Artistic language chartsGraphic
materials are not
have those
richest
opportunities
shape modeling and
spaces that
inherent in painting. AT
different from painting
where can be applied
various bases,
the only basis
for graphics
paper sheet. Per
this opens
graphic specifics,
as an independent
kind of art.
Fundamentals for Scenic
works
Fundamentals for graphics
works

Paper from its time
appearance has never been for
man is just material. FROM
paper sheet closely tied
writing is art
calligraphy, printed
font, book miniature.
Their peculiarity is
what the images represent
are, first of all, signs
conditionally transmitting thoughts. AT
the simplest case
calligrapher has black
ink and white paper. Skill
organize black and white
space, create it
harmony is
decorative principle
graphic arts,
different from painting, where
color sequentially
the entire plane is filled.
Qi Baishi. Rest after plowing. B, ink

Shapes of objects in
graphics are transferred to
mostly more
generally than in
painting, mostly
through the silhouette
necessary details -
hint, very conditional and
only to the extent that
which they fall into
decorative design
work. images
reality
are given here to
planar state
a sign whose meaning
the artist reveals
style.
V. N. Goryaev. Illustration for the book
N. V. Gogol "Petersburg Tales".
1965

Graphics most often asserts and
emphasizes flatness, even in
when the picturesque
the manner of drawing creates the illusion
depths of space. It does
graphic work
representing several
the real image of the thing, how much
designation. Therefore the language
graphics is conditional, it always
element present
abstraction. Graphics tend to
associative comparisons,
metaphor, hyperbolic
form that cannot
afford painting. By
according to art critic B. Vipper,
"the essence of graphic style
is to vacillate between
spatial form and
plane, between the real
image and sign.
S. A. Ostrov. Illustration for the poem by I.
Brodsky "Gorbunov and Gorchakov". 1999

O. A. Kiprensky.
The sitter in the background
red drape.
1802. Paper, coal,
pastel, sanguine, chalk
S. A. Ostrov.
Illustration for the poem by I.
Brodsky "Gorbunov and
Gorchakov. 1999
For artistic
graphics language
characteristic is that
each of her
pictorial
funds capable
create on plane
paper sheet
absolutely
opposite
effects. By using
them on the chart
Maybe
extraordinary
diversity
graphic styles
from illusory-realistic to
symbolic.

The main expressive
means of graphics are the line,
stroke and stain
V. E. Savinsky. Portrait
boy. 1879. Paper, it. car.
V. A. Serov. Self-portrait.
1885. Paper, graph. car.
Nadya Rusheva. Portrait
N. Pushkina. ink,
feather

line in geometric
meaning is
trail of a moving point. AT
fine arts
she may be
figuratively constructive, that is
play a major role in
form building and
spaces, and
decorative -
expressively -
emotional
expressive, that is
create a certain
mood, influence
on the viewer emotionally.
line drawing can
have varying degrees
conventions.
Nadya Rusheva. Apollo and
Daphne. Ink, pen.

Stroke presents itself
line, line,
performed by one
hand movement and
is an element
linear pictorial
systems. This is the main
element
drawing techniques.
difference in thickness,
direction, shape
and character stroke
volumetric plastic and
spatial
object properties,
modeling is achieved
forms, characteristics
environments, etc. Meaning
stroke is especially noticeable
in pen drawing,
in pencil and in etching,
lithography. AT
depending on the material
and task stroke can
produce very different
impression.
Leonardo da Vinci. Horse drawing. It. Kar.

N. Kupreyanov. Winter in Solishe.
1924. b., car., ink, whitewash.
E. I. CHARUSHIN. Book cover
V. Bianchi "The First Hunt". 1933
Spot along with
dot, line and
stroke is
one of the main
pictorial
funds and
characterized
two-dimensionality
(flatness),
tonality and
invoice. Like
tonal lines
contrast in graphics
can create
optical illusion
volume, the play of light on
surfaces
items and
various
materials, can
be decorative
or express
certain
artistic
idea.

exceptional
role in graphic
art plays
white paper background.
Thanks to
him a drawing
engraving,
illustration not
require frames and
ends around the edges.
Thereby
graphics quality
more than
painting, inclined to
image
temporary start.
She can
deploy action
in changing several
stages and points of view
and place on
the surface of the sheet,
what was and what
will be.
D. S. Besty. Illustration and screensaver for "The Word of
Igor's regiment. 1988

1. Graphic genres

Graphic genres are similar to
genres of painting, but
not literally:
portrait(including
sketches from nature),
landscape (including
travel sketches),
schedule meet
more often than more
widespread in
painting historical,
household and others
genres associated with
major
multi-figured
compositions.
V. A. Serov. Young woman,
illuminated by the sun. X,
m.
Portrait of A. Pavlova.
1909. Paper, graph. car.

