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Works by V.V. Mayakovsky for children Performed by a student of the 3nA group Drozdova Nina

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The struggle for realistic poetry for children, saturated with modernity, connected by the strongest threads with the life of the people, courage of thoughts and ardor of feelings - this is what, first of all, distinguishes the works of the poet. Mayakovsky's works for children are a major and unique phenomenon in literature. Their originality lies in the fact that Mayakovsky, turning to children, did not renounce either the political nature of his works, or the high civic pathos. No one before Mayakovsky touched on the topics of modernity for children.

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Mayakovsky said: “I work on children's books with particular pleasure. My goal is to instill in children some of the most elementary social concepts, but of course I do this very carefully.” In poetry for children, the poet remained an agitator and propagandist. The place of his communication with representatives of the new generation was the library, the editorial office, the stadium. The temperament of a fighter, a fiery speaker, a convinced revolutionary is also shown in his books for children.

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"The Tale of Petya, the fat child, and Sim, who is thin" was written in 1925. This is the first children's work by Vladimir Mayakovsky. It begins with a fun playful introduction in the style of folklore rhymes: Once upon a time there was Sima and Petya. Sima and Petya were children. Petya 5, and Sime 7 - and 12 together for everyone. In the satirical grotesque images of the greedy, selfish "evil" Petya Burzhuichikov and his parents, the poet ridiculed the disgusting bourgeois life and customs: * Petya took jam in a vase, climbs right into the vase with his muzzle. * It is dirty, in my opinion, like a bucket of slop. The poet contrasts Petya Burzhuychikov with Sim - "a friend of the childish people", a defender of the "weak and four-legged". Laughter, childish enthusiasm is felt in the fairy tale, it is full of lively children's dialogues, words and expressions from the everyday speech of a child of the 20s: “works in a race”, “upside down”, “gape”, “spit”, “that’s a miracle, a miracle -yudo "...

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In the same year, Mayakovsky wrote a story in verse for kids, “What is good and what is bad?”. The theme of the work is revealed in the form of a serious, affectionate, playful conversation between a father and his son, built on the principle of a contrast image: bad weather is opposed to good weather, a dirty one to a neat boy, a coward to a brave man, a lazy person to a hard worker, an evil one to a good one. Edification is softened by the gentle smile of the poet, his joke.

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The key to understanding the poem "Horse-Fire". The poet clearly shows that not only toy masters take part in the manufacture of children's toys, but also the workers of the stationery factory, who presented “three sheets of the most excellent cardboard”, and the carpenter, and the bristle maker, and the artist. In order to interest the child in the story, Mayakovsky makes him a direct participant in all these events, forcing him, along with the workers, to worry about the horse turning out to be amazing. This technique allowed him to solve another, no less important task - to show the child the work of adults, their skill, dedication to work. The fact that the transformation of "dead" materials into a beautiful, bright horse takes place before the eyes of a child makes Mayakovsky's story especially impressive. The kid will forever remember how much work is invested in the manufacture of his favorite toys, and will treat them more carefully.

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In poetry for children, the poet remained an agitator and propagandist. The place of his communication with representatives of the new generation was the library, the editorial office, the stadium. The temperament of a fighter, a fiery speaker, a convinced revolutionary is also shown in his books for children. * My little book calls out: * Children, be like a lighthouse! * Remember about school - only with it will you become a builder of joyful days! * Love, children, work, as it is written here. * So grow up as true Strongmen! The poet convinces, not being afraid to express an open, striking morality. There is no dry didacticism and reasoning in it. The endings of the poems sound like a slogan - a demanding call to action. Creating lyrics for children, Mayakovsky sought to reveal the topic in a new way, taking into account the children's point of view on the world.

L Kassil About Vladimir Mayakovsky 5
What is good and what is bad
May song 27
Every page is an elephant, a lioness 33
Tuchkin things 49
Walking 53
Let's take new rifles 69
Horse-fire 77
We are waiting for you, comrade bird, why are you not flying? 89
This little book is mine about the seas and about the lighthouse 95
Who to be? 105

ABOUT VLADIMIR MAYAKOVSKY

The poems that are printed in this book were written for you guys by an amazing poet. Everyone should know him. Wherever a person is born, in whatever country he grows up, these verses will be very useful to him in life.
That is how it is. All over the world they know about Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky.
Even in those days when workers, peasants, soldiers and sailors with rifles in their hands went to the decisive battle for Soviet power, they were already singing a fervent and cheerful song that Mayakovsky came up with:

Eat pineapples, chew grouse,
Your last day is coming, bourgeois.

