Zhukov and two Victory Parades

Awards and recognition

Awards of the Russian Empire

USSR awards

Foreign awards

perpetuation of memory

Movie incarnations

(November 19 (December 1), 1896 - June 18, 1974) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943), Minister of Defense of the USSR (1955-1957).

Four times Hero of the Soviet Union, holder of two Orders of Victory, many other Soviet and foreign orders and medals. During the Great Patriotic War, he successively held the positions of Chief of the General Staff, member of the Headquarters of the Supreme Command, Deputy Supreme Commander. In the post-war period, he served as Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, commanded the Odessa, then the Urals military districts. After the death of I.V. Stalin, he became the first deputy minister of defense of the USSR, and from 1955 to 1957 - the minister of defense of the USSR. In 1957 he was expelled from the Central Committee of the party, removed from all posts in the army and in 1958 he was dismissed.

Early biography and the Civil War

Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov was born in the village of Strelkovka, Kaluga Region, in the family of a peasant, Konstantin Artemyevich Zhukov (1851-1921). After graduating from three classes of a parochial school (with a certificate of merit), he was apprenticed to a furrier's workshop in Moscow, at the same time he completed a two-year course at a city school (studying in the evenings).

Drafted into the army on August 7, 1915 in Maloyaroslavets, selected for the cavalry. After training as a cavalry non-commissioned officer at the end of August 1916, he ended up on the Southwestern Front in the 10th Novgorod Dragoon Regiment. For the capture of a German officer, he was awarded the St. George Cross of the 4th degree. In October he received a severe concussion, after which, due to partial hearing loss, he was sent to the reserve cavalry regiment. For a wound in battle, he was awarded the second St. George Cross, this time the 3rd degree. After the dissolution of the squadron in December 1917, he returned to Moscow, then to the village to his parents, where he had been ill with typhus for a long time.

In the Red Army since August 1918. On March 1, 1919, he became a member of the RCP(b). During the Civil War, the Red Army soldier Georgy Zhukov fought on the Eastern, Western and Southern fronts against the Ural Cossacks, near Tsaritsyn, with the troops of Denikin and Wrangel. In May-June 1919, as part of the 1st Moscow Cavalry Division, he went to the Urals, participated in battles with the Cossacks in the area of ​​the Shipovo station, in June-August of the same year - in the battles for Uralsk, then in the battles in the area of ​​​​the Vladimirovka station and the city Nikolaevsk. In September-October 1919, he took part in the battles near Tsaritsyn, then between Zaplavny and Srednaya Akhtuba (near the current city of Volzhsky), where he was wounded by grenade fragments. After graduating from the Ryazan cavalry courses in the fall of 1920, he was appointed commander of a platoon, then a squadron; in August 1920, he took part in battles with the Ulagai landing force near Yekaterinodar, in December 1920 - August 1921, he participated in the suppression of a peasant uprising in the Tambov region ("Antonovshchina").

For participation in the suppression of the Antonov uprising, he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner in 1922 with the wording: “ in a battle near the village of Vyazovaya Pochta, Tambov province, on March 5, 1921, despite enemy attacks with a force of 1500-2000 sabers, he with a squadron held back the enemy’s onslaught for 7 hours and, then going on a counterattack, after 6 hand-to-hand fights defeated the gang».

Period before the Great Patriotic War

From regimental commander to commander. 1923-1939

From the end of May 1923, Zhukov took command of the 39th regiment of the 7th Samara cavalry division, in 1924 he was sent to the Higher Cavalry School. In 1929 he graduated from the courses of the highest commanding staff of the Red Army, from May 1930 he commanded the 2nd brigade in the 7th Samara cavalry division, which was then headed by Rokossovsky, for about a year, then served in the Belarusian military district under the command of I. P. Uborevich.

Then he was an assistant inspector of the Red Army cavalry, commander of the 4th cavalry division (1933-37), 3rd and 6th cavalry corps, from July 1938 - deputy commander of the ZapOVO. During the period of repressions of 1937-1938. a meeting of the party organization of the 6th cavalry corps was held, at which statements from some political workers and commanders about "enemy methods of commander Zhukov in educating personnel" were examined. However, the party activist made a decision: “ Limit ourselves to a discussion of the issue and take into account the explanation of Comrade Zhukov G.K.»

Khalkhin Gol. District Commander. 1939-1940

On August 20-31, 1939, he conducted a successful encirclement operation and defeated the grouping of Japanese troops of General Kamatsubara on the Khalkhin Gol River. In the battles on the Khalkhin-Gol River, G.K. Zhukov for the first time widely used tank units to solve the problem of encircling and destroying the enemy. During the battles at Khalkhin Gol, Soviet troops lost 23,225 people killed, wounded and missing. Japanese losses are estimated from 21 to 61 thousand. For this operation, commander Georgy Zhukov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (August 28, 1939, Gold Star No. 435) and the Order of the Red Banner of the MPR.

From June 1940 - Commander of the KOVO troops. During the certification of the command staff of the Red Army in accordance with the new system of ranks, he became an army general. In this capacity, he did a lot of work to improve the combat capability of the district troops.

