), formed in the Old Russian state in the 7th-8th centuries and existed until the 14th-15th centuries, when it broke up into three separate East Slavic languages ​​(Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian). In the field of phonetics, it was characterized by full agreement, the presence of [h '] and [zh '] in place of the Proto-Slavic combinations [*tj] and [*dj] (“I go”, “I see”) and [*kt], [*gt] before vowels front formation (“oven”, “urine”, cf.: “bake”, “can”), the absence of nasal vowels that have changed by the 10th century: [y]< [ą], [’а] < [ä] < [ę] («зубъ», «рука», «пять», «семя»). До XII в. действовал закон open syllable: the syllable ended with the most sonorous sound - a vowel (sto-l, ho-di-l). Vowel phonemes in Old Russian there were 10: front vowels [i], [ě] (“yat”), [e], [b], [ä] and back row [s], [y], [o], [b], [ a]. There are 26 consonant phonemes: labial [p], [b], [c], [m] (according to dialects, the consonant [c] could have a labial-labial formation [w]), front-lingual [t], [d], [s] , [h], [s'], [h'], [w'], [g'], [c'], [h'], [sh't'sh'], [w'd'zh '], [n], [n'], [p], [p'], [l], [l'], middle language [j] and back language [k], [r], [x]. The consonant [f] was absent in the colloquial Old Russian language (it could appear in borrowed words in the written language), in its place the sound [p] or [x] was pronounced: “sail” (< греческое «faros»), «Осип» (< греческое «Iosif»). В XII-XIII веках утратились редуцированные гласные, в результате чего развились закрытые слоги, образовалось множество сочетаний согласных и совпадение на конце слов звонких и глухих в одном звуке, таким образом, утрата редуцированных повлекла за собой перестройку всей фонетической системы древнерусского языка.

The grammatical structure is inflectional. Nouns differed by gender - masculine, feminine and neuter - and changed by numbers - singular, plural and dual (“two tables”, “two fish”, “two lakes”) and by cases - nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and local (modern prepositional case), there was also a vocative form that was different from the nominative case (“prince”, “sister”, “son”). According to the system of case forms, nouns were combined into 6 types of declensions, each of which could include words of different gender (for example, in the declension with an ancient stem into a consonant - the words of the masculine gender "kamy" ("stone"), the feminine gender "mati" ( "mother"), neuter gender "body", "word", "seed"; in declension with the ancient stem on "-i" - feminine "bone", masculine "way", etc.). The destruction of this system of declination occurred towards the end of the Old Russian period. Adjectives (qualitative and relative) had full and short form and bowed in both forms. The verb had the form of the present (future) tense (“I wear”, “I will say”), 4 forms of the past tense: two simple ones - an aorist (“wear”, “skazakh”) and an imperfect (“burden”, “hozhakh”), and two complex ones - the perfect (“I was wearing”) and the pluperfect (“byah was wearing” or “I was wearing”), each of the forms of the past tense had a special meaning associated with an indication of the course of the action in the past, two forms of the complex future: before the future (“ I will wear”) and the analytic future, which largely retained the character of a composite verbal predicate(“Imam (I want, start) to wear”). The “-l” form (such as “nosed”) was a past participle and participated in the formation of complex verb tense forms, as well as the subjunctive mood (“bykhb wore”). In addition to the infinitive, the verb had another invariable form - supin (or the infinitive of the goal), which was used with verbs of motion ("I'm going to catch fish").

According to the dialectical features within the Old Russian language, the northwestern territorial ones with clatter (non-distinguishing [ts'] and [ch']), [g] explosive formation, the form of the genitive singular feminine on "-ě" and the southern and south- eastern regions with the distinction [ts'] and [h'], [γ] fricative and the form of the genitive case of the feminine singular into "-s". There were also differences in vocabulary. However, the dialectical features did not destroy the unity of the Old Russian language, as evidenced by the written monuments of the XII-XIII centuries, created in different territories of the Old Russian state. Old Russian monuments are written in Cyrillic, Glagolitic (see Glagolitic) texts in Old Russian have not been preserved. The Old Russian language, in which these monuments are written, was the common language of the Old Russian people that developed in the Kievan state. Business and legal writing was created in the Old Russian language, in complex combination with elements Church Slavonic the Old Russian language appeared in the monuments of hagiographic literature and in chronicles. Strengthening the unity of the Old Russian language was also facilitated by the formation of a common spoken language of the center of the Old Russian state - Kyiv, whose population was formed from people from different dialectic territories. Single colloquial Kyiv - Kiev Koine - was characterized by the smoothing of dialectical features and the spread of common phonetic, morphological and lexical features in the speech of its inhabitants.