Bourgeois at that time was called the rich, the capitalists.
Mayakovsky wrote about the revolution and about Lenin. And about how our people defended their freedom, how they built a new life. And about those who interfered with building this life. Mayakovsky managed to write about many things, although he himself did not live long.
Mayakovsky's poems delighted the hearts of millions of people who began to live in a new way, as Lenin taught. And for the enemies
ours they seemed formidable and terrible. Overseas, away from Soviet land, even such a fairy tale went about Mayakovsky that, they say, an extraordinary hero, a giant poet, lives in the Land of Soviets. This giant stands on the captain's bridge of a red ship, reads his poems - and you can hear him far from the sea, on all other warships, and the enemy's red sailors are driven away from our shores.
Well, a fairy tale is a fairy tale, but there is a lot of truth here. Because Mayakovsky was really a giant in appearance. Huge growth, broad shoulders, heroic posture. He was a very handsome and powerful man, our beloved poet Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky! And his voice sounded with extraordinary power and beauty. Thousands of people listened for hours as he read in large halls, and sometimes in the stadium, his poems. And each line for a long time sunk into the soul. Because Mayakovsky wrote about the most important, the most dear to us.
This huge man, formidable to enemies, knew how to be very gentle and affectionate when he spoke with friends. He found for those whom he loved such good, cherished words both in life and in poetry that they made the heart merry and it seemed as if the most severe clouds dispersed and the sun began to shine even brighter.
Mayakovsky was an extremely witty man. He liked to invent funny words when he wanted to play a trick on his comrades, and he always found a well-aimed answer to the most unexpected questions. No one could ever make Mayakovsky confused, embarrassed.
Once he was walking along one of the Zamoskvoretsky lanes, and the boys, seeing that such a giant was walking along their street, shouted after him, as they usually tease too much tall people:
- Uncle! Get the sparrow!
Mayakovsky stopped at once, looked around, looked down at the guys over his broad shoulder, and very politely, quite seriously asked:
- Don't you want an eagle?
And the boys were taken aback ... They thought to tease the person, but they themselves got into a mess.
Of course, Mayakovsky joked with the guys when he offered them to get an eagle. But in this joke, it had a very good effect.
Mayakovsky's character: he was always ready not only to respond to the request of the guys, but, as they say, to overfulfill it. And, talking with his little friends, he always tried to make close to them the thoughts and feelings of the high eagle flight. Yes, if you really get it from the sky, then it’s not a sparrow, but an eagle! ..
Although Mayakovsky was busy from morning till night with enormous work - he composed poems for books, for newspapers, drew posters, wrote plays for the theater, invented pictures for cinema, spoke to readers - he still found time to write for the guys. Perhaps, few people knew how to talk so cheerfully, intelligently and in a friendly way with the kids, as Mayakovsky did. He sincerely loved and respected his little readers very much. He wrote for them as if in jest, so that it would not be boring to read, but in fact he spoke seriously about very important things that everyone who wants to grow up to be a good and happy person should do.
He helped the little ones understand "what is good and what is bad", invented funny books, where "every page is an elephant, then a lioness." Reading this book is like being in a zoo. And about a lot more, funny and serious, necessary and important, Mayakovsky was able to tell the guys
And so that the verses sounded good and accurate, so that it was convenient to read them aloud, he came up with a special way to print them. Almost all the poems for both adults and children Mayakovsky wrote not in a line, but with a ladder:
here
So,
so that, while reading, you can rely on each line-step with your voice.
So read it yourself or ask the elders to read aloud what the giant poet wrote for you, kids. And you will be friends with him too.

Vladimir Mayakovsky is one of the first poets who developed the theme of modernity in children's poems with everyday examples. His works are not alien to civil pathos and political character. The reader not only enjoys the magical world of rhyme created by the author, but also learns about the reality surrounding him. Simplicity, originality and the childish style of the verse still do not leave anyone indifferent.