On June 9, 1940, the Military Councils of the KOVO and the OdVO received directives from the People's Commissar of Defense OU / 583 and OU / 584, according to which the task was set to prepare an operation to occupy Bessarabia. He headed the department of the Southern Front, created on the basis of KOVO (commander - General of the Army G.K. Zhukov, chief of staff - Lieutenant General N.F. Vatutin).

Command games. Chief of the General Staff. 1941.

In January 1941, Zhukov took part in two staff games under the general title "Offensive operation of the front with a breakthrough of the SD", which considered the actions of a large strike group of Soviet troops from the state border of the USSR in the direction (respectively) Poland - East Prussia and Hungary - Romania.

In the first game, Zhukov commanded the "Western", defending the territory of East Prussia and Poland. The northwestern front of the "Eastern" (D. Pavlov), fulfilling the task of reaching the lower reaches of the Vistula River by September 3, 1941, went on the offensive on August 1. "Eastern", according to the conditions of the game, had a two-three-fold superiority in strength. In the early days, his troops crossed the Neman, capturing the Suvalka ledge (surrounding a large group of "Western" in it), and on the left wing they broke through the front led by Zhukov. A cavalry-mechanized army was introduced into the breach, which by August 13 reached the area located 110-120 kilometers west of the USSR State Border. In response, Zhukov managed to deliver a counterattack, on which the mediators stopped the game.

In the second game, Zhukov commanded the grouping of "Eastern", advancing from the territory of Ukraine and Bessarabia. The game began already on enemy territory, 90-180 kilometers west of the state borders of the Soviet Union. The content of the game is the offensive operations of the Red Army in Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania in the South-West direction. The second game ended with the adoption of the "Eastern" decision to attack Budapest, break through to Lake Balaton and force the Danube. As a result of these command and staff games, Zhukov was nominated by Stalin to the post of Chief of the General Staff.

Occupying in February-July 1941 the post of Chief of the General Staff and Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR, Zhukov took part in the preparation of "Considerations on the plan for the strategic deployment of the forces of the Soviet Union in case of war with Germany and its allies." The plan is dated no later than May 15, 1941. This document specifically stated:

People's Commissar of Defense Timoshenko and Chief of the General Staff Zhukov reported the content of the document to Stalin (presumably on the evening of May 14) and proposed a strike by the Soviet armies through the territory of southern Poland (with crossing the Vistula in the middle reaches) to Katowice with a further turn or to Berlin (if the main German group retreats to Berlin), or to the Baltic Sea, if the main German forces do not withdraw and try to hold the territory of Poland and East Prussia. An auxiliary strike by the left wing of the Western Front was supposed to be delivered in the direction of Sedlec, Demblin, with the aim of pinning down the Warsaw grouping and capturing Warsaw, as well as assisting the Southwestern Front in defeating the Lublin enemy grouping.

Modern historians do not know whether the plan was adopted and subsequently rescheduled or not. The document is not signed, although the places for signatures are indicated in it. According to Zhukov in an interview on May 26, 1965, the plan was not approved by Stalin. However, Zhukov did not specify which plan was accepted for execution and was in effect at the time of June 22, 1941. Until that moment, no other Soviet plans for waging war with Germany with the signatures of I.V. Stalin were published.

On June 21, 1941, Zhukov and Timoshenko proposed to Stalin a draft Directive No. 1 (its authors: Timoshenko, Zhukov, Pavlov, Fominykh, Klimovskikh). According to Zhukov, after a tense discussion, they were able to convince him; The ZAPOVO directive was adopted by the commanders of the 3rd, 4th and 10th armies a few hours before the invasion of the Axis forces.

The period of the Great Patriotic War

During the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) he served as Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army (February-July 1941), member of the Headquarters of the High Command (since June 23, 1941), Headquarters of the Supreme Command (since July 10, 1941), Headquarters of the Supreme High Command (from August 8, 1941), from August 26, 1942 he was Deputy Supreme Commander, from August 27, 1942 - First Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR, commanded the fronts: Reserve, Leningrad, Western (at the same time he was commander in chief of the Western direction ), 1st Ukrainian, 1st Belarusian.

1941

On June 22, 1941, after the German attack, Zhukov prepared Directives No. 2 (sent at 07:15) and No. 3 (sent at 23:50) of the People's Commissar of Defense (signed by Timoshenko and Zhukov), which contained orders to repel German attacks army (Directive No. 2) and to a decisive offensive against German troops (Directive No. 3). The troops of the Western, North-Western, South-Western, Southern fronts could not fulfill the tasks set in the Directives. The offensive of June 23-28 turned into a series of unsuccessful counterattacks that did not lead to the expected results. The troops of the Southwestern Front, where Zhukov himself was from June 23 as a representative of the Headquarters of the Civil Code, did not surround the advancing groups, as expected, although they managed to seriously slow down the advance of the German troops. The troops of the Western and Northwestern fronts suffered serious losses in an attempt to deliver counterattacks, and the Western Front was soon defeated.

