Presentation on the theme of Buddhist temples. Features of Buddhist temple painting. Spread of Buddhism in the world

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Buddhism is the oldest world religion. It arose in the VI century. BC. in India. Buddhism is practiced by about 700 million people. Buddhism is widespread in the countries of South, Southeast, Central Asia and the Far East. The founder of Buddhism was a real historical figure - Siddhartha Gautama (from the Gautama clan), who belonged to the Kshatriya varna and lived in northern India.

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Origin of Buddhism Buddhism became the state religion in Tibet from the second half of the 8th century, in the Tangut state of the 9th-13th centuries. (the northwestern part of modern China) - in the 10th century, in Mongolia - in the second half of the 16th century. Since that time, the Oirats (Western Mongols), who formed in the 17th-18th centuries, also accepted it. the huge Dzungar Khanate (stretched from Semipalatinsk and the steppe Altai to Tibet in the south and Tuva in the east), as well as the Kalmyk Khanate, which entered in the middle of the 17th century. to the Moscow kingdom. At the same time, Transbaikalia entered it, which, simultaneously with the Russians, was settled by the Buryats, who already professed Tibetan Buddhism.

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At present, Buddhism is widespread in Taiwan, Thailand, Nepal, China, Mongolia, Korea, Sri Lanka, Russia, and Japan. Tibetan Buddhism is successfully developing in Western countries.

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Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) years of life: 563-483. BC. The son of the ruler of one of the kingdoms in northern India. His father hid bad things from Gautama, he lived in luxury, married his beloved girl, who bore him a son. The impetus for a spiritual upheaval for the prince was four meetings. At first he saw a decrepit old man, then a leprous sufferer and a funeral procession. Thus Gautama came to know old age, sickness and death - the fate of all people. Then he saw a peaceful, impoverished wanderer who needed nothing from life. All this shocked the prince, made him think about the fate of people. He secretly left the palace and family, at the age of 29 he became a hermit and tried to find the meaning of life. As a result of deep reflection at the age of 35, he became a Buddha - enlightened, awakened. For 45 years the Buddha preached his teaching.

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The Tripitaka is the "holy book" of the Buddhists. Tripitaka (Skt. त र प टक, “Three Baskets”; Pali, Tipiìtaka) is a set of Buddhist sacred texts compiled shortly after the death of the Buddha at the First Buddhist Council in Rajagriha (about 477 BC). Tripitaka received the final edition at the Third Buddhist Council in Pataliputra in the 3rd century BC, and was written down in the 80s BC. in Ceylon. Tripitaka consists of three sections: 1. Vinaya-pitaka (collection of disciplinary rules: contains mainly the rules of Buddhist behavior and the organization of the Buddhist community). 2. Sutta Pitaka (collection of texts: contains an exposition of the teachings of Buddhism in its original form and consists of five parts): a. Digha nikaya (collection of long discourses). b. Majjhima nikaya (collection of discourses of medium length). c. Samyutta nikaya (collection of related discourses). d. Anguttara nikaya (collection of discourses, more than one term). e. Khuddaka nikaya (collection of short discourses). 3. Abhidhamma-pitaka (exposition of the teachings of Buddhism in a scholastic manner).

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The ideology of Buddhism Based on the study of the philosophical heritage of Vedism and Brahminism, six years of asceticism, yoga classes, Gautama discovered 4 great truths, became enlightened - the Buddha. The doctrine is based on ideology THE MOST IMPORTANT PRINCIPLE OF BUDDHISM IS ORIENTATION TO INDIVIDUAL SPIRITUAL LIFE

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Peculiarities of Buddhism: Buddhism lays down one of the first principles characteristic of all world religions - addressing preaching to all people, regardless of their ethnic and social origin. Shifting emphasis from the collective to the individual religious life. A person can break out of samsara only by individual effort, realizing and formulating his own, personal righteous path, ”and, having influenced fate, change the reward.