1. "What is good and what is bad?". Perhaps the most famous children's poem by Mayakovsky tells of a conversation between a father and his son. The boy asks a question, derived in the title of the work, and the parent, using examples, explains the crumbs about good and bad. He talks about the weather, hygiene, attitude towards the defenseless, cowardice and courage ... After listening to the advice of his father, the child realizes that from childhood a person should try not to be a “pig”, so that when he grows up, he will not become a “pig”. For your own good, you should be good, not bad. Read the poem...
2. "Who to be?". When raising a child, it is important to set him up for a definition in the professional future. Mayakovsky, on behalf of a teenager, provides a choice for young readers. Each profession is better than the other, and each can be enjoyed. Whether it is a carpenter, a doctor or a sailor, the hero emphasizes their benefit to society and is imbued with a desire to master this or that skill, if only he was taught how to work. Read the poem...
3. "Read and roll to Paris and China." Vladimir Mayakovsky traveled abroad almost annually, since 1922, and considered communication with people from different countries a substitute for reading books. He even twice was going to go around the world. In a children's poem, he realizes his desire by visiting France, America, Japan, China and returning to Moscow. The poet himself alludes to the proverb: “Away is good, but home is better,” describing the foreign world, strange to him. The earth begins with the Kremlin, and after 15 days the guys are already in the capital Soviet Union. To the surprise of the outcome of the adventure, Mayakovsky compares the planet with a ball in the boy's hand.
4. "This little book is mine about the seas and about the lighthouse." In this poem, the motif of a person's struggle with the elements slowly turns into a message to help people. Uncle Mayakovsky, using the example of a lighthouse keeper, calls to work for the benefit of society. Often, the life of those “who cannot swim at night” depends on one worker watching the light on the shore of the bay. The tragic scenes of a shipwreck are being eliminated by the work of one man who is seemingly incapable of saving the entire ship on his own. Read the poem...
5. "The story of Vlas - lazy and lazy." The speaking surname of Vlas Progulkin hints at the main idea of ​​the poem. Here is a satire on a lazy schoolboy who liked to read a magazine instead of going to bed, and then was late for classes and skipped them. From the average hater to the agonizing school years the drunkard dismissed from work grew up. From a small flaw, a big problem is born, not only for Vlas himself, but also for the people around him. In a language accessible to children, the author warns the reader against laziness and recalls the importance of education.
6. “Whatever the page, then an elephant, then a lioness.” Humor, imagination and conciseness - this is what is needed for the genre of poetic captions for drawings. In addition, the artist must easily understand the idea of ​​the poet. And Mayakovsky does an excellent job with this genre. Childish spontaneity and attention to bright details help him take a childish look at the animal world. Pointing to the size of elephants, he adds: “For such a small page, they gave a whole spread,” and, speaking of the funny look of a monkey, he compares it with a man.
7. "Tuchkin things." Another poem that reflects the child's ability to imagine. The clouds in the eyes of the lyrical hero turn into people, camels and elephants, and the sun into a yellow giraffe. Comparisons, epithets and personifications give life to the silent landscape. Clouds get scared, run, show curiosity. Oddly enough, the work was written in 1917, at the height of the revolution, for which the rebel poet was even criticized. Unlike many of Mayakovsky's works, there is no special message here, a call to action, but simply the impression of a person looking into the sky is conveyed.
8. "Song-lightning". We must not forget that Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky is a poet of the revolution. Pioneers are often mentioned among children's poems. The poem "Lightning Song" was first published under the title "Forward" in connection with the First All-Union Pioneer Rally in Moscow. When the poet read it to the pioneers, he announced the work under a new name, which was assigned to him. The author calls the republic the mother, the working class the father, and the VKP (All-Union Communist Party) the leader. The revolutionary pathos fully corresponds to the main thrust of Mayakovsky's lyrics. Read the poem...
9. "Aviachastushki". The poem was written in honor of the creation of a powerful Soviet air fleet. The lyrical hero is a pilot who overtakes any bird and fights fires and locusts. Man rises above nature and flies through the clouds. Chastushkas are really written in a cheerful manner, as if the pilot is teasing everyone he manages to overtake. Technological progress has brought man to the ability to fly, which is the dream of every child. Read the poem...
Interesting? Save it on your wall!

Introduction. 3

1. Socio-political themes in "The Tale of Petya, the fat child, and Sim, who is thin." four

2. Images of children in poetry. 7

3. The originality of the poetic manner, satire and humor, lyricism, a combination of game and didactic elements. eight

4. Practical task. A story about a poet, accessible to the perception of older preschoolers. eleven

Conclusion. 13

Literature. fourteen

Introduction

Mayakovsky's works for children are a major and unique phenomenon in literature.

Their originality lies in the fact that Mayakovsky, turning to children, did not renounce either the political nature of his works, or the high civic pathos. No one before Mayakovsky touched on the topics of modernity for children.

The struggle for realistic poetry for children, saturated with modernity, connected by the strongest threads with the life of the people, courage of thoughts and ardor of feelings - this is what, first of all, distinguishes the works of the poet.

"It is difficult to name any other works, in the 20s, equal to his poems in terms of the strength of the revolutionary impact on the broad masses of children, in terms of the strength of influence on the development of literature for children ...

Tale from modern life and a pioneer song, political lyrics and satirical poems, a lyrical poem glorifying the work and everyday life of socialist construction, and stories in verse (about animals, about travel, on ethical topics), a journalistic essay and a feuilleton in verse - this is far from a complete list of topics and genres of works, publishing house of children's literature of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, 1961, p. 5).

Mayakovsky first turned to children's literature in 1918; the poem was written by him two weeks before his death.

Each new poem for children was a kind of declaration of an innovative poet. His "Children's" fell in love with young readers immediately. "His books are snatched up like water on a hot day ..." - testified "Vechernyaya Moskva" (1930, July 15).

It is characteristic that in "Children's" along with the heroes of the works, the image of a lyrical hero - a poet - also appears. He not only shows, but also explains life to children.

His "Children's" - Lyrical knowledge of life.

Children are the future of the country. The feeling of the rapid movement of life, the thirst for knowledge, activity, the passion of feelings and thoughts - this is the main thing that characterizes Mayakovsky's children's poems. The child feels like a master in the Nursery. He is on an equal footing with the lyrical hero - the poet. He seeks to imitate him, to act in the same way as lyrical hero works. "Children's" is a multicolored, polyphonic world in which "all works are good."

For adults, Mayakovsky wrote "Good!" and "Bad" (under the latter title, one can conditionally combine all of his satire, including the plays "Bedbug" and "Bath"), and for children he writes "What is good and what is bad?".

