) - poet, writer (February 10, 1890, Moscow - May 30, 1960, Peredelkino near Moscow). Father artist impressionistic directions, mother is a pianist. Pasternak studied music as a child. From 1909 he studied philosophy at Moscow University, in 1912 - in Marburg, Germany. He completed his university education in 1913 in Moscow.

Pasternak's first poems appeared in print in 1913. He joined the Centrifuge literary group, which was in line with futurism. His first collection of poems twin in the clouds(1914) published Aseev and Bobrov, Pasternak included most of the poems of the first collection in the second - Over the barriers(1917). The greatest recognition was brought to Pasternak by the third collection of poems Sister my life(1922), which arose in the summer of 1917, but inspired not by political events, but by the experiences of nature and love. The next collection of his poems is Themes and variations(1923), after which critics recognized him as "the most significant of the young poets of post-revolutionary Russia."

Geniuses and villains. Boris Pasternak

In small epic poems year nine hundred and five (1925-26), Lieutenant Schmidt(1926-27) and Spektorsky(1931) Pasternak partly speaks of revolutionary events.

Since 1922, Pasternak has also published prose. First prose collection stories(1925) includes Childhood Luvers, II tratto di apelle, Letters from Tula and Airways. Behind him, from 1929, Pasternak's first autobiographical story appeared, dedicated to the memory of Rilke, Certificate of protection(1931); the understanding of art expressed in it is in sharp contradiction with the ideas of the then influential functionaries of the RAPP.

After a collection of new poems Second birth(1932) until 1937, several more collections were published, including previously written poems by Pasternak.

In 1934 he was invited to the board of the new Union of Writers. Since 1936, Pasternak had to go into translation work, he translates especially Shakespeare's tragedies. "His translations from Georgian poets won the favor of Stalin, and perhaps saved the poet from persecution."

1890, January 29 (February 10 N.S.). In Moscow, the son of Boris was born in the family of the artist Leonid Osipovich Pasternak and the pianist Rosalia Isidorovna, nee Kaufman.

1901-1908 Education in the 5th Moscow gymnasium. Upon graduation, he enters the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. A year later, he transferred to the philosophical department of the Faculty of History and Philology.

1913 The first publication of poems in the collective collection "Lyric"; the first book of poems "Twin in the Clouds". Graduates from university.

1914 The first collection of the "Centrifuge" association - "Rukonog" with poems and an article by B.L. Pasternak. 1916 Publication of the book of poems "Over the Barriers". 1922-1923 Marries E.V. Lurie. A book of poems "My sister is life" is published. A trip to Germany, where he publishes the poetry collection "Themes and Variations"

(1923). Becomes a member of the Left Front of the Arts (LEF).
1927 Break with the LEF group.
1931 The autobiographical novel "Protective Letter" is published. Leaves the family and marries Z.N. Neuhaus. Trip to Georgia.

1932 A book of poems "The Second Birth" is published.
1943-1945 - Books of poems "On the Early Trains", "Earthly Expanse", "Selected Poems and Poems" are published. 1945-1955 Work on the novel "Doctor Zhivago".
1957 Appears on Italian novel Doctor Zhivago.
1958 Nobel Prize awarded.
May 30, 1960 B.L. Pasternak died at his dacha in Peredelkino near Moscow; buried in Peredelkino.

The life of B. L. Pasternak in dates and facts

1890, February 10 - the birth of a writer in Moscow in the family of the artist Leonid Osipovich Pasternak. Mother - pianist Rosalia Isidorovna Kaufman.

1900 - admission to the second grade of the Moscow fifth gymnasium.

1908 - graduated from the gymnasium with a gold medal and entered the philosophical department of the historical and philological faculty of Moscow University.

1912 - a trip to Germany, to Marburg. Teaching at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Marburg. Two-week stay in Italy.

1913 - the first publication of poems in the collection "Lyric". Graduation from the university with the title of Candidate of Philosophy of Moscow University.