The strengthening of dialectical features and, as a result, the weakening of linguistic ties between the territories of the distribution of the Old Russian language was associated with the loss by Kyiv from the end of the 11th century and especially in the second half of the 12th century of its political significance and the strengthening of the role of new centers of social life. Monuments of the XIII century reflect a number of local linguistic phenomena, which indicates the formation of new linguistic communities. According to a number of such features in the 13th century, after the completion of the process of loss of the reduced ones common to all Eastern Slavs, the south and southwest (Kyiv, Galicia-Volyn, Turov-Pinsk lands - the territories of the future Ukrainian and Belarusian languages) turned out to be opposed to the north and northeast (territories of the future Russian language), where, in turn, Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Rostov-Suzdal dialects began to form, as well as the dialect of the upper and middle reaches of the Oka and the interfluve of the Oka and the Seim. In the XIV century, the territories of the south-west and west of Russia came under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland, which even more severed them from the northern and north-eastern territories, where Russian state and the language of the Great Russian people. In the XIV-XV centuries, the Old Russian language broke up into three separate East Slavic languages ​​(see.

Recognizing the language as alive and with its internal logic, it is stubbornly referred to as Slavic. Now this is the established terminology, although there are much fewer historical grounds for Slavic terminology than for Russian proper. This follows from the ancient toponyms of Europe, Latin and even later chronicle lists. In official science, the following statements are made.

The first mention of the "Slavs" in the form of "sklavina" (Old Greek Σκλάβηνοι, Σκλαύηνοι and Σκλάβινοι) dates back to the 6th century AD. (in the writings of Pseudo-Caesarea, Procopius of Caesarea and Jordanes). This is just the time of the unwinding of Christianity. Already a late Latin inscription on the gravestone of the Pomeranian duke Bohuslav (d. February 24, 1309) calls him almost modernly "Slavorum Slavus dux". Obviously, the term about the Slavs was edited over time.

Later, along with the Slavs, History also recognizes the existence of the Rus.

The German historian Ragevin (d. 1177) remarks in passing: “ And Poland, where they live alone Slavs, in the west it borders the Odra River, in the east - the Vistula, in the north - Rusyn and the Scythian (Baltic. - S. Ts.) Sea, in the south the Bohemian forests».

Let's continue to solve the puzzle.

Old Church Slavonic the language belongs to the South Slavic.

From the very beginning, Old Russian and Old Slavonic were different languages.

Let's say. But how to understand the next passage?

The Old Church Slavonic language from the very beginning was ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGE , created on the basis of a limited number of South Slavic dialects of its time.

Again. Old Church Slavonic – created from South Slavic dialects.

Interestingly, and the Slavic dialects, from which language did they originate, if the Old Church Slavonic itself is of artificial origin?

Words belong to linguistics. Now how will it be in Russian?

The Russian language, as a living language, began its evolution from the ancient stage, overcame the stages of reforms, and arrived to us as modern Russian.

Seems logical. BUT, at what stage is it unknown Russian language managed to break up on three namely East Slavic languages: Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian? How could it fall apart proper Russian language into proper Slavic, if from the very beginning (Russian and Slavic) different languages?

But here's the surprise. The chronicler of today's linguists did not know, and therefore wrote down what he knew: "Slavic language and Russian - one is" . And how to understand it?

And here we see the ideology. Concrete is cast from a log, dogs give birth to cats. But if the Russian language has collapsed, then its parts can only be Russian parts, different like the children of one mother, but native and Russian.

What used to be old or ancient?

In dictionaries the word ancient - what was before old - same.

The terminology is not accidental. It reflects history. And what happened earlier in history, antiquity or old age? What used to be a living language or an artificial language created on the basis of a living one? Looks like it's older. This is what was many generations before us, and old age is rather an attitude towards the older generation among those who are alive today. Word ancient it's like " world tree" or " the tree that gives life". Therefore, the first form of the Slavic language is called only Old Slavonic, and Russian, for the prescription of history, is called ancient Russian.