When V.V. Mayakovsky (1893-1930) organized his literary exhibition "Twenty Years of Work", a significant place in it, along with works for adults, was occupied by books addressed to children. Thus, the poet emphasized the equal position of that part of the poetic work, which was carried out, as he put it, "for children." The first collection, conceived in 1918, but not completed, would have been called “For the Children”. The materials prepared for him convince us that Mayakovsky also strove to create a new revolutionary art for children, that the idea of ​​chamber "children's" themes was alien to him.

In the article “Uncle Mayakovsky did it,” M. Petrovsky rightly noted that “the main time in his poems is the future adult.” Hence the constant correlation of today's deed, today's character trait with what will be useful to the child as a person of the future. This feature makes Mayakovsky's works for children relevant even today, when there are no Nepmen, bourgeois and Burzhuychikovs. These characters belong to history in socio-political terms, and today - in moral and aesthetic terms. This aspect of Mayakovsky's poetry for children is becoming more and more effective.

"The Tale of Petya, the fat child, and Sim, who is thin" was written in 1925. This is the first children's work by Vladimir Mayakovsky. Once, in one of his early poems, the poet threw such a blasphemous phrase: “I love to watch how children die.”

We do not know what Mayakovsky was thinking when he wrote these words. Perhaps it meant that children should stop being children as soon as possible, grow up, turn into adults.

1. Social and political themes in "The Tale of Petya, the fat child, and Sim, who is thin."

Mayakovsky's poems for children are one of the brightest, most significant pages in Russian children's literature. Although he does not have so many children's works - a few poems, several songs for young pioneers, fairy tales in verse and a number of scripts for children's films - their significance is enormous. How can one explain the secret of V. V. Mayakovsky's popularity among his youngest readers and listeners? One of the reasons for this success is that the poet did not limit the content of his works to special "children's" themes, did not "forge" like a "kind uncle", who knows everything and understands everything. However, this is not the main point.

A writer who turns his work to children needs to have "a gracious, loving soul, an exalted, educated mind." These words belong to the great Russian critic, a deep connoisseur of child psychology V. G. Belinsky, and they contain the key to why the poet is so loved by young listeners. After all, Mayakovsky not only loved children - he knew their interests and concerns well, felt and subtly caught the demands of the “childish soul” and willingly responded to them. Back in 1918, V. Mayakovsky planned to publish a collection of poems called "For the Children." The poet failed to realize the plan, but the surviving materials of the collection clearly confirm the idea that for Mayakovsky there were no special "children's" themes, that children's literature, in his understanding, is the literature of big topics, closely connected with the social and political life of the country.

In this regard, The Tale of Petya, the fat child, and Sim, who is thin (1925), is of great interest. In fact, this is the first work of the poet written specifically for children, but the denunciation of the disgusting essence of philistinism, philistinism, contained in it, on the one hand, and the assertion of new human relations born in October, on the other, bring him closer to a number of poems about NEP, class struggle, addressed directly to the adult reader. Mayakovsky very skillfully introduces the child into the world of class relations, which is difficult for him. The poet begins the poem in the rhythm of a rhyme familiar to the child:

• Lived once
• Sima with Petya. Sima with Petya
• there were children. Pete 5,
• and Sime 7 - and 12 together for everyone.

K. I. Chukovsky writes, emphasizing this feature of the beginning of the “Fairy Tale”: “You read these lines and involuntarily make the same gestures that every child makes before the start of the game, pronouncing a rhyme among five or six of his peers.” And then the image of a bourgeois is immediately given - Petya's father. Consciously magnifying, exaggerating individual parties the nature of this character, the poet at the same time strives to ensure that the image does not lose its specificity, does not violate the usual ideas for children about good and evil:

• Petya's dad and, as an important gentleman,
• was important: in the whole house
• lived alone in a five-story house.

This description made the image of the bourgeois concrete, more clearly emphasized the essence of his nature as an owner, a Nepman. The second part introduces the child to the world he knows, which he loves and appreciates: Sima’s father is a “spoilt blacksmith”, a strongman (“he raises a pood with his finger at any moment”), and most importantly, “Simin’s dad is smarter than everyone, he is everything in the world.” can." Mayakovsky, as it were, “isolates” such artistic details that make the images of Sima and the father very close to the children: on the table they have cabbage soup and porridge, tea in a colorful mug (“the workers have no money”). It becomes clear and further opposition: “rubbish and Petya and parents; general form they are disgusting”, but “Sima is clean, cleaner than soap, he washed himself, and mom washed. Sima looks strong, radiates, breathing with joy. Therefore, such a contrast is necessary in order for children to understand the social reason for these differences: the children of working people cannot, do not have the right to be different, because they are "proletarians."

