History shows that some scientific discoveries, including those that turned the world upside down, were made completely by accident.
Suffice it to recall Archimedes, who, having sank into the bath, discovered the law, later named after him, about bodies immersed in water and the force that pushes them out, or Newton, on whom the famous apple fell. And, finally, Mendeleev, who saw his table of elements in a dream.
Perhaps something here is an exaggeration, but there are quite specific examples showing that in science, too, much depends on chance. Wired magazine has collected some of them:

1. Viagra
As you know, Viagra was originally developed as a remedy for sore throats. Men all over the world should be grateful to the inhabitants of the Welsh city of Merthyr Tidefil. It was here in 1992 that a remarkable side effect of the drug was discovered during trials.

2.LSD
Swiss scientist Albert Hofmann in 1943 became the first person to try "acid". He noticed the effect of lysergic acid diethylamide on himself when he conducted medical research on this substance and its effect on the birth process.

3. X-ray
In the 19th century, many scientists were interested in the rays that appear as a result of electrons hitting a metal target. However, the German scientist Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895. He exposed various objects to this radiation and, changing them, accidentally saw a projection of the bones of his own hand appear on the wall.

4. Penicillin
Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming studied influenza in 1928. One day he noticed how blue-green mold (natural penicillin secrete fungi), which multiplied in one of the Petri dishes, killed all the staphylococci located there.

5. Artificial sweeteners
The three most common sugar substitutes were only discovered because scientists forgot to wash their hands. Cyclamate (1937) and aspartame (1965) were by-products of medical research, while saccharin (1879) was accidentally discovered in studies of coal tar derivatives.

6. Microwave ovens
Microwave emitters (magnetrons) operated on Allied radar during World War II. New applications were discovered in 1946, when a magnetron melted a chocolate bar in the pocket of Percy Spencer, one of the engineers at the American company Raytheon.

7. Brandy
In the Middle Ages, wine merchants often evaporated the water from the drink being transported so that it would not spoil and take up less space. Soon, someone resourceful decided to do without the recovery phase. And so brandy was born.

8. Vulcanized rubber
Unvulcanized rubber is very unstable to external influences and smells bad. Charles Goodyear, after whom Goodyear was named, discovered the vulcanization process when he accidentally placed a mixture of rubber and sulfur on a hot stove.

9. Potato chips
Chef George Crum invented the popular snack in 1853. When one of his customers complained that his potatoes were cut too thick, he took the potatoes, cut them into pieces almost paper-thin, and fried them. Thus, chips were born.

10. Buns with raisins
It is also worth mentioning here the legend described by Vladimir Gilyarovsky, an expert on Moscow, a journalist and writer, that the famous baker Ivan Filippov invented the raisin bun. Governor-General Arseniy Zakrevsky, who somehow bought a fresh polar cod, suddenly discovered a cockroach in it. Filippov, called to the carpet, grabbed the insect and ate it, saying that the general was mistaken - it was a highlight. Returning to the bakery, Filippov ordered to urgently start baking buns with raisins in order to justify himself to the governor.

You may not realize it, but many of the things you use every day appeared completely by accident! The straw from which you sip your cocktail? Accident. Velcro that you use to fasten your son's shoes? Accident. The dose of penicillin that saved your neighbor's life? Accident. Today we decided to focus on inventions that turned out to be completely random. Believe me, you will be interested to know about these 25 inventions that changed the world!

25. Saccharin

Remember that pink packet of sweetener you see on the restaurant table? As cute as he looks, you'll be surprised how he came to be. In 1879, Constantin Fahlberg, a chemist who was trying to find alternative uses for coal tar, returned home for dinner after a long day at work and noticed that his wife's cookies tasted much sweeter than usual. After finding out what was the matter, he realized that he had not washed his hands after work, and the remains of coal tar on the palms sweetened the cookies.

24. Smart Dust

Photo: Public Domain

Although most students would be upset if their eyes exploded before their eyes homework, Jamie Link, a graduate student at the University of California, took advantage of this situation and ended up changing the world. After the silicon chip she was working on was accidentally destroyed, she realized that parts of it could still function as sensors. Today they are used to detect everything from deadly tumors to biological agents.

23. Potato chips

Photo: Public Domain

In 1853, George Crum, the chef of a New York restaurant, accidentally invented the potato chip when an annoying customer repeatedly returned his French fries to the kitchen because they were raw. Wanting to teach the client a lesson, Krum cut the potatoes very thinly, fried until crispy and drowned in salt. To his surprise, the boring customer really liked what would become potato chips.

