emotional experiences are an essential component of adaptive human behavior. The most pronounced emotional reactions, which include anxiety, as a rule, occur at critical moments of imbalance in the interaction between a person and the environment. At the same time, it is important that both the feeling of anxiety and the corresponding behavioral manifestations are largely the result of a person's subjective assessment of external requirements and their internal resources. However, we should not forget that a certain level of anxiety is a natural and obligatory feature of an individual's vigorous activity. For each person, there is an optimal, or desirable, level of anxiety - this is the so-called useful anxiety ...

In the psychological phenomenon of anxiety, scientists distinguish two components: anxiety as a state and anxiety as a personality trait.

Anxiety as a state(situational anxiety, reactive anxiety, state of anxiety) is characterized by subjectively experienced emotions: dynamic tension, anxiety, preoccupation, nervousness. This state occurs as an emotional reaction to stressful situation(a situational inability of a person to cope with the requirements of a specific task and / or partner's expectations, fear of a negative assessment or aggressive reaction, perception of an unfavorable attitude towards oneself) and differs in intensity. Since the measurement of situational anxiety is a kind of one-time "photo" of the emotional state of the individual, its level changes over time depending on how much the person regards his environment as dangerous or threatening.

Anxiety as personality trait (personal anxiety, active anxiety) is a stable individual characteristic of the degree of a person's exposure to various stressors. It reflects the subject's predisposition to anxiety and suggests that he has a tendency to perceive a fairly wide "fan" of objectively safe situations as threatening, responding to each of them with a specific reaction (increased reactive anxiety). As a rule, the intensity of experiences does not correspond to the magnitude of the real danger and characterizes the past experience of the individual, that is, how often he had to experience a state of situational anxiety.

The only method that allows differentially measuring anxiety both as a personal property and as a state is the method proposed by Charles D. Spielberger ( Ch. D. Spielberger) and adapted by Yuri Khanin.

Scale of situational (reactive) and personal anxiety
Spielberger-Khanin

The scale consists of two subscales for measuring two forms of anxiety: the subscale for assessing situational anxiety, which diagnoses well-being in this moment , and subscales for assessing personal anxiety, which determines usual human well-being.

Situational anxiety (ST) subscale

Instruction: Currently

1 - no, it's not like that at all
2 - probably so
3 - true
4 - absolutely correct

Answer Form (ST)

Full Name

Personal Anxiety Subscale (PT)

Instruction: Read the statements below carefully. Rate how each of them corresponds to how you feel. usually. Since there are no right or wrong answers, answer without thinking. Check the box corresponding to your choice:

1 - no, it's not like that at all
2 - probably so
3 - true
4 - absolutely correct

Answer Form (LT)

______________________________________________________
Full Name

Results processing

Indicators of situational and personal anxiety are calculated using formulas.

situational anxiety:

ST = ∑1 - ∑2 + 50,

where ∑1 is the sum of points for the following subscale items: 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18;
∑2 - the sum of points for such subscale items: 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 20.

Personal anxiety:

LT = ∑1 - ∑2 + 35,

where ∑1 is the sum of points for the following subscale items: 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20;
∑2 - the sum of points for the following subscale items: 1, 6, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19.

To facilitate the scoring procedure, we suggest using the Form for calculating the results.

Form for calculating the results

Abridged version
assessment of situational anxiety

To assess the dynamics and control of the state of anxiety (for example, before and after correction), you can apply an abbreviated procedure for assessing situational anxiety. At the same time, it takes only 10-15 seconds to fill out the form.

Instruction: Read the statements below carefully. Rate how each of them corresponds to how you feel. Currently. Since there are no right or wrong answers, answer without thinking. Check the box corresponding to your choice:

1 - no, it's not like that at all
2 - probably so
3 - true
4 - absolutely correct

Answer sheet (STabbr.)

______________________________________________________
Full Name

Results processing

Indicators for assessing situational anxiety according to the abbreviated version are calculated as follows:

STabr. = ((∑1 - ∑2) + 15) : 4,

where ∑1 is the sum of points for items 2 and 5 of the subscale;
∑2 - the sum of points for items 1, 3 and 4 of the subscale.

Interpretation of the results

The final indicator for each of the subscales can range from 20 to 80 points. At the same time, the higher the final indicator, the higher the level of anxiety (situational or personal). When interpreting the indicators, you can focus on the following assessments of anxiety:

• up to 30 points - low;
• 31–44 points - moderate;
• 45 or more is high.

