What are the means of connecting parts in a complex sentence? Means of communication of parts in the NGN. Differences between subordinating conjunctions and allied words The structure of complex sentences means of communication of parts of spp
Expand knowledge about NGN, means of communication in NGN, form the ability to find the main and subordinate clauses and establish semantic relationships between them using a question, determine the means of communication. Develop the ability to find NGN in the text, find out their role, correctly punctuate the NGN. To foster the desire to improve literate oral and written speech.
A) No one knew either his condition or his income, and no one dared to ask him about it. b) In an instant, he flew out of the stove, crossed their path and began to tear heaps of frozen snow from all sides. c) It was quiet in the garden and only from somewhere far away came the sound of wheels. d) They chatted merrily and tried to engage me in a conversation. Answer: a, c.
A) The green walls of the forest parted and a wheat field stretched out in front of us. b) In the spring, the gopher's dwelling warms up and the owner comes out of his winter confinement. c) Water lilies bloomed and there were a lot of reeds. d) The builders will approach the river and the crossing to the other side will begin. Answer: b.
a) Spring came, but it was still cold. (Contraposition.) b) The darkness was getting thicker and thicker, and objects were losing their contours. (Alternation.) c) A harvesting ear bends, and the wheat rises like a wall. (Sequence.) d) It became stuffy in the room, and we went out onto the balcony. (Cause-and-effect relationship.) Answer: b.
Complex sentences are ... sentences ... parts of which are connected ... by a connection, therefore it consists of ... and ... parts .... a part is attached to ... with the help of ..., ... words and intonation . Conjunctions and ... words are included in ... part. The subordinate clause can stand ..., ... and ... the main clause.
Union: - official part of speech; - does not answer the question; - the union can be omitted in some cases; - can be replaced by another union; - is not a member of the proposal. Allied words: - the allied word cannot be omitted; - are members of the proposal; - a logical embarrassment falls on the allied word; - the subordinate clause with the allied word can be converted into an interrogative sentence.
Physics is the basis of the natural sciences. The penetration of physics into chemistry, astronomy, biology, geology is so great that in many cases it is impossible to establish a boundary between these sciences and physics. At the intersection of these sciences, new independent sections have emerged in recent years: physical chemistry and chemical physics, astrophysics, biophysics, and geophysics. Already these names indicate that physics is the main tool for many chemical, astronomical, biological and geological studies.
1. The writer must write a lot, but must hurry. 2. There was no emergency work on the train, and some of the staff dispersed. 3. Everyone was just talking about what happened yesterday in the city. 4. I have spent my whole life on the shore of the lake and I know how to set up nets. 5. A breeze blew from the district, and immediately the sun peeked out from behind the clouds. 6. From sunrise to sunset, the oars splashed and the creak of the ropes. 7. It's cold, so you need to dress warmly. 8. Pyotr Petrovich plunged into work and completely forgot about the visitor. 9. When the brother came from school, the family sat down to have dinner. 10. Large owls soared silently from the road, and the horses, snoring, shied away.
Grammatical means of connecting parts in a complex sentence
1. The main syntactic means of communication in a complex sentence are special connecting elements, formal indicators of the interconnectedness of parts. These are subordinating conjunctions, relative (union) words, correlative words (definitive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs). Depending on the type of formal indicators of communication, complex sentences are distinguished: 1) union type; 2) relative type; 3) pronominal-correlative type; 4) pronominal-union correlative type.
Unions are simple ( what, to, although, if, how, as if etc.) and composite ( because, since, meanwhile, in spite of the fact that etc.) are placed in the subordinate part and serve as an indicator of its subordination to the main one: The war, as if it was waiting for them, looked into their eyes(Fad.); Tsvetukhin came up with a trip to the doss house to study types, because the theater was preparing "At the Bottom"(Fed.).
Unions assigned to certain types of clauses, i.e. with clearly defined semantics are called semantic ( because, because- causal; although despite the fact that concessions, etc.). Conjunctions with indefinite semantics, used in various types of subordinate clauses and having a purely syntactic meaning, are called functional(what, to, like, etc.).
For example, the union how can serve to attach subordinate parts with different meanings - explanatory, comparative, temporary, conditional: He did not hear how the greedy wave was rising(P.); Why does Arapa love his young Desdemona, as the moon loves the dark nights?(P.); His deserted corner was rented out, as the term expired(P.); And now I’m so used to it that I won’t even move when they come to tell us that the villains are prowling near the fortress(P.). The union how (in combination with that in the main part) can also form a subordinate clause with the meaning of the cause, which is currently perceived, however, as obsolete: I brought him healthy and unharmed - and as the river had not yet become, and there were no bridges anymore - I sent him to Lev Sergeevich(P.).
