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THE CONCEPT OF "CRUSADES" The Crusades (1096 -1270) are military-religious expeditions of Western Europeans to the Middle East with the aim of conquering holy places, connected with the earthly life of Jesus Christ. The purpose of the first crusades was the liberation of Palestine, primarily Jerusalem (with the Holy Sepulcher), from the Seljuk Turks

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CHRONOLOGY OF THE CRUSADES TOTAL - 8 CRUSSAS: 1.1096-1099 - the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders from the Seljuks. 2.1147–1149 – the reason was the capture of Edessa by the Seljuks. 3.1189-1192 - was caused by the capture of Jerusalem by Salah ad-Din. 4. 1202-1204 - was directed against Byzantium. 5. 1217-1221 6. 1228-1229 7. 1248-1254 8. 1270 WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT

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The reason for the Crusades is the speech of Urban ΙΙ in Clermont on November 26, 1095. In 1095, on a vast plain near the French city of Clermont, Pope Urban II delivered a speech to a huge crowd of people. He urged the congregation to "gird themselves with the sword" and move on to Palestine.

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WHY DID THE CRUSADES GET THIS NAME? The pope's speech was interrupted by the exclamations of the audience: "Dieu le veut!" ("That's what God wants!"). The listeners, inspired by such a speech, vowed to free the Holy Sepulcher from the Muslims. Those who wished to go hiking sewed a red cross to their clothes. Urban II donated his cassock to this cause. Hence the name "Crusaders"

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According to Christians, Palestine is the Holy Land: Jesus Christ lived and was crucified here, in Jerusalem is the main shrine of Christians - the Holy Sepulcher. People believed that Palestine was "a fertile land, where rivers flow with milk and honey" and that Jesus himself bequeathed it to "his people" - the Christians. Back in the 6th century, this country was taken from Byzantium by the Arabs, from the middle of the 11th century it was owned by the Seljuk Turks. The Pope called for the liberation of the Holy Land and the Holy Sepulcher from "infidels" and the rescue of "Christian brothers languishing under the yoke of the pagans." The pope promised the participants of the campaign complete forgiveness of sins.

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WHAT ARE THE GOALS OF THE CHURCH, PEASANTS, POOR, FEODAL, CITIZENS TO PARTICIPATE IN THE CRUSADES? CATHOLIC CHURCH PEASANTS AND POOR FEODALISTS CITIZENS Strengthen the influence of the Pope, seize new territories and wealth Get rid of the oppression of feudal lords, turn into free landowners on free lands Seize new lands, enrich themselves and have luxury items Seize trade in the Mediterranean Sea, receive trade benefits in the cities of Syria and Palestine

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The army of Christians in the first crusade consisted entirely of poor peasants. This campaign is called “the campaign of the poor”, but it ended in defeat. The army of commoners led by Peter of Amiens and Walter Golyak was defeated by the superior forces of the Seljuk Turks. FIRST CRUSAD (1096-1099) KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM

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With heavy losses, the poor reached Constantinople. Many of them behaved unbridledly there: they destroyed and set fire to the palaces in the suburbs, the houses of the townspeople. The Byzantine emperor hurried to send troops of peasants to Asia Minor. In the very first battle, the Seljuk Turks slaughtered so many people that the bodies of the dead, piled in one heap, according to a contemporary, "formed something like a high mountain." Only a few managed to escape. Not freedom, but death was found by the peasants in the East.