At the end of July, after a series of heavy defeats in the Western and South-Western directions, on July 29, 1941, Zhukov was removed from the post of Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army and appointed commander of the Reserve Front. From July 31, as commander of the Reserve Front, he continued the unsuccessful counterattacks launched in July 1941 (as part of the Smolensk battle) by the Soviet troops, and then conducted the offensive Yelnin operation (August 30 - September 8) with the forces of the 24th Army. It was planned that the Red Army troops would cut off the German wedging into the Soviet front, formed as a result of the Smolensk battle, and surround 8 enemy divisions. Although on the night of September 6-7, in the conditions of heavy rains, the Germans managed to withdraw troops from the bag, the Elninskaya operation became the first successful offensive operation of the Red Army since the beginning of the Second World War. The losses of the Soviet troops in the Elninsk operation amounted to 31,853 people out of 103,200 participating (31% killed and wounded)

After the end of the Elninsk operation, by order of September 11, he was appointed commander of the Leningrad Front, had the task of releasing the city by breaking through the encirclement together with the 54th Army, set by the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, and began his duties on September 14. The leadership of the Wehrmacht decided to strangle Leningrad with a blockade, avoiding an assault and saving troops for the central direction, but the German command of the Army Group North, impressed by the successes in the Baltic states and near Pskov, tried on September 9 to capture the city. Under the command of Army General Zhukov, from September 14 to October 6, the troops of the Leningrad Front, together with the Baltic Fleet, carried out the defense of Leningrad from Field Marshal Wilhelm von Leeb's Army Group North.

After the stabilization of the front near Leningrad and the beginning of the blockade of the city, Zhukov was recalled to the central direction of the Soviet-German front (he led the Reserve Front from October 8 and the Western Front from October 10), where the main forces of the Western, Reserve and Bryansk fronts were surrounded in the first half of October and destroyed by German troops (16th, 19th, 20th armies and the army group of Boldin of the Western Front, 24th and 32nd armies of the Reserve Front, etc.). On October 13, the Germans captured Kaluga, on October 16 - Kalinin, on October 18 - Maloyaroslavets.

During the second half of October and November 1941, the Western Front under the command of Zhukov carried out an active defense in order to wear down the enemy forces and prepare for a counteroffensive along the entire front.

On the night of December 5-6, the Klinsko-Solnechnogorsk offensive operation of the troops of the right wing of the Western Front under the command of Zhukov began, with the support of the left wing of the Kalinin Front under the command of Konev. The troops of the Western Front (with the participation of the Kalinin and other fronts) defeated the troops of the Army Group Center of Field Marshal von Bock during the counteroffensive near Moscow (December 5, 1941 - January 7, 1942). The losses of Soviet troops amounted to 372 thousand killed and wounded , or 37% of the number of troops at the beginning of the operation. As a result of a successful offensive, the threat to Moscow and the Moscow industrial region was removed, the front line moved 100-250 km to the west. The first major defeat of the Wehrmacht in World War II had an inspiring moral impact on the peoples of the anti-Hitler coalition.

1942

This year, Zhukov exercised direct command of the Soviet troops in four major front-line offensive operations:

• Moscow counteroffensive (until January 7, 1942);
• Rzhev-Vyazemskaya operation (January 8 - April 20, 1942);
• First Rzhev-Sychev operation (July 30 - August 23, 1942);
• Second Rzhev-Sychev operation - Operation "Mars" (November 25 - December 20, 1942)

Significant successes of the Soviet troops near Moscow in December 1941 led to an active offensive of the Red Army along the entire front. But already in January 1942, it began to choke due to the increased resistance of the German troops, due to interruptions in the reinforcements and ammunition of the Red Army, due to the reassessment by the Stavka of the successes achieved. Losses in the relatively ineffective Rzhev-Vyazemsky operation amounted to 776,889 people - 73.3% of the number of troops at the beginning of the operation.

During the Rzhev-Sychevsk operation in the summer of 1942, the enemy front again held out, the Soviet troops advanced 30-40 km. This operation did not lead to the outflow of German forces from the southern direction of the Soviet-German front, but the transfer of divisions of Army Group Center to it was not allowed either. Losses in the operation amounted to 193,683 people (56.1% of the original number). Here is how German General von Tippelskirch assesses this offensive:

Operation Mars, which was carried out simultaneously with the initial phase of Operation Uranus, was not prepared directly by Zhukov as the commander of the front. During the period of its preparation, he was as a representative of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command in the Stalingrad direction. However, the coordination of the efforts of the Western Front (front commander Konev) and the Kalinin Front (front commander Purkaev) during the operation was entrusted to him. The operation was aimed at encircling and destroying the 9th field army of the Wehrmacht, but it did not achieve this goal. The losses of Soviet troops in it amounted to 215 thousand killed, wounded and captured, 1,315 tanks and self-propelled guns in 25 days. Thus, the average losses of Soviet troops in one day of hostilities (8,666 people and 52.6 tanks) significantly exceeded the losses in the Stalingrad offensive operation (6,466 people and 38.9 tanks). At the same time, she prevented the transfer of German reserves from the central direction of the Soviet-German front to the south, where they could adversely affect the course and outcome of the Battle of Stalingrad.

In addition, Zhukov, as a representative of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, coordinated the attacks of the armies of the Stalingrad Front in the interfluve of the Don and Volga in the first half of September 1942, which did not achieve their goals - a breakthrough of the front of the 14th Panzer Corps of the 6th Army of the Wehrmacht or the diversion of German forces from under Stalingrad.