Some compound unions ( because, because) can be split. In this case, the first part of the union goes into the main part of the sentence and acquires the function of a correlative word. Wed: It would be good to avoid "ideological" conversations with him, because he probably freaks out in disputes(M. G.). - It would be good to avoid "ideological" conversations with him, because he probably freaks out in disputes.
Subordinating conjunctions causal, temporary, conditional may include words-clamps, which are located at the beginning of the main part of the sentence. These are double alliances when... then, if... then, if... so, how... then and etc.): If you agree, then I will immediately connect with our dear employees(Kupr.). Words-clamps are possible only with the preposition of the subordinate part, they emphasize the productive nature of the second part of the sentence. In complex sentences with comparative relations, paired conjunctions are used ( than...those, if...then and etc.): The sooner the fire burned out, the more visible the moonlit night became.(Ch.).
Paired unions, homonymous with unions with braces, differ from them in that both parts of them are structurally necessary, while braces can be easily omitted. Wed: If in the Aleksandrovsky District the climate is maritime, then in the Tymovsky District it is continental.(Ch.). - ... If his best friend Volodya cannot leave, then he, Tolya Orlov, will stay with him(Fad.). Complex sentences with an allied connection form an allied type.
Relative (allied) words- these are pronouns and pronominal adverbs that serve as a means of connecting the subordinate part with the main ( which, whose, what, what; where, where, from where; how, when and etc.). Relative words are located in the subordinate part of the sentence. Unlike unions, they are significant words and therefore perform the function of one of the members of the sentence. Compare, for example, the functions of homonyms: I could clearly see that his face was in tears.(M. G.). - The old man could not answer what he would do with the treasure(Ch.). In the first sentence, the word that performs the function of a union, since it is devoid of semantic significance and serves only as a means of communication and an indicator of syntactic relations between parts of a complex sentence. In the second sentence, what is a relative (union) word, since it does not lose its syntactic fullness and acts as an object in the subordinate part of the sentence. Another example: I did not immediately realize that my neighbor also shot(S. Bar.). - What will happen in the dark, I had no idea(S. Bar.).
Relative words that have unions as homonyms (what, how) are usually accompanied by logical highlighting. Complex sentences with relative words in the subordinate clause constitute a relative type.
Correlative words- these are definitive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs that are in the main part of a complex sentence and attach to themselves a subordinate clause that specifies their meaning. Pronominal words usually appear in relation to the allied words in the subordinate part and form correlative pairs with them: he ... who, that ... which, that ... whose, there ... where, there ... where, then ... when. For example: And yet I've always envied those who got up on the bugle(S. Bar.); Everything related to the household interested my mother as little as if she lived in a hotel.(Nab.); A long road leads to where Muravia, the ancient Muravian country, should be.(Tward.).
The subordinate clause can be attached to a correlative word (or a phrase with a correlative word) in the main and with the help of a union: The outbuildings were dilapidated and looked as if they had not been touched by caring human hands for many years.(Shol.); He wondered at his sister; she did not seem so beautiful to arouse such love in a young man(M. G.).
The role of correlative words in structural terms is not the same. They are either constructively necessary, since they participate in the organization of the sentence structure, or they are not obligatory, and then they are used only as emphasizing words. Wed: I love and am used to seeing you so holy clean that even a stain of dirt on your dress casts a black shadow on my soul.(M. G.). - ... Lopatin noticed that the regimental commissar was one rush behind them(Sim.). In the first sentence, the correlative word is constructively necessary, without it the following subordinate clause is impossible (with the given structure and given semantics); in the second, the pronoun that is easily omitted without prejudice to the general meaning of the sentence, and the main structural feature of the sentence - the verbal dependence - is also preserved. Such a constructively optional pronoun becomes mandatory if it is included in a number of homogeneous members when listed: “Maybe this is my last spring,” thought Lermontov, but immediately began to hastily think about something else - about Shcherbatova, about what had already been repaired, it must be the ferry, and in a few hours he would part with her(Paust.).
The constructive optionality of correlative words in some cases is emphasized by the possibility of their merging with the union in the subordinate part. Wed: She even felt cold with happiness and wanted to sing so that everyone knew about her happiness.(Paust.). - She even felt cold with happiness and wanted to sing so that everyone knew about her happiness. - She even became cold with happiness and wanted to sing so that everyone knew about her happiness.
