The development of Siberia in the Soviet era. In the 1930s, the industrialization of the economy. During the Second World War, hundreds of evacuated factories, millions of people from the western regions of the USSR were accepted. After the Second World War, electric power generation develops (on the Angara and Yenisei) Aluminum smelting on cheap electricity. Smelting of copper and nickel in Norilsk. Oil and gas production in the north of Western Siberia. The military-industrial complex is developing. There are "closed cities". associated with the nuclear industry.

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Siberia

"Western Siberia" - Complete the task: Especially a lot of information has been preserved about the campaign in Siberia of the Cossack Ermak Timofeevich. Why? To acquaint with the history of exploration and development of Western Siberia. Geographical position. Climate. Climate of Western Siberia. Western Siberia. Work on climate maps. Match: 1 North A. Ural Mountains 2. South.

"West-Siberian Economic Region" - Among the branches of specialization, the branches of the fuel industry stand out. "Business card". The area is rich in water resources. Share of Z-SER in Russian industry. West Siberian economic region. The area is characterized by severe swampiness. Z-SER is located at the intersection of large rivers and railway lines.

"Geography of the Tomsk region" - Foreign economic activity. Geography of the Tomsk region. Lesnaya. Fuel and energy complex of the Tomsk region. Oil production, million tons. Structure of industrial production. Gender and age composition. Estimated cutting area. The basis of the agro-industrial complex is agriculture. Geographical position. Oil industry. Producers: 60% - private households, 38% - state-owned agricultural enterprises, 2% - farmers.

"Lesson Western Siberia" - Gas -78%. Taiga is a valuable timber. Tundra is a deer pasture. Think of adjectives characterizing Siberia by the first letters of the word. natural areas. The environmental problem is caused by the violation of natural landscapes by heavy equipment (all-terrain vehicles). Houses are heated by gas, triple glazing. A commemoration was held for the dead bear.

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Russian pioneers of Siberia and the Far East of the 17th century. The presentation was compiled by Baysungurova Natalya Vasilievna, a history teacher of the Moscow Regional Educational Institution "Pervomaiskaya Secondary School" of the Kizlyar District of the Republic of Dagestan. Very little documentary evidence has survived about the very first explorers of the 17th century. But already from the middle of this “golden age” of Russian colonization of Siberia, “expedition leaders” compiled detailed “skats” (that is, descriptions), a kind of reports on the routes taken, the open lands and the peoples inhabiting them. Thanks to these "tales" the country knows its heroes and the main geographical discoveries that they made.

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The great movement of the Russian people to Siberia received its full development in the 17th century. In the first half of the 17th century, the development of northern Asian lands - Siberia was underway. Russian explorers - fishermen-hunters, coast-dwellers, Cossacks for 50 years traveled all over Siberia and reached the Pacific Ocean. They sailed along the rivers and seas of the Arctic Ocean, walked on foot through the taiga. The coincidence of private interest with the state interest in the development of the East gave amazing results. The rapid development of Siberia by the Russians began immediately after the end of the Time of Troubles. Fortified towns - wooden prisons (fortresses) arose on the most important river routes. They were a kind of milestone for this historical movement. Forts were erected at the mouths of rivers and at the intersection of trade routes: Yenisei (1619), Krasnoyarsk (1628), Bratsk (1631), Yakutsk (1632), Irkutsk (1661), Selenginsky (1665). "Soft junk" - skins of sables, arctic foxes and other fur-bearing animals were brought to prisons from the surrounding lands. The indigenous inhabitants of Siberia paid tribute to the distant Russian Tsar with furs. New expeditions set out from the prisons.

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The reasons for the development of Siberia in the 17th century: The search for riches The conquest of Siberia was led by brave explorers who dreamed of seeing unknown countries and finding fabulous riches. Usually these were Cossacks and "walking people", always ready for risky and difficult undertakings. Behind them stood wealthy merchants-industrialists who equipped distant expeditions. Upon their return, the participants in the campaigns were obliged to give them 2/3 of the booty. The search for raw materials Private interest was connected in the development of Siberia with the state. The Russian state was in dire need of its own deposits of precious metals, iron and copper. They not without reason hoped to find them in Siberia. In addition, Moscow knew that the Siberian forests were fraught with huge reserves of "soft gold" - the most valuable sable fur. The government declared the sale of furs abroad to be its monopoly. In the 17th century, income from transactions with Siberian furs amounted to. about 1/4 of all treasury income. Where the Moscow authorities appeared, local residents paid a special tax - yasak, which included mainly furs.