In addition to the operational activities of the commander, Zhukov, according to the version put forward by him and Vasilevsky in his memoirs, is also a co-author (together with Vasilevsky) of the key Soviet military plan of 1942 - the plan for the strategic operation "Uranus", to defeat the German troops near Stalingrad. The plan, on which, according to the memoirs of Zhukov and Vasilevsky, they and I. V. Stalin are signed, has not yet been published, despite the expiration of the statute of limitations.

1943

During 1943, Zhukov coordinated the actions of the fronts in Operation Iskra during the breakthrough of the Leningrad Siege (1943).

On January 18, Zhukov was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union. He became the first marshal of the USSR since the beginning of the war.

From March 17, Zhukov was in the Belgorod direction of the emerging Kursk Bulge (Voronezh Front). Marshal Rokossovsky K. K. spoke about the activities of Zhukov as a representative of the Headquarters on the Central Front:

Directly Zhukov (from July 5) during the defensive and offensive stages of the Battle of Kursk coordinated the actions of the Western, Bryansk, Steppe and Voronezh fronts.

In late August-September, during the Chernigov-Poltava operation, Zhukov coordinated the actions of the Voronezh and Steppe fronts during operations to pursue the enemy, retreating to the Dnieper.

1944

As a result of the Zhytomyr-Berdichev operation, the Korsun-Shevchenkovsky ledge was formed, which Zhukov and Vatutin proposed to cut off in a report to Stalin on January 11, 1944. According to information from Manstein, 42 AKs of the 1st Tank Army and 11 AKs of the 8th Army were encircled: 6 divisions and one brigade. According to the research of I. Moshchansky - 10 divisions and one brigade. During the operation, General Konev accused Zhukov and Vatutin of inactivity in relation to the encircled German group, which led to its breakthrough from the encirclement. As a result of Konev's appeal to Stalin, the inner front of the encirclement was completely transferred to Konev's command. This episode further complicated the relationship between Zhukov and Konev.

After Vatutin's death, Stalin ordered Zhukov to lead the 1st Ukrainian Front. In March-April 1944, the troops under the command of Zhukov carried out the offensive Proskurov-Chernivtsi operation and reached the foothills of the Carpathians.

On April 10, 1944, Marshal G.K. Zhukov was awarded the highest military award - the Order of Victory for No. 1.

In the summer of 1944, Zhukov coordinated the actions of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts in Operation Bagration. The operation, well supported by logistical means, ended successfully. The advance was not 150-200 km, as planned, but 400-500 km. During the offensive, on July 8, 1944, Zhukov put forward (regardless of Vasilevsky, who proposed the same idea) a proposal to transfer one tank army from the 1st Ukrainian Front, which had an excess of forces and means, to the Vasilevsky Front Group and to the 2nd Belorussian Front, with the simultaneous strengthening of this grouping by one combined-arms army from the Stavka reserve and a number of other units, for a surprise attack on East Prussia, which is still extremely weakly defended. However, the idea was rejected. As G.K. Zhukov later noted:

In July 1944, Zhukov also coordinated the actions of the 1st Ukrainian Front, which delivered strikes in the Lvov, Rava-Rus and part of the forces in the Stanislav directions.

1945

At the final stage of the war, the 1st Belorussian Front, led by Marshal Zhukov, carried out, together with the 1st Ukrainian, under the command of Konev, the Vistula-Oder operation (January 12 - February 3, 1945), during which Soviet troops liberated Warsaw (January 17, 1945) , with a cutting blow, they defeated Army Group "A" of General J. Harpe and Field Marshal F. Scherner. The losses of the Soviet troops in this operation amounted to 193215 people.

Of this number, the 1st Belorussian Front (1,028,900 people) lost 77,342 people (7.5%), while the 1st Ukrainian (1,083,800 people) lost 115,783 people (10.7%), that is, 1.5 times more.

Despite the fact that Zhukov's front went on the offensive two days later than the neighboring 1st Ukrainian Front, the pace of the offensive of the 1st Belorussian Front so much exceeded the pace of the offensive of the neighboring two fronts that this led to the exposure of the flanks 100-150 km from the north and from south of the advanced parts of the front and forced stretching of the length of the front.

February 10 - April 4, the right wing of the 1st Belorussian Front took part in the East Pomeranian operation, while losing 52,303 people out of 359,600 (14.5%). The 2nd Belorussian Front under the command of Rokossovsky lost 173389 out of 560900 (30.9%).

The 1st Belorussian Front ended the war with participation in the Berlin operation, while losing 179,490 people out of 908,500 (19.7%), while the 1st Ukrainian Front lost 113,825 people out of 550,900 (20.7%).

On May 8, 1945, at 22:43 (May 9, 0:43 Moscow time) in Karlshorst (Berlin), Zhukov accepted the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany from Hitler's Field Marshal Wilhelm von Keitel and was appointed commander of a group of Soviet troops in Germany.

Zhukov and two Victory Parades

On June 24, 1945, Marshal Zhukov took over the Victory Parade of the Soviet Union over Germany in the Great Patriotic War, which took place in Moscow on Red Square. Marshal Rokossovsky commanded the parade.

