Since 46 BC, the Julian calendar has been used in most countries of the world. However, in 1582, by decision of Pope Gregory XIII, it was replaced by the Gregorian. In that year, the day after the fourth of October was not the fifth, but the fifteenth of October. Now the Gregorian calendar is officially adopted in all countries except Thailand and Ethiopia.

The beginning of summer has become the equivalent of a new year. The year was further divided into lunar leagues - from one moon to another, or from one moon to another. The countdown days were not accurate, especially during the summer months when the nights are clear and it is difficult to see the moon. The system about which in question, has undergone changes, until finally the division into 7-day weeks, so the calendar consisted of 52 weeks and 12 months after 30 days plus 4 days. However, only 364 days.

The Old English calendar is the only one famous example in Northern Europe, an alternative calendar that exists in parallel with the official church calendar. There are several different explanations for this phenomenon. Firstly, many of the laws of the Republic of Iceland were related to the time counted from the old calendar, so changing the calendar would require changes to the law. Secondly, Christianity was not forced on Iceland, but voluntarily, through a compromise reached at the Alinga meeting, and established laws and agreements on secular matters were valid.

Reasons for adopting the Gregorian calendar

The main reason for introducing new system chronology was the movement of the day of the vernal equinox, depending on which the date of the celebration of Christian Easter was determined. Due to discrepancies between the Julian and the tropical calendar (the tropical year is the length of time during which the sun completes one cycle of the seasons), the day of the vernal equinox gradually shifted to ever earlier dates. At the time of the introduction of the Julian calendar, it fell on March 21, both according to the accepted calendar system and in fact. But to XVI century, the difference between the tropical and Julian calendars was already about ten days. As a result, the day of the spring equinox was no longer on March 21, but on March 11.

There was no immediate need for the immediate abolition of the old calendar, either for administrative or religious reasons. And finally, the existing calendar was a bit sketchy and at the same time has been adjusted and changed in the past, making it customizable to meet needs church calendar.

While the church used its own calendar, farmers and fishermen invariably used the old Dutch one. Although the dates of people's births were recorded in church books as a month and a day, each person used their birthday on a specific day in a given winter or summer week.


Scientists drew attention to the above problem long before the adoption Gregorian system chronology. Back in the 14th century, Nikephoros Gregoras, a Byzantine scholar, reported this to Emperor Andronicus II. According to Grigora, it was necessary to revise the calendar system that existed at that time, because otherwise the date of the celebration of Easter would continue to shift to an ever later time. However, the emperor did not take any action to eliminate this problem, fearing a protest from the church.

People also used the names of the old months of the moon. The figure shows the division of the year in the old Dutch calendar into seasons and months, with reference to the church calendar month. The Julian calendar, in use since the time of Jules Caesar, has shown an inaccuracy that has grown by about 1 day. About 200 years later, the revised calendar was adopted by other religions, but the Julian calendar remained in some churches until today, even in the Russian Orthodox Church.

Until then, the inconsistency had increased to 11 days. Most celebrations and celebrations were delayed by 11 days, although in some cases the amendment was different. For example, the first day of the year was delayed only 10 days, so it would fall on Thursday. In connection with these changes, the Julian calendar was called "old style" in Iceland and the Gregorian - "new style".

In the future, other scientists from Byzantium spoke about the need to switch to a new calendar system. But the calendar continued to remain unchanged. And not only because of the fear of the rulers to cause indignation among the clergy, but also because the further the Christian Easter was pushed back, the less chance it had to coincide with the Jewish Easter. This was unacceptable according to church canons.

Icelandic days of the past and former days. The Icelandic names for the days of the week were originally associated with Norse mythology. Such names have survived to this day, for example in English, German or Danish. Over time, however, the church made great efforts to get rid of the names that came directly from the names of the pagan gods. Therefore, the following names have been suggested for use by the church.

However, the "old" Sunnudagur won the competition with Drottinsdagur's temple proposed by Drottinsdagur and was never threatened by the threat of Monday's proposed hangar dagur. Father, why change the old calendar, also called the Julian calendar? - The old calendar didn't change, but it turned around because it needed a lot of straightening. This calendar was prepared by the pagan philosopher Julian Sosigenes of Alexandria in the year 44 before the coming of the Lord, according to the order of the emperor of Rome, Julius Caesar.

By the 16th century, the problem had become so urgent that the need to solve it was no longer in doubt. As a result, Pope Gregory XIII assembled a commission, which was instructed to carry out all the necessary research and create a new calendar system. The results obtained were displayed in the bull "Among the most important". It was she who became the document with which the adoption of the new calendar system began.