The linguists have stated Old Russian and Old Slavonic were different languages. This directly follows from the territories of their birth and the surrounding peoples. Let's see the difference with an example, so as not to be unfounded.

The Bulgarians can call their Old Slavic source Cyril and Methodius as much as they like " Old Bulgarian", but in Old Slavonic language were mechanically transferred from Greek and some forms of word formation, and syntactic constructions. Here is the source of the ancient Bulgarian.

Again a question. Is it really before Cyril, who created the Church Slavonic letter in the Bulgarian dialect, the so-called. Slavic peoples could not speak their living native language? It seems like a gift of speech like everyone else, but the language of Cyril, or rather writing, the linguists themselves call artificial and bookstore. Then what language did the ancestors speak? Yes, they spoke Russian, only with different dialects due to the influence of different neighbors. However, the obvious Russian was called Slavic dialects.

Again we listen to linguists.

By all indications Old Church Slavonic was precisely the South Slavic language, and not West Slavic or some other. It was Old Church Slavonic that became the basis for variants of the artificial Church Slavonic language, created for the purpose of "enlightenment" of the Slavs. And yes, it is an artificial, bookish language.

They spoke Russian on the German created the same artificial church writing. But here is the writing. turned out somehow Slavic. Why not say that before Cyril they spoke their native Russian language and created a church letter in it? Why reorder terms?

Church Slavonic.

Again, the word scientists.

Church Slavonic language, Old Slavonic literary language of the 11th-18th centuries. By its origin, it is the Old Church Slavonic language (which was also called Old Church Slavonic), which was influenced by the living languages ​​of the peoples among whom it was common. There are local varieties of the church language (excerpts, editions): East Slavic, Bulgarian-Macedonian, Serbian, Croatian Glagolitic, Czech, Romanian.

The Old Church Slavonic (Old Church Slavonic) language was created in the middle of the 9th century by the brothers Cyril and Methodius. Despite the fact that it is based on the South Slavic dialect of the city of Thessalonica, the Old Slavonic language was never used as a means of live, everyday communication, but was originally conceived as a bookish, written, literary and church language. http://answer.mail.ru/question/…

Texts created no later than the eleventh century are usually called monuments of the Old Church Slavonic language, and later manuscripts - monuments of the Church Slavonic language of Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, etc. editions ( depending on the features of which Slavic language penetrated into these monuments).

On the common territory for a long time coexist Russian speech and church, the one that is the language of services and church literature. Symbiosis contributed to the penetration of elements of the church language into the living language of the Russian people.

Based on materials: A.I. Izotov, Old Church Slavonic and Church Slavonic languages,

In the 18th century, the Church Slavonic language loses its status as a literary language.— the Russian language itself begins to play this role, the Church Slavonic language has only the original function, which is still performed by it, - be the language of liturgical literature.

Speaking in Russian living language remains the language of the people,and the artificial continues life in its artificial environment, for which it was created.

What does it say? About the fact that in a large area of ​​Europe about two thousand years ago, peoples spoke close dialects, which made it possible to create one language for their Christian enlightenment, understandable to all enlightened. Otherwise, such a voluminous work is only within the power of the state apparatus, who would have started it. It is clearly beyond the power of one, albeit a brilliant person to perform such work. Just like now a numerous apparatus state institutions The West is working with one goal, regularly for centuries to destroy Russian civilization. The creation of an artificial literary language of the Church is only an episode in that continuous struggle.

It seems like a lot of things fell apart, but no. Another surprise from linguists. So that the wise men could not regain the true story, they drew another bullshit term.

Proto-Slavic

Among the well-known terms, there is another no less vague - Proto-Slavic.

It's an ideological term designed to consider Russian only a recent product of culture.

A serious theory has been developed for Proto-Slavic, a whole language tree has been grown, to show, even with a young term, the mediocrity of the Russian language, and the Russian itself is ordered to be considered a part and a product of some Proto-Slavic. And why not proto-Russian?

The Russian language, like this concept itself, is an antiquity of Russian civilization. But how can this be allowed into modern minds? What were they fighting for then? That is why this whole garden and patchwork of terms is born, which the monopolists of science have created.