More often than other types
visual arts, in
series appear on the chart,
cycles united by a common
topic, title,
successively
revealing creative
artist's intention.
M.V. Vrubel. Dance of Tamara. Jumping rider. Illustrations to the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov
"Demon". 1890–1891

specific graphic genre
is a caricature (satirical
drawing, cartoon), poster and newspaper
graphic arts.
A. A. Radakov. The same illiterate
blind. Poster. 1920
B. Efimov. Caricature.

special
independent region
forms a letter graphic,
(epigraphy, art
fonts, calligraphy)
having a particularly large
artistic value
in aesthetic systems
antiquity and the East
(Arabic script, Chinese
and Japanese characters
indian fonts,
Armenian, Georgian
alphabets, etc.); in
special area
stands out modern
graphic design.
Villa Toots. calligraphic
compositions. 1970s
Chinese calligraphy.

Laconic, sharp
pointed expression
thoughts and feelings in
works of graphics,
ability to quickly and
promptly respond to
events, opportunities
develop the chosen topic
cycles, series
images, convenience
printed reproduction
graphic sheets
allowed graphics already from 14
- 16th century take a prominent
place in public
life, perform wide
informative circle,
campaigning and
satirical features.
A. Durer.
Four riders. Woodcut

new in its own way
occurrence,
existence,
production along with
traditional -
hand drawn and printed
but anyway
arising at hand
the artist is
computer graphics,
rhythms, curly
combinations of which
formed in
electronic systems
and reproduced on
screen or printed
printer.

In the graphics
independent
artistic value
has an outline
made from nature
from memory or
submission
varied
artistic
means. aim
sketching
is the transfer
the main qualities of nature,
movements and shapes
it is important to discard the excess
details. Exactly
concise sketches
have a great
imagery and
expressiveness.
A. Durer. Agnes. Ink, pen.

"The figure contains
more than three
quarters of what
represents
painting. If I
should have been placed
sign above mine
door, I would write:
"School of drawing", and I
I'm sure I would create
painters".
Ingres
A. Durer.
Self-portrait.
Nadya Rusheva. Fox.

Landscape

I. I. Shishkin. Ravine in spruce
grove. 1874. Paper, ink, pen
I. Shishkin. Rain in the oak forest.
Hm.

M.A. Vrubel. Moscow
patio. B, car
A. P. Ostroumova Lebedeva. New
Holland. 1901. Woodcut
P. Bonnard. Landscape with children and goats.
Beginning 20th century Boom. pink, pastel

Graphics is a type of fine art.

The term "graphics" comes from the Greek word "grapho" - I write. The main visual means of graphics are line, stroke, spot and dot. The main color is black, although other colors can be used as an auxiliary.

M. Vrubel. Illustration for the tragedy by A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri"
The background of paper in graphics plays the role of space, which is important for graphic drawing.
Graphics, despite the more stingy language compared to painting, is distinguished by greater possibilities for depicting and conveying emotions. One has only to remember the drawings of the young artist Nadia Rusheva. They fascinate with lightness, accuracy and depth of images. You can read about this artist.

N. Rusheva "Pushkin and Pushchin"
Many famous artists used the possibilities of graphics: Bilibin, Brueghel, Van Gogh, Watteau, Vrubel, Goya, Quarengga, Leonardo da Vinci, Alphonse Mucha, Rembrandt, Titian, Somov, Hokusai and others.

F. Tolstoy "Under the game of Cupid" Tinted paper, pencil, sepia, whitewash

The genres of graphics are basically the same as the genres of painting. But here the portrait genre and landscape are more common, to a lesser extent - historical, everyday and other genres.

M. Demidov "Portrait of S. Rachmaninoff"

V. Favorsky "Mikhail Kutuzov" (1945). From the series "Great Russian generals"

V. Favorsky "Pushkin Lyceum student" (1935)

The landscape in a graphic drawing “does not play” with colors, but it surprises with the subtlety of feelings and encourages the imagination.

S. Nikireev "Dandelions"

Graphic works of world famous artists

Graphic art is diverse and attracts artists with the ability to convey feelings and thoughts with just a pencil or felt-tip pen. This possibility captivates not only the graphic artist creating the work of art, but also the viewer.