Thus, complex sentences with correlative words in the main part form two structural varieties: pronominal correlative type (in the presence of a correlation of pronominal words in the main and subordinate parts) and pronoun-conjunctive correlative type (with the ratio of the pronominal word in the main part and the union - in the subordinate clause).
2. In addition to conjunctions, allied and correlative words, indicators of syntactic relations between parts of a complex sentence can also be other means that usually act as concomitants to the main one: the order of the parts, the ratio of verb forms included in the main and subordinate parts, intonation, lexical and morphological the nature of the word to which the subordinate clause refers, some special lexical elements.
Part order complex sentence of different types is not the same: it can be strictly defined or free. It depends on the semantic-structural nature of the sentence as a whole. For example, some semantic-structural types of complex sentences have a strictly fixed sequence of parts. So, the subordinate clause always follows the main clause in pronominal-union correlative sentences. Others - allied, relative, pronominal-correlative - are more free in relation to the order of the parts. The certainty of the order of parts is explained by various reasons, both structural and semantic, and more often by a combination of both.
For example, some subordinating conjunctions attach only the subordinate clause following the main one. So, subordinate clauses with unions for, good, because, so located only after the main part: I do not feel this coldness, for my place in the great mechanism of life is clear to me.(M. G.); I did not feel superfluous among them, fortunately no one asked about my age and even my name(S. Bar.). Clauses with other unions, for example, conditional, temporary, usually occupying a free position in relation to the main part, lose this freedom as soon as they are complicated by braces. In this case, the preposition of the subordinate part is obligatory: If a person's ability to dream is taken away, then one of the most powerful incentives that give rise to culture, art, science and the desire to fight for the sake of a beautiful future will disappear.(Paust.). Some types of subordinate clauses, such as connecting ones, are fixed in position after the main part, which is explained by their function of an additional message. If they are placed in front of the main part, which is extremely rare, then this is perceived as an inversion. Definitive and explanatory clauses are placed in postposition with respect to the word they propagate, although here, for stylistic purposes, inversion is sometimes acceptable.
Correlation of verb forms parts of a complex sentence is also an additional means of their connection.
The aspect-temporal forms of the verbs of the first part of the sentence (regardless of whether it is main or subordinate) usually suggest certain forms of the second part. Yes, in the proposal The leaf came off and flew away only on the third day in the evening, when a thunderstorm wind struck in the face from behind the Dnieper steeps and lightning, overtaking each other, began to beat into the blackened water.(Paust.) The verbs of the main part came off and flew away in the form of the past tense correspond to the same grammatical meanings of the verbs of the subordinate part (other forms in the second part of the sentence are impossible).
The constructive role of verb forms is especially pronounced in those special cases when there is no conjunction in the subordinate part, and the main, always postpositive, has a connecting element: As soon as you turn your head, as a bizarre sensation would disappear without a trace.(Greene).
As a means of communication in the structure of a complex sentence, some special lexical items. This is typical of complex sentences with such structural elements as as for ... then; The fact is that... The verb to touch and the noun case in such constructions lose their main lexical meaning and turn into purely connecting elements: As for the metaphysical fermentations of feeling and mind, then, you know, this is a matter of taste.(M. G.); The fact is that there is nothing more practical in the world than those fantasies that only a few now dream of.(Kupr.).
The constructive indicator is lexico-morphological character the word to which the adjective belongs. So, when spreading, nouns assume a determinative part, and verbs, short adjectives, impersonal predicative words - an explanatory part: Jumping out of bed, he began to dress with a speed that both embarrassed and amused him.(M. G.); After tea, they began to discuss how to fill this cheerfully started day.(M. G.); It is not known who will be the suffering side(M. G.); Are you glad you're home?(Ch.); But it's a pity that you gave me this wonderful lesson so late.(Paust.). If in some cases nouns add an explanatory part, then these are nouns of a certain semantic group, namely: with the meaning of speech, thought, message, i.e. the meaning of verb words. Subordinate clauses with such nouns are complicated by the defining shade of meaning: This letter and the money were returned with the news that Petruha had been killed in the war.(L. T.); Greene wanted to please the old man, who had already come to terms with the idea that Alexander's son had turned out to be a worthless vagabond.(Paust.). Thus, the combination of "verbal" semantics and the form of the noun also gave the combination of the functions of the subordinate. complex sentence are, as it was found out, firstly, the conditional and non-verbal dependence of its parts; secondly, grammatical means of communication of parts. As for the semantics of clauses, it turns out that it is not strictly assigned to each specific structural type. There are single-valued types, there are two-valued types, and there are multi-valued ones. So, structures with the relation of the subordinate part to the verb, adjective, impersonal predicative word have a subordinate part only with an explanatory meaning (unambiguous structures). Clauses related to a noun are two-valued: they can be definitive and explanatory (the most typical, however, are structures with a definitive clause; explanatory ones are seen only with nouns of a special lexico-semantic group). The subordinate clauses in the structures of the adjectival type are very diverse: both attributive, and explanatory, and adverbial (of different types). Structures with non-verbal dependence are more limited by the semantics of subordinate clauses - they always have a circumstantial meaning (excluding connective, contrastive and explanatory constructions), but specific types of adverbial clauses are diverse.