Animals actively intervene in the further development of events in the fairy tale: they deal with Petya, the “glutton”, “the oppressor of animals”, help Sima, give him gifts. Due to the mistake of the postman, Petya (his policeman sent his parents by mail) gets into the store, swallows first everything edible, and then scales, weights and cabinets; finally, it bursts with an effort, and everything swallowed flies to the feet of the Octobrists, who sat down and ate all the food with delight. The tale ends with the poet's address to the children:

• Love, children, work - as it is written here. Protect
• all who are weak, from the bourgeois paws. Here you grow up

It is important that Mayakovsky does not look like this appeal as a boring moralizing, because the children were already prepared for it by the development of all the events in the fairy tale. As noted above, as the main poet uses the techniques of contrast and hyperbolization of the actions and actions of the characters. Particular attention should be paid to the role of artistic detail in the poem. Mayakovsky perfectly knows the reader, his interests, life experience. It was from here that such finds were “born” as “one hundred baskets are carried by the servant” (children most often express the idea of ​​plurality with the number 100), “he will eat and wave his hand to his mother” (a characteristic childish gesture), Petya’s father “traded sweets in the shop” ( in children, the idea of ​​well-being in the family is associated with the presence or absence of sweets), Sima's father "found the wheel and is happy - he made Sima a scooter" (a favorite children's toy).

It should also be noted that the first two parts of the tale are devoid of action, they are static: it is important for the poet that young readers understood the essence of the characters of the fathers Petya and Sima, this prepares them for the perception of those extraordinary events that will occur in the following chapters. Events take on a special dynamism from the moment when Petya Burzhuychikov, throwing a puppy, bloodied his “nose and four knees”: Suddenly, out of nowhere, a hundred crows fly down. All grinning, the jackal strode from behind the forest. Using the traditional forms of a folk tale, Mayakovsky castigates in the eyes of children that alien to the new society that was left to him "inherited" from bourgeois life and morality. At the same time, very naturally, without falling into edification, he affirms the new that the revolution brought with it, glorifies labor aimed at the good of society, humanity, the greatness of true friendship, collectivism.

Mayakovsky addressed more than 20 works to children: “What is good and what is bad”, “Whatever the page, then the elephant and the lioness” - “The Tale of Petya, the fat child, and Sim, who is thin”, “Who to be?”, "May Song"

A significant part of the creative M. - constantly aspire to the future. In this sense, children's poetry has become a continuation of adult poetry. To creative. d / children M. returned shortly after the revolution and regarded him as constituent part programs for the construction of socialism and the formation of social. programs.

1918 - M. intended to publish a book. "D / Children" from the 3rd verse. 1 of them - "Clouds-Flyers" - a verse-game (illogical, unexpected metaphors). Later M. in verse. "The Tale of Pete ..." performs an open revolutionary direction. The plot is built on the opposition of Sima to Petya. Each of the characters has its own world around it: the world of S. is bright, kind; P. and his relatives are dark, evil (even the last name is the Burzhuychikovs). When creating images of the Burzhuichikovs, M. uses satire. grotesque. In the image of Sima and his father underline. love for work. Every head of them. his polit. painted. ending.

M.'s desire to create new poetry for children ran into misunderstanding, and sometimes hostility, from the critics of NarKomPros. Judging objectively, this tale is for them. their shortcomings (m. to inspire the child with the idea that all fat people are bad, and thin people are good, which is not pedagogical; the scene from real life is implausible, the movie Petya died of gluttony). But at the same time, production them. fairy tales. elements, many complex rhymes, the language combines publics. and street vocabulary, polit. words are easy to remember. children. M. strives to create such a DL so that it explains to them the basics of socialism, helps them understand the modern. life.

1925 - "What is good and what is bad" . In verse. revealed 2 life criteria that give the child guidance in the world, in the cat. he lives. Compositionally built as a chain of miniatures, the form is didactic. instruction. M. found new methods for creating a conversation-lecturing.

2) the father does not give an assessment of the yavl-th, but also of emotions. reacts to everything;

3) the unity of t-ta and ill-th - this conversation-lecture acquires new. quality.

Speech is intelligible and understandable to the child.

1925 - "Walking". Verse. teaches to distinguish "hor." and "bad" in the env. the world. T/f use reception of combining t-ta and fig.

- "What is not a page, then an elephant and a lioness." You can call this genre like poetry. Caption to fig. These poems are full of subtle humor.

- “This book is mine about me and about the lighthouse” - for children. memories M.

1928 - "Who to be?". Use again. the form of a series of miniatures, connected with 1 theme - the choice of profession. Written on behalf of a child. M. not only talks about prof., but creates an image of each. Use abrupt changes in rhythm, unusual. rhymes. M. understood that kids and schoolchildren require different books.

Poetry M. gave and gives food to the imagination. young readers. diff. ages.

S. Ya. Marshak (1887-1964)

His creative. as versatile as his personality. He is a lyric poet, and a translator, and a satirist, and a theorist, and a critic, and a researcher of the problems of reading a child, and a practical one. teacher, and esthetician, and lit. editor Poet. his talent developed early. He was introduced to Gorky, and M. lived in his family for 2 years.

Biography.

1922 - moves to Leningrad. Together with the folklorist O. Katitsa, he runs a studio for young writers. Created Almanac "New Robinson".