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Autumn 1096 - a campaign of knights. The knights were ready to march. Bought: weapons, armor, food, horses. They took with them servants and money, packs of greyhounds, hunting falcons. But there was no army with a common commander and no plan of action. The armies were different in size. There was a common goal: to get to Constantinople, to unite there and go to the "holy land". FEODAL CAMPAIGN

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Converging in the capital of Byzantium, the crusaders crossed into Asia Minor. The transition through mountainous, waterless areas was very difficult, but in the decisive battle the knights still defeated the Seljuks. Along the way, the crusaders captured cities, robbed and killed local residents. More than once, clashes arose between the leaders of the detachments because of the booty. After a long, hard siege, the crusaders captured Antioch. Here one of the leaders of the crusaders founded his principality; another leader established himself in the rich Armenian city of Edessa. After a three-year campaign, only a fifth of the crusaders approached Jerusalem. Many died on the way or remained in the occupied lands, many returned to their homeland. In 1099, the crusaders were at the walls of Jerusalem. The siege dragged on for a month. Taking the fortified city after a fierce assault, the knights carried out a terrible massacre of the Muslims. A participant in the campaign wrote about the capture of Jerusalem: “Neither women nor babies were spared. The crusaders dispersed into the houses of the townspeople, capturing everything they found in them. Robberies and murders were interrupted only by prayers, after which the bloodshed resumed.

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Along the western coast of Syria and Palestine, the crusaders established their own states. The main thing was the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Emissaries in nearby towns collected taxes. They introduced new legislation. They established feudal relations, vassalage, suppression of the local population. KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM

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SPIRITUAL AND KNIGHT ORDERS For the defense and expansion of the possessions of the crusaders, soon after the First Crusade in Palestine, spiritual and knightly orders were created: the Templars (templars), hospitallers, and later the Teutonic Order arose, uniting the German knights. The members of the orders were both monks and knights.

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ORDER OF THE TEMPLERS - (from the French "temple"); Founded: by a group of French knights in 1118-1119; Purpose: "to take care of the roads and ways, especially the protection of pilgrims, if possible." ORDER OF HOSPITALERS - (from the Latin "guest") Founded: in Palestine, the Italian merchant Mauro founded the first hospital for pilgrims to holy places; Purpose: taking care of pilgrims, providing them with food, lodging, treatment. TEUTON ORDER Unites German knights; Purpose: treatment and protection of pilgrims in Palestine. The order became fire and sword to carry the word of Christ to the eastern lands, giving the right to fight for the tomb of the Lord to other orders. ROLE OF SPIRITUAL AND KNIGHT ORDERS

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Privileges: Exempted from paying tithes; Subject to papal court; Owned lands; Participated in trade; made money transactions; Take care of the pilgrims. Prohibitions: - Marry; Secular entertainment; PRIVILEGES AND PROHIBITIONS

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The struggle of the peoples of the East against the crusaders The possessions of the crusaders were scattered along the entire coast. The influx of fresh forces from Europe was small: there was not enough land for the distribution of feudal knights. Local residents have repeatedly rebelled against the knights, who were anxious in a foreign, hostile country. Like huge rocks in the middle of the desert, the fortresses they erected on the hills towered. Of these, the knights raided the Muslims, they sat out here during the uprisings.

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The states of the crusaders were at enmity with each other. From the east and south they were pressed by Muslim principalities. The Muslims captured Edessa. In response, the Pope called on the Europeans to a new campaign in the East. The Second Crusade in the middle of the 12th century, led by the kings of France and Germany, was a complete failure.

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THIRD CRUSAD At the end of the 12th century, Muslims created a strong state, which included Egypt, part of Mesopotamia and Syria. At the head of this state was the Egyptian ruler Sadah ad-Din ("defender of the faith"), who had great organizational and military abilities. In European chronicles he was called Saladin.

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Salah ad-Din surrounded and defeated large forces of the crusaders in battle. Only a few hundred warriors fled. Many noble feudal lords, led by the Jerusalem king and the Grand Master of the Knights Templar, were captured.