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Fundamentals of doctrine. The essence of the doctrine of Buddhism boils down to a call to every person to embark on the path of seeking inner freedom, complete liberation from all the shackles that human life carries. Nirvana in Sanskrit means “attenuation”, “extinction” This is the internal state of a person, in which all feelings and attachments fade away, and with it the whole world around the person. The meaning of nirvana is that it puts a person on the other side of necessity, those. Nirvana - freedom Enlightenment and nirvana is achieved at the cost of one's own efforts by making the path along the "eightfold road"

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Buddhist monasteries A Buddhist monastery is a complex complex with a temple, stupas (pyramids - places of burial of holy or sacred objects), buildings for monks to live, canteens, philosophical schools, with special halls for meditation, etc. Each monk must comply with 308 rules, which are twice per month are read out at the general meeting. To do this, all the monks gather in the Buddha Hall, and the novices - in the next one. Moreover, novices do not obey the 250 rules of bhikshus and 58 bodhisattvas - they are led by only 10 initial ones. The daily routine includes reading the sutras, meditation, work, breaks for food and rest. It is broken only during the beginning of studies: in winter or summer for three months. At this time, monks cannot leave the monastery, and even hermits must return to their native community. Sometimes such studies can go on for years: a monk within the monastery builds a hut out of reeds and bamboo. Without leaving it for a long time, the monk meditates and reads the sutras. He meditates in the lotus position, on the only piece of furniture - a bamboo bed. Food is provided by his novice. Both keep complete silence.

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Holidays of Buddhism. Vesak. This is the birthday of Gautama Buddha, as well as the moment of his enlightenment and death. The holiday falls on the full moon day of the second month of the Indian calendar. On this day, it is customary to decorate local temples and light lanterns at nightfall, which symbolizes the enlightenment that comes to this world. Asalha, Dharma day. Having reached Enlightenment, the Buddha rushed to Benares to the five ascetics known to him so that they would learn about their Dharma and achieve Enlightenment. This happened in July (the lunar month of Asalha), on the day of the full moon. When celebrating Asalha, Buddhists appreciate that the Buddha enlightened people about the Dharma with the "Teaching on Setting the Wheel of Truth in Motion" - his first teaching. In addition, the very celebration of Asalha testifies to the emergence of the Sangha. On this day, the first five devotees began to be considered members of the Fellowship by virtue of being guided by the words of the Buddha. Catechin, Sandhi day. Catechin is celebrated on the day of the full moon in the month of the same name (October). The lay people present to the monks they have taken care of for the past three months a special robe (kathina - chivara). This robe is bestowed by the Sangha to an eminent bhikkh whose name is called during the celebration of Kathin. On this day, the laity can once again show their generosity and their gratitude for the teachings received from the Sangha in the form of gifts before they set off again.

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Buddhism in Russia. In 1741, by decree of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, Buddhism was officially recognized in Russia. For the peoples of Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia, Buddhism, inextricably linked with their more ancient traditions, has become part of their national culture. In 1763, the first Pandita Khambo Lama Damba-Darzha Zayaev (1702–1777), elected at a meeting of shireete lamas (priests) of datsans of Buryatia, was approved, who was the main spiritual figure, head of all datsans in Buryatia. D-D. Zayaev was educated at Gomandatsan in Tibet. Traditional Buddhism of the Gelug school is widespread in 10 regions of Russia: Buryatia, Tuva, Kalmykia, Yakutia, Khakassia, Ust-Orda and Aginsk national districts. The Buddhist Church is headed by the Central Spiritual Administration of Buddhists. The chairman of the board has the title "Bandido-Khambo-Lama". His residence is located in the Ivolginsky datsan, not far from Ulan-Ude. In total, more than 60 Buddhist communities are registered in Russia. Several centers for the study of various forms of world Buddhism have been opened in Russia. Japanese schools are popular - a secular version of Zen Buddhism, there is a monastery (in the Moscow region) of the Buddhist Order of the Lotus Sutra, founded in 1992-93. and related to the Nichiren school. In St. Petersburg, the society of Chinese Buddhism Light of the Buddha is engaged in educational and publishing activities, since 1991 a Tibetan temple dedicated to the deity Kalachakra has been operating.