22. Coca Cola

Photo: Public Domain

While it is common knowledge today that this list would be incomplete without veteran civil war pharmacist-turned-pharmacist John Pemberton and a product he originally conceived as a cure for several ailments such as opium addiction and indigestion. Instead, he invented one of the most popular drinks in the world. It also became popular because it originally contained cocaine among other ingredients.

21. Fruit ice

Photo: Public Domain

In 1905, soda became the most popular drink on the market. Frank Epperson, 11, decided he wanted to save money and make his own soda at home. He mixed the powder and water, and the taste became very similar to the popular drink, but then the boy left the mixture on the porch all night. The temperature dropped below zero, and when Frank left the house in the morning, he found that his mixture was frozen along with the stirring stick left in it.

20. Ice cream cone

Photo: Public Domain

Although ice cream has been served on plates for many years, cone ice cream did not appear until the 1904 World's Fair. The ice cream stand at the show was selling so hard that they quickly ran out of plates, while the neighboring waffle stand was doing very poorly. Then the two stall owners came up with the idea to roll the waffle into a cone and put a scoop of ice cream on top. Thus the ice cream cone was born.

19. Teflon

Photo: Public Domain

If you've ever made an omelet, you can thank Roy Plunkett, a chemist who worked for DuPont in the early 20th century, for accidentally stumbling upon a non-reactive, non-sticky Chemical substance when experimenting with refrigerants. Dupont quickly patented this discovery, and today we know the substance as Teflon, a pan coating that keeps eggs from sticking.

18. Vulcanized rubber

Photo: Public Domain

Charles Goodyear spent years trying to find a way to make rubber resistant to heat and cold. After several failed attempts, he finally stumbled upon a mixture that worked. One evening, before turning off the light, he accidentally spilled some rubber, sulfur and lead on the stove, causing the mixture to char and harden, but it could be used to make shoes and tires.

17. Plastic

Photo: Public Domain

In the early 1900s, shellac was the main material used for insulation, but since it was made from beetles found in Southeast Asia, the material was not cheap. For this reason, chemist Leo Hendrik Baekeland thought he could make some money by creating an alternative. However, he ended up with a formable material that could be heated to extremely high temperatures without breaking the form. Today it is known as plastic.

16. Radioactivity

Photo: Public Domain

In 1896, the physicist Henri Becquerel was trying to get fluorescent materials that could generate X-rays under the influence of the sun. However, during the experiment, the sky was covered with clouds for a whole week. After placing all his materials in a box, Henri returned a week later and found that the image of the uranium rock had remained on the photographic plate without any exposure to light.

15. Lilac color

Photo: Public Domain

Surprisingly, 18-year-old chemist William Perkin, engaged in the search for a cure for malaria, accidentally and forever changed the world of fashion. In 1856, one of his experiments went completely awry, resulting in what appeared to be nothing more than a muddy mess. However, upon examining it, William noticed a beautiful color radiating from the Petri dish. Thus, he invented the world's first synthetic dye and introduced the world to purple.

14. Pacemaker

Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

Wilson Greatbatch was working on an invention that recorded the beats of the human heart when he accidentally inserted the wrong resistor. The result is a perfect heart rate simulator. Thus, the first implantable pacemaker was born.

13. Note paper

Photo: Public Domain

In 1968, Spencer Silver, a chemist working for 3M, stumbled upon a low-tack adhesive that he found was strong enough to hold paper to the surface, but weak enough that it wouldn't tear when peeled off. . After numerous unsuccessful attempts to find a commercial application for this product, one of Silver's colleagues, Art Fry, decided that the glue would work great for a non-slip bookmark. So note paper.

12. Microwave



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Anyone reluctant to cook should thank Percy Spencer, a Navy radar specialist who fiddled with microwave emitters when he felt a candy bar in his pocket begin to melt. It was 1945, and since then the world, or rather the kitchen, has never been the same.

11. Slinky

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During World War II, Navy engineer Richard James tried to find a way to use springs aboard Navy ships to keep sensitive instruments from breaking if he accidentally dropped one of them. It amused him that the spring immediately straightened up and sank down on the table. Since then, kids everywhere enjoy playing with Slinky.