Individuals classified as highly anxious tend to perceive a threat to their self-esteem and life in a wide range of situations and respond with a pronounced state of anxiety. If a psychological test reveals a high rate of personal anxiety in the subject, this gives reason to assume that he has a state of anxiety in a variety of situations (especially when they relate to assessing his competence and prestige). To correct this condition, it is recommended to reduce the subjective significance of the situation and tasks and shift the focus to understanding the activity and forming a person's sense of confidence in success. Very high personal anxiety may indicate the presence of a neurotic conflict, which, when adverse conditions can provoke emotional breakdowns and even psychosomatic illnesses. It should always be remembered that significant deviations from the level of moderate anxiety require special attention.

Low anxiety signals that the subject needs to increase the sense of responsibility and awareness of real motives. own activities. But sometimes very low anxiety is evidence of a person's active displacement of high anxiety in order to show himself in a "better light".

It is known that anxiety and anxiety are closely related to stress. Due to this, tests that assess the severity of anxiety can also be successfully used to diagnose the level of stress. At the same time, situational anxiety will characterize the level of stress at the moment, and personal anxiety - vulnerability (or resistance) to the effects of various stressors in general.

The assessment of anxiety as a stable personality trait is important in the selection of personnel, the formation of teams taking into account psychological compatibility, especially for work in conditions of increased danger, when responsible, cautious performers are needed, capable of analyzing and generalizing information, avoiding conflict situations.

• Psychology: personality and business

A certain level anxiety- a natural and obligatory feature of an active active personality. Each person has their own optimal, or desirable, level of anxiety - this is the so-called useful anxiety. A person's assessment of his state in this respect is an essential component of self-control and self-education for him.

Under personal anxiety is understood as a stable individual characteristic that reflects the subject's predisposition to anxiety and suggests that he has a tendency to perceive a fairly wide "fan" of situations as threatening, responding to each of them with a certain reaction. As a predisposition, personal anxiety is activated when certain stimuli are perceived by a person as dangerous to self-esteem, self-esteem. Situational orreactive anxiety how condition characterized by subjectively experienced emotions: tension, anxiety, concern, nervousness. This state occurs as an emotional reaction to a stressful situation and can be different in intensity and dynamism over time.

This questionnaire allows you to differentially measure anxiety and how personality property, And How condition.

test material

Scale of situational anxiety (ST)

Instruction. Read each of the following sentences carefully and cross out the number in the appropriate box on the right, depending on how you feel at the moment. Do not think about questions for a long time, because there are no right and wrong answers.

1. I am calm
2. Nothing threatens me
3. I'm under pressure
4. I am internally bound
5. I feel free
6. I'm sad
7. I'm worried about possible failures
8. I feel peace of mind
9. I'm uptight
10. I feel a sense of inner satisfaction
11. I'm confident
12. I'm nervous
13. I can't find my place
14. I'm energized

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Attention!
1. Nobody will see Woman, 23" or " Man, 31“.
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Personal Anxiety Scale (PT)

Instruction. Read each of the following sentences carefully and cross out the number in the appropriate box on the right, depending on how you usually feel. Don't think too long about the questions, as there are no right or wrong answers.

Never	Almost never	Often	Almost always
1	2	3	4

1. I have high spirits
2. I get irritable
3. I get upset easily
4. I would like to be as lucky as the others
5. I am very worried about troubles and for a long time I can not forget about them
6. I feel a surge of energy and a desire to work
7. I am calm, cool and collected
8. I'm worried about possible difficulties
9. I worry too much about trifles
10. I am quite happy
11. I take everything to heart
12. I lack self-confidence
13. I feel defenseless
14. I try to avoid critical situations and difficulties

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Key to the test

ST	Answers				LT	Answers
№№	1	2	3	4	№№	1	2	3	4
situational anxiety					Personal anxiety
1	4	3	2	1	21	4	3	2	1
2	4	3	2	1	22	1	2	3	4
3	1	2	3	4	23	1	2	3	4
4	1	2	3	4	24	1	2	3	4
5	4	3	2	1	25	1	2	3	4
6	1	2	3	4	26	4	3	2	1
7	1	2	3	4	27	4	3	2	1
8	4	3	2	1	28	1	2	3	4
9	1	2	3	4	29	1	2	3	4
10	4	3	2	1	30	4	3	2	1
11	4	3	2	1	31	1	2	3	4
12	1	2	3	4	32	1	2	3	4
13	1	2	3	4	33	1	2	3	4
14	1	2	3	4	34	1	2	3	4
15	4	3	2	1	35	1	2	3	4
16	4	3	2	1	36	4	3	2	1
17	1	2	3	4	37	1	2	3	4
18	1	2	3	4	38	1	2	3	4
19	4	3	2	1	39	4	3	2	1
20	4	3	2	1	40	1	2	3	4