1914 - the release of the first independent collection "Twin in the Clouds". Participation in the futuristic group "Centrifuge". Acquaintance and friendship with V. Mayakovsky.

1916 - publication of a book of poems "Over the Barriers".

1917 - revolution in Russia. Work on the book "My Sister Life", the story "Childhood Luvers".

1918-1921 - fruitful creative work. Translations of works of foreign authors.

1922 - publication of a book of poems "My Sister Life". Marriage to the artist Evgenia Vladimirovna Lurie.

1922-1923 - stay in Germany, publication of the book of poems "Themes and Variations" in Berlin.

1923 - publication of the poem "High Illness" in the journal "LEF".

1925-1926 - work on the novel in verse "Spektorsky", poems "Nine hundred and fifth year" and "Lieutenant Schmidt".

1928 - the beginning of work on the autobiographical book "Guarantee".

1929 - collection "Over the Barriers". A trip to the Caucasus, writing the cycle "Waves".

1932 - new love. Marriage to Zinaida Nikolaevna Neugauz. Publication of poems "The Second Birth". Trips around the country (Sverdlovsk, Georgia).

1938 - work on translations of the works of W. Shakespeare.

1940 - publication of the collection "Selected Translations" of Western European poets. The beginning of work on poems from the cycle "Peredelkino".

1941 - Great Patriotic War. Family evacuation to Chis-Topol; the first military poems.

1943 - a trip to the front as part of a writers' brigade.

1945-1955 - work on the novel "Doctor Zhivago".

1946 - participation in literary evenings in Moscow. Pasternak's nomination Nobel Prize for lyric works. The beginning of the persecution of the poet in the press.

1952 - myocardial infarction. Treatment at the Botkin hospital.

1958 - the award of the Nobel Prize in Literature, which Pasternak was forced to refuse due to the situation surrounding the publication of the novel.

1959 - publication of the poem "Nobel Prize" in an English newspaper, after which Pasternak was summoned to the Prosecutor General R.A. Rudenko, where he is charged with treason and forbidden to meet with foreigners.

1960 (February 10) - the seventieth birthday of the writer. Beginning of work on the play "The Blind Beauty" (the play remained unfinished).

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, "a talent of exceptional originality," as M. Gorky said about him, made an indispensable contribution to Russian poetry Soviet era and world poetry of the 20th century. The high skill and originality of poetry put Pasternak in one of the first places in the powerful poetic movement of the last century.

Pasternak's first poems date back to 1909. But for a long time, for several years, he “looked at his poetic experiments as an unfortunate weakness and did not expect anything good from them” (“Certificate of Conduct”). And only in 1913 did he begin to write poetry “not as a rare exception, but often and constantly, as one does painting or writes music” (“People and Positions”). Pasternak's first poems were published in 1913 in the collection "Lyric" ("I am deaf in thought about myself ...", "Twilight ... like weapons-bearers of roses ...", "Today we will fulfill his sadness ...") were not included by the author later in any one of his books. Pasternak's second book, The Twin in the Clouds, was published in 1914. Recalling how the poems of this book were created, Pasternak wrote: “I tried to avoid romantic tunes, extraneous interest ... my constant concern was turned to the content, my constant dream was that the poem itself contains something, that it contains a new thought or a new picture” (“People and Conditions”). Pasternak made his first literary steps, even before The Twin in the Clouds, if not in line with symbolism, then, of course, in contact with it. The generation to which Pasternak belonged began at the time of symbolism, but acquired “historical integrity” in the turbulent era of cataclysms that befell Russia. AT

In 1917, even before the October Revolution, the second book of poems, Over the Barriers, was published. These books made up the first period of Pasternak's work, the period of searching for his own poetic face. The third book, My Sister Life, which Pasternak began in the summer of 1917, but published five years later, became, in essence, the first to put him forward among the prominent Russian poets of the post-revolutionary period. The book, which became an event and made Pasternak famous, goes out of print only in 1922. AT contemporary literature Pasternak enters as a poet with the gift of a new vision, of unique emotional and metaphorical complexity.