10. Play Do

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Perhaps unsurprisingly, the smelly, sticky substance children have been playing with for decades was originally intended to be used as a wallpaper cleaner. But at the beginning of the 20th century, people stopped using coal for heating, which meant that the wallpaper in their houses was now relatively clean. Luckily for Cleo McVicker, the inventor, his son discovered another use for this substance - sculpting.

9. Superglue

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Harry Coover, a Kodak lab researcher, was developing plastic scope lenses when he stumbled upon a synthetic cyanoacrylate adhesive. At the time, he found it too sticky to be useful. However, the discovery was later rediscovered, and today we use this product as "superglue".

8. Velcro

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In 1948, Swiss engineer George de Mestral was hunting with his dog when he noticed the spikes catching on his fur. He eventually managed to replicate this effect in his lab, but it wasn't until the 1960s that NATO came along and started using the material in their space program, so this "lightning without lightning" was popularized.

7. X-rays

Photo: Public Domain

In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen was experimenting with cathode rays and found that fluorescent cardboard in a room glowed. And this despite the fact that between the cathode ray and the cardboard was a thick block. The only explanation was that the light rays passed through this solid block.

6. Safety glass

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One day, Edouard Benedictus, a French chemist, accidentally knocked a flask off his desk. She fell, but instead of breaking, she only cracked. The flask was filled with cellulose nitrate, or liquid plastic, which evaporated and left a thin but strong film inside. This led the chemist to obtain the first patent for a safe, which is most commonly used on vehicle windshields.

5. Corn flakes

Photo: Public Domain

Will Keith Kellogg began helping his brother, John, prepare meals for patients at the sanitarium where he worked. Once he left bread dough for several hours. Deciding to bake it anyway, he got the first batch of corn flakes.

4. Dynamite

Photo: shutterstock

It seems that humanity has been looking for a way to blow things up for a long time. Gunpowder and nitroglycerin have been around for many years. However, the question of instability arises, especially with respect to nitroglycerin. It wasn't until Alfred Nobel accidentally discovered a method of preserving this substance without losing its power that people were able to blow up whatever they wanted.

3. Anesthesia

Photo: Public Domain

This is not to say that we owe the advent of anesthesia to one person, since Crawford Long (Crawford Long), William Morton (William Morton) and Charles Jackson (Charles Jackson) contributed to the search and practical application of anesthesia. They noticed that drugs such as nitric oxide or laughing gas, used for recreational purposes, are an effective sedative. Eventually, during operations, surgeons began to use ether, paving the way for modern anesthetics.

2. Stainless steel

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The next time you're enjoying dinner with a stainless steel fork in your hand, don't forget to thank the 20th century gun makers for hiring Harry Brearly. English metallurgist Brearley was asked to design a barrel that would not rust. After testing your creation with various substances corrosive materials such as lemon juice, he realized that this would be the ideal material for cutlery.

1. Penicillin

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Staphylococcus aureus microbiologist Alexander Fleming added some bacteria to a petri dish before going on vacation. He expected the bacteria to grow, but when he returned, he was surprised to find mold growing in the bowl. Careful inspection revealed that the mold had released a by-product that stopped the growth of staphylococcus aureus. This is how the first antibiotic, penicillin, appeared.

As we have seen from past stories, scientists have been wrong more than once, and not two, and not even three, scientists seems just born to make mistakes. And On this as strange as it is and built all modern science . This has been repeatedly stated by many eminent philosophers of science and its researchers, and in fact it is quite correct. Science simply cannot exist without mistakes, and moreover, one can say that mistakes make science, and we will try to make sure of this today by discussing the most famous mistakes of scientists and accidental discoveries in science.

In the last article, we have already touched on quite a lot of well-known errors, "illogicalities", oversights, and even frankly well-known scientists. If you haven't read it yet, it's best to start with it. And today we will go even further, it turns out that in science, except for the mistakes of scientists, stupid accidents and copying inventions from nature, there really is nothing.

Mistakes and science

Yes in science there really were a lot of accidents and outright mistakes of scientists, which more than once led to the evolution of knowledge. For example, as I said before, there is even a separate book about Einstein's own mistakes which ultimately made possible all the knowledge and theories that he gave to the world.

And it is even possible that if he hadn't been constantly wrong in his calculations, he wouldn't have come up with even half his theories, and would not have made even half of his discoveries. maybe lawsuitWith right to err is science, and the best scientist in the world, the one who made the most mistakes in science.

stupid science

You won't believe it, but there have been many cases in the history of science when wonderful advanced technologies were based on even erroneous theories, which at the same time worked perfectly. So the most banal example of stupid but working science is inexplicable heat engine operation.