This calendar was drawn up and planted at that time according to the isomerism, which was March 24 and September 24. But after the timetable, the old astronomers noticed that this calendar was beyond the celestial calendar, 300 years, one day and one night. So clear as Christians since the time of the holy apostles have no longer held the equinoxes julian calendar which, as we saw, was still behind. Know that the fall of the calendar was known in our church hundreds of years ago. The action is shown in the testimony of the archive. There, studying the fear of God and talking in detail about the Julian calendar, and seeing that dogmas, the canons of the Church and the sacraments of the holy fathers do not stir in its straightening, and that, following the calendar from March 21 to March 8, the ordination established by the Holy and Great By the Ecumenical Synod of Nicaea, they all decided to straighten the Julian calendar and bring echinokitia from March 8 to March 21, as it is now.

The main disadvantage of the Julian calendar is its lack of accuracy in relation to the tropical calendar. In the Julian calendar, leap years are all years that are divisible by 100 without a remainder. As a result, every year the difference with the tropical calendar increases. Approximately every one and a half centuries, it increases by 1 day.

The decision was made by all the Orthodox Churches that took part in the synod, through their metropolitans, bishops and their delegates, and each Church would make the schedule correct when it found the right time. For the Patriarchate and Metropolitan, the bishops, priests and deacons of the Holy Sepulcher serve and share with all Christians from all countries where the new style is preserved. Why does the Orthodox Church in Jerusalem not recognize this, since the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Constantinople does not recognize this?

For Patriarch Diodorus of Jerusalem said to the patron Saint John: We do not recognize in Romania another church behind the Romanian Orthodox Church. We in Jerusalem kept the Julian calendar unspoken, but this is not the reason for the division between us and other sisters of the Orthodox Churches, and we do not make the calendar a dogma of faith. Here are the most serious ones: Do not listen to the Jerusalem Patriarchate. They did not listen to the Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church and the decision of the first order of all the Orthodox Churches that gathered in Moscow in the year of Baptism and the crown for the second time, having committed a great heresy and a dogmatic mistake.


The Gregorian calendar is much more accurate. It has fewer leap years. Leap years in this system of chronology are years that:

  1. divisible by 400 without a remainder;
  2. divisible by 4 without a remainder, but not divisible by 100 without a remainder.

Thus, 1100 or 1700 in the Julian calendar are considered leap years because they are divisible by 4 without a remainder. In the Gregorian calendar, of the past, after its adoption, 1600 and 2000 are considered leap years.

They broke the spiritual connection with the canonical hierarchy of the Romanian Orthodox Church. They hate and denigrate the NBU-style patriarchs, bishops, and priests of the Church, calling them "Catholics," "ungrateful," "heretics," and so on. they made monasteries without the approval of the Holy Synod. Stylish priests pass through foreign villages and do the work in secret, without regard for the approval of the bishop of that place and the parish priest in those parishes. And these are some of the mistakes and canonical deviations of those who preserve the old style in our country. Are stickers considered heretics?

Immediately after the introduction of the new system, it was possible to eliminate the difference between the tropical and calendar years, which at that time was already 10 days. Otherwise, due to errors in the calculations, an extra year would run every 128 years. In the Gregorian calendar, an extra day only occurs every 10,000 years.


They are schismatic, that is, divorced by the Orthodox Church, because they violated the administrative church laws by organizing special monasteries and churches without the approval of the Holy Synod. And if they dare to baptize a second time, then they become heretics, according to Apostolic Canon 47 and other canons. So far it has been changed five times, and when needed, and this will change it. The calendar is the clock of time, and if you have a calendar with a clock or two, then it's good to have it behind you now?

Or for the calendar to think, share, hate that we are no longer Orthodox? Have you ever heard the saying, "Holy martyrs, pray to God for us?" Have you heard of them crazy? The calendar, if it is holy, we must worship the calendar! Have you ever heard: "I think in one calendar?" Have you heard from them crazy? The calendar is not a dogma, it's not holy! Why do you worship him and for his sake disobey the Church and continue to lead the laying on of hands and baptize again? All sects that have violated the Church have violated disobedience and pride from the body of Christ.

Far from all modern states, the new chronology system was adopted immediately. The Catholic states were the first to switch to it. In these countries, the Gregorian calendar was officially adopted either in 1582 or shortly after the decree of Pope Gregory XIII.

In a number of states, the transition to a new calendar system was associated with popular unrest. The most serious of them took place in Riga. They lasted for five whole years - from 1584 to 1589.