The means of communication (unions, allied and correlative words) are also not strictly assigned to certain structural types, with the exception of structures with a conditional dependence of the pronominal type (with the obligatory correlation of pronominal words or pronominal words and unions). For example, substantive subordination in complex sentences can be both relative and allied, as well as verbal, etc. Sentences with non-verbal dependence of parts are also heterogeneous in terms of the type of connection - they have both relative subordination and allied.
The semantic-structural classification can be represented as follows: complex sentences with a clause of attributive, explanatory, circumstantial (time, place, cause, mode of action, degree, measure, conditional, concessive, consequence, purpose); complex sentences with a subordinate clause; complex sentences with a comparative clause; complex sentences with comparative relations between parts; complex sentences with explanatory relationships between parts.
1 . The main syntactic means of communication in a complex sentence are
subordinating conjunctions,
allied words,
correlative pronominal words(definitive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).
Depending on the indicators of communication, complex sentences are distinguished: 1) union type, 2) relative type, 3) pronoun-correlative type, 4) pronominal-union correlative type.
Unions are simple ( what, to, although, if, how, as if and etc.)
and composite ( because, since, meanwhile, in spite of the fact that etc.) are placed in the subordinate part and serve as an indicator of its subordination to the main one.
Unions assigned to certain types of clauses, i.e. with well-defined semantics are called semantic (because, because- causal; although despite the fact that- concessions; If- conditional, etc.). Conjunctions with indefinite semantics, used in various types of subordinate clauses and having a purely syntactic meaning, are called functional, or asemantic (what how and etc.).
For example, union How can serve to attach subordinate parts with different meanings: explanatory, comparative, temporary, conditional.
Some compound unions ( because, because etc.) are able to dismember. In this case, the first part of the union goes into the main part of the sentence and acquires the function of a correlative word.
Subordinating conjunctions, causal, temporary, conditional, may include the so-called braces, which are located at the beginning of the main part of the sentence.
These are double alliances when...then, if...then, if...so, how...then and etc.): If translated into weight, then dried porcini mushrooms will be many times more expensive than meat, and fish, and the rarest fruits, and honey ...(Sol.).
Words-clamps are possible only with the preposition of the subordinate part, they emphasize the productive nature of the second part of the sentence.
In complex sentences with comparative relations, paired conjunctions are used ( than...those, if...then and etc.):
The sooner you get the job done, the sooner you'll be free..
Paired unions, homonymous with unions with braces, differ from them in that both parts of them are structurally necessary, while braces can be easily omitted. Wed:
If today the weather is rainy, then tomorrow the forecasters promise sunny weather. And If his best friend cannot leave, (then) he will stay with him.
Complex sentences with an allied connection form allied type.
Relative (allied) words are pronouns and pronominal adverbs that serve as a means of connecting the subordinate part with the main ( which, whose, what, what; where, where, from where, how, when and etc.).
Relative words are located in the subordinate part of the sentence. Unlike unions, they are significant words and therefore perform the function of one of the members of the sentence.
Compare, for example, the functions of homonyms: It seemed to him thu someone called out to him. AND He couldn't even imagine What now he has to do.
In the first sentence, the word What performs the function of a union, since it is devoid of semantic significance and serves only as a means of communication and an indicator of syntactic relations between parts of a complex sentence.
In the second sentence, which is a relative (union) word, it, in addition to the connection, plays the role of an addition in the subordinate part of the sentence. Another example: What he wanted to tell me - I never found out.