So for a long time the explanation of how steam engines work was based on erroneous science. caloric theory, which by the way had many followers of famous scientists.

And strangely enough, this did not interfere with the development and evolution of various technical mechanisms at all. So steamboats, steam locomotives and other steam engines somehow worked successfully all this time, and even improved rapidly, of course, despite the fact that stupid science explained them with its incorrect theories. This is probably what scientists call work and develop no matter what🙂 .

paleontologists' mistakes

Although the mistakes of physicists, chemists, mathematicians and other scientific theorists and inventors seem to be understandable, because they work with very complex formulas and theories. But in the history of the mistakes made by scientists, there were other interesting discoveries, it would seem in the sciences, in which it is difficult to make a mistake. For example, in paleontology and the study of animals of ancient times.

It would seem that he found some bones, assembled a skeleton from them, and all the triumph of scientific knowledge, but everything turned out to be not so simple. After all, there have been times when paleontologists put dinosaur heads to tails, or toes clung to the head instead of horns. And even cases where very eminent paleontologists mistook the teeth of pigs found for teeth lossn nyh ancestors of primitive man.

And also when scientists found in the rocks the remains of long-extinct fish, such as Coelicanth, and announced that then these fish species disappeared, as they turned into amphibious creatures proving the theory of evolution.

But then by chance, already in our time, such fish were caught by fishermen, and in different parts of the world. And of course even for a monstrous 75 million years for humans, this fish has not changed at all, again refuting the theory of evolution, not something that would turn into a land animal.

What is it, another mistake of pundits, or anothera I am an attempt at wishful thinking trying to prove Darwin's theory, which he himself called untenable.

And recently the team Mark Parnel In the magazine nature generally called into question all the previous work of paleontologists. It turned out that in animals and fish after death, their most modern features are the first to disappear.

Respectively, those who study history only from fossils very often mistakenly mistaking fossils for the remains of much older animals than they actually were. So now it would be nice to completely revise this historical science, such an erroneous science, this paleontology.

The most famous mistakes of scientists

In general, what only famous mistakes of scientists were not in this erroneous science, and this is not even taking into account the very old times. Beginning with greedy for gold and eternal life alchemists, and the famous Aristotle until the end of his life believing that some objects fall faster than others.

Or even the mythical element Phlogiston, erroneously explaining burning to the scientists of the Middle Ages, and medieval study of the history of the earth from the Bible. And what can I say if even in physics nothing less than an atom, nothing existed almost to this day.

Not even to mention that doctors only in 1860 realized that surgeons should wash their hands before surgery. Strangely enough, before that there were many scientific theories in medicine, from "bad air" to an imbalance of the four juices, but no one was even supposed to wash their handsa gal, of course surprised at such frequent gangrenes. And this despite the fact that medicine in one form or another has existed for thousands of years.

Well, about whales, elephants and turtles, on which the earth and the geocentric system stand, we will not even remember, modern erroneous science has long disowned them. But besides mistakes, modern scientists also have such an unexpected tool for science as chance.

Random discoveries

BUT how many modern discoveries have come only as a result of simple carelessness, and not science. Surely you think that the most advanced discoveries come as a result of long reflections, a lot of experiments and a lot of work. But let's let's see which of the famous discoveries were made by accident.

Everyone knows the famous accidental discoveries of both scientists and amateurs, ranging from Columbus who, through stupidity, carelessness, or poor navigational methods, discovered a whole new continent, America., instead of the mythical India or Asia.

Yes, the same famous antibiotics were discovered not by long scientific searches, but from accidental mold contamination of test tubes with pathogenic bacteria, accidentally or simply by negligence, left at an open window. So carelessly introduced the famous penicillin and revolutionized modern medicine, but today useful antibiotics save the lives of many millions of people.

Discoveries made by accident

What can I say, among the discoveries made by chance there is almost everything that a person needs, from banal little things, for example, sticky multi-colored leaves to remind us on our table, to very high-tech devices.

Even The microwave oven was invented by the Navy, who accidentally discovered a melted candy bar in his pocket, when studying and trying to improve military radars. It is not known what happened to the health of this unfortunate inventor, but in fact a microwave oven is now in almost every kitchen.

Random inventions in food

Even the most famous Coca Cola carbonated drink became carbonated only from the fact that in the pharmacy where it was sold, some Stupid salesman accidentally diluted Colla with water from the wrong tap. That is, he accidentally poured carbonated water, but the customers liked it. And now tens of billions of dollars are made from this drink every year. Think not bad for a simple accident.