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Development of Siberia and the Far East 1632 - P. Beketov founded the Yakut prison 1651 - Albazinsky prison 1652 - Irkutsk winter hut 1654 - Kumar prison 1655 - Kosogorsky prison 1658 - Nerchinsk prison 1642 - M Stadukhin reached Chukotka 1643-1646. - V. Poyarkov reached the river. Cupid 1648 - S. Dezhnev discovered the strait between Asia and America 1649-1653. - E. Khabarov made the first map of the Amur region 1697 - V. Atlasov explored and annexed Kamchatka 1689 - Nerchinsk treaty with China. The Russians retreated from the banks of the Amur - they avoided a possible war.

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Who went to Siberia? For fur riches and walrus tusks, hunters-"industrialists" went. Merchants brought to these lands the goods needed by service people and natives - flour, salt, cloth, copper boilers, pewter utensils, axes, needles - a profit of 30 rubles per ruble invested. Black-skinned peasants and artisans-blacksmiths were transferred to Siberia, and criminals and foreign prisoners of war began to be exiled there. Aspired to new lands and free settlers. Cossacks went there, recruited from the townspeople and "free walking people" from the northern cities.

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Monument to Beketov in Yakutsk Pyotr Beketov - governor, explorer of Eastern Siberia, discoverer of Buryatia; annexed Yakutia and Buryatia, founded Yakutsk and Chita. Not far from the confluence of the river. Lena Aldan was cut down by the Beketov Cossacks fort, later called Yakutsk. Being a clerk in the Yakut prison, he sent expeditions to Vilyui and Aldan. After Ivan Galkin arrived to replace him, Peter returned to Yeniseisk, from where in 1640 he took yasak worth 11 thousand rubles to Moscow. In Moscow, Beketov received the rank of archer and Cossack head. In 1641, Pyotr Beketov was granted headship in the Yeniseyskomostrog among the Cossacks. In November 1654, ten Cossacks of the Beketov detachment, led by Maxim Urasov, reached the mouth of the Nerchi River, where they laid the Nelyudsky prison (now Nerchinsk) Beketov had a conflict) and with Krizhanich.

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Ivan Alekseevich Galkin (? - 1656/7) - Russian explorer of the 17th century, Yenisei ataman and son of a boyar. In 1631, he was the first European to sail in the upper reaches of the Lena and along the Angara and Yenisei to the mouth of the Ob. He founded a winter hut at the mouth of the Kuta River, from which the city of Ust-Kut began.

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Stadukhin was the first to visit Kamchatka. In 1663, he first brought information about the Kamchatka River to Moscow. For discoveries in Siberia, he was promoted to Cossack atamans. For 12 years, he traveled over 13 thousand kilometers - more than any explorer of the 17th century. The total length of the northern shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk discovered by him was at least 1,500 kilometers. His geographical discoveries were reflected on the map of P. Godunov, compiled in 1667 in Tobolsk. He kept records of his "circular" trip, described and drew up a drawing-map of the places of Yakutia and Chukotka, where he visited. Mikhail Stadukhin - Russian explorer

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Ivan Moskvitin Ivan Yurievich Moskvitin (c. 1603-1671) - Russian explorer, ataman of foot Cossacks. In 1639, with a detachment of Cossacks, he was the first European to reach the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, discovering its coast and Sakhalin Bay. The main purpose of the campaign, in addition to “searching for new non-yashak lands” and collecting furs, was to search for the Chirkol River, where, according to rumors, there was Mount Chirkol, which allegedly contains silver ore.