A. Durer "Self-portrait" (1500). Alte Pinakothek (Munich)
Major European artist Albrecht Dürer(1471-1528), left a great legacy of drawings - about a thousand: landscapes, portraits, sketches of people, animals and plants. This artist was most fully revealed precisely in the graphic drawing, because. in paintings, he was not always free from the arbitrariness of customers.
Dürer constantly practiced in layout, generalization, construction of space. His animalistic and botanical drawings are distinguished by high craftsmanship and observation. Most of his drawings are carefully crafted. In his engravings and paintings, he repeatedly repeated the motifs of graphic works.

A. Dürer "Praying Hands" (circa 1508)

Katsushika Hokusai "Self Portrait"
Katsushika Hokusai(1760-1849) - the great Japanese artist ukiyo-e (images of the changing world), illustrator, engraver. He is the author of many graphic drawings and engravings.

Katsushika Hokusai "The Great Wave off Kanagawa" (1823-1831)

Vladimir Andreevich Favorsky(1886-1964) - Russian and Soviet graphic artist, master of portraiture, woodcuts and book graphics, art critic, stage designer, muralist, teacher and theorist of fine arts, professor.

Known for his cycles of graphics and engravings, as well as illustrations for the works of A.S. Pushkin, to "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", Marshak's translations, stories by Prishvin and Tolstoy, etc.
In his plastic vision, Favorsky is close to the Byzantine mosaicists, to Michelangelo, Vrubel.

V. Favorsky. Illustration for "Little Tragedies" by A.S. Pushkin
Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519). "Universal Man": Italian artist and scientist, inventor, writer, musician, one of the largest representatives of the art of the High Renaissance.

Alleged self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci
The artist constantly recorded the results of his observations of the world around him in sketches, sketches made in various techniques (Italian pencil, silver pencil, sanguine, pen, etc.), achieved sharpness in the transfer of facial expressions, physical features and movements. human body, bringing everything into perfect alignment with the spiritual atmosphere of his composition.

Leonardo da Vinci. Sketch of the head of a young girl (the head of an Angel for the painting "Madonna in the Rocks")

Leonardo da Vinci "The Vitruvian Man" (1490). Gallery of the Academy of Venice (Italy)
This drawing was created to determine the proportions of the (male) human body, as described in the treatise of the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius "On Architecture".
Vitruvian Man- the figure of a naked man in two superimposed positions: with arms and legs spread apart, inscribed in a circle; with spread arms and legs brought together, inscribed in a square. The figure and its explanations are sometimes called "canonical proportions".
The drawing is made in pen, ink and watercolor with a metal pencil, the dimensions of the drawing are 34.3 × 24.5 centimeters.
Figure is at the same time scientific work and a work of art, it exemplifies Leonardo's interest in proportion.

Caricature

A specific graphic genre is caricature (satirical drawing, cartoon).
Caricature is one of the oldest types of drawing. It reflects the problems of society and from early times served as a certain method of self-assertion over the offender. So they mocked the enemies, so the people mocked their rulers or enslavers. Usually it was a drawing with gross distortions of the features of the offenders or added horns, a tail, etc. The origin of the caricature in Russia took place in the 17th century. from folk prints.
A caricature in a satirical or humorous form and currently depicts any social, socio-political, everyday phenomena, real faces or characteristic types of people.
A modern caricature is a satirical or humorous drawing, an iso-anecdote. According to the subject matter, political, social, everyday, etc. cartoons are distinguished. The genre of caricature is developing all over the world.

Capitalism through the eyes of Hörluf Bidstrup, Danish cartoonist ((1912-1988)
Famous domestic cartoonists: Cheremnykh, Rotov, Semyonov, Brodat, Denis, Kukryniksy, Efimov.

Kukryniksy (from left to right: Porfiry Krylov, Mikhail Kupriyanov, Nikolai Sokolov)

Kukryniksy caricature
Caricature(fr. charge) - a kind of caricature; a satirical or good-natured-humorous image (usually a portrait), in which external resemblance is observed, but the most character traits models. The cartoons can depict people, animals and various items. Unlike caricatures, cartoons do not ridicule the shortcomings of the hero, they are good-natured, make people smile, but not laugh at the characters depicted.

Caricature of Maxim Galkin
Another type of caricature is the grotesque.
Grotesque(French grotesque, literally - “bizarre”, “comical” - look artistic activity, comically or tragicomically summarizing and sharpening the life story through a combination of real and fantastic. The grotesque is also inherent in other types of art: literature, painting, music. In fact, the grotesque is inherent in a certain artistic thinking, it is a kind of gift. Aristophanes, F. Rabelais, E. T. A. Hoffmann, N. V. Gogol, M. Twain, F. Kafka, M. A. Bulgakov, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote in the grotesque genre.But in this article we consider only the grotesque in the visual arts.