Lesson using the textbook "Fundamentals of Spiritual and Moral Culture of the Peoples of Russia". The lesson answered the questions: What is Buddhism? Who is Buddha? What is a pagoda? It tells about a visit to a Buddhist temple in Kalmykia.

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Kostromina Olga Vladimirovna

State budgetary educational institution

secondary school №121

Saint Petersburg

Lesson for 4th grade students.

Subject: Let's go to the Buddhist temple

Software content.

A Buddhist temple is a place of ritual ceremonies and prayers. Exterior and interior of a Buddhist temple. Life of Siddhartha Gautama.

Basic methods and techniques.

Internet excursion to the Buddhist temple.

Reading and discussion of the text, looking at the illustrations of the textbook.

Target: introduce the religion of Russia - Buddhism.

Tasks: learn to work with text, highlight the main thing, analyze; to develop the speech of students, to develop the ability to work with the information received, to work in pairs.

During the classes

Org. moment
Setting lesson goals.

- Today in the lesson we will enter a Buddhist temple. We will learn about ... (Slide 2)What is Buddhism? Who is Buddha? How is a Buddhist temple arranged? What is the largest Buddhist temple in Europe?

Work on the topic of the lesson.

How did Buddhism originate? Who is Buddha?

- Buddhism is a religious and philosophical doctrine (dharma), the purpose of which is to get rid of suffering and help sentient beings to find happiness. Emerged around the 6th century BC. e. in ancient India. The founder of the teaching is Siddhartha Gautama, who later received the name Buddha Shakyamuni. The followers of this teaching themselves called him the word “Dharma” (Law, Teaching) or “Buddhadharma” (Teaching of the Buddha) Reading the heading “A man lived in the world” (Slide 3)

How is a Buddhist temple arranged? Page 78-81 textbook.

Conversation on the topic of the lesson.

Buddhist temples are varied.The architecture of Buddhist temples amazes with its unique archaism and almost fabulous symbolism. (Slide 5).

It differs from any architectural systems of our time, although, of course, its formation took place on the basis of borrowings. A mixture of architectural styles and create the uniqueness and originality of the architecture of Buddhist temple complexes. The composition of almost all Buddhist temples is determined by the religious and symbolic concept that pervades every architectural detail.

The pagoda is of particular importance in the temple ensembles of Buddhist culture. Pagoda - a Buddhist or Hindu building of a religious nature. The spire, which ends the Buddhist pagoda, is usually located on the central column, under which the jewels were kept. This treasure symbolized the ashes of the Buddha. However, few people know that the Indian stupa, a hemisphere of earth and stone, served as the prototype for this pagoda.

Buddhist temples are distinguished by a special arrangement of cornices: they are bent so softly and gracefully that they take on the appearance of an almost horizontal arrangement. The roofs are tent-gable style. The height of the buildings was small, since the harmony with the surrounding nature should not be disturbed. The decor of Buddhist temples is dominated by yellow and red colors.

The magical protection of Buddhist temples, frozen in stone, looks very original. In the corners of the roof, stone mythical monsters grin, which symbolize the evil forces that are kept at a distance from the temples.

Thus, a Buddhist temple is not a separate building, but a whole system of special places of worship, thereby resembling ancient Russian monasteries in its structure.

On the territory of Russia, Buddhism is represented primarily as the main religion in Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia.

Watching a movie.(Slide6)

Did you like the film? What do you remember? Where is the largest Buddhist temple located.

Do you know about the famous Buddhist buildings? Do you want to know?

- The tallest Buddhist pagoda was erected in Jiangsu province in eastern China.The height of the thirteen-tier structure is 153.79 meters. The pagoda "Tianningbaota" with a gilded pommel adorned the territory of the ancient temple complex "Tianningsi". It was founded in the Tang Dynasty (618-907) near the city of Changzhou and was rebuilt several times.

In particular, there was a seven-tiered pagoda of the Song era (960-1279), but it was burned down during the wars. Construction of the new pagoda began in 2002 at a cost of 300 million yuan ($38.5 million). Valuable and especially dense woods imported from Myanmar and Papua New Guinea were used for the construction.