« The Proto-Slavic language was a descendant of the Proto-Indo-European. (Note Yar46. This is how heavy artillery worked. Who can resist the Indo-European.) There is a hypothesis according to which the Proto-Balts and Proto-Slavs survived a period of commonality, and the Proto-Balto-Slavic language is being reconstructed, which later broke up into Proto-Slavic and Proto-Baltic ”.

We have solid great-great, but again for some reason Slavic, although earlier it was declared an artificial creation, which is about a thousand years old. Read more on the wiki.

The term "proto-Slavic" was formed using the prefix prefix from the word "Slavic", and as a result of the influence of the German comparative school, it is correlative with the similar German term Urslavisch. The Russian term finds its exact match in other Slavic languages: Belor. Proto-Slavic, Ukrainian Praslov'yansky, Polish. Prasłowianski, Czech. and Slovak. praslovanský, bulg. Proto-Slavic, Macedonian. Proto-Slovenian, Serbohorv. and Croatian praslavenski, Serbian. Proto-Slovenian, Slovenian praslovanski[ 10].

And what is there to admire if common terminology for all languages ​​from the influence of one German comparative school. Let's continue quoting Wiki.

F. Slavsky and L. Moshinsky date the period of the Balto-Slavic community to ca. 2000-1500 BC. After 1500 B.C. the story begins Proto-Slavic. F. Slavsky connects the beginning of the dialectal differentiation of the Proto-Slavic language with the beginning of large migrations of the Slavs in the 5th century. L. Moshinsky dates back to the time of the Slavic expansion to the Balkan Peninsula and the formation of the western, southern and eastern groups Slavic languages the end of the existence of the Proto-Slavic language.

No less interesting that in the same Wiki we read about the beginning of the Russian language in the same 1500 BC. Isn't it just one language? Well, maybe dialects or, as linguists say, chronoslices of reconstruction.

This is not so fantastic, given the descriptions for Russ and Slavs that are vague in history (see the beginning of the article about the Slavs as an ethnic group).

How Proto-Slavic language could look like in the pre-literate period of existence?

This is obtained by reconstructing the pre-literate Proto-Slavic language. The Proto-Slavic language stood out from the collapsed Indo-European proto-language, developed for a long time, interacting with Germanic, Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic and other dialects (with the languages ​​spoken by the tribes surrounding the ancient Slavs), and about one and a half thousand years ago began to break up into dialects, from which the modern Slavic languages ​​subsequently originated.

The Proto-Slavic language (it is sometimes also called Old Slavic or Common Slavic, since it was common to all Slavs) existed, which means it developed and changed for quite a long time.

Based on materials: A.I. Izotov, Old Church Slavonic and Church Slavonic languages

It turns out that in ancient times there was a Proto-Slavic language recognized by linguists, and among its spurs was the one that later became Old Russian?

Not so simple. The circle of terms continues.

The term "Old Russian language" is used in two close, but not identical, meanings. Not bad. Term one, and the values two.

On the one hand, the Old Russian language is the East Slavic proto-language, the language of the Eastern Slavs before the period of their disintegration into three separate East Slavic peoples, i.e. until about the 13th-14th centuries. The emergence of the Old Russian language in this sense of the word refers to the period of the collapse of the Proto-Slavic language and the settlement of the Eastern Slavs on a wider territory than it was originally.

On the other hand, the term "Old Russian language" is used to refer to the written (literary) language of the Eastern Slavs from the period of its origin (XI century) to its collapse (XIV century), and sometimes even until the XVII century.

What contributed to the divergence of the previously common language? Of course, large habitats and local traditions, but first of all, the establishment of state borders and religious differences . But behind the leapfrog of terms, such obviousness is not immediately noticeable.

Why is the terminology so weird.

How is the terminology in this area generally born?

Partly based on historical events, but most importantly on the basis of a scientific school supported by the state.

And what do we have?

And here, according to Mavro Orbini: “The glorious people did not find learned men, in order to adequately describe Russian history».

But where could Russian pundits come from under the auspices of the state? Two national royal dynasties were destroyed. The last Rurikovichs - Ivan the Terrible and his son, as studies have shown, were poisoned. On Vasily Shuisky from the Suzdal branch, the Ruriks on the throne ended completely. Basil died as a prisoner of the Polish king Sigismund. The Godunov dynasty was stopped without giving it a proper start. chosen Romanov dynasty replaced with German blood along the way.