On September 7, 1945, the Victory Parade of the Allied Forces in World War II took place in Berlin at the Brandenburg Gate (columns of troops and armored vehicles of the Berlin garrisons of the USSR, France, Great Britain and the USA passed in the parade march), Marshal Zhukov hosted the parade from the Soviet Union. The parade was commanded by the English Major General Nares (Eng. EricPaytherusNares, commandant of the British Sector in Berlin).

The period after the Great Patriotic War

After the end of the war, Zhukov was appointed to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the GSOVG (Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany). He remained in this position for less than a year (until March 1946), until his appointment as Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces.

In the summer of 1946, a meeting of the Main Military Council was held, at which the case of Marshal Zhukov was examined based on the materials of the interrogation of Chief Air Marshal A. A. Novikov, who was arrested by the state security agencies. Zhukov was accused of misappropriation of trophies and inflating his merits in the defeat of Hitler with the personal formulation of I.V. Stalin " arrogated to himself the development of operations to which he had nothing to do". At the meeting, almost all the top military leaders, with the exception of the head of the Main Personnel Directorate F.I. Golikov, spoke out in support of Zhukov. However, members of the Politburo accused Zhukov of "Bonapartism" for being withdrew the political departments from the ground forces.

In June 1946, an investigation into the so-called "trophy case" was launched. In the materials of the investigation, evidence was collected that Zhukov exported significant amounts of furniture, works of art, and various other trophy property from Germany for his personal use. Also in the file is an explanatory note by G. K. Zhukov addressed to the Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks A. A. Zhdanov:

On June 9, 1946, Zhukov was removed from the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces and, according to the decision of the Military Council, was appointed Commander of the Troops of the Odessa District (1946-48). Then, in 1948, he was appointed commander of the Ural Military District.

After Stalin's death in 1953, at the request of L.P. Beria, Zhukov was appointed to the post of First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR (N.A. Bulganin became Minister of Defense).

Khrushchev and Bulganin planned to eliminate Beria (it was announced to members of the Presidium of the Central Committee at the initiative of Khrushchev that Beria was planning to stage a coup d'état and arrest the Presidium at the premiere of the opera The Decembrists). According to some evidence, Zhukov warned Beria, but he was sure that this would happen at the congress, and "he would have an open platform." Beria's arrest was made during a meeting of the Presidium on June 26, 1953. Zhukov was also part of the group that arrested Beria.

In 1954, Zhukov was instructed to prepare and conduct exercises using atomic weapons at the Totsk training ground. At least 45 thousand soldiers participated in the exercises. Both the soldiers and the inhabitants of the surrounding villages were exposed to radioactive radiation. Information about the exercises was classified during the Soviet period.

In February 1955, Zhukov was appointed Minister of Defense of the USSR. During the time of work at the post in the army, the salaries of military personnel were increased.

In 1956 (October 23 - November 9) an anti-communist uprising took place in Hungary. Soviet troops entered the country. The development of a plan for the introduction of troops was entrusted to Zhukov. This operation was called "Whirlwind". Zhukov played one of the key roles in the suppression of the uprising.

Marshal Zhukov "for the suppression of the Hungarian fascist rebellion" and in connection with the 60th anniversary of his birth on December 1, 1956 was awarded the fourth Gold Star medal with the 4th Order of Lenin (No. 276136).

On October 29, 1957, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, dedicated to improving party political work in the Soviet Army and Navy, decided that G.K. Zhukov " violated the Leninist, party principles of leadership of the Armed Forces, pursued a line of curtailing the work of party organizations, political agencies and Military Councils, of eliminating leadership and control over the army and Navy by the party, its Central Committee and government ...". By the same decree, Zhukov was removed from the Presidium of the Central Committee and the Central Committee of the CPSU; in addition, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was relieved of the post of Minister of Defense of the USSR.

In March 1958, Zhukov was dismissed. After a long isolation, in 1964, with the coming to power of L. I. Brezhnev, the disgrace from Zhukov was partially removed.

In 1967 he suffered a severe stroke.

In March 1969, a book of memoirs by G.K. Zhukov, "Memories and Reflections", begun by him in 1965, was published. Zhukov began editing and finishing the 2nd edition.

On November 13, 1973, Zhukov's wife, Galina Aleksandrovna, died. After her death, Zhukov felt worse and worse; he soon had a heart attack. In May 1974, Zhukov fell into a coma in the Kremlin hospital. Twenty days later - June 18, 1974 - he died without regaining consciousness.

Zhukov's body was cremated, and the urn with the ashes was buried in the wall of the Moscow Kremlin (note as an exception - on the right side, next to the ashes of S. S. Kamenev).