Relative words having unions as homonyms ( what how) are usually followed by logical highlighting (see the same examples). Complex sentences with relative words in the subordinate part constitute a relative type.
Correlative words- these are definitive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs that are in the main part of the SPP and attach to themselves a subordinate clause that specifies their meaning. They usually make correlative pairs with allied words in the subordinate clause. For example:
that - who, that - which, that - whose, there - where, there - where, then - when etc.
The accessory part can be attached to correlative word in the main and with the help of the union:
All apartments looked as if no one had looked after them for many years.
The role of correlative words in structural terms is not the same. They may be necessary, since they participate in the organization of the sentence structure, and are not obligatory, and then they are used only as emphasizing words.
He noticed That that a few people fell behind.
Structural optionality correlative words in some cases is emphasized by the possibility of merging them with the conjunction of the subordinate clause.
in order (,) to ... because (,) in order to
Thus, complex sentences with correlative words in the main part form two structural varieties:
pronominal-correlative type (in the presence of a correlation of pronominal words in the main and subordinate parts) and
pronominal-union correlative type (with the ratio of the pronominal word in the main part and the union - in the subordinate clause).
2. Along with unions, allied and correlative words, there may be others in NGN structural means, For example:
order of parts, ratio of verb forms included in the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence,
intonation,
lexico-morphological character of the word to which the adjective belongs,
some special lexical items.
Part order NGN of different types is not the same: it can be strictly defined or free.
It depends on the structural-semantic nature of the sentence as a whole. Some structural-semantic types of NGN have a strictly fixed sequence of parts.
So, the subordinate clause always follows the main clause in pronominal-union correlative sentences.
Others - allied, relative, pronominal-correlative - are more free in relation to the order of the parts.
The certainty of the order of parts is explained by various reasons, both structural and semantic, and more often by a combination of both.
Some unions are able to attach a subordinate part, only following the main one.
So, subordinate clauses with unions for, good, because, so located after the main part.
Clauses with conditional, temporary unions, which usually occupy a free position in relation to the main part, but when using correlative words, the preposition of the subordinate part is obligatory:
If you come in the evening, then I will help solve this problem..
Adnexal connecting are fixed in the postposition, because carry an additional message. Their location in front of the main part is extremely rare.
Correlation of verb forms of parts NGN is also a syntactic means of their connection.
The aspect-temporal forms of the verbs of the first part of the sentence (regardless of whether it is main or subordinate) usually suggest certain forms of the second part. Especially in cases where there are relations of mutual subordination between parts of the joint venture: It was worth taking a closer look at the drawing, as everything would become obvious.
The combination is used as a means of communication: as for ... then; The fact is that... Verb touch and noun case in such constructions they lose their main lexical meaning and turn into purely connecting elements:
A constructive indicator is the lexical and morphological nature of the word to which the subordinate clause belongs.
So, nouns when spreading suggest a determinative part,
and verbs, short adjectives, impersonal predicative words - explanatory:
He began to work with a speed that amused those present.;
After tea, they began to discuss how to fill this cheerfully started day.;
It is not known who will perform first;
AND Alco, why did you tell me so late.
If in some cases nouns add an explanatory part, then these are nouns of a certain semantic group, namely: with the meaning of speech, thought, message, i.e. meaning inherent in verb words.***
Subordinate clauses with such nouns are complicated by the defining shade of meaning:
intonation how the means of communication in NGN unites its parts into a single whole.
Thus, the structure of the NGN is determined both by the syntactic means of communication and by the lexical and morphological properties of the words involved in its construction.
Target:
- to teach to find the main and subordinate clauses and to establish semantic relationships between them with the help of a question;
- determine the means of communication of the subordinate clause with the main one;
- correctly punctuate complex sentences.
Tasks:
- Repetition and deepening of information about a complex sentence.
- Introduction of the concept of a complex sentence.
- Being in a complex sentence of the main and subordinate clause, to see the means of communication between the parts of the sentence.
- Check understanding of the degree of assimilation of the material on the topic.
- Develop the mental activity of students.
- Develop the ability to work in a group, evaluate the answer of a classmate.
- Raising a conscious interest in the native language as a means of gaining knowledge.
Equipment:
- presentation, cards with text for analysis;
- cards with linguistic text;
- score card for each student.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
Hello guys! I am glad to see you, I wish you a good mood at the lesson, fruitful, creative work.
II. motivational stage.
1) Written survey.
On the board (or slide) - suggestions. Specify the type of offer, method of communication.