Yes, and there are more than enough such accidental inventions or design errors both in scientists and in the food industry. Even everyone's favorite French fries were also cooked for the first time by accidental negligence.

Or, for example, the best-selling cookie in America with chocolate chips, could have been invented and accidentally baked only by the most ignorant housewife in physics. And note that today one of the best-selling types of food in the world, does a person really need to be a pathological loser to invent something like this and earn millions?)

Sometimes it even seems that scientists do not really come up with anything purposefully, their business is either to make mistakes, or blindly copy technologies from nature, or, in extreme cases, miraculously make uncontrolled random discoveries.

Of course, such "brilliant discoveries" and scientific progress, despite all the existing scientific errors, sometimes baffle even the most devoted person to science. Now even we, not learned people, see that very often all of our modern science is just a huge collection of various errors of science, accidents, stupid and unproven theories, or simply mindlessly copied and stolenn oh the nature of ideas.

How, then, to rely on the previously sacred scientific knowledge. And okay, there is radiocarbon analysis incomprehensible to anyone, physics, mathematics, space, time, let's say it is relatively difficult. But modern science ordinary person and its capabilities, and that cannot normally explore.

Yes, even the person himself, respectively, and the scientist, is very little studied by science, and what is studied usually adds to the list of all the new mistakes of modern scientists, and our next article, about unstudied intellectual ones, will be about this. Well, on our portal of Education and Self-Development you can find articles, and much more.

History shows that a huge number of great discoveries were completely accidental. Well, let's create to be on this list:

Penicillin

The classic "accidental invention" is penicillin. In 1928, when the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming returned to his laboratory after a rest and while studying the staphylococcus bacteria he had grown in a petri dish, he noticed that mold had begun to grow around them. He decided to keep some of the mold-infested specimens and noticed something interesting: the mold turned out to be a type of fungus called Penicillium notatum, which secreted a substance that inhibited bacterial growth. Penicillin was introduced to the world in the 1940s, ushering in the era of antibiotic use. And in 1945, Fleming was awarded the Nobel Prize for penicillin.

Insulin

In 1889, two doctors from the University of Strasbourg, Oskar Minowski and Joseph von Mehring, tried to understand the interaction between the pancreas and digestion. They removed the pancreas from a healthy dog, and a couple of days later noticed an unusual phenomenon - swarming flies around the urine of this dog. They analyzed the urine and found sugar in it. Thus, by removing the thyroid gland, they "given" the dog diabetes. In the course of further research, scientists were able to learn how to extract thyroid secretions from the gland itself and called these secretions insulin. A year later, Eli Lilly began producing and selling insulin.

Ice cream waffle cones

Quite a delicious story of a chance meeting. Before 1904, ice cream was served on saucers, and it wasn't until that year's World's Fair, held in St. Louis, Missouri, that two seemingly unrelated foods became inextricably linked. At that particularly hot and muggy World's Fair of 1904, the ice-cream stand was doing so well that all the saucers quickly ran out. A nearby stall selling Zalabia, thin waffles from Persia, was not doing well, and the owner came up with the idea of ​​rolling the waffles into a cone and putting ice cream on top. This is how ice cream in a waffle cone was born, and it seems that it is not going to die in the near future.

Buns with raisins

It is also worth mentioning here the legend described by Vladimir Gilyarovsky, an expert on Moscow, a journalist and writer, that the famous baker Ivan Filippov invented the raisin bun. Governor-General Arseniy Zakrevsky, who somehow bought a fresh polar cod, suddenly discovered a cockroach in it. Filippov, called to the carpet, grabbed the insect and ate it, saying that the general was mistaken - it was a highlight. Returning to the bakery, Filippov ordered to urgently start baking buns with raisins in order to justify himself to the governor. Since then, buns with raisins have appeared in the world. The next morning they were eaten and praised by Zakrevsky, then by all of Moscow. We eat too. And it all started with a cockroach...

Viagra

Viagra was the first drug to treat erectile dysfunction, but that's not exactly what it was originally created for. Pfizer was originally working on a heart drug they decided to call Viagra. During clinical trials, this medicine showed complete ineffectiveness in the treatment of heart disease, but scientists have identified another effect of it - it contributed to increased and longer erections. The company conducted clinical trials on 4,000 men. As a result, mankind has learned about the "little blue pill-happiness."