Processing and analysis of test results

When analyzing the results of anxiety self-assessment, it should be borne in mind that the overall final score for each of the subscales can range from 20 to 80 points. At the same time, the higher the final indicator, the higher the level of anxiety (situational or personal).

When interpreting the indicators, the following indicative estimates of anxiety can be used:

• up to 30 points- low,
• 31 - 44 points- moderate;
• 45 and over- high.

Persons categorized highly anxious tend to perceive a threat to their self-esteem and life in a wide range of situations and respond with a very pronounced state of anxiety. If a psychological test expresses a high rate of personal anxiety in a subject, then this gives reason to assume that he has a state of anxiety in a variety of situations, especially when they relate to assessing his competence and prestige.

Persons with high anxiety rating should create a sense of confidence and success. They need to shift the focus from external exactingness, categoricalness, and high significance in setting goals to a meaningful understanding of activities and specific planning for subtasks.

For low anxiety people, on the contrary, need awakening activity, emphasizing the motivational components of activity, arousing interest, highlighting a sense of responsibility in solving certain problems.

Sources

• Anxiety research (C.D. Spielberger, adaptation by Yu.L. Khanin)/ Diagnostics of emotional and moral development. Ed. and comp. Dermanova I.B. - SPb., 2002. S.124-126.

Anxiety research (C.D. Spielberger, adaptation by Yu.L. Khanin)

Purpose of the test

A certain level anxiety- a natural and obligatory feature of an active active personality. Each person has their own optimal, or desirable, level of anxiety - this is the so-called useful anxiety. A person's assessment of his state in this respect is an essential component of self-control and self-education for him.

Under personal anxiety is understood as a stable individual characteristic that reflects the subject's predisposition to anxiety and suggests that he has a tendency to perceive a fairly wide "fan" of situations as threatening, responding to each of them with a certain reaction. As a predisposition, personal anxiety is activated when certain stimuli are perceived by a person as dangerous to self-esteem, self-esteem. Situational orreactive anxiety how condition characterized by subjectively experienced emotions: tension, anxiety, concern, nervousness. This state occurs as an emotional reaction to a stressful situation and can be different in intensity and dynamism over time.

This questionnaire allows you to differentially measure anxiety and how personality property, And How condition.

test material

Scale of situational anxiety (ST)

Instruction. Read each of the following sentences carefully and cross out the number in the appropriate box on the right, depending on how you feel at the moment. Do not think about questions for a long time, because there are no right and wrong answers.

I am calm

Nothing threatens me

I'm under pressure

I am internally bound

I feel free

I'm sad

I'm worried about possible failures

I feel peace of mind

I'm uptight

I feel a sense of inner satisfaction

I'm confident

I'm nervous

I can't find my place

I'm energized

I do not feel stiffness, tension

I am satisfied

I'm preoccupied

I'm too excited and I'm not myself

I'm happy

I'm pleased

Personal Anxiety Scale (PT)

Instruction. Read each of the following sentences carefully and cross out the number in the appropriate box on the right, depending on how you usually feel. Don't think too long about the questions, as there are no right or wrong answers.

I have high spirits

I get irritable

I get upset easily

I would like to be as lucky as the others

I am very worried about troubles and for a long time I can not forget about them

I feel a surge of energy and a desire to work

I am calm, cool and collected

I'm worried about possible difficulties

I worry too much about trifles

I am quite happy

I take everything to heart

I lack self-confidence

I feel defenseless

I try to avoid critical situations and difficulties

I get blues

I am satisfied

All sorts of trifles distract and excite me

Sometimes I feel like a failure

I am a balanced person

I get restless when I think about my business and worries.

Key to the test

Processing and analysis of test results

When analyzing the results of anxiety self-assessment, it should be borne in mind that the overall final score for each of the subscales can range from 20 to 80 points. At the same time, the higher the final indicator, the higher the level of anxiety (situational or personal).