The middle of the 1920s was marked by Pasternak's resolute appeal to the epic. The poem about the revolution of 1905 adjoins the work “Lieutenant Schmidt”, similar in genre. Both works received a wide response and critical acclaim. These two historical-revolutionary works were preceded by the poem "The High Illness", depicting the IX Congress of Soviets and Lenin speaking at it. It was published by V. Mayakovsky in "LEF" in 1924. Year 905 and Lieutenant Schmidt were followed by a long poem, or, as it is sometimes called, a novel in verse, Spektorsky (1930).

In 1928, Pasternak came up with the idea of ​​a prose book entitled "Guarantee of Conduct", which he completed only two years later. According to Pasternak himself, “these are autobiographical excerpts about how my ideas about art developed and what they are rooted in.”

In 1931, Pasternak went to the Caucasus. Acquaintance with the Georgian poets G. Tabidze and P. Yashvili turns into a true friendship. Pasternak translated Georgian poetry and, in search of a new, more understandable system of poetics, wrote a book of poems, The Second Birth (1932). In this book, the Caucasus, Georgia give the poet the opportunity to find a second wind. Love, the powerful force of the Caucasus and the prospect of building a “new life”, perceived from the moral side, strive to find in his poetry a lyrical unity that would open up a new distance and the possibility of inner renewal. material from the site

Since 1936, Pasternak has been living in the village of Peredelkino near Moscow, and his work has been systematic. Here he writes poetry and prose, performs a large series of translation works. In Peredelkino, he created the books "On the Early Trains" (1936-1944), "When it's clear" (1956-1959) and separate poetic cycles. At the beginning Patriotic War Pasternak took military training courses, sought permission to go to the front, but was evacuated with his family to the city on the Kama Chistopol, where other writers lived at that time. During the war years, Pasternak worked intensively on the poems included in the book "On Early Trains" ("Poems about the War"), on a series of translations. Work on Shakespeare's texts, begun in peacetime, was continued in the 1940s and completed after the war. It should also be noted the translations of Georgian poets, which Pasternak was engaged in for a long time (Nikoloz Baratashvili, Vazha Pshavela, Titian Tabidze, etc.). He translates from Ukrainian, and from Armenian, and from Latvian. In these works, as well as in notes on art, Pasternak appears as a recognized master.

In 1945, Pasternak began his work on the novel Doctor Zhivago, which became for him the main work of his life.

In the autumn of 1946, Pasternak was first nominated for the Nobel Prize for lyrical works, and since spring

In 1947, the period of his persecution in the press begins, his books are banned. Only in April 1954 did the Znamya magazine publish 10 poems under the title Poems from the novel in prose Doctor Zhivago, with the author's preface. In the fall of 1954, Pasternak was nominated for the Nobel Prize for the second time. autumn

1955, work on the novel is completed, and Pasternak tries to publish it in Russia, but to no avail. The book is published in Italy. At home, the novel "Doctor Zhivago" was published only a quarter of a century later in the magazine " New world(Nos. 1-4, 1988). Articles and studies devoted to this work and its creator appeared. Last piece- the play "Sleeping Beauty" (1960) - remained unfinished.