Here German school and wrote us history, and introduced the terms of linguistics for Russian and Slavic studies.

It is characteristic that "our everything" Alexander Pushkin having entered the Lyceum, he began to learn Russian, knowing, like all the nobles of that time, only French. It was in French that the great Russian poet wrote his first poems. The miracle of Pushkin's poetry is doubly a miracle. He relied in his work not only on the language, but also on the Russian worldview. The St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences is another matter. Here, despite the access of foreign professors to Russian archives on Russian history lay an alien look.

It is difficult to expect objectivity from a foreign scientific school , even if facts similar to Western history are known in Russian history. For example, in Europe, the island of Ile de France is known, from which France began. And we have? Rusov Island is known in Karelia. In the Baltic, the modern island of Rügen had the pre-Christian self-name Ruyan, in the north of modern Latvia on the Ruya River, stands ancient city Ruyena. Previously, the Balts, who founded the cities of Izborsk, and Yuryev (Tartu) lived here.

Written source from the VI century. commemorate many tribes with names Russians, Rusyns. They were also called rutens, ruts, rugs. The descendants of these Russians still live in Germany, Hungary, Romania.

And where are the Russian beginnings with such a rich history of toponyms and ethnonyms?Where does the love for the all-encompassing word come from? Slavs, under which for some reason they hid Russians , although it is from them that the state is known Rus? Why is this well-known state of Rus not from the Rus, but from the Slavs? How come that the Russians, having adopted Christianity, they left not Russian, but Slavic paganism? And where did the Slavs go, having lost their paganism?

It's time to look for the origins of the word Slavs. It seems that in Russian this word responds, but how many contradictions and unanswered questions arise in this case.

The West has made up history for the glory of the West and for the humiliation of the East. Everything that was marked with the word Slavs is referred to the concept of a slave. Well, the West classified itself as a civilized patrician.

Europe of the West, having many languages, wrote history and created terms in international Latin, such as, accepted as a dogma in the West "History of two Sarmatians" by the Pole Matvey Mekhovsky, or "Gothic" by Jordan of Gotha. Of course, in such stories we will not find an objective presentation of the Rus, only about Slavic slaves, even if one of them paid "bad tribute with swords."

Hence the obvious policy of states that do not keep their European history. A prime example is the USA. The first thing that the settlers from the Old World did was to destroy the local Indian population along with their history and architecture and continue this policy around the world.

Don't give up identity, get bombed or sanctioned, while international criminality was covered with the sheepskin of democracy. Hence the support of the West by Poland, deprived, like Ukraine, of its true history. Both states have chosen a policy of Russophobia since its inception,which is typical for countries with torn historical roots. Slaves are not supposed to have a genealogy. The policy of these countries is unchanged despite the multiple divisions by the same West of both Poland and Ukraine. The master ordered the slave, and the slave does not dare to disobey. But that's another topic.

From the above, it follows that Russian is precisely the Russian language with its living and ancient history. At the same time, the Slavic language is artificial and bookish, as an artificial and recent term itself, but on the wave of historical patriotism, they are trying to assign the most ancient status to this artificial language.

This substitution, as it were, is ritually accustomed to the concept of a slave. Really. Slavus in Latin is Slavus. Following the Latin international enlightenment in many European languages the word slave is derived exclusively from a Slav: slave in English, shiavo in Italian, sklave in Medieval Latin, esclave in French, slaf in Swedish, sklaphos in Greek and saklab in Arabic.

Where does this consonance come from? different languages? Secondly, from Latin, and here is the first!

Slav in Hebrew – Tslav means cross.

The Russians did not have a cross self-name "Slavs", because in the Vedas the ancestors are not slaves, but "the grandchildren of God."

There was no such ethnic group in Europe before baptism.

A word appeared only on the adoption of Christianity from the sect of the Jews, transformed by Byzantium into a full-fledged religious doctrine.

TSLAV - SLAV - SLAVES accepted the consecration as the army of Christ in heaven - all sorts of cherubim and seraphim there.

Since SLAVE goes back to the Hebrew word TsLAV - cross. SLAVE are those who took up the cross as servants of God, as the army of Christ.

For a thousand years, our “self-names” have been sharpened for Christianity, and have been sharpened, so that we today aggressively believe in this sharpening and aggressively guard it.