Family

Wives and children

• Maria Nikolaevna Volokhova (born 1897) - in a relationship since 1919, never married.
• Daughter - Margarita Georgievna (born 1929)
• Lidia Vladimirovna Zakharova - relations from autumn 1941 to 1950, did not marry.
• (have no children)
• Alexandra Dievna Zhukova (dev. Zuykova, born in 1900) - in a relationship since 1920, married since 1953).
• Daughter - Era Georgievna (born 1929; according to other sources, 1928). Graduated from MGIMO, PhD in Law, worked at the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• Daughter - Ella Georgievna (1937-2010), graduated from MGIMO, journalist.
• Galina Alexandrovna Zhukova (maiden name Semenova, born in 1926) - in a relationship since 1950, married since 1965 until her death in 1973.
• Daughter - Maria Georgievna (born 1957)

Awards and recognition

Awards of the Russian Empire

• George Cross 3rd class
• George Cross 4th class

USSR awards

(four times Hero of the Soviet Union, 13 orders, 16 medals and an honorary weapon)

• 4 Gold Star medals of the Hero of the Soviet Union (08/29/1939; 07/29/1944; 06/01/1945; 12/01/1956)
• 6 Orders of Lenin
• 2 orders of "Victory" (No. 1 - 04/10/1944, No. 5 - 03/30/1945)
• Order of the October Revolution (02/22/1968)
• 3 orders of the Red Banner (08/31/1922, 11/03/1944, 06/20/1949)
• 2 orders of Suvorov, 1st degree (No. 1 - 01/28/1943, No. 39 - 07/28/1943)
• Honorary weapon - personalized checker with a golden image of the State Emblem of the USSR (02/22/1968)
• Medal "In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
• Medal "20 Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army"
• Medal "For the Defense of Moscow"
• Medal "For the Defense of Leningrad"
• Medal "For the Defense of Stalingrad"
• Medal "For the Defense of the Caucasus"
• Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
• Medal "For the Victory over Japan"
• Medal "For the Capture of Berlin"
• Medal "For the Liberation of Warsaw"
• Medal "20 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
• Medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow"
• Medal "In memory of the 250th anniversary of Leningrad"
• Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"
• Medal "40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
• Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"

Foreign awards

(Hero of the MPR, 18 orders, 10 medals and the title of Honorary Italian partisan)

• Gold Star of the Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic (1969)
• Order of the Red Banner of the Tuvan Republic (1939)
• 3 Orders of Sukhbaatar, Mongolian People's Republic (1968, 1969, 1971)
• 2 Orders of the Red Banner of War, Mongolian People's Republic (1939, 1942)
• Order of Freedom, SFR Yugoslavia (1956)
• Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 1st class, Poland (1945)
• Order "Virtuti Military" 1st class, Poland (1945)
• Order of the Rebirth of Poland 2nd class, Poland (1968)
• Order of the Rebirth of Poland 3rd class, Poland (1973)
• Order of the White Lion 1st class, Czechoslovakia (1945)
• Order of the White Lion "For Victory", 1st class, Czechoslovakia (1945)
• Military Cross 1939, Czechoslovakia (1945)
• Order of the Legion of Honor of the degree of Commander-in-Chief, USA (1945)
• Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, UK (1945)
• Order of the Legion of Honor 1st class, France (1945)
• Order of Military Merit 1st Class (Grand Officer's Cross), Egypt (1956)
• Medal "50 Years of the Mongolian People's Revolution", Mongolian People's Republic (1971)
• Medal "50 Years of the Mongolian People's Army", Mongolian People's Republic (1971)
• Medal "XXX Years of Victory at Khalkhin Gol", Mongolian People's Republic (1969)
• Medal "For the Victory over Japan", Mongolian People's Republic (1945)
• Medal "90th anniversary of the birth of Georgy Dimitrov", NRB
• Medal "25 years of the Bulgarian People's Army", NRB
• Medal "For Warsaw 1939-1945", Poland (1946)
• Medal "For the Oder, Neisse, Baltic", Poland (1946)
• 2 medals "Sino-Soviet friendship", China (1953, 1956)
• Medal "Garibaldi", Italy (1956)
• Title of Honorary Italian Partisan (1956)

perpetuation of memory

• State awards of the Russian Federation named after the commander: the Order of Zhukov and the Zhukov medal.
• In the homeland of the commander, the city of Zhukov, the administrative center of the Zhukovsky district of the Kaluga region, bears his name.
• In 1995, the annual State Prize of the Russian Federation named after Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov was established for outstanding achievements in the field of military science and the creation of military equipment, as well as for the best works of literature and art dedicated to the Great Patriotic War (law dated May 19, 1995 No. 80-FZ).
• The world's first monument to Zhukov in 1979 was installed on the 40th anniversary of the victory at Khalkhin Gol in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) next to the world's first house-museum of Zhukov, preserved during the development of the area with typical five-story buildings, on the street named after him (mong . Zhukovyn gudamzh)
• Zhukov has bronze busts and monuments in various cities of the former USSR. In 1995, an equestrian monument to Zhukov was erected on Manezhnaya Square in Moscow. In the same year, in Moscow, in the square named after Marshal Zhukov on Marshal Zhukov Avenue, another monument to the commander was erected. A monument-bust of Zhukov was erected near the common northern vestibule of the Kashirskie metro stations.
• In honor of Georgy Zhukov, the following are named: Marshal Zhukov station of the Kharkov metro, streets in many cities of Russia and the CIS (avenues in Moscow, Minsk, Kharkov, Volgograd, Irkutsk, St. Petersburg, Odessa).
• The name of the marshal was given to the Military Academy of Aerospace Defense in Tver (Military Academy of Aerospace Defense named after Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov).
• In November 1996, a memorial office-museum of G.K. Zhukov was opened in the old building of the General Staff in Moscow (Znamenka St., 19).
• The minor planet 2132 Zhukov, discovered in 1975, is named after the marshal.
• Song Marshal Zhukov and Victory. Music: E. Kolmanovsky. Words: E. Dolmatovsky, 1982
• The tanker ("Marshal Zhukov") of the Novorossiysk Shipping Company was named in honor of the marshal.
• A passenger ship of the Volga Shipping Company (Georgy Zhukov) was named in honor of the marshal.
• In socionics, one of the TIMs is called "Zhukov".
• In honor of the marshal, on May 8, 2007, a square in his memory with a bust of G.K. was solemnly opened in Minsk. Zhukov
• Postage stamps dedicated to Zhukov were issued in the USSR and Kyrgyzstan.
• In honor of the marshal, a dry cargo ship ("Georgy Zhukov") of the Standard Shipping Company was named.