A huge bronze bell weighing 30 tons is installed on the last tier of the tower. It strikes with a powerful ringing, which is heard at a distance of five kilometers. There is also kept a unique statue of the Buddha, created from rock crystal. This relic was bought and donated to the temple by a Chinese collector from among the emigrants. buildings: the temple buildings on the mountain differed from the ensembles built on the mountain.

Stone sculptures in the Buddhist temple Otagi Nenbutsu-Ji (Kyoto, Japan)

Buddhist temple Otagi Nenbutsu-Ji is rarely found in guidebooks with lists of attractions in Kyoto (Japan). Perhaps this is for the best, because the endless tourist flow would hardly benefit this amazing place. And there is something to see here: in the vicinity of the temple there are 1200 stone sculptures of rakans, disciples of Shaka, the founder of Buddhism. Otagi Nenbutsu-Ji Temple was built in the middle of the 8th century, but its fate was tragic: it was significantly damaged during one of the Kamo River, so it was decided to move the temple to a more secluded place. Later, Otagi Nenbutsu-Ji was again destroyed during a civil war in the 13th century. In 1922, the temple was reconstructed for the second time, but the typhoon of 1950 also did not spare the shrine. Stone sculptures were transferred to the temple in 1981. Over the course of three decades, they have been covered with moss, so they look even more organic, like foresters familiar to our culture. Sculptures were created, as they say, by the whole world. Amateur sculptors from all over the country came to the temple of Otagi Nenbutsu-Ji and carved little men out of stone under the guidance of an experienced craftsman Kocho Nishimura. The sculptures of the Buddha's disciples turned out to be completely different: each with its own facial expression, with unique emotions. The bizarre figures have become the "calling card" of the temple, they have brought a special game element to the spiritual atmosphere of the sacred place.

Buddhist monks.(Slide 9). Textbook p. 81

A monk is a person who, according to his religious conviction, decided to be left alone, without a family.

Checking acquired knowledge.

What was new at the lesson for you today? What questions are there? You have sheets of paper with tasks to complete in pairs on the table. You will need to perform a small test and indicate which structure you have in the picture. You can colorize it if you wish.

1. Underline the words that refer to Buddhist culture:

church, carriage, mosque, pagoda, knowledge, Buddhism, doll, Islam, folk song, monks, stupa, laws, dress, fairy tale.

2. Who is the founder of the Buddhist religion?

Siddhartha Gautama
Muhammad
Jesus

3. What is a pagoda?

Temple roof
multi-stage tower
This is the entrance to a Buddhist temple.

4. What does the word Buddha mean?

Smart
Enlightened
compassionate

5. Write the name of this building.

Peer review with comments.

Reflection.

- Which temple did you visit today? What have you learned? (slide 10) Were we able to answer the questions that we asked at the beginning of the lesson? Did you like the lesson? What didn't work? How can you evaluate your work in class?

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Buddha (Gautama)

Siddhartha Gautama (called "Buddha Shakyamuni" after waking up), who lived from about 623 to 543 BC. e. and attained bodhi around 588 BC. BC, is considered neither the first nor the last Buddha. From the point of view of classical Buddhist doctrine, a Buddha is anyone who has discovered the dharma (truth) and attained enlightenment.

Dharma is the teaching of the Buddha. The word "dharma" has many meanings, and the teachings of the Buddha correspond to Buddha-Dharma, a term that most Buddhists prefer to "Buddhism."

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Truths of Buddhism

The basic truths revealed by the Buddha were as follows:

The cause of suffering is our desire. Suffering arises because man is attached to life, he craves existence. Because existence is filled with sorrow, suffering will exist as long as one lusts for life.

The whole life of man is suffering. This truth is based on the recognition of the impermanence and transience of all things. Everything arises to be annihilated. Existence is devoid of substance, it devours itself, which is why in Buddhism it is designated as a flame. And only grief and suffering can be endured from the flame.