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Muslims, having conquered Egypt, Mesopotamia, Syria, in 1187 captured Jerusalem and created a state with the ruler Salah ad Din. THE THIRD CRUSAISE: THE CAMPAIGN OF KINGS (1118-1119) Trying to recapture Jerusalem, the western feudal lords organized the Third Crusade (1189-1192). At the head of the third crusade were: German emperor: Frederick I Barbarossa French king Philip II August English king Richard I the Lionheart

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The first were the German knights. English and French knights set out on a campaign only a year after the Germans. They arrived by sea in Sicily, and from there they went to Syria. On the way, the British captured the island of Cyprus, from that time on it became a stronghold for the crusaders. The French king Philip II Augustus, having quarreled with his English ally, returned to France in the midst of hostilities. King of England Richard I the Lionheart, a brave knight, "wanted to surpass everyone with glory." After the siege, he stormed the port of Acre, which henceforth became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Richard the Lionheart showed himself not only brave, but also inexorably cruel: in Acre, the crusaders, on his orders, killed 2,000 Muslims. Three times Richard approached Jerusalem, but he failed to recapture the city.

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FOURTH CRUSSION (1202-1204). Organizer: Pope Innocent III Participants: French, German, Italian feudal lords Provided financial assistance to Venice and its doge (ruler) Enrico Dandolo. Knights' payment: for 20 tons of silver, the knights had to make a trip to the island of Zadar, and then to Constantinople.

CHILDREN'S CRUSSES.

Work completed:

6th grade student

MBOU gymnasium N 30

Ulyanovsk

Gracheva Daria

• Who are the crusaders.
• Causes of the Children's Crusade.
• Weapons of the crusaders.
• Stefan of Cloix.
• results of the crusades.

WHAT IS THE CRUSASES?

Crusades- a series of military campaigns in the XI-XV centuries. from Western Europe against Muslims. In the narrow sense - the campaigns of 1096-1291. to Palestine, aimed at capturing in the first place Jerusalem(with the Holy Sepulcher), against the Seljuk Turks. In a broader sense, there are also other campaigns proclaimed by the popes, including later ones, carried out with the aim of converting the Baltic pagans to Christianity and suppressing heretical and anti-clerical movements in Europe (Cathars, Hussites, etc.).

Causes of the Crusades

The necessity of the Crusades was formulated by the Pope Urban after graduation Clermont Cathedral in March 1095. He determined economic reason for the crusades: the European land is not able to feed the people, therefore, in order to preserve the Christian population, it is necessary to conquer rich lands in the East. Religious argumentation concerned the inadmissibility of keeping the shrines of Christianity, primarily the Holy Sepulcher, in the hands of infidels. It was decided that the army of Christ would set out on a campaign on August 15, 1096.