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• Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was born on February 10 (January 29), 1890 in Moscow.
• Pasternak's father, Leonid Osipovich, was a famous artist.
• Pasternak's mother, Rosalia Isidorovna Kaufman, was a pianist. Before marriage, she worked in the Odessa branch of the Imperial Russian Musical Society, had academic title professor.
• From childhood, the future writer is surrounded by friends of his parents - artists, musicians, writers. Among the guests are L.N. Tolstoy, V.A. Serov, other representatives of the Russian creative elite.
• As a child, Boris was professionally trained in painting.
• At the age of thirteen, Boris Pasternak is seriously interested in music, studies theory, tries to compose, devotes a lot of time to music studies and even prepares to become a composer in the future. This lasts for six years, after which the music is left by Pasternak forever.
• 1909 - Boris Pasternak graduates from the gymnasium and enters the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University. As a student, he is also seriously interested in philosophy, as he recently was in music.
• 1912 - a trip to Germany, where the future poet studies for one semester at the University of Marburg. Then he visits Italy and Switzerland.
• 1913 - return to Russia. After graduating from university, Pasternak cools off in philosophy and finds himself in poetry. Included in the literary poetic group "Centrifuge".
• This year is the first publication. Five poems by Pasternak are published in the almanac "Lyric".
• 1914 - the first collection of poems by Boris Pasternak "The Twin in the Clouds" is published.
• 1917 - the collection "Over the Barriers" was published.
• 1922 - the third collection "My sister is life" was published, which finally brought the author wide fame and recognition.
• The same year - Boris Pasternak marries the portrait painter Evgenia Vladimirovna Lurie.
• September 23, 1923 - the birth of a son, Eugene.
• 1920s - Boris Pasternak is a member of the LEF literary association. Friends with V.V. Mayakovsky. He publishes collections of his poems Themes and Variations (1923), the poetic cycle High Illness, the poems Lieutenant Schmidt and The Nine Hundred and Fifth Year.
• 1928 - 1930 - work on the autobiographical (according to Pasternak's own admission) prose "Professor".
• 1929 - Pasternak meets Zinaida Nikolaevna Neuhaus, a musician, the wife of a famous pianist, from whom she has two children. The feeling that flared up between her and Boris Pasternak leads to the divorce of two married couples. Pasternak marries Zinaida Nikolaevna and lives happily with her until the end of his life.
• 1931 - a trip to Georgia. The impressions of this journey are described in the cycle of poems "Waves".
• In the 1930s, Boris Pasternak began translating works of classical European literature. She translates the sonnets and tragedies of Shakespeare, Goethe's Faust, the works of Schiller, Rilke, as well as classical Georgian poetry. In this decade, Pasternak creates few of his own works.
• The beginning of 1941 - a cycle of poems "Peredelkino" was written.
• In the first months of the war, the poet wrote patriotic poems (" scary tale"," Outpost "and others).
• October 1941 - evacuation to Chistopol.
• 1943 - return to Moscow. As part of a brigade of writers, Pasternak goes to the Bryansk Front. After that, the essay “In the Army” was written, a number of poems about the war, together with the Peredelkino cycle, published this year in the book “On Early Trains”.
• 1946 - 1957 - work on the novel "Doctor Zhivago". The working title of the work is "Boys and Girls".
• 1957 - Doctor Zhivago is published abroad. First, a book appeared in Italian, and a few months later, already in 1958, in English, Swedish, German, French, and even in Russian.
• In the USSR, the novel is not only not even going to be published, but, at the suggestion of the authorities, they are subjected to sharp criticism.
• Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for outstanding services to contemporary lyric poetry and in the traditional field of great Russian prose. This refers to the novel "Doctor Zhivago". In the Union, this is perceived as a political action. Immediately followed by persecution from the pages of all newspapers, expulsion from the Writers' Union and even the initiation of a criminal case on charges of treason. A trip to Stockholm for the award ceremony for Pasternak is prohibited under pain of expulsion from the country. The writer refuses the prize.
• 1959 - the last book of poems by Boris Pasternak, "When it clears up", is published. The poet's health leaves much to be desired - trials recent years lead to a heart attack.
• May 30, 1960 - Boris Leonidovich Pasternak dies in the village of Peredelkino (Moscow Region) from lung cancer. Buried there.
• 1987 - the decision to expel Pasternak from the Writers' Union was canceled.
• 1988 - Doctor Zhivago is first published in the USSR in the journal Novy Mir. In the 50s, it was this magazine that rejected the manuscript of the novel.
• 1989 - a diploma and a medal on the receipt of the Nobel Prize by Boris Pasternak were presented to his son, Evgeny Borisovich.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was born in Moscow on January 29, 1890. He grew up in a creative atmosphere, which had a beneficial effect on the development of his talent. Parents - a pianist and artist - often hosted prominent figures of Russian culture. Thanks to a close friend of the family, the composer Scriabin, it was music that had the greatest influence on Pasternak's future work.