1924 - report "On the big lit. d / small "at the 1st All-Union Congress.

In the 20s. many fairy tales of M., innovative in pathos and form, are published. Represent. a refraction of the people. motives, aesthetics, morals. Fairy tales are filled with philosopher. wisdom, the joy of being, kindness and at the same time. - an ironic revelation. bad.

The 1st stage of M.'s entry into the DL is dramaturgy (fairy tale plays: "The Cat's House", "The Tale of the Goat", "Petrushka"). 1st plays were born from folklore. and looked like games. The plots are simple but elaborate. with grace and humour. Replies and monologues are laconic, but expressive. Peculiarities:

Episode recurrence

Continuity of action.

The basis of the play "Terem-Teremok" (1940) are known. folk tale. M. was introduced into it by the playwright. the conflict of good and evil, gave the images a bulge, some. heroes added, some. - removed. Written in verse with interspersed prose. replicas.

"Cat's House" - a kind of children. domestic drama. Born from a 4-line counting rhyme. Theatergoer. M. made the scene more detailed, explained the previous one. events, gave the outcome of the conflict. In the last The editors introduced a polyphonic choir at the beginning and at the end.

"12 months" (1943) - written. based on folk fairy tales about the stepdaughter and the evil stepmother. By genre. esp. is a lyric. fairytale comedy. fantastic. motives. Satyr. connection motives. with images of the queen, stepmother, daughter. In the center is a satyr. conflict m / they (far from nature) and the forces of nature, incarnate. at 12 months 2 conf. - social th (m / y stepmother and stepdaughter).

- "Children in a cage"; "Tales of a smart and stupid mouse"; "Baggage"; "Fire", "Mail".

The plots and themes of M.'s verse, even for 3- and 4-year-old children, are always sharp and modern. Particular children. M.'s poetry is a constant non-stop. traffic. In them, around the children, people and things go, run, walk. During this movement obligatory something is being done (verse "Here's the absent-minded from Basseinaya Street").

In verse. M. is dynamic every. line, elastic rhythm, distinctly every. word. Large paid attention to the M composition of the verse.: he has a verse., Without losing its integrity, breaking. for a number of small ones.

M. wrote whole stories, novels, in verse, ballads. They are distinguished by the visibility of details, authentically. images and precise instructions. on cord. action Every plot twist accompaniment. change in poetic rhythm. Enriches the narrative with verse instrumentation (musical).

Bring up. sense of humor "Baggage", "The Tale of Ch. mouse.", "That's how absent-minded ...". Laughter in different verses: kind, ironic, cheerful and sad, encouraging or revealing. But laughter is not an end in itself, but a way to develop creativity. thinking in a child.

In the cycles of miniatures "Children in a Cage", " All year round”, “Colorful. book”, “Merry Journeys from A to Z” is given in a special way to cognize. inform.: it is a solution. in lyric environment. Poet oh. carefully crafted. poet. form, avoided adj., followed, b / w words did not merge.

"Children in a cage": the semantic emphasis is shifted from the animals themselves. on their perception of the lyric. hero. Let's add humor. sadness, sympathy, irony sympathy. M.'s special merit is the creation of publications of poetry for children. (topics of labor and civic education). He owned and 1st polit. pamphlet for doshk. - Mister Twister. Blagod. M. property of the Russian language. the child became zarub. poetry and pr-I poets Owls. rep. 1952 - transl. Jani Rodari.

M. t / f was the editor of the DL and the mentor of young writers. M. and other editors of Detizdat, etc., appreciated everything good. taste, skill real DL from pseudolit. The expression M. “large lit. d / small "became winged.

K. I. Chukovsky (1882-1969)

NV Korneichukov together with Mayak. and Marsh. became the founder of the DL. He is a multi-faceted personality. He was illegitimate. the son of a peasant woman and a student and was expelled from the gymnasium, but after passing the exams as an external student. ex. for the course of the gymnasium, he is independent. mastered English. language and became the first translator of the American poet W. Whitman (hereinafter the biography - in the book). There was a literary scholar, critic, poet, publicist, translator, theorist thin. translation.

1909 - 1st article on children "Save the Children".

1911 - "Mat-ly about children's t-s."

At the same time Ch. begins to study the development of Russian. lang. and in parallel the development of children. speech and word creation of children. Beginning of creativity d/det. - verse. fairy tales.

1917 - "Crocodile". At the heart of the tale is the theme of love for animals. But the content goes beyond 1 topic. It was sharp and frank. a challenge to sugary childish verses. When creating children. Ch.'s fairy tales were helped by knowledge of Russian. Class. poetry and oral folk. creative

Verse. fairy tales Ch. m. names. poems for children. They are understandable to children, and at the same time - this is the crust. poetry. The children immediately accepted Ch.'s tales, willingly memorized them, and recited them. Already his first creative. experience Ch. declared himself as the creator of the original. poetry for children, joyful, sonorous, cheerful poetry.