• Beginning of the Crusades. position in the East. With the collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate at the end of the 10th c. Palestine came under the rule of Fatimid Egypt; increased hostility of Muslims to Christians. The situation became even more tense after the capture of Jerusalem by the Seljuk Turks (1078). Europe was disturbed by stories about the atrocities of Muslims in relation to Christian shrines and the cruel persecution of believers. In 1071-1081, the Seljuks took away Asia Minor from the Byzantine Empire. In the early 1090s, the Byzantine emperor Alexei I Komnenos (1081–1118), pressed by the Turks, Pechenegs and Normans, appealed to the West for help.
• Clermont Cathedral. Taking advantage of the appeal of Alexei I, the papacy took the initiative in organizing a holy war to free the Holy Sepulcher. On November 27, 1095, at the Clermont Cathedral (France), Pope Urban II (1088-1099) delivered a sermon to the nobility and clergy, urging Europeans to stop internecine strife and go on a crusade to Palestine, promising its participants remission of sins and eternal salvation. The pope's speech was enthusiastically received by a crowd of thousands, repeating like a spell of the word "God wills it", which became the slogan of the crusaders.
• Peasant Crusade. Numerous preachers spread the appeal of Urban II throughout Western Europe. Knights and peasants sold their property in order to acquire the necessary military equipment, and sewed red crosses on their clothes. In mid-March 1096, crowds of peasants (about 60-70 thousand people), mainly from Rhineland Germany and North-Eastern France, led by the ascetic preacher Peter Hermit, set off on a campaign without waiting for the knights to gather. They passed along the valleys of the Rhine and Danube, crossed Hungary and in the summer of 1096 reached the limits of the Byzantine Empire; their path was marked by robberies and violence against the local population and Jewish pogroms. To prevent excesses, Alexei I demanded that they not stay anywhere for more than three days; on the territory of the Empire, they followed under the vigilant supervision of the Byzantine troops. In July, the significantly thinned (almost halved) militia of the crusader peasants approached Constantinople. The Byzantines hastily transported him across the Bosporus to the town of Tsibotus. Against the advice of Peter the Hermit, peasant detachments moved to Nicaea, the capital of the Seljuk state. On October 21, they were ambushed by Sultan Kylych-Arslan I in a narrow desert valley between Nicaea and the village of Dragon, and were utterly defeated; most of the crusader peasants died (about 25 thousand people).
• First crusade (1096–1099). The first knightly crusade began in August 1096. It was attended by knights from Lorraine led by Duke Gottfried IV of Bouillon, from Northern and Central France led by counts Robert of Norman, Robert of Flanders and Stephen of Bloise, from southern France led by Count Raymond IV of Toulouse and from Southern Italy (Normans), led by Prince Bohemond of Tarentum; the spiritual leader of the campaign was Bishop Ademar of Puy. The path of the Lorraine knights went along the Danube, the Provençal and northern French ones - through Dalmatia, the Norman ones - along the Mediterranean Sea. From the end of 1096 they began to concentrate in Constantinople. Despite the tense relations between the crusaders and the local population, which sometimes turned into bloody clashes, Byzantine diplomacy managed (March-April 1097) to get them to take a fief oath to Alexei I and the obligation to return to the Empire all its former possessions in Asia Minor, captured by the Seljuk Turks. By the beginning of May, the crusading detachments crossed the Bosphorus and in the middle of the month, together with the Byzantines, laid siege to Nicaea. The knights defeated the army of Kylych-Arslan I under the walls of the city, but his garrison surrendered not to them, but to the Byzantines (June 19); to pacify the crusaders, Alexei I gave them part of the booty.

WHO ARE THE CRUSADERS?

The name "crusaders" appeared because the participants in the crusades sewed crosses on their clothes. It was believed that the participants in the campaign would receive the forgiveness of sins, so not only knights went on campaigns, but also ordinary people, and even children!

KNIGHT ORDERS:

Knightly orders- organizations of aristocrats (knights) in Western Europe, created in the period of the XIV-XV centuries.

After the failures of the crusades, the crusaders military orders began to idealize and romanticize, and as a result, in the late Middle Ages, the idea knighthood. They had different goals - the fight against pagans, robbers, enemies of this or that king or lord. These orders, which differed from one another not only in tasks, but also in number, arose, existed for some time, united or submitted to another order on a feudal basis and dissolved, without reaching even a shadow of the power and influence of such orders as the Templars (templars). Teutons and Hospitallers. However, it was from them that the custom came to wear special insignia made of gold and silver, trimmed with precious stones and pearls. These insignia were destined to outlive the orders of chivalry that founded them, and in the end they themselves began to be called orders.