Whoever violated the Church, be it a sectarian or a stylist, whatever he may be, has broken the Body of Christ and has no salvation for the ages of the world! We never worship the calendar. And these stylists, who are not subject to the Church until now, remain a heretical faction that will not straighten up, saying this: from all sin returns easy man but heresy is very hard! This is because the rational part of the soul is darkening. And then it's very hard to come back, so it stays. And so remain sects and others. Father, why did he change the old calendar, also called the Julian calendar?

There were also some funny situations. So, for example, in Holland and Belgium, due to the official adoption of the new calendar, after December 21, 1582, January 1, 1583 came. As a result, the inhabitants of these countries were left without Christmas in 1582.

Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar one of the last. The new system was officially introduced on the territory of the RSFSR on January 26, 1918 by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars. In accordance with this document, immediately after January 31 of that year, February 14 came on the territory of the state.

The old calendar didn't change, but it turned around because it needed a lot of improvement. This calendar was compiled by the pagan philosopher Julian Sosigenes of Alexandria in the year 44 before the coming of the Lord, according to the order of the emperor of Rome, Julius Caesar. This calendar was compiled and established at that time in accordance with the isomea, which was March 24 and September 24. But after this chart, old astronomers noticed that this calendar was behind the celestial calendar, one day and one night in 300 years.

Therefore, it is clear that since the time of the holy apostles, Christians no longer had the praise of the Julian calendar, which, as we saw, was behind. Therefore, the Holy Fathers of Nice make the first correction of the Julian calendar - as the apostles did before them - and the equinox of March 24, which found it three days before their arrival, correct it on March 21, where it was then.

Later than in Russia, the Gregorian calendar was introduced only in a few countries, including Greece, Turkey and China.


After the official adoption of the new chronology system, Pope Gregory XIII sent a proposal to Constantinople to switch to new calendar. However, she was met with a refusal. Its main reason was the inconsistency of the calendar with the canons of the celebration of Easter. However, in the future, most Orthodox churches still switched to the Gregorian calendar.

Know that the backlog of the calendar was known in our Church hundreds of years ago. This is evidenced by the evidence of the arch. Father, how was the time of our calendar, because stylists say that Patriarch Miron Kristea forgot the old decree and destroyed our sacred calendar?

It was not Patriarch Miron Christia who led the calendar, but our righteous Eastern Church, headed by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and all the Patriarchs of the Orthodox Churches who were there or sent delegates and authorized them to sign. But when to fix it?

To date, only four Orthodox churches use the Julian calendar: Russian, Serbian, Georgian and Jerusalem.

Date rules

In accordance with the generally accepted rule, dates that fell between 1582 and the moment the Gregorian calendar was adopted in the country are indicated both in the old and in the new style. In this case, the new style is indicated in quotation marks. Earlier dates are given in accordance with the proleptic calendar (i.e., the calendar used to indicate dates earlier than the date the calendar appeared). In countries where the Julian calendar was adopted, dates prior to 46 B.C. e. are indicated according to the proleptic Julian calendar, and where it was not - according to the proleptic Gregorian.

There, examining the fear of God and talking in detail about the Julian calendar and seeing that, straightening it, there is no evidence of dogmas, church canons and sacraments of the holy fathers and that, remaining behind the calendar, from March 21 to March 8, the decree established in the Holy and the Great Ecumenical Council of Nicaea, they all decided to correct the Julian calendar and bring the equinox from March 8 to March 21, as it is now.

The decision was made by all the Orthodox churches that took part in the synod, their metropolitans, bishops and their delegates, and each church would make the schedule correct when it found the right time. And Holy Pascha we serve together with Christians who preserve the old style of other countries, for the unity and peace of our sister Churches, which have not yet timed the calendar, such as the Russian Church, the Church of Jerusalem, etc.

When compiling chronological tables one of critical issues is the harmonization of various systems of chronology. In many systems of chronology, the account was kept from some historical or legendary event. So, the Christian church dated the beginning of the chronology to the birth of Jesus Christ. This system of chronology (new era - AD) is currently accepted in most countries [sometimes they write: "before R.Kh." or "after R.Kh.", "according to R.Kh."].

Until recent history, there were two systems of chronology: based on the Gregorian calendar, and on the basis of the Julian calendar that operated in parallel.

At present, in Russia, the chronology is carried out according to Gregorian calendar(new style), which was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 and replaced the Julian calendar (old style), which had been in use since 45 BC.

In Russia, the Gregorian calendar (new style) was introduced on February 14, 1918.
The difference between old and new styles is:
in the 18th century - 11 days, in the XIX century. - 12 days and in the XX century. - 13 days.

When compiling chronological tables for periods before 1918, two different dates are often given.

In what cases should the Julian calendar be used, when the dates of the Julian calendar are converted to the Gregorian, and in what cases is a double date indicated?