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Symbol of Buddhism

The symbol of Buddhism is the Dharmachakra or wheel of law. The center of the wheel - the hub, symbolizes a luminous point of consciousness, radiating spiritual light. Eight spokes - symbolize the essence of Buddhist teachings, which consists in following the eight "noble principles":

right faith,

right values,

correct speech,

correct behavior,

right attainment of the means of life,

right intentions,

correct assessment of one's actions and perception of the world by the senses,

proper meditation (concentration of attention on the inner state of consciousness).

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Other symbols

The symbol of Judaism is a six-pointed star (Star of David).

Yin and Yang symbol.

The symbol of Hinduism is the quintessence of the word "Om" or "Aum"

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Tripitaka

Tripitaka is a set of Buddhist sacred texts created in the 5th-3rd centuries BC. uh

Indian part:

volumes 1-21 include sutras with sermons of the Buddha;

volumes 22-24 - translation of monastic regulations and monastic rules;

volumes 25-29 - translations of the Abhidharma;

volumes 30-31 volume 32 - translation of the sastras.

Chinese part:

volumes 33-43 - commentaries of Chinese teachers on the sutras;

volumes 44-48 - treatises of schools of Chinese Buddhism;

volumes 49-52 - various historical records, biographies of famous teachers of different schools, texts on pilgrimages and polemics of schools;

volumes 53-54 - an encyclopedia of the basic concepts of Buddhism;

volume 55 - catalog of sutras.

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Vesok

This holiday is dedicated to three important events in the life of the Buddha: the birthday, the day of enlightenment and the day of passing into nirvana - and is the most important of all Buddhist holidays. It is celebrated on the full moon day of the second month of the Indian calendar, which falls at the end of May - beginning of June of the Gregorian calendar.

Temples are decorated with flower garlands and paper lanterns - they symbolize the enlightenment that came to the world with the teachings of the Buddha. On the territory of temples, oil lamps are also placed around sacred trees and stupas. The monks read prayers all night and tell believers stories from the life of the Buddha and his disciples. Lay people also meditate in the temple and listen to the instructions of the monks throughout the night. The laity arrange a plentiful meal for the members of the monastic community and present them with gifts. A characteristic rite of the holiday is the washing of Buddha statues with sweetened water or tea and showering them with flowers.

Slide 8

Jade Buddha Temple

Jade Buddha Temple is a Buddhist temple in Shanghai. Like many modern Chinese Buddhist temples, today the temple combines two Buddhist schools of Mahayana Buddhism: Pure Land and Chan.

It was founded in 1882 and housed two jade Buddha statues brought to Shanghai by sea from Burma. These were statues of a seated Buddha (1.95 meters, 3 tons), and a smaller statue of a reclining Buddha. The temple also contains a much larger reclining Buddha statue made of marble and donated by worshipers from Singapore.

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Rules

1. Do not kill or harm living beings.

2. Don't steal.

3. Do not change your spouse and do not lead a depraved lifestyle.

4. Do not speak false and rude speeches, do not breed gossip.

5. Do not use drugs and alcohol.

A good lay Buddhist at least tries to lead a correct lifestyle and not violate the 5 rules of moral behavior

Slide 10

Thank you for your attention!

With you were:

Ivanova Sofia

Zoboleva Anastasia

Senotrusova Lera

Astakhova Alisa

Olshevskaya Anastasia

Strelova Olga

Tolmacheva Elizabeth

And Kozlova Lyudmila!

View all slides

"Indian culture" - Total pavilions 34 (12 - Buddhist). Ajanta Cave Monastery. Paintings in the caves of Ajanta. World Art. Name the similarities and differences: Famous for sculptural compositions. The highest Awakening that is available to any being is called nirvana. Buddhism. Consists of Hindu and Buddhist pavilions.

"Nature and people of Ancient India" - Elephant - a sacred animal. Rice. Nature and people of ancient India. Cotton. Rivers: 1…. 2…. Jungle. India. Nature of India. Villages in the jungle. The main occupation is agriculture. The peninsula… The Ganges River. Lesson topic: Nature and people of Ancient India. Ganesha. Sugar cane. In the north of India, the mountains are the Himalayas. Wheat.

"Ancient India" - Citadel. 3. Hips - vaishyas. What conclusions can be drawn about the life of the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa? 5. A single state. Warriors. Aryans + Indians = Indians. Color - red. Location and nature. Identify the similarities and differences between the civilizations of Ancient India and Ancient Egypt. White color. 1. Location and nature.