• In May 1212, when the German people's army passed through Cologne, there were about twenty-five thousand children and adolescents in its ranks, heading to Italy in order to reach Palestine by sea from there. In the chronicles of the 13th century, this campaign, which was called the "Children's Crusade", is mentioned more than fifty times.
• In France, in May of the same year, the shepherdess Stephen of Cloix had a vision: Jesus “appeared” to him in the form of a white monk, ordering him to lead a new Crusade, in which only children would take part, in order to free them without weapons with the name of God on their lips. Jerusalem. Perhaps the idea of ​​a children's crusade had to do with the "holiness" and "blamelessness" of young souls, and the judgment that they could not be physically harmed by weapons. The shepherd began to preach so passionately that the children ran out of the house after him. Vendome was declared the gathering place of the "holy host" and by the middle of the summer it was estimated that more than 30,000 teenagers had gathered. Stephen was revered as a miracle worker. In July, they went to Marseille with the singing of psalms and banners to sail to the Holy Land, but no one thought about the ships in advance. Outlaws often joined the host; playing the role of participants, they lived off the alms of pious Catholics.
• The crusade was supported by the Franciscan order.
• On July 25, 1212, the German crusaders arrived in Speyer. The local chronicler made the following entry: "And a great pilgrimage happened, men and virgins, young men and old men, and they were all common people."
• On August 20, the army reached Piacenza. A local chronicler noted that they asked the way to the sea: back in Germany, they set off on a campaign, assuring that “the sea would part before them,” since the Lord would help them achieve their sacred goal. On the same days in Cremona they saw a crowd of children who had come here from Cologne.
• German children endured terrible hardships crossing the Alps on their way from Germany to Italy, and those who survived the journey faced the hostility of the locals in Italy, who still remembered the sack of Italy by the crusaders under Frederick Barbarossa. The road to the sea across the plain was much easier for French children. Having reached Marseilles, the participants of the campaign prayed daily that the sea would part before them. Finally, two local merchants - Hugo Ferreus and Guillaume Porkus - "have mercy" on them and put at their disposal 7 ships, each of which could hold about 700 knights, to sail to the Holy Land. Then their trace was lost, and only 18 years later, in 1230, a monk appeared in Europe, accompanying the children (and the German and French children, in all likelihood, were accompanied by churchmen, although this has not been proven in any way), and said that the ships with young crusaders arrived on the shores of Algiers, where they were already waiting. It turned out that the merchants provided them with ships not out of mercy, but in agreement with Muslim slave traders.
• Most modern researchers believe that the bulk of the participants in the movement were not small children, but at least teenagers and young men, since the word lat. (“boys”) in medieval sources called all commoners (similar to Russian Guys - peasants).

• The young preacher of the children's crusade is Stephen of Cloix.
• In 1200 (or perhaps the next) near Orleans in the village of Cloix (or perhaps elsewhere), a peasant boy named Stephen was born. This is too much like the beginning of a fairy tale, but it is only a reproduction of the carelessness of the chroniclers of that time and the inconsistency in their stories about the children's crusade. However, the fairy-tale beginning is quite appropriate for a story about a fairy-tale fate. That's what the chronicles are about.
• Like all peasant children, Stefan helped his parents from an early age - he grazed cattle. He differed from his peers only by a slightly greater piety: Stefan was in church more often than others, wept more bitterly than others from overwhelmed feelings during liturgies and religious processions. Since childhood, he was shocked by the April "movement of black crosses" - a solemn procession on the day of St. Mark. On this day, prayers were offered for the soldiers who died in the holy land, for those tormented in Muslim slavery. And the boy was inflamed along with the crowd, who furiously cursed the infidels.
• On one of the warm May days of 1212, he met a pilgrim monk coming from Palestine and asking for alms. The monk began to talk about overseas miracles and exploits. Stefan listened in fascination. Suddenly the monk interrupted his story, and then suddenly he was Jesus Christ.
• Everything that followed was like a dream (or this meeting was the boy's dream). The monk-Christ ordered the boy to become the head of an unprecedented crusade - a children's one, for "from the lips of babies comes strength against the enemy." There is no need for swords or armor - to conquer Muslims, the innocence of children and the word of God in their mouths will be enough. Then the dumbfounded Stefan accepted a scroll from the hands of the monk - a letter to the king of France. Then the monk quickly walked away.