In our country, in the practice of dating events, all events and documents relating to the period before February 1, 1918 are dated according to the Julian calendar (old style), from February 1, 1918 - according to the Gregorian calendar (new style).

The main date can be accompanied by a date of a different style, placed next to it in brackets. Before February 1, 1918, the date according to the old style is placed in brackets, after February 1, 1918, the date according to the new style.

Example: December 10 (November 28), 2007 is the 130th anniversary of the decisive battle near Plevna in 1877.

Events and documents are dated with a double date in cases where it is required to specify the old and new styles. For example, for anniversaries, major events in all biographical works, and dates of events and historical documents international relations associated with countries where the Gregorian calendar (NS) was introduced earlier than in Russia. In this case, the main date is the date of the Julian calendar (S. St.), the date of the Gregorian calendar is indicated in brackets.

When dating historical documents civil war in some cases a double date should also be given. But the main date in these dates is the date of the Gregorian calendar (NS). The date of the Julian calendar is put in brackets, since the White Guard continued to use the Julian calendar (S. Art.).

Deviations from these principles must be specified and the style of the date must be specified.


The Gregorian calendar, adopted in most countries of the world, was not immediately put into use:

1582 - Italy, Spain, Portugal, Poland, France, Lorraine, Holland, Luxembourg;
1583 - Austria (part), Bavaria, Tyrol;
1584 - Austria (part), Switzerland, Silesia, Westphalia;
1587 - Hungary;
1610 - Prussia;
1700 - Protestant German states, Denmark;
1752 - Great Britain;
1753 - Sweden, Finland;
1873 - Japan;
1911 - China;
1916 - Bulgaria;
1918 — Soviet Russia;
1919 - Serbia, Romania;
1927 - Turkey;
1928 - Egypt;
1929 - Greece.


An increase in the difference between the Julian (S. Art.) and Gregorian calendars (N. Art.).

In the Julian calendar, the average duration of the year in the interval of 4 years was 365.25 days, which is 11 minutes. 14 p. longer than the tropical year. The length of the year in the Gregorian calendar is on average 365.2425 days, which is only 26 s. exceeds the tropical year. The Gregorian calendar is more accurate, so it has fewer leap years, which are introduced to eliminate the calendar's discrepancy with the count of tropical years.

When translating dates from the Julian calendar (S. St.) to the Gregorian (N. St.), it should be remembered that the difference between them is a fickle number. In 1582, when the reform was carried out, the gap between the Julian calendar and the Gregorian was 10 days. In the future, every 400 years, the difference increased by three days. As a result, in the XX century. the difference reached 13 days.

The increase in the difference is carried out due to the years that the centuries end. According to the Julian calendar, the years are 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, etc. are considered leap years, and according to the Gregorian leap years, only those of them whose first two digits are divisible by 4 are considered. the difference remained equal to 10 days. The year 1700 is a leap year in the Julian calendar and a simple year in the Gregorian calendar. As a result, the difference increased by 1 day and amounted to in the 18th century. 11 days. The year 1800 is also a leap year in the Julian calendar and a simple year in the Gregorian calendar. The difference again increased by 1 day and amounted to 12 days. Further, 1900 is a leap year in the Julian calendar, and a simple year in the Gregorian calendar. The difference again increased by 1 day and in the XX century. has been 13 days.

In some cases, when translating dates, one should take into account from what point 10 days increases to 11, 11 days to 12, and 12 days to 13.

The increase in the difference between the Julian (S. St.) and Gregorian (NS) calendars occurs due to the extra day in the Julian calendar in the years that the century ends, i.e. due February 29, 1700, 1800, 1900 According to the Julian calendar, February of these years has 29 days, and according to the Gregorian - 28 days. Therefore, from March 1, 1700, the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars will be 11 days, from March 1, 1800 - 12 days, from March 1, 1900 - 13 days. The difference to 14 days will increase from March 1, 2100, since 2000 will be a leap year in the Julian and Gregorian calendar and the difference from March 1, 2000 will not increase, remaining at 13 days.

Among the peoples who profess Islam, the chronology is from 622 AD (from the date of the migration of Muhammad, the founder of Islam, to Medina).

In a number of Muslim countries they use lunar calendar, in which the beginning of the calendar months corresponds to the moments of the new moons. The lunar month (synodic) is 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 2.9 seconds. 12 such months give lunar year 354 days, which is 11 days shorter than the tropical year. In a number of countries in Southeast Asia, Iran, Israel, there are varieties of the luni-solar calendar, in which the change in the phases of the moon is consistent with the beginning of the astronomical year. In such calendars an important role is played by a period of 19 solar years, equal to 235 lunar months (the so-called Metonic cycle).