contact (sliding or rolling friction). The force of friction also arises between two bodies in a stationary state, if one lies on inclined surface another. In this case, this is the static friction force. This force is widely used in technology and in everyday life, for example, when moving vehicles with the help of wheels. The surface of the wheels interacts with the road and the friction force does not allow the wheels to slide on the road. To increase friction, rubber tires are put on the wheels, and in icy conditions, chains are put on the tires to increase friction even more. Therefore, without the force of friction, transport is impossible. The friction between the rubber of the tires and the road ensures the normal driving of the car. The rolling friction force is smaller than the dry sliding friction force, so the latter is used during braking, allowing you to quickly stop the car. In some cases, on the contrary, friction interferes, because it wears out the rubbing surfaces. Therefore, it is removed or minimized with the help of a liquid, since liquid friction is much weaker than dry friction. That is why mechanical parts, such as a bicycle chain, are often lubricated with oil.

Forces can deform solid bodies, as well as change the volume of liquids and gases and the pressure in them. This occurs when the action of a force is distributed unevenly over a body or substance. If a large enough force acts on a heavy body, it can be compressed into a very small ball. If the size of the ball is less than a certain radius, then the body becomes a black hole. This radius depends on the mass of the body and is called Schwarzschild radius. The volume of this ball is so small that, compared to the mass of the body, it is almost zero. The mass of black holes is concentrated in such an insignificantly small space that they have a huge force of attraction, which attracts to itself all bodies and matter within a certain radius from the black hole. Even light is attracted to a black hole and doesn't bounce off it, which is why black holes are indeed black - and are named accordingly. Scientists believe that large stars turn into black holes at the end of their lives and grow, absorbing surrounding objects within a certain radius.

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Length and distance Mass Measures of volume of bulk products and foodstuffs Area Volume and units of measurement in culinary recipes Temperature Pressure, mechanical stress, Young's modulus Energy and work Power Force Time Linear speed Flat angle Thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency Numbers Units of measurement of the amount of information Exchange rates Dimensions women's clothing and footwear Dimensions of men's clothing and footwear Angular velocity and rotational speed Acceleration Angular acceleration Density Specific volume Moment of inertia Moment of force Torque Specific calorific value (by mass) Energy density and specific calorific value of fuel (by volume) Temperature difference Coefficient of thermal expansion Thermal resistance Thermal conductivity Specific heat capacity Energy exposure, thermal radiation power Heat flux density Heat transfer coefficient Volume flow Mass flow Molar flow Mass flow density Molar concentration Mass k concentration in solution Dynamic (absolute) viscosity Kinematic viscosity Surface tension Vapor permeability Vapor permeability, vapor transfer rate Sound level Microphone sensitivity Sound pressure level (SPL) Brightness Light intensity Illuminance Resolution in computer graphics Frequency and wavelength Optical power in diopters and focal length Optical power in diopters and lens magnification (×) Electrical charge Linear charge density Surface charge density Bulk charge density Electric current Linear current density Surface current density Electric field strength Electrostatic potential and voltage Electrical resistance Electrical resistivity Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity Electrical capacitance Inductance American wire gauge Levels in dBm (dBm or dBmW), dBV (dBV), watts, etc. units Magnetomotive force Magnetic field strength Magnetic sweat ok Magnetic induction Absorbed dose rate of ionizing radiation Radioactivity. Radioactive decay Radiation. Exposure dose Radiation. Absorbed dose Decimal prefixes Data transmission Typography and image processing Timber volume units Calculation of molar mass Periodic system of chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev

1 kilonewton [kN] = 0.112404471549855 ton-force (short) [tf (short)]

Initial value

Converted value

Thermal efficiency and fuel economy

More about strength

General information

Force is a vector, that is, it has a direction. If several forces act simultaneously on a body, they can be in equilibrium if their vector sum is zero. In this case, the body is at rest. The rock in the previous example will probably roll on the ground after the collision, but will eventually stop. At this moment, the force of gravity will pull it down, and the force of elasticity, on the contrary, will push it up. The vector sum of these two forces is zero, so the rock is in balance and is not moving.

In the SI system, force is measured in newtons. One newton is the vectorial sum of forces that changes the speed of a one kilogram body by one meter per second in one second.