With few exceptions, the names of modern Russians are taken from the canons of Orthodox saints. But, looking into the directory of personal names of the peoples of the RSFSR, we will see notes next to the names - Greek, Latin, Hebrew

There is also an oddity in our theme. In the system adopted at the Romanov court, the princes were addressed as the brightest. And how many names we know with the word "light". We traditionally refer to them as Slavic names, but. Not so long ago, he posted the work "Golden Beginnings of Russia". Among the people, “Come out to Russia” meant “to be born”, to bring to Russia = “to come out into the Light”. And again, the source is RUSSIA. Then why is the word Slavs all around?

Ivan the Terrible, all the great princes and Russian tsars prevented the penetration of the Jewish nationality into the central regions of the country. For this, Grozny was poisoned, and now slandered.

The word prince is curious. In the old work "The Word of Law and Grace," Metropolitan Hilarion calls the Prince of Kyiv Vladimir not a prince at all, but "our kagan." In the original, this can be clearly seen: "praise to our kagan Vlodimer, from the worthless baptism byhom." In later editions, the kagan gradually turned into a prince. And why?

Russian culture did not accept the word kagan, and it was quietly replaced.

Reference.

The meaning of the word prince.

In the Sorbian languages, knjez is a polite term for a man, knjeni for a married woman, and knježna for an unmarried woman. And we then the current and do not know how to address each other. Everything is a man, yes a woman, or clumsy - a citizen. And it is our own, that's how it was.

Let's take wedding Russian vocabulary. The newlyweds as the conditional founders of the clan are called "prince" and "princess" And later, the head of an already established family becomes a prince as an administrative-military person, as the father of a large family.

There were baptisms, coups, revolutions. And here's the question.

Why is the West constantly interfering in our lives and seeking to subjugate the Russian people and peoples with Russian culture, the so-called. Slavs? And he does this out of habit, for centuries considering the peoples around him as slaves both before Christianity and after its adoption. The desire for world domination requires an obedient army. Those who do not agree with this role are pitted against each other.

Slave-owning Rome fell in the 5th century along with its slaveholding, adopted along with the term from Israel, TsLAV, but already as - SLAV, SLAVUS, Slave. After the fall of Rome in Europe, this "business" did not stop. Slave markets are known in Genoa, Venice, Florence. In the Crimea, merchants from Genoa and the Ottoman Empire bought slaves from Eastern Europe. The hetmans of Ukraine traded in the families of the Cossacks. In the early Middle Ages (10th-11th centuries) in Prague, not far from the Old Town Square, there was the largest slave market. There, the slaves were mostly Western Slavs. Slavs means slaves.

The similarity of the languages ​​\u200b\u200bcalled Russian and Slavic by linguists is explained simply, they have one source, to which the term Proto-Slavic is assigned by the German school for persuasiveness

The notion that Russian allegedly arose recently, and Slavic as the language of slaves existed hoo at what times is WRONG, and erroneous for several reasons.

Reason one. The word slave is an old Russian, existed before the emergence of the late Latin slavus.

Reason two. The word slave had an original meaning different from what is accepted today.

The word slave, as well as the word work, have the same root ancient and pre-Latin.

The modern word slave is borrowed, not from where, but from the initial Old Church Slavonic. This word goes back to the common Slavonic orbъ. The initial op changed in Old Church Slavonic to ra. This combination of ra is typical for many Old Slavonic words (such as mind). The original meaning of the word slave meant an orphan, and only later - forced labor.

There was a substitution of the meanings of the word slave: from the original small, timid orphan to a man who is the master's property.

The historical connections of the Russian words slave, work, shy and child can be traced unambiguously.

Source; O.E Olshansky, Professor of the Slavic State Pedagogical University, author of works on the history of Russian word formation.

The word slave with the initial meaning is a person deprived of parents, with the advent of Christianity to become - a person deprived of all rights. How unlike the Russian custom, when the Community gave orphans to a full family.

Another version of the word RAB can be found in Hebrew.

Slave- a word from the Torah, means - a multiplier, a slave - a lot. What did the slave breed? He multiplied the master's wealth with his work and his children. Doubt your interpretation? We read the original. "PRU VE RAVU" means "Be fruitful and multiply." If a Old Testament and did not read, then this phrase, of course, was heard more than once.

Both versions of the story of the word slave complement each other perfectly.