Movie incarnations

• Fedor Blazhevich - "The Oath" (1946); "The Fall of Berlin" (1949)
• Mikhail Ulyanov - "Liberation" (1972); "Battle for Moscow" (1985); "War in the Western Direction" (1990, TV series); "Tragedy of the Century" (1993); "Star of the era" (2005, TV series), etc.
• Vladimir Menshov - "General" (1992); "Liquidation" (2007, TV series)
• Valery Afanasiev - "The Moscow Saga" (2004, TV series); "Children of the Arbat" (2004, TV series); "Landing Father" (2008, TV series)
• Evgeny Yakovlev - Stalin. Live (2007)

• d / f “Marshal Zhukov. Biography Pages (1984, TSSDF)
• feature documentary The Great Commander Georgy Zhukov (1995, director Yury Ozerov)
• d / f “Georgy Zhukov. War and Peace of Marshal of Victory” (2011, Belarusfilm)

Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov was born on December 1 (November 19 according to the old style), 1896, in the village of Strelkovka, Kaluga province (now Zhukovsky district, Kaluga region) into a peasant family.

Georgy Zhukov - four times Hero of the Soviet Union (1939, 1944, 1945, 1956). Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic (1969). He was awarded six Orders of Lenin (1936, 1939, 1945, 1956, 1966, 1971), the Order of the October Revolution (1968), three Orders of the Red Banner (1922, 1944, 1949), two Orders of Suvorov, I degree (01.1943, 07.1943); twice awarded the Order of Victory (1944, 1945), was awarded the Tuvan Order of the Republic (1942), the Honorary Weapon with the golden image of the State Emblem of the USSR (1968), as well as 15 medals of the USSR and 17 orders and medals of foreign states.

Georgy Zhukov died on June 18, 1974. The urn with his ashes is buried in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.

In commemoration of the merits of the commander, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 9, 1994, the Order and Medal of Zhukov were established, and the State Prize of the Russian Federation named after A.I. Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov.

The name of the commander was given to the Military Command Academy of Air Defense (now the Military Academy of Aerospace Defense named after Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov).

The memory of Georgy Zhukov is immortalized in the names of the planet, streets in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities. Monuments to the commander were erected in Yekaterinburg, Omsk, Tver, Kursk and a number of other cities, his bronze bust was erected in the city of Zhukov, Kaluga Region, and a granite monument was erected in the village of Strelkovka.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

The birth of Jesus Christ changed the history of mankind. The modern civilizational paradigm became possible thanks to this event. The achievements of modern mankind: scientific, cultural, economic - have deep Christian roots. It was Christmas that became the starting point for the formation of a new way of life for people.

Unfortunately, there is not much detailed information. The Holy Gospel gives its listeners the main message - the Lord has appeared, the Redeemer of the world has been born. Everything else is of secondary importance.

Evangelists practically do not focus on these facts. However, the inquisitive human mind is trying to study the grains of knowledge in order to expand the scope of its knowledge.

For 2,000 years, scientists have been studying the texts of the New Testament, Apocrypha, Traditions, carrying out scrupulous work, trying to clarify and increase their knowledge.

Biography and Nativity of Jesus Christ in the New Testament

Today we will answer the main questions that are often asked by interested people.

When was Jesus Christ born?

According to the opinion of the Holy Fathers of the Church, the appearance of the Lord into the world took place at the most suitable time for the existence of society. Greek wisdom, adopted by the Roman Empire, ceased to satisfy the needs of the people.

Jesus Christ was born at a time of people's general disappointment in the meaning of life. A vivid example of this is the emergence of various mystical sects and trends in philosophy (skepticism).

Where was Jesus Christ born?

Jesus Christ was born among a people who had been chosen by God for many years for this great event. The territorially chosen people lived on the territory of modern Israel and Palestine.

After the death of King Solomon in 930 BC, the united kingdom of Israel broke up into Israel and Judah. On the territory of the latter, the Savior was born.

What year was Jesus Christ born?

There is no exact date of birth of the Lord Jesus Christ in the New Testament. Evangelist Luke in the second chapter writes that the Savior was born during the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. Historical science dates His reign to 27-14 BC. However, the Emperor Augustus is mentioned only by the Evangelist Luke.

Matthew ties the birth of the Lord to the reign of one of the Herod dynasty. Most scholars agree that the evangelist is talking about Herod the Great. It is authentically known that he died in 4 BC, after him his son ascended the throne. These events are also reflected in Scripture.