When interpreting the indicators, the following indicative estimates of anxiety can be used:

up to 30 points- low,

31 - 44 points- moderate;

45 and over- high.

Persons categorized highly anxious tend to perceive a threat to their self-esteem and life in a wide range of situations and respond with a very pronounced state of anxiety. If a psychological test expresses a high rate of personal anxiety in a subject, then this gives reason to assume that he has a state of anxiety in a variety of situations, especially when they relate to assessing his competence and prestige.

Persons with high anxiety rating should create a sense of confidence and success. They need to shift the focus from external exactingness, categoricalness, and high significance in setting goals to a meaningful understanding of activities and specific planning for subtasks.

For low anxiety people, on the contrary, need awakening activity, emphasizing the motivational components of activity, arousing interest, highlighting a sense of responsibility in solving certain problems.

Methodology for diagnosing self-esteem Ch.D. Spielberger, L. Khanina (assessment of situational and personal anxiety)

In psychodiagnostics, many methods for assessing the level of anxiety have been developed. These methods are used mainly in consultative and clinical practice, when working with children.

Anxiety - emotional condition, a feeling of strong excitement, anxiety, often without any external reason. Anxiety often occurs and is normal. We can talk about pathological anxiety when it disorganizes the entire life of a person.

Anxiety - the tendency of an individual to experience anxiety, characterized by a low threshold for the occurrence of an anxiety reaction. There are situational anxiety (associated with a specific external situation) and personal anxiety (which is a stable personality trait).

The most famous and widely used methods for diagnosing the level of anxiety are the tests of Ch.D. Spielberg and Khanin, as well as the Taylor technique.

In addition, tests for assessing depressive states (Zunge, V.A. Zhmurova), methods for diagnosing stress resistance and social adaptation(Holmes and Rage), the level of social frustration (L.I. Wasserman), the level of subjective control (J. Rotter), etc.

For the most complete picture of the features emotional sphere and mental states of the individual, a complex of psychodiagnostic methods is used: both based on self-assessment of states, and projective methods.

Methods of Ch. Spielberg

This test is presented in the form of a questionnaire of 40 questions. The test is a reliable source of information about a person's self-assessment of the level of his anxiety at the moment (reactive anxiety) and personal anxiety (as a stable characteristic of a person). The test was developed by Ch.D. Spielberger and adapted by Yu.L. Khanin.

Personal anxietycharacterizes a stable tendency to perceive a wide range of situations as threatening, to respond to such situations with a state of anxiety.

reactive anxietycharacterized by tension, anxiety, nervousness.

Very high reactive anxietycauses disturbances in attention, sometimes violations of fine coordination.

Very high personal anxietydirectly correlates with the presence of a neurotic conflict, with emotional and neurotic breakdowns and psychosomatic diseases.

But anxiety is not inherently a negative trait. A certain level of anxiety is a natural and obligatory feature of an active personality.

At the same time, there is an optimal individual level of “useful anxiety”.

The self-esteem scale consists of 2 parts, separately evaluating reactive (RT, statements No. 1-20) and personal (LT, statements No. 21-40) anxiety.

The scale of situational anxiety consists of 20 judgments (10 of them characterize the presence of emotions, tension, anxiety, concern, and 10 - the absence of anxiety).

The results are calculated by key.

Processing and interpretation of results:

up to 30 - low anxiety;

31-45 - moderate anxiety;

46 and more - high anxiety.

The subject needs to evaluate his state of health at the moment. For example, such statements are offered: “I am calm”, “Nothing threatens me”, “I am upset”, etc.

The methodology contains guidelines for high level anxiety, medium and low. Reactive anxiety is characterized by tension, anxiety, nervousness. Very high reactive anxiety causes disturbances in attention, sometimes disturbances in fine coordination.

Significant deviations from the level of moderate anxiety require special attention. High anxiety implies a tendency to manifest anxiety in situations of assessing his competence. In this case, the subjective significance of the situation and tasks should be reduced and the emphasis should be shifted to understanding the activity and forming a sense of confidence in success.

Low anxiety, on the contrary, requires increased attention to the motives of activity and increased sense of responsibility. Sometimes very low anxiety in test scores is the result of a person's active displacement of high anxiety in order to show himself in a "better light".