- The current in this place was so turbulent that it was difficult to stand on your feet.
- A pile of dry leaves is getting stronger, more cheerfully flaring up,
And it crackles and tortures the fire. - Winter has come, and the forests are dressed in golden attire.
- The trees turned yellow quickly.
- The mountain ash turned red, the water turned blue.
1 student works at the blackboard. Students should write in their notebooks:
- SPP, intonation, union.
- SSP, intonation, union.
- SSP, intonation, union.
- BSP, intonation.
2) Frontal survey.
In what branch of linguistics is the sentence studied?
What groups are all proposals divided into?
What is the difference between a simple sentence and a complex one?
What types of offers do you know?
What is the difference between allied proposals and non-union proposals?
What are the means of communication between the parts of the sentence?
What kind of proposals have we already studied?
3) Goal setting.
What do you think we will study today; what is the topic of our lesson? (Complex sentence.)
What should we learn, learn during the lesson? (What is NGN, what parts does it consist of, with the help of which parts of a sentence are connected, punctuation marks in NGN.)
III. Operational-cognitive stage.
1. SPP are written on the board (slide). Let's analyze them, try to formulate a general conclusion: what is the structure of the NGN, the means of communication in a complex sentence.
How many parts does a complex sentence consist of?
What is the main clause?
Where can a subordinate clause be placed in relation to the main clause?
What can a subordinate clause refer to? (To the supporting word or phrase, to the grammatical basis of the main, to the entire main sentence.)
Describe the use of punctuation marks in complex sentences.
Why are the following suggestions interesting?
(If there are several subordinate clauses in a sentence, then they can obey not only the main one, but also each other)
2. Consolidation of theoretical material in practice. Work with text.
The printed text lies on each student's desk.
Read the text. Define his style. (Publicistic.)
If you believe the statements of Musin-Pushkin himself, then the Count discovered the Tale of Igor's Campaign in the library of the Spaso-Yaroslavl Monastery. One way or another, but the ancient manuscript, written in an old handwriting, became his property. For many years, the count, together with his highly learned assistants, analyzed this work, which he subsequently published along with a translation and commentary.
The journey of the book across the sea of literature turned out to be not only round the world (by the end of the 20th century it will be translated into dozens of languages), but also very stormy. When Napoleon's troops entered Moscow in 1812, the count's library perished in a fire, and with it the ancient manuscript. Descendants left only the first edition and a handwritten copy.
This has enabled skeptics to claim that The Word... is a clever, eighteenth-century forgery. Until now, despite the existence of authoritative studies confirming the antiquity of this literary monument, scientists argue about its authenticity.
(Encyclopedia for children. Russian literature.)
A skeptic is a person who treats everything incredulously, skeptically.
We will work in groups.
Task for group 1. Find complex sentences in the text, highlight their parts, set the semantic part (ask a question), highlight the means of communication.
Task for group 2. Find complex sentences in the text that correspond to the schemes:
- […verb], (what…).
- (When…), […].
- [... uk.sl. + n.], (which ...).
In which case can the main and subordinate clauses be interchanged? (Scheme No. 2.)
One representative from group 1 draws SPP schemes on the board. Representatives of the second group observe, can ask clarifying questions.
The representative from the 2nd group reads out the proposals corresponding to the schemes, answers the question. Students from the opposite group can also ask questions.
What skills did we develop by doing this task? (The ability to find NGN in the text, draw up its scheme, we learned that the place of the subordinate clause can be fixed and mobile.)
IV. Reflective-evaluative stage.
Insert the missing words into the linguistic text (on cards):
Complex sentences consist of _________ and _________. The sentences that make up the complex sentence are combined with _________, _________, and _________. A subordinate clause can refer to _________ or _________, to _________, and sometimes _________. The subordinate clause can take _________ place in relation to the main one. In complex sentences, the subordinate clause is distinguished in writing, regardless of the position in relation to the main one:
_________ if it is after or before the main;
_________ if located inside the main.
The place of the subordinate clause can be _________ and _________.
Verification (oral or finished text is projected on a slide).
- No errors - "5".
- 1, 2 errors - "4".
- 3, 4 errors - "3".
V. Homework.
Paragraph 18.19 (a coherent story about a compound sentence), ex. 86.
I would like to thank everyone for the good work.