Everything, as it were, our Slavic began after baptism, and not earlier. That's what "enlightenment" is.

Using the vague terminology of Slavic studies, Russian is replaced by Slavic. Slavic Western historians identify with slavery, with that slavery, which they themselves sometimes do not distinguish. Toli it is a social phenomenon, roofing felts religious.

And then we, studying from Western textbooks (since there are no others), began to sincerely believe that Slavism is our historical national antiquity. We do not notice in the term the viral bookmark laid down by the Western School with the concept of slavery.

Term Old Russian language(also old slovyansk language) used to refer to 1) the totality of dialects spoken by the Slavic population of Kievan Rus (Spilnoshidnoslovian language) 2) supra-dialect written language, which was used in Kievan Rus (Old Russian (Old Kiev) written and literary language). The legitimacy of the use of this term in both its meanings is not recognized by all researchers.

1. Slavic dialects of Kievan Rus

1.1. The problem of the existence of the Spilnoshidno-Slovyan language

Modern East Slavic languages ​​have a number of common features that distinguish them from other Slavic languages. This fact is based hypothesis about existence in the past common language Eastern Slavs, on the basis of which the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian languages ​​were formed. Supporters of this hypothesis were A. Vostokov, I. Sreznevsky, A. Potebnya, A. Sobolevsky, A. Shakhmatov, L. Vasiliev, Durnovo, B. Lyapunov, G. Ilyinsky, L. Bulakhovsky, A. Selishchev, S. Obnorsky, M. Grunsky, V. Vinogradov, R. Avanesov, P. Kuznetsov, V. Borkovsky, F. Filin, M. Zhovtobryuh, V. Kolesov, V. Markov, V. Nimchuk and others.

Already at the beginning of the 20th century, the Ukrainian linguist Stepan Smal-Stotsky expressed a different point of view. Noticing some common features Ukrainian and Serbian languages ​​are not characteristic of the Russian language, he hypothesized the formation of Ukrainian and other East Slavic languages ​​directly from the Proto-Slavic language and denied the existence of a common language of the Eastern Slavs in the past. According to this point of view, the common features of the East Slavic languages ​​appeared not through a common origin, but as a result of mutual influence already after the collapse of the Old Slavic community. This point of view was and is held by E. Timchenko, I. Ogienko, Yu. Shevelev, Vitaly Rusanovsky, A. Tkachenko, G. Poltorak, I. Matviyas, V. Sklyarenko and others).

There was a lively scientific discussion between the supporters of the two points of view. The linguistic material available at that time did not allow one of the two hypotheses to be preferred. The fading of the discussion in the second half of the 20th century was caused by political factors. In the thirties, a number of prominent Ukrainian linguists, in particular E. Timchenko, were repressed. And since the late 1940s, the ideologists of the Soviet regime resorted to spreading the historical concept of Kievan Rus as "the cradle of three fraternal peoples." This concept included the postulate of the existence in the time of Kievan Rus "single ancient Russian people" with a single language. The public dissemination of other points of view was forbidden in the Soviet Union.

The situation changed only in 1990. As a result of the collapse of the USSR, ideological pressure ceased, and the discussion returned to the scientific channel.

The linguistic material accumulated over half a century made it possible to put an end to the dispute about the existence of the Spilnoshidno-Slovyansk language in the past. key role this was played by the results of the study of the Novgorod birch bark letters. The Russian linguist A. Zaliznyak found that in the language of old letters, the specific features of the Old Novgorod dialect manifest themselves most clearly. In the language of late letters, specific Novgorod rice becomes less. This was not the difference, but the rapprochement of the Novgorod dialect with other Slavic dialects of Kievan Rus. Thus, it was finally clarified that the Old Novgorod dialect developed from the Proto-Slavic linguistic unity, independently of the Old Kiev.

Russian linguist S. Nikolaev based on analysis historical development system of stresses in the dialects of the Slavic languages ​​came to the conclusion that a number of other tribes of Kievan Rus came from different branches of the Slavs and spoke distant Slavic dialects.

During the existence of Kievan Rus, there was some convergence of Slavic dialects on its territory, however, in parallel, there was a process of formation of new phonetic, lexical, morphological and grammatical features that are specific to modern Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian languages. So the hypothesis of the existence in the past of a common language of the Eastern Slavs can be considered refuted.