Fifth crusade- organized and approved Christian church military campaign in holy land, held in 1217-1221. Fourth Crusade ended with the sack of Constantinople and the division of the empire, children's crusade- disaster. However, Pope Innocent III was still overwhelmed by the desire to expel Muslims from holy land. In 1213 he issued a bull in which he called for a new crusade and demanded that all Christians take part in it. Innocent III also ordered to conduct processions of prayers in order to beg God for release holy land. The time for this, as it seemed to him, was the most suitable. In Revelation, St. John the Theologian said about the beast: “He who has a mind, count the number of the beast; for it is a human number. His number is six hundred and sixty-six."

• ninth crusade, considered by some historians to be part of the Eighth Crusade, was the last major crusade to the Holy Land. Held in 1271-1272.
• The failure of Louis IX to capture Tunis during the Eighth Crusade forced Edward, son of King Henry III of England, to sail to Acre. Further events went down in history under the name "Ninth Crusade". During it, Edward managed to win a number of victories over Sultan Baybars I. However, in the end, Edward had to sail home, because there urgent matters awaited him on the issue of succession to the throne, and in Otremer he could not resolve conflicts between local lords. It can be argued that by this time the spirit of the crusades was already fading. Over the last strongholds of the Crusaders on the Mediterranean coast, the threat of complete destruction loomed.

Results of the Crusades are ambiguous. The Catholic Church significantly expanded its zone of influence, consolidated land ownership, created new structures in the form of spiritual and chivalric orders. At the same time, the confrontation between the West and the East intensified, jihad became more active as an aggressive response to the Western world from the Eastern states. The IV Crusade further divided the Christian churches, planted in the consciousness of the Orthodox population the image of the enslaver and enemy - the Latin. In the West, a psychological stereotype of distrust and hostility has been established not only towards the world of Islam, but also towards Eastern Christianity.

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Introduction In 1095, on a vast plain near the French city of Clermont, Pope Urban II delivered a speech to a huge crowd of people. He, at the request of the Byzantine emperor Alexei I, called on the audience to "gird themselves with a sword" and move to Palestine.

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The pope's speech was repeatedly interrupted by the exclamations of the listeners: “God wants it so!” Many immediately sewed crosses of red cloth onto their clothes. Therefore, the participants in the campaigns to the East began to be called crusaders, and the campaigns themselves were called crusades.

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participants' goals

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The Pope called for the liberation of the Holy Land and the Holy Sepulcher from "infidels" and the rescue of "Christian brothers languishing under the yoke of the pagans." The pope promised the participants of the campaign complete forgiveness of sins. First crusade

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Peasants moved to Jerusalem first. In the spring of 1096, upstream the Rhine, and then down the Danube, discordant crowds of the poor stretched. They united in 5-6 detachments, numbering 60-70 thousand people. They went poorly armed and without supplies to the unknown Holy Land, plundering along the way. Approaching each city, they asked: "Isn't this Jerusalem?" The population of Hungary and Bulgaria repulsed the newcomers, exterminated and pursued the stragglers. First crusade 1096-1099

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The First Crusade 1096-1099 In the autumn of 1096, detachments of knights under the leadership of large feudal lords moved to the East from France, Germany and Italy in different ways. They stocked up on money and were well armed. Converging in the capital of Byzantium, the crusaders crossed into Asia Minor. The transition through mountainous, waterless areas was very difficult, but in the decisive battle the knights still defeated the Seljuks. After a long, hard siege, the crusaders captured Antioch. Here one of the leaders of the crusaders founded his principality; another leader established himself in the rich Armenian city of Edessa. In 1099, the crusaders were at the walls of Jerusalem. The siege dragged on for a month. Taking the fortified city after a fierce assault, the knights carried out a terrible massacre of the Muslims.

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On a narrow strip of land along the sea coast of Syria and Palestine, the crusaders created their states. The main one was the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The rulers of the remaining possessions of the crusaders were vassals of the Jerusalem king.

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The Second Crusade 1147-1149 The states of the crusaders were at enmity with each other. From the east and south they were pressed by Muslim principalities. The Muslims captured Edessa. In response, the Pope called on the Europeans to a new campaign in the East. The Second Crusade (1147-1149), led by the kings of France and Germany, was a complete failure.