Article in gas. "Speech" titled "Oh kid. language” did not find a response from the readers, but Ch. continued to observe. for the children. A series of essays in "Red Gas" (Leningr.) resulted in the book. "Little Children" (1928), as well as c / o several. years - book. "From 2 to 5". This is a fundamental work about the child, about his psyche, about his assimilation of the environment. the world, oh its huge. creative opportunities. Ch. wrote the book. over 60 years. He believed that they. at the age of 2 to 5 years, any child committed. feat: in just 3 years he mastered the wealth of Russian. language. Moreover, he masters not like a crammer, but creatively.

1 of my favorite kids. fairy tales "Confusion" is entirely built on changelings, loved by children. Changeling is a fun game and therefore useful for d/development. child.

From ed. to ed. Ch. his book, add. her new discoveries. Gradually, Ch. found out that the peak was a poet. giftedness arrival. for 3 years is the most favorable. time for education children. Huge. material collected. Ch., allowed him to supplement the book. a new chapter dedicated to det to poets (“The Commandments to Det. Poets”), where he summarized his experience and the experience of his fellow writers. There are 12 commandments in total (1 - poems should be graphic, a poet should think in drawing; 2 - the fastest change of images; 3 - a poet-draughtsman should be a poet-singer; 4 - mobility and changeability of rhythm; 5 - increased musicality poetic speech (baby doll furious); 6-adjacent rhymes; 7-words with rhymes should be carriers of the meaning of the phrase; 8- each verse is a complete syntactic whole; 9- do not clutter up the verses with adjectives; 10- trochee prevails; 11 - poems - a game; 12 - poetry for small children and for adults with poetry; 13 - to adapt the child to yourself).

Shortly before his death, in the article “Confessions of a storyteller”, Ch. formulated another 1 commandment: “A writer for small children will certainly d. happy. Happy like those, d / cat. he creates."

A. Barto (1906-1981)

She is talented. unique a poet with his own style. In her satire. Poems markedly influenced Mayak., cat. she taught. the art of creating new forms, feel free to use. assonant components, freely changed the size in the stanza. B. prefers. speak directly with the reader to bring up. Topics.

She belongs to book idea. on the topic "General. child's behavior." B.'s satire is always muffled by soft lyric. intonation, therefore the name. her poems are pure satire or hard journalism.

1st successful verse, I B. wrote in the middle. 20s "Chinese Wan-Lee", "Bear Thief", "Pioneer", "Brother", "May 1". Their themes reflect the new interests of the children, so they were very good. popular in children and their parents. Most often in production B. lyric. hero performance. concr. child and psychol. the portrait is clearly drawn. The main thing in the depiction of children and what they have in common is their realism, and not external, but internal. the truth of the image. And at the same time in her poet. det. portraits, a lively individuality is summarized to easily recognizable. types. Lots of verses. name children's names Poems B. usually them. the form of a lyrical miniature. Them. this form brought B. the glory of the classic children. poetry. Such a form. Cycle "Toys", verse. "Flashlight", "Mashenka", "Mashenka is growing". Plots verse. completed within pts. a little number of lines (within 4 lines), but they have a tie, denouement, conc. facts, and morality. generalizations. These verses are expressive. natural temper. feeling, cat. is formed not by the teaching of adults, but by the very communication with your favorite toys.

B. introduced a new lyric into the verses. hero - the Kid, immersed in his spirit. world.

Stylistically, the poems reproduce the features of children. syntax and children. speech. In every line simple sentence No play on words or use. words in portable value Such speech severity corresponds to the correctness of speech characteristic of children. Often B. use. compound rhymes (paw - on the floor, crying - a ball), but they are easy to remember. and perceive. det. They are with oud. having memorized and reciter. these verses.

B. was interested in the psychology of children in important. moments of life, for example, c / d appeared. younger brother or sister (cycle "Younger brother").

In the prewar years B. creates an image of owls. children: happiness, health and anti-fascism. In book. "Birch", "House moved" develop the motives of peaceful work and recreation. Poems B. d / young. and cf. school discover 2 trends: journalism and satire; lyrics. Cycle of poems "Urals fight great."

Prod. B. military years tend to:

Sloganism, publicity

Postwar. creative B. more lyrically. In a poem about children house "Zvenigorod" sounded. new topic- the theme of protecting children from the troubles of adults. peace. B. believed that politics should become one of the important topics for children. poetry. Therefore, in many her pr-x sounds. treatment of children to Stalin.

50-60s - a poet. B.'s world has become more complicated. Satire has given way to mild humor. One of the leading genres of mills. lyric sketch.

Poetry for teenagers. is a new poet. space B.

70s - collections "Think-think", "Teens - teenagers". In these verses, B. reflected the entire school. the world through the eyes of children.

B. - translator det. poetry. Collected poetry. diff. countries.

Collection "Translations from children." (1976) reflected the richness of the spirit. children's life different countries and peoples, the commonality of their interests. ill. in this collection - fig. owls. children.

1976 - book. "Notes of children. poet" - summed up her reflections. Along with the book. Chuk. "From 2 to 5" she composed. fund lit. about det. book, formular. thin commandments d / det. poets.