The use of the term "Old Russian language" in the Slavic dialects of Kievan Rus in the works of modern linguists is a tribute to tradition and does not reflect the real linguistic picture of that period.

1.2. Origin

Until recently, it was believed that the East Slavic tribes (Slovenes, Krivichi, Vyatichi, Radimichi, Dregovichi, Polyany, Volyn, Drevlyans, Northerners, Uglichs (Ulichi), Tivertsy, Dulebs, White Croats) spoke closely related East Slavic dialects, which stood out from the Proto-Slavic ethno-linguistic community around the 6th century. n. e.

According to modern data, the East Slavic tribes mentioned come from different dialect zones of the Common Slavic language. Old East Slavic language area was dialectally quite definite differentiations. There was no monolithic, structurally monotonous speech. The linguistic features of the East Slavic dialects are reconstructed on the basis of readings of written monuments written in Cyrillic (known from the middle of the 11th century, the surrounding inscriptions - from the beginning of the 10th century), and modern East Slavic dialects, using material from other Slavic languages.

1.3. Linguistic features of East Slavic dialects

1.5. Branches of the language

In the Old Russian language, the dialects of the northwestern territories with ticking were distinguished (non-distinguishing [c] and [h])(see Old Novgorod dialect), breakthrough G, form of the genitive singular feminine in - ѣ (in women ѣ) and in the southern and southeastern - with permission [c] and [h], fricative [G](or [h], [γ]), genitive singular feminine form on-s (to wife) and others. There were also dialectal differences in vocabulary.

The subsequent development of dialectal rice was associated with increased feudal fragmentation (end of the 11th - 2nd half of the 12th century). According to the results of the process of decline of the reduced in the XI-XIII centuries:

2. Written speech of Kievan Rus

2.1. Old Russian or a local version of Old Slavonic?

The question of the existence in Kievan Rus of a common written language is much less controversial. The vast majority of linguists recognize the existence of such a language. Nevertheless, there is a discussion in the scientific community regarding the justification for using the term ancient Russian language.

Unlike modern literary languages East Slavic peoples, the written speech of the times of Kievan Rus was much less connected with local dialects. The rapid development of writing in Russia began with the arrival of Christianity on its territory. Together with Christianity in Russia, the written language of the Slavic translation began to spread. Holy Scripture- Old Slavonic (Church Slavonic) written speech. This language was created in the middle of the 9th century by Cyril and Methodius on the basis of a dialect spoken by the ancestors of modern Macedonians, who then lived on a somewhat larger territory, which also included native city Cyril and Methodius Thessalonica (now the city of Thessaloniki in Greece). In addition to Macedonian, this language also included Moravian elements, since Cyril and Methodius conducted missionary activities among the Slavs of Great Moravia for a long time. At the end of the 9th century, the language of the Slavic translation of the Holy Scriptures was subjected to further modification on the territory of Bulgaria.

So the Old Slavonic written speech, which came to Kievan Rus along with Christianity, combined the linguistic features of the Macedonian, Moravian and Bulgarian dialects. The Slavic dialects of Kievan Rus did not participate in the formation of this language.

Being in circulation in Kievan Rus, the Old Church Slavonic language absorbed more and more features of local dialects. The depth of this process was different in different areas of application of the language. Canonical texts of religious content were subjected to the slightest influence. The language of these texts remained closest to the original version of the Old Slavonic written language. This variant of Old Church Slavonic is called Church Slavonic.

In secular documents, the influence of local dialects was stronger. Wrote contracts, bills of sale, etc. their authors could not do without everyday vocabulary, which they were forced to take from colloquial speech. Consequently, the speech of secular documents of Kievan Rus increasingly combined both the Old Church Slavonic basis and some features of local dialects. Linguists differ on the relationship between these two components. Some researchers, without denying the presence of local elements in the written speech of Kievan Rus, believe that, at its core, it still remained Old Church Slavonic. Therefore, they, it is more appropriate to consider her local variant of Old Church Slavonic. However, most philologists, while recognizing the Old Church Slavonic basis of the Old Russian language, still believe that the presence of East Slavic elements is so significant that it allows us to speak of a separate ancient Russian written speech.

2.2. Application

The Old Russian language had a branched style (legally business, Old Russian language (translated by Andrei Andrusyak)

See also

Notes

Sources

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