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Third Crusade 1187-1192 At the end of the 12th century, Muslims created a strong state, which included Egypt, part of Mesopotamia and Syria. At the head of this state was the Egyptian ruler Salah ad-Din ("defender of the faith"), who had great organizational and military abilities. In European chronicles he was called Saladin. Salah ad-Din

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The third crusade 1187-1192 Salah ad-Din surrounded and defeated large forces of the crusaders in battle. Only a few hundred warriors fled. Many noble feudal lords, led by the Jerusalem king and the Grand Master of the Knights Templar, were captured. Jerusalem surrendered in 1187 after a six-day siege. Trying to return Jerusalem, the western feudal lords organized the Third Crusade (1189-1192). The first were the German knights. They were led by the 60-year-old Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (Red-bearded) but failed to recapture the city. Frederick I Barbarossa

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The Fourth Crusade 1202-1204 At the end of the 12th century, Pope Innocent III took up the organization of a new campaign to the East. The ruler of Venice persuaded the knights to intervene in the internal affairs of Byzantium, where at that time there was a sharp struggle for the imperial throne. In 1204, the “liberators of the Holy Sepulcher” stormed the Byzantine capital. Breaking into Christian Constantinople, they began to rob and destroy palaces and temples, houses and warehouses.

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Fourth Crusade.

Having plundered the richest city in Europe, the knights did not go to Jerusalem, but settled on the territory of Byzantium. They created a state with its capital in Constantinople - the Latin Empire. For more than 50 years, the local population fought against the invaders. In 1261 the Latin Empire fell. Byzantium was restored, but it never reached its former power. Crusaders in conquered Constantinople

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Children's crusades.

At the end of the 12th century, many wandering preachers - among them Francis of Assisi - began to say that not the strong and proud, but the weak and sinless would be able to free Jerusalem. Crowds of children gathered in the cities to go to the Holy Land and liberate it not by force of arms, but only with God's help. In 1212, thousands of children from the Rhineland in Germany flocked south, crossed the Alps and reached Genoa. From here they dispersed in different directions: some moved to the south of Italy, others went to Marseilles, and still others tried to return home. On the way, many died of hunger and thirst. In Genoa and Marseilles, merchants loaded the children onto ships to take them to Palestine. Some ships, caught in a storm, sank, while the rest landed on the shores of North Africa. Here the surviving children were sold into slavery. Crusader children

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The end of the Crusades to the East and their consequences.

The crusaders gradually lost their possessions in Syria and Palestine. Popes and kings organized new campaigns, but those who wanted to participate in them became less and less. The wars with the Muslims were too hard and dangerous. With the strengthening of royal power, a business appeared for the knights at home - a profitable service in a mercenary army. Almost all of the following Crusades were sent not to the Holy Land, but to North Africa - Egypt or Tunisia. They most often ended in failure and heavy losses. The French poet wrote: "The time has come for us - for the army of the army - to leave the Holy Land." Shortly after the Eighth, the last Crusade to the East, the Western knights lost all their possessions in Muslim countries: in 1291, their last stronghold in the East, the fortress of Acre, fell. Assault on Acre

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Both the peoples of the Eastern countries and the Europeans, the Crusades cost huge sacrifices, but they did not achieve their goal - the conquest of the countries of the East. And yet the Crusades did not go unnoticed in Europe. Trade in the Mediterranean became even more active. Superiority in this trade passed to the cities of Northern Italy. After the defeat in 1204, Byzantium could no longer compete with Venice and Genoa. Italian merchants took possession of entire neighborhoods in the port cities of Syria and Palestine. Their trading settlements also appeared on the Black Sea coast - in the Crimea and the Caucasus. Galley and Byzantine gold coins

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Living in the eastern countries, Europeans got acquainted with new agricultural cultures. In Europe, they began to grow rice, buckwheat, lemons, apricots, watermelons, and cane sugar entered the food. Windmills that appeared at that time in Europe were also borrowed from the East. Europeans learned how to make silk fabrics and glass mirrors, and how to process metals better. There have been changes in everyday life: in the West they began to wash their hands before eating, to bathe in hot baths. Silk fabric. Spain Windmills

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(military-colonial movement of Western European feudal lords to the countries

Eastern Mediterranean 1097-1270)

Pope Urban II calls for a campaign.