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Kurbat Ivanov - the discoverer of Lake Baikal, the compiler of the first map of the Far East of Russia and the first map of the Bering Strait region, the Yenisei Cossack, the discoverer of Lake Baikal. The compiler of the first map of the Far East according to the data collected by the ataman and explorer I. Yu. Moskvitin. He led a detachment of Cossacks from the Verkholensky prison, which set out in 1643 and reached the lake for the first time, the news of which, according to the words of the indigenous inhabitants, had already spread among the Cossacks. According to archival documents, the detachment of Kurbat Ivanov climbed up the Lena River and its tributary Ilikta, crossed the Primorsky Range and along the bed of the Sarma River on July 2 reached the Oblique Steppe to Lake Baikal opposite Olkhon Island. Already on the spot, Ivanov assessed the lake from an economic and strategic point of view. Later, the Russians finally settled in Cis-Baikal, having built the city of Irkutsk.

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Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov (before 1610 - after 1667) - Russian explorer of the 17th century, "written head". He came from the service people of the city of Kashin. By order of the Yakut voivode, the stolnik P.P. Golovin, Poyarkov undertook an expedition to the country of the Daurs, who were first learned about thanks to the expedition of his predecessor, the written head of Enalei Bakhteyarov in 1640. The Poyarkov detachment included 133 people equipped with squeakers, a cannon with 100 cores to it. Poyarkov left Yakutsk on July 15, 1643 and in 2 days on 6 planks went down the Lena River to the mouth of the Aldan. Then they had to swim against the current, which significantly slowed down the progress of the expedition. The journey from Aldan to the mouth of the Uchur River took a month. The movement along Uchur lasted ten days, after which Poyarkov's ships turned onto the Gonam River. Navigation along the Gonam is possible only 200 kilometers from the mouth, then the rapids begin. Poyarkov's people had to drag the ships on themselves, dragged. And this had to be done more than 40 times. The journey along the Gonam River took 5 weeks. With the onset of cold weather in the fall of 1643, Poyarkov decided to leave some of the people to spend the winter near the ships on the banks of the Gonam River, and he himself, lightly with a detachment of 90 people, went on a winter road on sleds through Sutam and Nuyam. For 2 weeks, he passed the Stanovoy Range and for the first time penetrated into the basin of the river. Amur, first opening Mulmugu, and then, after 2 weeks, went to the Zeya River (Daurian country). On December 13, 1643, 80 km from the Amur River, the Cossacks of Poyarkov had a skirmish with the Daurs of the "Prince" Doptyul. They set up a camp (fort) and immediately demanded from the local agricultural Daurs that from now on they pay tribute to the Russian Tsar. And in order to back up his words with action, he took amanats (hostages) several noble people. In early January 1644, Poyarkov's winter hut on the Umlekan River was besieged by the Daurs. Fear of unknown aliens receded, and their small number gave confidence to the besiegers. However, several attempts made by them to storm the storm did not bring success: apparently, the superiority of the Cossacks in tactical skill and weapons affected. Then the Daurs took the Poyarkovites into the blockade ring. The Cossacks began to mix the bark of trees with flour, ate roots and carrion, and often got sick. The sea has begun. Then the surrounding Daurs, who had been hiding in the forests all this time, grew bolder and organized several attacks on the prison. But Poyarkov was a skilled military leader. But finally, in the spring of 1644, the siege ring broke up. Poyarkov got the opportunity to continue the campaign. He sent one group back to Gonam to hurry the wintering Cossacks, and the other - 40 Cossacks under the command of Petrov - further to Amur for reconnaissance. Faced with the resistance of the Daurs, Petrov's detachment retreated back to Poyarkov's camp. On May 24, 1644, winterers arrived from Gonam. Poyarkov's detachment reached 70 people. They made new ships and continued rafting on rivers at a speed of 40 km / day.