Lyrical grotesque

GRAPHIC ARTS(Greek graphike, from grapho - I write, I draw, I draw), a type of fine art, including drawing and printed works of art(various types of engraving), based on the art of drawing, but having their own visual means and expressive possibilities. The term "graphics" was originally used only in relation to writing and calligraphy. It received a new meaning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. in connection with the rapid development of industrial printing and the spread of calligraphically clear, contrasting line drawing, the most convenient for photomechanical reproduction in a book and magazine. Then graphics was defined as art, which is based on the line, the contrast of black and white. This understanding of graphics was further expanded. In addition to the contour line, the graphics use a stroke and a spot, also contrasting with the white (rarely colored or black) surface of the paper - the main material of the graphics.

A combination of the same means can create tonal nuances. Graphic arts does not exclude the use of color. The most common distinguishing feature of graphics is the special relation of the depicted object to space, an important role in the reconstruction of which is played by the background of paper or, in the words of the graphic artist V. A. Favorsky, "the air of a white sheet." A spatial sensation is created not only by areas of the sheet not occupied by the image, but often (for example, in watercolor drawings) and the background of the paper that appears under the colorful layer. In this case, associated with the plane of the sheet graphic image, is to some extent flat. Lacking such completeness as painting in creating the spatial illusion of the real world, graphics vary the degree of spatiality and flatness with great freedom and flexibility.

Graphics may be characterized by thoroughness of volume-spatial construction, interest in narration, detailed study of nature, revealing the structure and texture of an object. But a graphic artist can also confine himself to a cursory impression, a conventional designation of an object or, as it were, a hint of it, referring to the viewer's imagination. At the same time, incompleteness and laconism serve as one of the main means of artistic expression. The capacity of an image in a graphic is often achieved by economy and concentration. artistic means figuratively expressive metaphors. Therefore, in graphics, along with completed compositions, sketches from nature, sketches of free painting, sculpture and architecture (drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, L. Bernini in Italy, Rembrandt in Holland by V. I. Bazhenov, A. A. Ivanov) have an independent artistic value. A. Serov in Russia, Poussin, A. Watteau, E. Degas in France and many others). The ability of graphics to sharply sharpen the image led to the development of graphic satire of the grotesque (etchings by F. Goya in Spain, J. Callot in France, lithographs by O. Daumier in France, drawings by J. Gross in Germany, Kukryniksy in the USSR, etc.).

An active role in graphics is played by the texture of materials, the specificity of graphic techniques and techniques (the picturesque and "velvety" etching, which creates rich spaces and light and shade transitions, the clarity and flexible contrast of woodcuts, the soft light and shade nuances of lithography, the decorative flashiness of linocut, etc.). A special place in graphics is occupied by non-pictorial elements - purely decorative motifs, ornament, text, which is a system of graphic signs. Graphics has the widest range of functions, types, genres, artistic means, creating in their totality unlimited possibilities for depicting and figuratively interpreting the world, expressing the feelings and thoughts of the artist. The ways in which the viewer communicates with arbitrary graphics are also different - from the mass impact of a poster to the intimate perception of a sketch, illustration, miniature. Important features of graphics are its ability to quickly respond to current events, the possibility of replication in many copies, the sequence of revealing the idea in a number of images (a series of engravings and drawings by the French Callot and Daumier, the Englishman W. Hogarth, the Belgian F. Maserel, the Pole T. Kulesevich, graphics I. I. Nivinsky, A. I. Kravchenko, V. I. Kasiyan, D. A. Shmarinov and others).

According to the technique, graphics are divided into drawing and printed graphics The most ancient and traditional type of graphic art is drawing, the origins of which can be seen in the rock carvings of the Paleolithic era, ancient vase painting, where the image is based on a line, silhouette, color spot.

Drawing, with its inherent constructive-figurative and artistic-expressive possibilities, flexibility and an endless variety of techniques and forms, is one of the main means of graphics (as well as other types of depictions, art), serving as the eternal way of creative communication between the artist and nature, her artistic knowledge, a direct response of a person to the world around him. The tasks of drawing have much in common with the tasks of painting, and the boundaries between them are conditional: watercolor, gouache, pastel, tempera can be used to create both pictorial and graphic works in nature.

Link graphics to modern life, the possibilities opened up for it by the development of printing, create conditions for the emergence of ever new types of graphic art.