Literature:
- Russian language: A textbook for the 9th grade of educational institutions. / L.A. Trostentsova, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, A.D. Deikina, O.M. Alexandrova; scientific Ed. N.M. Shansky - 5th edition. - M.: Education, 2008. - 206 p.: ill. - ISBN 978-5-09-019379-5.
- Russian language. Grade 9: lesson plans for the textbook. L.A. Trostentsova / ed.-comp. T.M. Ambushev. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2012. - 143 p.
- S.L. Ostrovsky. How to make a class presentation. The first of September 2010. Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson".
The subordinating relationship is expressed in certain formal indicators - subordinating conjunctions and relative (union) words.
The difference between unions and allied words is that the union is a function word, used in this case only to connect the predicative parts of a complex sentence, while the allied word is a significant word that also serves this purpose, but simultaneously functions as a member of the sentence (adventitious part): They understood other_ug__other_ga__by_ ShRmu. despair, which they read in each other's chapters (A. Kuprin). Instead of a union word, you can put another significant word, which is often found in the main part, for example: "which they read in each other's eyes" - "they read despair in each other's eyes."
In Russian, what, how, when can act both as a union and as a union word:
| union word | Union | |
| What |
What happened to Nekhlyudov is what often happens to people who live a spiritual life (L. Tolstoy); The chairman turned to Mitya with a question, what can he say about this testimony (F. Dostoevsky). | In other cases: The violin twitched, begging, and suddenly burst into tears like a child, lt; Dtf the drum could not stand it (V. Mayakovsky); And on this earth, gloomy, I am happy that I breathed and lived (S. Yesenin); Nothing, dove Eurydice, lt; DtOgt; we have a cold winter (O. Mandelstam); But I feel that (btpo) our muses are friendly with a carefree and captivating friendship (A. Akhmatova). |
| When |
|
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| union word | Union | |
| nuance of the condition: Mat fell asleep and did not hear when Rybin left (M. Gorky); Word by word I had to tell him when and why I ran away from the orphanage (V. Kaverin); The doctor wanted to know when the boy found himself in the ocean, but a conversation with the patient turned out to be absolutely impossible (K. Stanyukovich). | would be out of melancholy, lt;krgVa) would be at least a little like her (I. Krylov); What is the use of such a teaching (when) there is no fear in a person (A. Kuprin). 3. In subordinate explanatory clauses, if they have the connotation of a condition (when = if)". Substitutively, Omda) you have a friend, but it's very cool (if) a friend and his wife are accepted as relatives in your family (Yu. Nagibin) . |
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(Yu. Levitansky). | In other cases: The slate on the roof crumbled from the ashes and shot with this crumb, (as) they shoot and bounce nuts on a hot frying pan (V. Rasputin); My verse with labor will break through the vastness of years and appear weighty, rude, visible, (as) in our days the water supply, worked by the slaves of Rome (V. Mayakovsky), has entered; And you will live on earth, $acgt; blind worms live (M. Gorky). |
The parts of a complex sentence are in a semantic and structural relationship. The independence of the main part is relative: often the main part needs a subordinate clause with it.
Depending on whether the subordinate clause refers to the entire main clause or explains only the word or phrase in it, two types of complex sentences are distinguished: complex sentences of a dissected structure (binary); complex sentences of undivided structure (single-membered).
In the first type, the connection between the parts of the sentence is rather free, since the main part of a two-part sentence expresses a relatively complete thought, can exist without a subordinate clause, structurally does not require its distribution in general and the distribution of a certain subordinate clause in particular. For example, in a sentence the Doctor did not like our economy, because it prevented us from arguing (A. Chekhov), the main part expresses a relatively complete thought and can exist without a subordinate clause, the use of a subordinate clause with the meaning of the reason depends on the specific purpose of the statement. The same main part freely attaches other types of subordinate clauses (cf .: The doctor did not like our economy, although he found it quite tolerable; The doctor did not like our economy, which he did not hide at all). The relations between the parts are formed as proper syntactic ones, since the subordinate part does not depend on the morphological composition of the main part. Semantic unions serve as a means of communication for a two-member sentence: temporary, causal, conditional, etc. Two-member sentences include complex sentences with clauses of time, place, adjective, cause, effect, comparative, conditional, concessive, purpose: When Elizaveta Sergeevna spoke, his face flashed with delight (M. Gorky); She was excited, as if she had just received the most joyful news in her life (V. Soloukhin).