Miniature of the 15th century.

Pope's calls

On November 27, 1095, thousands of excited knights, peasants, and pilgrims gathered in the open square of the French city of Clermont. Many came from afar specifically to hear the sermon of Pope Urban II. His throne, set on a hill in the middle of the square, riveted the eyes of the crowd. “Let him who desires to save his soul, do not hesitate to enter humbly into the path of the Lord; and if he lacks money, then Divine Mercy will give him enough. Whoever is woeful and poor here will be rich there; whoever is an enemy of God here will become His friend there.”

(from a speech by Pope Urban II)

I crusade

I Crusade (1096-1099)

(knights from France, Germany, Italy)

1097 - the city of Nicaea was liberated;

1098 - captured the city of Edessa;

1099 - Jerusalem was stormed.

The state of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Edessa, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem were created.

Spiritual and chivalric orders have become a permanent military force defending the Holy Land:

1. Hospitaller Order (Knights of the Maltese Cross)

2. Knights Templar (templars)

3. Order of the Teutonic

II Crusade (1147-1149)

In 1144, the emir of Mosul took Edessa from the crusaders.

The campaign was led by Louis VII of France and

German Emperor Conrad III.

Complete failure of the crusaders.

III Crusade (1189-1192)

The creation by Muslims of a strong state led by the Egyptian Sultan Saladin. He defeated the Crusaders near Lake Tiberias, then drove them out of Jerusalem in 1187.

The purpose of the campaign: to return Jerusalem.

Three sovereigns headed: the German emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, the French king Philip II Augustus and the English king Richard the Lionheart.

The campaign was not successful.

IV Crusade (1202-1204)

Organized by Pope Innocent III.

The brutal sacking of Christian Constantinople.

The collapse of the Byzantine Empire:

Greek states -

Kingdom of Epirus, Nicaea and Trebizond empires.

The Crusaders created the Latin Empire.

Children's campaign (1212)

Thousands of children from the Rhineland in Germany rushed south, crossed the Alps and reached Genoa. From here they dispersed in different directions, some moved to the south of Italy, others went to Marseille. On the way, many died of hunger, heat and thirst. The rest stubbornly went forward to the Mediterranean Sea. They managed to get to the French and Italian ports.

A sad fate awaited the children. The crafty shipbuilders promised to take them to the Holy Land. Some shipbuilders were wrecked, the rest landed on the shores of North Africa. Here the surviving participants of the campaign were sold into slavery.

Most tragic trip thousands of children died or were sold into slavery.

VIII Crusade (1270)

The number of campaigns grew, but they collected fewer and fewer participants. And most importantly, the deep spiritual uplift that possessed the first crusaders disappeared almost without a trace. No, there were, of course, those who accepted the cross and sacrificed their lives for the cause of faith. Such, for example, is the leader of the last two campaigns, the French king Louis IX the Saint. But even the knights coolly responded to the calls of the pope. The day came when it was said with disappointment and bitterness: “The hour has come for us - for the army of the army - to leave the Holy Land!” In 1291, the last crusader stronghold in the East fell.

It was the end of the era of the Crusades.

Consequences of the Crusades

The collapse of the Byzantine Empire.

Introduction to Eastern culture - technical inventions (windmills), features of life (hot baths), growing crops (rice, buckwheat, lemons, apricots, watermelons).

Development of trade: strengthening the position of European merchants in the Mediterranean.