Education system Russian Federation In recent decades, it has undergone significant transformations, one of them was the introduction of exams in the final certification of students in a new format - the GIA and the Unified State Examination. What is KIM, as well as other intricacies of the exam, read in this article.

Certification system of the 90s of the XX century

So, a modern student completing a basic course general education, must at the end of the training show the skills and abilities that will characterize the level of his knowledge. The state final certification at school is quite different from similar tests in the 90s of the last century. Then it was enough to write an essay on the Russian language and complete the assignment in algebra as compulsory exams and choose at your discretion two or three general education subjects.

The examination committee, composed of school teachers, accepted the answers of the subjects and gave them a verdict based on the answers they heard or saw. The procedure for the final exams for the basic course was practically the same. high school- there were also compulsory subjects (Russian language and mathematics) and optional subjects. According to the cumulative result, students received a certificate of graduation from school and could try their hand at a higher level of education, where they had to pass entry exams. What is KIMS at that time? Everything is quite simple - these are tickets for which it was necessary to prepare.

reform process

There was one flaw in this system, which was finely tuned: students from distant settlements often, for various reasons, they could not afford to get into face-to-face tests at the country's leading universities. Then it was decided to change the format of the exams themselves - instead of final and entrance examinations, an intermediate version appears, combining both the first and second ones without the need to travel directly to the university's home base. Thus, the idea of ​​greater accessibility of quality education was realized. This is how the Unified State Exam appeared, and the method of certification has also changed. Since 2002, as an experiment, it has started in some regions of Russia. All exam tasks were divided according to the degree of difficulty into three groups: part "A" - test tasks, part "B" - comparison and logic, part "C" - detailed answers. That's what it is KIMS Unified State Examination on the this moment. Until 2008, this method of testing graduates educational institutions was tested on the territory of our country, and since 2009 it has become mandatory for the final test of students' knowledge. For graduates of the ninth grade, the tasks are built according to the same pattern, but their number is reduced - this is what GIA KIMs are for incomplete secondary education.

Two-level exam

The control and measuring materials (that's what CIM is) were compiled taking into account all the necessary competencies of the student, and as a result, there were about thirty tasks, their number varies depending on the subject. Especially for their creation, specialists from different industries from all over the country are involved, as a result, a selection takes place, and all possible options receive their continued existence in examinations.

The assignments are compiled and edited by the Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements. Thus, the tests should reveal the readiness and ability of the student to study at the university. The system is constantly being improved. Along with the Unified State Examination, similar tests for the 9th grade course began to be gradually introduced (what are the GIA KIMs for this level, we considered earlier), this is also an examination in the form of tests and detailed tasks. The differences between the two levels of the exam are the degree of difficulty and the number of final tasks.

What is KIMS Unified State Examination

Now we will analyze in detail the actual fullness of the tasks for all sections of the exam. As mentioned above, all questions in KIMs are divided into three groups. This is done on purpose so that the inspectors can objectively assess the abilities of students. test part the simplest and does not require great mental effort, however, it is also evaluated by the lowest points. In order to successfully pass final tests, the solution of this part alone is indispensable, the maximum possible score for this part in different disciplines does not exceed 25. The second group of tasks is already much more difficult and allows you to identify the basic and specific skills and knowledge of the student. It is evaluated variably, however, in general, the total number of points for this part is higher. Finally, the most difficult questions are found in the final part of the exam. Successful surrender of this type of tasks, together with the previous groups of questions, allows you to get 100 points and indicates a high educational level of the person who solved the KIM. What it is, now it is clear, in fact, these are combined tasks.

The hardest part of the exam

Let's dwell on the tasks of group "C" in more detail. If the first two parts reveal the level of formation of abilities of increased educational potential, if parts "A" and "B" can be called variable tests, then the final tasks are full-fledged complex assessment tools. At the same time, this type of questions is also used in the certification of specialists when applying for a job or when taking advanced training courses. This was not done by chance, competencies allow a person to effectively understand the formulation of the problem and how to solve it, the entire educational process is aimed at this. Combining different types tasks, it is possible to most deeply reveal the degree of intellectual development of both a graduate and a specialist. Now it’s clear what braids and KIMS are in modern educational environment?

GIA technology

Now we will analyze the procedure for passing both levels of the exam, primarily the GIA. A student completing the 9th grade of a school is required to pass two mandatory exams and several optional ones at the end of the training. To conduct tests, the authorities and educational authorities form examination points (as a rule, these are several schools to which all students of a certain municipality are attached), where everyone must come with a passport and a pass. After that, all schoolchildren are divided into classrooms and two test technicians are attached to each, then, in the presence of all interested parties, the packages with tasks are opened. Each of them is assigned a number, in exact accordance with the number of those taking the exam (this explains what the KIM number is), while the possibility of substituting the option is excluded. In case of incorrect filling title page KIM work is recognized by the commission as invalid, therefore, special attention is paid to briefing before the exam.

Toughening and innovations at final tests

Recently, due to the increasing cases of violations of the test procedure, the conditions have been somewhat tightened. One of the latest innovations was the online broadcast of the exam, and this applies to both the GIA and the USE. It is strictly forbidden to use mobile phones and other technical means during the exam; for any violation, the student can be removed without the right to take further final tests. Small indulgences are allowed in relation to the ninth graders, however, for those completing the 11th grade, they are completely excluded. Depending on the discipline, each exam is given a strictly defined amount of time, after which the work is submitted, recorded and sent for further verification. The announcement of the results is made after ten working days from the calendar date of the GIA or the Unified State Examination. There is also an appeal procedure that can take place in case of disagreement with the student's final examination results.