LSD

Dr. Albert Hofmann was working on a drug that would ease the pain of childbirth. After synthesizing what was later called LSD, Hoffman cataloged the untested substance and put it away in storage, as initial analysis showed nothing of interest. Hoffman discovered the real properties of this compound on Friday, April 1943, when he worked with it without gloves, and a certain amount accidentally entered his body through the skin. April 19, 1943 is called Bicycle Day - the doctor rode home on a bicycle, observing "an unceasing stream of fantastic paintings, unusual shapes with a rich and kaleidoscopic play of color." It was the first planned experiment with LSD - and far from the last...

Walking spring "Slinky" (Slinky)

In 1943, a US Navy mechanical engineer, Richard James, was experimenting with spring tension and one day one of the “experimental” springs fell to the floor and began to “walk”. Surprised by the subject's behavior, James took the spring home and showed it to his wife, Betty, asking if she thought it might be something interesting. After thinking, they decided to improve the invention and try to make a toy out of a spring. In 1948, the Slinky was introduced to toy stores, becoming one of the most popular and iconic toys of all time. The name "Slinky" came up with the wife of James Betty, and in 1960 she became the company's CEO. More than 250 million toys have been sold worldwide, and during the Vietnam War they were even used as portable radio antennas.

Have you ever wondered how discoveries are made? To understand how great the will of chance is in this matter, it is enough to recall Columbus, who was looking for a short way to India and discovered America.

There are many accidents in the world. And sometimes not just accidents, but happy accidents. Life brings surprises every day, and this is its beauty.

It's time to find out what inventions and discoveries were made completely by accident or, in other words, "for free". After all, random discoveries in science are a kind of regularity. However, as Blaise Pascal said:

Random discoveries only trained minds do.

Penicillin

The official opening date is September 3, 1928. Alexander Flemming, who discovered penicillin, did not at all plan to revolutionize medicine and save a bunch of people.

Flemming didn't clean up the lab very often. Once he returned there after a month's absence and found mold on one of the experimental plates with staphylococci, which he was then researching.

Noticing that the mold destroyed the staphylococcus aureus, the scientist began to study random mushrooms and eventually received one of the most effective medicines of the 20th century.

This story proves that creative clutter isn't always a bad thing.

X-rays

Yes, this is also an accidental great discovery that Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen made while working at the University of Würzburg.

Leaving the laboratory late in the evening, the scientist turned off the light and immediately noticed a greenish glow emanating from the screen of platinum-cyanogen barium. Moreover, the glow appeared only when the cathode tube located next to the screen was under high voltage.

After thinking about what he saw, Roentgen suggested that the tube emits invisible rays that cause the crystals of platinum-cyanogen barium to glow. Not knowing the nature of the radiation, the scientist called the rays he discovered X-rays.

By the way! If you accidentally forgot to complete a term paper or essay, our readers now have a 10% discount on any kind of work

Unfortunately, the harmful effects of X-ray radiation on the body became known later, and Roentgen himself caused serious harm to his health, spending a lot of time studying the rays.

In 1942, at the height of World War II, Kodak was engaged not only in cameras, but also in the production of optical sights, for which it was necessary to develop a special transparent plastic. The research team was led by Harry Coover.

In the course of his experiments, instead of the desired transparent plastic, Coover received a substance that stuck to almost everything. So superglue was invented, which helps us everywhere in everyday life.

Microwave

Engineer Percy Spencer worked for Raytheon, which made radar for the military. There were many sources of high-frequency radiation in the company's laboratories. Sitting next to one of them, Spencer found that the chocolate bar in his trouser pocket had melted.

Some time later, he successfully patented the microwave oven.

Coca Cola

Coca-Cola was originally conceived as a medicine. It was invented by pharmacist John Stith in 1886. The drink was intended to cure people of disorders nervous system. The thing is that the composition of the first Coca-Cola included water, coca leaves and nuts of the tropical cola tree.

Of course, the modern composition of cola is not at all the same, and we can only guess what the first Coca-Cola tasted like.

At the beginning of the 20th century, cocaine was completely legal and no one thought about its harmful effects on health. Not surprisingly, over time, the drink became popular among the population.

In life, the role of chance and circumstances is great. Fortunately, almost all circumstances, even if they are not in our favor, can be overcome. So, if you find yourself in a difficult situation with your studies, do not forget about the service for students. You will get an excellent grade and it will not be an accident!