A. N. Tolstoy (1883-1943)

In 1920, in exile, he wrote an autobiography. det. work-story "Nikita's Childhood", intended. children of emigrants. The memory of the motherland and childhood is the leading theme of the story. The story was d / Tolstoy sp-bom to instantly return to his homeland. It is realistic, but there is a lot of room for fantasy in it. A constant presentiment of happiness - this is the fairy tale of childhood. In this story, T. masterfully fig. landscapes, portraits, still lifes. The accuracy of these sketches was important for d/T. in order to realize his plan, to show how the homeland enters the consciousness of a person. It went unnoticed through 1000 details. T. showed how a sense of the homeland is formed as a sense of oneself. T. seriously interested. lit-roy d / children. and wanted to see in it a big lit. Det. book, believed T., d. b. kind, to teach nobility and honesty. These principles underlie his famous fairy tale "The Golden Key", a cat. basics. on the fairy tale by C. Collodi "The Adventures of Pinnochio ...". Skazka T. ex. from the tale of Collodi with an ironic attitude to all kinds of moralizing. Pinnochio, as a reward for becoming obedient, the author turned. in the usual chela, but Pinocchio is useless. Pos. and negative the heroes of the fairy tale are depicted as bright personalities, their characters are clearly written out, they are dolls, but they behave like people. Good and evil are clearly separated. Irreconcilable conflict m / y heroes resolved. easy and fun. Plot swiftly. Light graceful. iron. the fairy tale has become a favorite for children.

After 30 years T. return. to Russian fairy tales. Released 1 volume in 1940 (51 pages). Almost all stories are about animals (“Kolobok”, “Turnip”, “Teremok”, “Cockerel, golden comb”). T. strove for accessibility to children, a poet. nar. the style in them is conveyed by Ch. way in the syntax. dialectical and archaic. replaced words with modern ones, reduced repetitions, floweriness, strengthened the action by adding verbs and removed everything that interfered with this action.

A. P. Gaidar (1904-1943)

Arkady Petrovich Gaidar - new nursery school. lit. type of writer. He stood out above all for his heroism. biography. At the age of 13, he actively helped. Bolshevik-m, at 14 - the front, 17 - the red commander of the regiment. I was going to become a military man, but because of the heavy. forced concussions. was demobilized. Almost immediately after that, he became a child. pis. He talks. with children for adults. themes: about the defense of the motherland, about enemies, about exploits and fearlessness.

He was 21 years old when his first story "RVS" was published. This story is dedicated to topic of civil war, and the main ideological-esthete was already manifested in it. principle of the writer, his individual. copyright manner of researching life and character. The focus of writing-la - teenagers, accept. participation in civil war. In the story embodied new d / det. lit. vision of civil events. wars: in the unity of the realist. and romance. began. G. was convinced of the uniqueness and singularity of time, oh cat. writes. The very atmosphere of the revolution is being romanticized. Excellent knowledge of children. helped G. create a psychol. reliable pr-e. The plot of the story dynamic, dramatic. Hero G. excellent. big internal maturity and seriousness. These children are aware. ready to replace adults. at work and in combat.

Ch. G.'s interest is focused on 2 large. themes: 1) Red Army; 2) the younger generation.

Children in his work growing future. fathers and d / them och. the example of fathers is important. G. feeling good. his hero, the reader. His stories ("Campaign", "Marusya", "Conscience"), addresses. d/preschool, exc. simple plot and plot, children. angle of view. Heroes are always an act. action and contemplation. Required to feel like an adult is not always appropriate. actual need. child, but it can be shown in the game. Such children became the heroes of the story "Timur and his com." (1940). Such committees were created all over the country. Timur appeared. traffic. The children of the military participated in this game. and post-war. pores. This story is real. sample lit. classics, able to render more. brought up. impact on the chit-la.

The theme of the motherland sounds in every. prod. G., but it does not sound pompous, but natural.

Rassk. "Chuk and Gek" - it has everything to captivate the child, open the world to him, inspire high morals. imagined, and this is done naturally, unobtrusively. There is and busy. mystery, and tension of the unknown, and light humor, and author's lyric. good intonations, and transparent. pure good language. All events, all meetings, episodes are given in emotions. perceptions of Chuck and Huck.

Rassk. The "Blue Cup" is unique in that it contains for the first time in the literature of the 20th century. d/det. lyric applied. intonation d / express. likes and dislikes are not the same as m / y by children, but also by the love of parents. The plot is not intricate. 2 storylines: 1) travel. father and daughter Svetlana; 2) the theme of adults, about family discord, about resentment, about jealousy and about the victory of love. Both of these lines are combined into the image of Svetlana.

G. is a true master. He so skillfully builds a plot, they are not present in it. not a single free motive, not a single detail that says nothing. The ending is always an optimistic conclusion to the story.

C / o all the work of the writer goes through the theme of the form. new chela. He solved the problem of education, revealed the active principle in the soul of the child and based on the kindness inherent in his soul. G. managed to solve major problem creation put. a hero of vital living, modern.