Decide your own destiny

In summary, we can say that the most important part of human life is learning. Its different stages make it possible to identify certain inclinations and preferences in different people. It already depends on them how to develop these abilities and put them at their service, and the final certification allows you to avoid annoying mistakes in the training of specialists and mobilize a person to achieve their goals. The main logic of any exam is the maximum possible analysis of knowledge in order to correct it.

We have analyzed in sufficient detail the tasks that make up the KIMS, what it is, the procedure and the requirements of the exam. Now you can understand that the final certification is the most important stage in the life of every young person.

Evaluation tools is a set of materials, measuring tools, descriptions of assessment forms and procedures that are used to measure and assess the level of formation of educational results.

Control and measuring materials (CMM)- a variety of evaluation tools aimed at two main processes: control and dimension .

CIM tasks

• The possibility of qualified "feedback" regarding educational achievements and gaps of students.
• Increasing the transparency and objectivity of monitoring and evaluation procedures.
• "Evidence" of achievement of the declared educational results.

Basic requirements for CMM

• Validity (suitability) is the quality of KIM, reflecting the ability to obtain a result corresponding to the goal.
• Reliability is the quality of CMM, reflecting the ability to obtain similar results in all similar cases and a measure of confidence in the assessment obtained.
• Consistency - the quality of KIM, which involves the selection of ordered content elements, interconnected by a certain hierarchy and the general structure of educational results.
• Significance - Evaluation materials should include the most significant elements contents reflecting planned results.
• Objectivity - the quality of evaluation procedures, excluding, as far as possible, subjective errors in evaluation and measurement; ensured by the maximum standardization of such procedures.

Guidelines for Developers of Evaluation Tools

Useful links for CMM developers

To the educational standards of the Higher School of Economics, KIM of 2 types are being developed

• tests to test knowledge, skills and abilities (residual knowledge) and the level of competence formation in the main disciplines of the "core" of the direction of training bachelors and masters;
• competency-oriented test tasks (KOTS) are experimental KIM of a new type, aimed at assessing the formation of competencies themselves and their components.

KOTS reveal the relationship between the competencies declared in the educational standard, that part of them that is formed and assessed within a particular discipline, and the level of formation ( see KOTZ form ).

Both the formation and assessment of a specific competence or its components within the discipline can be carried out at each of the declared levels:

• the level of the resource base (knowledge, training skills and abilities),
• the level of methods of activity (specific mastered methods and tools, methods of activity),
• value-motivational level.

There are several levels of competence assessment:

"low degree of formation",
"basic degree of formation" (this is the threshold value),

"high degree of formation" (advanced and leadership (for masters) levels).

Necessary forms for creating a CMM

Some statistics

In the project 2011-2013. on the creation of a new generation of CMM took part:

• 159 teachers from the Higher School of Economics (including from St. Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod branches HSE);
• 39 experts (including from the St. Petersburg branch of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, the Institute of Education of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, National Research University MPEI, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "GUU", National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Moscow State Pedagogical University named after I. Fedorov). List of experts

According to the results of 2013, the number of developed CMMs for the HSE OS was 98 test options, in total for 2011-2013. 256 test variants have been developed under the KIM project.

The number of certified CMMs is 63 test options. The total number of HSE scientific and pedagogical workers who improved their qualifications under the project "Development of control and measuring materials for educational standard NRU HSE" - 221 people (of which in 2013 - 81 people).

Certified versions of tests in the disciplines of the "core" of the areas of training are available in the LMS (can be used for training assessment and self-testing procedures).

Information about changes in KIM USE 2019

In KIM for all academic subjects, additional reminder instructions have been introduced for USE participants on checking the records of answers on forms No. 1 and No. 2 under the corresponding task numbers.

All changes in the KIM USE are not of a fundamental nature. For most subjects, the wording of assignments is being clarified and the system for assessing assignments is being improved to increase the differentiating ability of the examination work.

Grade educational achievements graduates is conducted in a standardized manner in the most homogeneous conditions, and using the most homogeneous in content and complexity of examination materials. USE tests It is customary to call the control measuring materials (KIM) of the Unified State Examination. The number of used CIM options is very large. In each class at the Unified State Examination, there are practically no two identical variants of KIM. Therefore, you should not waste time looking for a double test. KIM tasks and options for examination papers are developed by specialists Federal Institute pedagogical measurements (FIPI).

Each version of the USE examination materials contains several dozen tasks formulated in three special forms.

• Multiple choice tasks (type A)- a basic level of. Each of these tasks is accompanied by four equally attractive-answer options. The USE participant must indicate one, in his opinion, the correct answer of them. In tasks of this type, it is theoretically possible to accidentally guess the correct answer. Such tasks are considered simple and should not present difficulties for students.
• Short answer tasks (type B), which should be briefly formulated and recorded in the answer sheet as a word or number. Guessing the correct answer is almost impossible. This type tasks are considered difficult and not every student can cope with it.

Checking answers of type A and B is carried out automatically by comparison with a standard or several standards that mean the same thing. For example, the answers "Ivan the Terrible" and "Ivan IV" in the Russian history test are considered the same.

• Tasks with a detailed answer (type C)- offer the USE participant to write down the answer in expanded form. In fact, this is a small written test, which is checked by specially trained experts. Not all students can cope with these tasks, but only those who specifically preparing for the exam and strive to write it for the maximum number of points.