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By June 1644, Poyarkov's Cossacks descended along Zeya to the Amur River (which they mistakenly took for Shilka). The local population was very hostile to the explorers, not letting them near the shore. Poyarkov went down the Amur to its mouth, where he wintered again. On the middle Amur, Poyarkov met the agricultural people of the Duchers, whose militia at the mouth of the Songhua destroyed a reconnaissance detachment of explorers (20 Cossacks died). After the Duchers, the lands of the fishing people of the Golds began, with whom there were no military clashes. In the autumn of 1644, Poyarkov went to the mouth of the Amur, where the Gilyak fishermen lived. Here Poyarkov's Cossacks breathed a sigh of relief for the first time. From them he learned about Sakhalin inhabited by hairy people. The Gilyak "princes" swore allegiance to Russia and voluntarily gave the first yasak - 12 forty sables and six sable coats. At the end of winter, the Cossacks again had to endure hunger. Again they began to eat roots, bark, eat carrion. Before setting off on a campaign, Poyarkov raided the Gilyaks, captured the amanats and collected tribute in sables. In the battle, Poyarkov lost half of his remaining detachment. At the end of May 1645, when the mouth of the Amur was freed from ice, Poyarkov and his Cossacks went to the Amur Estuary. Poyarkov made a historically proven 12-week (3-month) voyage along the southwestern shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk from the mouth of the Amur to the mouth of the Ulya, where Poyarkov's detachment fell into a storm and wintered in the fall of 1645. Here, already in 1639, the foot of the “Russian man” Ivan Moskvitin set foot, and the local peoples paid tribute to the Moscow “white tsar”. Then, across the Maya River, Poyarkov's Cossacks began their return home. According to various sources, 20, 33 or 52 Cossacks from Poyarkov's expedition returned to Yakutsk in 1646. The direct goals of the campaign were not achieved, but the Russian authorities received valuable information about the territories passed.

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Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (circa 1605, Veliky Ustyug - early 1673, Moscow) - Russian traveler, explorer, navigator, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia and North America, Cossack ataman, fur trader. The first navigator who passed the Bering Strait separating Asia from North America, Chukotka from Alaska, and did it 80 years before Vitus Bering, in 1648, visiting the islands of Ratmanov and Kruzenshtern, located in the middle of the Bering Strait.

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Semyon Dezhnev (1605-1673), Ustyug Cossack, was the first to sail around the easternmost part of our Fatherland and all of Eurasia. Passed the strait between Asia and America, opened the way from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific. By the way, Dezhnev discovered this strait 80 years earlier than Bering, who visited only its southern part. The cape is named after Dezhnev, the one next to which the international date line passes. After the opening of the strait, an international commission of geographers decided that this place was the most convenient for drawing such a line on the map. And now a new day on Earth begins at Cape Dezhnev. Note that 3 hours earlier than in Japan and 12 hours earlier than in the suburbs of London - Greenwich, from where universal time begins.

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Khabarov came from peasants from under Veliky Ustyug. The successor of the work of Enalei Bakhteyarov and Vasily Poyarkov on the development of the Amur region. Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov is a famous Russian explorer. At the beginning of the 17th century, he traveled around the Lena River basin. Khabarov's biography is very interesting, he lived a difficult life, full of ups and downs, traveled a lot and saw a lot. Through the efforts of this brave explorer, new lands suitable for agriculture, as well as salt springs, were discovered. Erofey Khabarov was born near Veliky Ustyug. The exact date of birth is not known, presumably he was born in 1603. In his youth, together with his brothers, he was engaged in fur trade in the region of the Taimyr Peninsula. Then fate threw him to the Arkhangelsk region, where he was engaged in salt production. In 1632, Erofey leaves his family and goes to the Lena River. For almost seven years he walked in the vicinity of the basin of this river, engaged in fur trade. Then he began to farm at the mouth of the Kuta River. In 1649 he went to the Amur region, research continued until 1653, during which time the scientist made a number of campaigns that were not in vain. The knowledge gained by Khabarov about the area was reflected in his drawings, in which he described in detail the area near the Amur River. compiled the first Russian map of the Amur region and began its conquest; built the first industrial enterprise in Eastern Siberia

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In 1655, Khabarov sent a petition to Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, in which he described his merits in the conquest of the Daurian and Siberian expanses. The king, having studied the petition, recognized his merits. He was elevated to the rank of "son of a boyar."