A scale has also been developed to assess personalanxiety (as a stable characteristic of a person), which also consists of 20 statements.

The subject must evaluate how he usually feels. Here are the statements, for example:

"I feel pleasure"

"I get tired very quickly"

"I'm quite happy" etc.

Personal anxiety characterizes a stable tendency to perceive a wide range of situations as threatening, to respond to such situations with a state of anxiety. Very high personal anxiety directly correlates with the presence of a neurotic conflict, with emotional and neurotic breakdowns, and with psychosomatic diseases.

But anxiety is not inherently a negative trait. A certain level of anxiety is a natural and obligatory feature of an active personality. At the same time, there is an optimal individual level of “useful anxiety”.

Scales of situational and personal anxiety can be used in consultative practice, when evaluating the results of correction emotional states, assessment of the dynamics of emotional states of employees, etc.

Methodology for diagnosing self-esteem Ch.D. Spielberger, L. Khanin

Instruction. Please read each of the following sentences carefully. Cross out the number in the appropriate box on the right, depending on how you feel at the moment. Do not think about questions for a long time, as there are no right or wrong answers.

Form of judgments

The key to the method of assessing situational and personal anxiety

The scale of reactive and personal anxiety of Ch.D. Spielberger-Yu.L. Khanin allows making the first and essential clarifications about the quality of the integral self-esteem of the individual: whether the instability of this self-esteem is reactive, that is, situational, or personal, that is, permanent.

The results of the methodology relate not only to the psychodynamic characteristics of the personality, but also to the general question of the relationship between the parameters of reactivity and activity of the personality, its temperament and character. The technique is also a detailed subjective characteristic of a person, which does not at all reduce its value in the psychodiagnostic sense.

Since 1950 in the world scientific literature more than 5,000 articles and monographs have appeared on the study of anxiety as a personal property and anxiety as a state. Over the years, these two concepts have gradually converged in the name "anxiety", while separating at the same time in the definitions: "reactive" and "active", "situational" and "personal".

According to Yu.L. Khanin, the state of anxiety (situational anxiety), which is indicated by capital letters ST, appears as a person’s reaction to various kinds of socio-psychological stressors, such as the expectation of a negative assessment or an aggressive reaction, the perception of an unfavorable attitude towards oneself, and much more.

Personal anxiety (constant anxiety), which is denoted by capital letters LT, as a trait, property, disposition, on the contrary, gives an idea of ​​individual differences in exposure to certain stressors.

Accordingly, we are talking about a relatively stable tendency of a person to perceive a threat to his Self in a variety of situations and to respond to these situations with an increase in situational anxiety. The magnitude of personal anxiety characterizes the past experience of the individual, indicates how often he had to experience a state of anxiety.

The Reactive and Personal Anxiety Scale (SRLT) has two independent subscales for separately measuring one or another form of anxiety: - a subscale for assessing situational anxiety with the main question about how you feel at the moment and a subscale for assessing personal anxiety with the wording about how you feel usually.

Situational anxiety and personal anxiety have their own indexes. The results are evaluated as follows: up to 30 points - low anxiety; 31-45 - average anxiety; 46 and above - high anxiety. This does not prevent on a scale of 20-80 to correlate the results obtained with the ranges normal distribution individuals with different anxiety in terms of the activity parameter.

Instructions for the test (first group of judgments)

well-being at the moment: 1 - no, it's not at all; 2 - perhaps so; 3 - true; 4 is absolutely correct.

Instructions for the test (second group of judgments)

After carefully reading each judgment below, choose the appropriate number for you in accordance with your normal state of health: 1 - almost never; 2 - sometimes; 3 - often; 4 - almost always.

Test Keys:

Situational anxiety (CT) is determined by the key to the test:
ST = (3,4,6,7,9,12,13,14,17,18) - (1,2,5,8,10,11,15,16,19,20) + 50 =
Personal anxiety (PT) is determined by the key to the test:
LT \u003d (2,3,4,5,8,9,11,12,14,15,17,18,20) - (1,6,7,10,13,16, 19) + 35 \u003d

Test analysis and interpretation of results

The concept of situational, that is, reactive anxiety and the concept of personal anxiety, that is, active anxiety, have not only a special, described above, but also a more general psychological meaning. In our experience, the diagnosis of reactive and active anxiety makes it possible to judge quite clearly the manifestation of the main features of a person's behavior in terms of its attitude to activity.