"Characteristics of Ancient India" - Discovering new knowledge. The time of the invasion of the Indo-European tribes. Why did the Buddha's teaching find so many adherents. What might and might not like the ancient Indians. "Enlightenment" of Ancient India. Colors of Indian culture. The teachings of the Buddha attracted the people of India. We remember what we know. Get out of suffering.

"Civilization of Ancient India" - Varna Shudra. Brahmin caste. The main stocks of forests. Nature of India. Mesopotamia. Concept. Varna. Ancient Indian epic. Religion of ancient India. Ancient cities of India. Jungle. Vaishya caste. Buddhism. Formation of the Mauryan Empire in India. Indian varnas. Hanging gardens. Untouchables. The science. Ancient cities in India.

"Philosophy of Ancient India" - Basic concepts of the topic. The social structure of society in ancient India. Buddhism. The cause of suffering is desire. Lokayata. Vaisheshika. Check yourself. Mimansa. Seed for procreation. Mahabharata. Siddhartha Gautama Shakya Muni. Buddhism. Prerequisites for the emergence of Indian philosophy. Purusha is the primordial being in Vedic literature.

There are 16 presentations in total in the topic

"Doing no sins, Do all virtue Pacify your consciousness - This is the teaching of the Buddha."

Buddhism

Buddhism originated around the 6th century BC. e.

in ancient India. It is one of the oldest world religions. Shakyamuni Buddha is considered the founder of the teaching. Buddha means enlightened. He cleared his mind, gained all the virtues.

Any being can be a Buddha.

Buddhism

The Buddha did not consider himself God, "supernatural being" or "intermediary between people and higher powers." The Buddha also strongly opposed the cult of himself. Buddhism recognizes the existence of various gods (devas), demons and other similar beings. Buddhism does not say that one must believe in gods, but points to the possibility of "testing" this, for example, through meditation.

Meditation in Buddhism

Meditation - exercises in training concentration of attention, thoughts

Buddhism

The goal of everyone in Buddhism is to reach the state of Enlightenment, the state of the Buddha. The essence of the teaching is non-harm to others, compassion, morality, wisdom.

Buddhism

Unlike many religions, Buddhism does not - Almighty Creator God; - eternal soul; - expiation of sins; - belief in supernatural forces; - absolute devotion; - a religious organization similar to a church; - a single canon of texts; - common and indisputable dogmas for all schools.

Ten Black Virtues of Buddhism

Murder.
Theft.
promiscuity.
Lie.
Slander.
Rough speech.
Gossip.
Malevolence.
stinginess
Lack of faith.

Spread of Buddhism in the world

China, Japan, Korea, India, Asian countries

Buddhism in Russia

One of the most widespread religious traditions in the country. Traditional regions: Buryatia, Tuva, Kalmykia, Altai Republic, Trans-Baikal Territory and Irkutsk Region. There are also Buddhist communities in St. Petersburg, Moscow and other cities.

In total, about 700 thousand people

Buddhist buildings

Stupa - "crown, heap of earth, stones, earthen hill." The first stupas appeared in India in pre-Buddhist times. They served as monuments on the graves of rulers. And then the stupa became a monument erected in honor of some event.

In China, the role of stupas was performed by buildings of a special form - pagodas. Later they appeared in Vietnam, Korea and Japan.

Upon entering the lobby, remove your hats.
In the dugan (altar hall), move in the direction of the sun, i.e. from left to right, trying not to turn your back to the altar.
You can also make offerings and donations (this is how we develop generosity and suppress greed).
You can't talk on the phone with each other.
Then you can go to the altar and make prostrations.

You can sit on the benches, on the carpet in the lotus or half lotus position.
You can’t cross your legs, stretch your legs towards the altar.
After the service, the lama gives a blessing by touching the parishioner's head with a cult object or a holy book.

Then we approach the teapot with sacred water) pour a little into the left palm and take three small sips (we cleanse the body, speech and mind), wash our face and head.