In 1903, the young man fell off his horse and broke his leg. Because of this, Pasternak remained lame for life, although he hid his injury as best he could.

Boris becomes a student of the Fifth Moscow Gymnasium in 1905. He continues to study music and tries to write works himself. In addition, the future poet is engaged in painting. The writer himself modestly called his creative experiments "musical babble", and poetry and prose - "literary babble". However, over time, Pasternak realizes that his penchant for literature is better developed, and leaves music lessons, devoting more time to poetry.

In 1908, Boris Leonidovich became a student at Moscow University. He is studying philosophy. The first timid poetic experiments came in 1909, but then Pasternak did not attach any importance to them. After graduation, he joined the Musagetes, then the futuristic association Centrifuge. After the revolution, he only kept in touch with LEF, but he himself did not join any circles.

The first collection comes out in 1916 and is called Over the Barriers. In 1921, the family of Boris Leonidovich emigrated to Berlin. After that, the poet actively maintains contact with all creative figures who left the country. A year later, he marries Evgenia Lurie. They had a son, Eugene. At the same time, a book of poems “My sister is life” was published. In the twenties, a number of collections were published, and the first experiments in prose appeared.

The next decade is devoted to work on autobiographical essays "Protective Letter". It was in the thirties that Pasternak received recognition. In the middle of the decade, the book "Second Birth" appears, in which Boris Leonidovich tries to write in the spirit of the Soviet era.

In 1932, he divorced Lurie and married Zinaida Neuhaus. Five years later, the couple has a son, named after his grandfather Leonid.

Initially, the attitude of the Soviet authorities and in particular Joseph Stalin towards the poet was favorable. Pasternak managed to secure the release of Nikolai and Lev Gumilev from prison. He also sends a collection of poems to the leader and dedicates two works to him.

However, closer to the forties, Soviet power changes its location. The poet is accused of insufficient conformity with the spirit of the times. From this, Pasternak's work is gradually saturated with tragedy and self-absorption. Because of this, the popularity and demand for the poet is on the decline.

The peak of Pasternak's work - the novel "Doctor Zhivago" - was created for ten years, from 1945 to 1955. However, the homeland did not approve of the novel, not a single publishing house, not a single literary magazine agreed to publish it. Therefore, Doctor Zhivago was published abroad - in Italy in 1957. This led to the condemnation of the writer in the USSR, expulsion from the Writers' Union and subsequent persecution. The writer was ridiculed, accused of betrayal, and was not allowed to publish. The peak of condemnation came in 1958, when Pasternak received the Nobel Prize for Doctor Zhivago. The persecution caused the poet's nervous breakdown, which eventually led to lung cancer and death. Boris Leonidovich did not have time to finish the play "The Blind Beauty".

Pasternak died at home, in bed, from which he had not risen for a long time, in 1960, on May 30.

Contemporaries describe Pasternak as a modest, childishly trusting and naive person. He was distinguished by a competent, correctly delivered speech, rich in interesting phrases and aphorisms.

Creativity Analysis

R. M. Rilke and Mayakovsky had the greatest poetic influence on the poet.

Pasternak drew inspiration from symbolism, and shades of futurism are also visible in his work, which is explained by the poet's participation in literary circles of both movements. The main philosophy of creativity is the complex relationship between the world and man. Pasternak sees his lyrical hero opposed to a meaningless and evil world. The poet sincerely admires the beauty of the surrounding world, drawing it filled with emotions and feelings, making it alive.

A significant place in the work is given to the theme of the image of the poet and poetry in general. Pasternak believed that a creative person should serve high art, and not use it to gain fame.

• "Doctor Zhivago", an analysis of the novel by Pasternak