In complex sentences of an undivided structure (single-membered), the subordinate part is attached to one word or phrase in the main part, supplementing or concretizing this word or phrase. The connection between the parts of a complex sentence is very close, since the subordinate part is a necessary part of the main part, which cannot exist in isolation: it is included in the structure of the main part. For example, in the sentence Hut, where Nakolka lodges, stands on a yar above the Don (M. Sholokhov), the subordinate clause extends the noun hut (cf .: Hut with a tenant Nakolka ...; Hut with a Nakolka lodged in it ...). Structures with the main part, which has a word in its composition, which necessarily needs to spread or specify the meaning, turn out to be especially closely soldered: At first, he felt some embarrassment for his rumpled tunic and stale cap, but then he decided that the front-line soldier, perhaps, had nothing to be ashamed of his appearance (M. Sholokhov) (the clause that a front-line soldier, perhaps, has nothing to be ashamed of his appearance is structurally necessary, because the verb decided, to which the clause belongs, requires clarification); I was flattered and pretended that I had not forgotten any of these outlandish names (A. Kuprin) (the clause refers to the indecomposable phrase pretended): Three years have passed since I saw him (M. Gorky) (the clause part refers to the combination of the time, which is unthinkable without a definition, since it does not have a specific content); Anyone who has experienced a slight dizziness from the first breath of the salty and warm air of the sea coasts will immediately feel the authenticity of Green's landscape (K. Paustovsky) (the demonstrative pronoun that in the main part requires concretization, which is carried out by the subordinate part related to it); When they walked around the city, Nadya suddenly began to notice either an old house, which she had not paid attention to before, or unusual architraves ... (V. Soloukhin) (subordinate clauses are used for the purpose of additional characterization).
The relations between the parts of a one-member sentence are morphological-syntactic, since the function of the subordinate part depends on the word of which part of speech it is attached to; the means of connecting the parts of a one-member sentence are allied words and functional unions, which play a purely syntactic role, without determining the semantic nature of the relationship between the parts. Monomeric sentences include complex sentences with a subordinate explanatory, attributive, mode of action, measure and degree.
In their functions, subordinate clauses differ in that some of them fill in the missing member of the main part:
And it seemed to him that the steppe was alive (M. Sholokhov); others reveal the meaning of a pronominal word or phrase with a pronominal word in the main part: Grandmother did not understand what he said (A. Fadeev); still others spread the main part as a whole or its predicate: He [Zhenya] took a branch and raked the fire so that it would burn more cheerfully (V. Panova).
The means of connecting parts of a complex sentence can be not only unions and allied words, but also correlative words.
Correlative words are definitive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs that are in the main part of a complex sentence and attach to themselves a subordinate clause that specifies their meaning. Pronominal words usually appear in relation to allied words in the subordinate part and make correlative pairs with them: that ... who, that ... which, that ... whose, there ... where, there ... where, then ... when: The one who invented the letter was smart (M. Lermontov); What is the master, such is the work (Proverb).
The subordinate part can be attached to a correlative word (or a phrase with a correlative word) in the main one and with the help of a union: Outbuildings dilapidated and looked as if caring human hands had not touched them for many years (M. Sholokhov); He wondered at his sister; she did not seem so beautiful to arouse such love in a young man (M. Gorky).
The role of correlative words in structural terms is not the same. They are either constructively necessary, since they participate in the organization of the sentence structure, or they are not obligatory, and then they are used only as emphasizing words. Wed: I love and am used to seeing you so holy clean that even a stain of dirt on your dress casts a black shadow on my soul (M. Gorky). - ... Lopatin noticed that the regimental commissar was one rush behind them (K. Simonov). In the first sentence, the correlative word is constructively necessary, without it the following subordinate clause is impossible (with the given structure and given semantics); in the second, the pronoun that is easily omitted without prejudice to the general meaning of the sentence, and the main structural feature of the sentence (one-membered) is also preserved.
So, the correlative word is necessary:
- if in the main part there is a particle (only, only, even, neither, etc.), highlighting the meaning of the subordinate part: A person grows old when he recognizes himself as old (V. Povolyaev);
- if the subordinate part is included in a series of homogeneous terms when listing: “Maybe this is my last spring,” Lermontov thought, but immediately began to hastily think about something else - about Shcherbatova, about what had already been repaired, it must be the ferry and in a few hours he will part with her (K. Paustovsky);
- if the subordinate part explains a word with which it cannot be directly combined: Once upon a time, Zakhar Stepanych was expelled from the fifth grade of the seminary because the inspector found several books by Darwin (A. Serafimovich) on the table of his apartment.