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Vladimir Atlasov - annexed Kamchatka to Russia and compiled its first map and description, discoverer of the Kuril Islands; delivered the first Japanese to Russia. Atlasov's father was a Yakut Cossack, a former Ustyug peasant who fled beyond the Urals. Vladimir Atlasov began the service of collecting yasak in 1682 on the Aldan and Uda rivers. In 1695, having reached the Pentecostal age, he was appointed clerk of the Anadyr prison. Having scouted about Kamchatka through the Cossack Luka Morozko sent by him, he began to prepare for the expedition. Alexander Pushkin called Vladimir Atlasov "Kamchatsky Ermak", and Stepan Krasheninnikov - "the finder of Kamchatka". (However, the first Russian explorers of Kamchatka were the expeditions of Luka Morozko)

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In 1701, the governor sent Atlasov with a report on the campaign to Moscow. Among other things, he brought with him a captive "Indian" by the name of Dembei, who was shipwrecked in Kamchatka, who turned out to be a Japanese from the city of Osaka and who was called the "Tatar of the Apon state named Denbei" in the papers of the Order of Artillery, where he began to serve as an interpreter. For a successful campaign, which ended with the annexation of Kamchatka to Russia, Atlasov was awarded the rank of Cossack head and an award of 100 rubles was issued.

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Conclusions: Local tribes maintained animal and fisheries, grazing lands and were suppliers of yasak. The yasak people were supposed to transport state-owned goods and provide the garrisons with fish, firewood, and berries. Russian governors were sometimes cruel and greedy, but they also stopped the bloody feuds between the clans and tribes of Siberia. Russian garrisons protected the local population from the raids of nomads - Kazakhs and Yenisei Kirghiz. The Russians founded new villages on free and suitable for arable land. The peasants going on a long journey were provided with benefits - exemption from duties for several years, loans in money, seeds, horses. By the end of the 17th century, there were already about 200 thousand settlers living beyond the Urals - almost the same number as the natives. The peasants provided Siberia with bread. In the 17th century the first maps of Siberia were drawn up, deposits of non-ferrous and precious metal ores began to be found. The settlers dressed in the same way as the locals, rode dog and reindeer sleds. And the indigenous people began to set up chopped huts, use new tools and grow agricultural crops that were previously unfamiliar to them.

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Today, 85 percent of all Russia's reserves are located in Siberia, which strengthens the leading positions in the development of the country's economy. Siberia is one of the main places visited by residents of not only Russia, but also foreign countries. Siberia keeps a huge potential, which is only getting bigger every year.

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Presentation - Settlement and development of Siberia in the 17th century

The text of this presentation

"Conquest" or "annexation" of Siberia?
The spread of Russian rule and Russian colonization in Siberia, interrupted by the Time of Troubles, began with the approval of Tsar Michael (1613-1645) on the throne. Lena - to the Arctic Ocean. Under Alexei (1645-1676), the Russians established themselves in the Anadyr Territory, in Transbaikalia and on the Amur. The search for new lands for the great sovereign continued and, in addition, campaigns were made in the surveyed, but not yet conquered areas. 40 prisons were founded on this vast area. Russian possessions grew 3 times / the whole state. / First of all, various free people settled in these points - Cossacks, archers, and other service people. At the same time, the clergy settled with them, and later peasants and townspeople. The capital of Siberia was the city of Tobolsk.

Name Description
Ermak 1582 The results of the campaign were consolidated by sending detachments of archers and the foundation of the first Siberian cities - Tyumen (1586) and Tobolsk (1587).
Peter Beketov 1632 The Yenisei Cossack centurion founded the Lensky prison (Yakutsk), which became the main base for the further development of Eastern Siberia.
Expedition of Cossacks led by Ivan Moskvitin in 1639-1640. Went to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. Thus, it took Russian explorers a little more than half a century to get from the first city beyond the Urals, Tyumen, "to the ends of the earth."
Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev in 1648 On several ships with comrades (90 people), he sailed by sea from the mouth of the Kolyma to the Necessary Nose (Cape), passed through the strait separating Asia from America.
Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov in 1643-1646 A trip to the Amur took place from Yakutsk. Poyarkovtsy sailed along the Amur to the sea, upon their return they reported their discoveries to the Yakut governor.
Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov in 1649-1653 Conducted a new expedition to the Amur. This campaign secured the Amur region for Russia, where the agricultural tribes of Daurs and Duchers lived.
Detachment of Vladimir Vladimirovich Atlasov at the end of the 18th century. Crossed the huge peninsula of Kamchatka. The movement continued to the Kuril Islands, the Russians also learned about Sakhalin.

Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev
Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov
Opened the strait between Asia and America 1648
Exploration of the Amur Region 1648-1650

The peoples of Siberia in the 17th century
In Siberia at the beginning of the 17th century, a very rare, small population lived - less than 300 thousand people. Nevertheless, the small Siberian peoples had their own complex history, they differed greatly in language, economic activities, and social development. Short in stature, dressed in fur clothes, outwardly they seemed to be similar to each other, but each even a small nationality had its own characteristics, traditions and talents.
Name of the people Habitat number
Nenets Region of the tundra. / along the rivers Ob and Yenisei / 8 thousand
Yakuts Basin of the Lena River and its tributaries 28 thousand
Buryats of the Baikal region 25 thousand
Evenki / Tungus / From the Yenisei to the Pacific Ocean 30 thousand
Chukchi, Itelmens, Koryaks, Chukchi Peninsula, Kamchatka 28 thousand

Historical sources tell us that the Siberian "foreigners" are constantly "fighting among themselves", that they have "family against clan, they go to war and fight." Such clashes happened very often. Almost all Siberian peoples, even those who lived in a tribal system, had a certain number of slaves captured during armed clashes with their neighbors. Bloody inter-tribal feuds, extermination inter-tribal wars, robbery, pushing to the worst lands and assimilation of some peoples by others - all this was a common thing in Siberian life from ancient times.

Who are these migrants?
fishermen; Cossacks; archers; gunners; peasants and artisans by sovereign decree; criminals and politically unreliable; runaway peasants. Fur trade, of course, was accompanied by hunting for game meat and any forest animal. In the early period of the development of Siberia, forest products were in great and constant demand among almost all settlers. Therefore, many of them hunted animals and birds not only for their own food, but also for sale. The forests are also rich in medicinal herbs, and from 1665-1696. royal decrees were issued on the collection of this valuable raw material. Fish were found in huge numbers in Siberian rivers: taimen, trout, ide, omul, burbot, perch, pike, crucian carp, carp. In other areas, the consumer industry very quickly turned into a commercial one. The capital of Siberia in the 17th century. became the city of Tobolsk.

Tobolsk 1587
1624 10 churches, 325 yards of service people, 53 yards of townspeople and 9 yards of arable peasants

The advance of the Russians to the East proceeded quite peacefully. In rare cases, there were bloody skirmishes with the local population, in contrast to the colonization of North America. The reason for this is that Russia did not need empty lands, because. the population of the North paid yasak - a fur tax from the northern peoples.

marten
The wealth of Siberia

Winter huts and prisons were built along the route of the pioneers - temporary settlements of hunters and travelers. So the cities of Berezov, Narym, Surgut, Kuznetsk and others arose. In 1632, the Lensky prison was built in the center of the Yakut lands, from which the city of Yakutsk later arose.

The goals of the development of Siberia
Expansion of the state territory and increase in the taxable population
Search for minerals
Mastering the fur wealth of Siberia
Development of trade

In Siberia, one of the long-noted qualities of a Russian person was fully revealed - the ability to get along with other peoples. Many see the reason for this accommodatingness in the peculiarities of the Russian national character. "The absence of arrogant contempt and hostility towards the population of the colonized countries" and their "worldly compliance." The ability of Russians to “find ground for rapprochement with other peoples” also amazed foreign observers, who paid attention to the lack of a sense of arrogant superiority in a Russian person in relation to the population of the colonized territories, which is so usually characteristic of Western European settlers. There were 2 million Indians in North America at the time of the arrival of the British. By the beginning of the 20th century, their number had decreased by 10 times. And in our Siberia, scribe books at that time speak of the steady growth of the indigenous population.

The results of the annexation of Siberia
The influx of wealth into the treasury of Russia (yasak). Increase in geographical knowledge. Growth of cities in new lands. Drawing Siberia into the all-Russian market, development of trade, crafts and agriculture. Introduction of the peoples of Siberia to the culture of Russia

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