In the 8th century, the deacon Dionysius the Small made astronomical calculations that confirmed the possibility of a miracle and a guiding star, and came to the conclusion that the Nativity occurred in the period from 5 BC to 20 AD.

At the moment, most scientists agree that this event occurred in 4-6 years of our era. At one of the conferences at the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, Professor V. V. Bolotov proved that modern science is not able to specify the date of the Lord's birth.

In what city was Jesus Christ born?

The Holy Scripture clearly indicates the birthplace of the Savior. The city of Bethlehem is located ten kilometers from Jerusalem and is geographically located on the West Bank of the Jordan River.

According to Old Testament prophecies, the Savior of the human race was to be born here. According to the gospel story, the magi also came here, who brought various gifts to the King of kings.

Holy Mother of God - Mother of the born Child

In the Books of the New Testament, biographical data relating to the Ever-Virgin Mary are rather sparingly described. It is known that the mother of Jesus Christ came from a royal tribe and was a descendant of King David.

She was born into a family that had no children for a long time. At the age of three she was given to the temple.

Holy Tradition gives a little more information. After meeting with the high priest on the steps of the temple, the Virgin Mary was led into the Holy of Holies - the altar. She was very beautiful and from infancy she saw the Angels who served Her.

Righteous Joseph - father of Jesus Christ

Scripture tells Christians that the parents of Jesus Christ were Mary and Elder Joseph. The question of paternity is quite complex for human understanding. Christians insist that conception happened in a mysterious and supernatural way.

Therefore, one cannot speak about the biological father of Jesus Christ in the literal sense. He is the hypostasis of the Holy Trinity and therefore He is the true God.

At the same time, Scripture says that the Holy Spirit entered the Virgin Mary and she became pregnant. The Holy Spirit is also a hypostasis of the Trinity, and therefore it turns out that the Lord entered the womb of the Virgin with one nature, but different hypostases.

How old was Joseph the Betrothed when the Infant Jesus Christ was born?

The question of how old Joseph was when Jesus was born is quite open. In Protestantism, there is an opinion that Mary's betrothed was quite young.

More conservative Christian denominations claim that Joseph was many years old. In addition, Holy Tradition and the teaching of the Fathers confirm the advanced age of Joseph.

When is the birthday of Jesus Christ?

The New Testament does not specify the exact date of birth of Jesus Christ. There is a Church tradition according to which this happened in the month of Tubi, which is an analogue of the month of January.

Only from the fourth century was the practice of celebrating Christmas on December 25 according to the Gregorian calendar and January 7 according to the Julian calendar introduced.

What is the name of God the Father of Jesus Christ?

In Holy Scripture there are various names of God the Father Jesus Christ. Adanoi is translated as my God, Sabaoth is the Lord of Hosts, El Shaddai is the Lord Almighty, El Olam is the Eternal Lord, Jehovah is the Existing, El Gibor is the mighty Lord. There are also other names of God in the text.

However, this is not a reflection of His essence, but only indications of the manifestations of God in the world.

How to find the birthplace of Jesus on the map?

The gospel narrative accurately indicates the birthplace of Jesus. When His parents came to the census, there was no room in the hotel. They had to seek refuge outside the city.

Many commentators point out that, despite Joseph having a working profession, the income in the family was rather meager, so it was not possible to rent separate housing. The family had to spend the night in a cave where the shepherds hid their cattle for the night.

In what country was Jesus Christ born?

Jesus Christ was born in the country of Galilee, which was part of the Israeli province and was in the power of local kings, subject to the authority of Rome. At the moment it is the north of Palestine.

How many years ago was Jesus Christ born?

Jesus Christ was born approximately 2015 - 2020 years ago. Unfortunately, a more precise date cannot be established.

How to briefly tell the children the story of the feast of the Nativity of Christ?

A short story for children of the feast of the Nativity of Christ tells about the following events. Saint Joseph became the betrothed of the Virgin Mary. Having gone to the census, they could not find a place to sleep in the town of Bethlehem. They had to spend the night in a cave.

There the Savior of the world was born. After His birth, three Magi came to the Holy Family and brought gifts to the King of Kings.

Conclusion

Evangelists describe the events of the Nativity of the Lord in short, concise phrases. Of course, I would like to have more information about this great miracle.

However, this is not so important - to find out in which particular year this great miracle happened. The most important thing is that the Lord came into the world to save mankind.

When was Moscow born?

In cities, the exact date of birth in the "passport" is rarely. This is especially true for ancient cities that have been living in the world for more than one hundred years. Therefore, it is customary for historians to take the date when the city was first mentioned in historical documents as the birthday of the city. For Moscow, this is April 4, 1147, when the Suzdal prince Yuri Vladimirovich, nicknamed Dolgoruky, invited the Chernigov prince Svyatoslav Olgovich to his place “in Moscow” for a “strong lunch”. The princes met, celebrated a date, and this day is considered to be the birthday of Moscow. Although a small town (or village) on the banks of the Moscow River and the Neglinnaya River existed before that. The legend says that the boyar Stepan Kuchka and his sons owned Moscow land before Yuri Dolgoruky. And then Prince Yuri executed him for something, and, as they would say now, "pocketed" his patrimony. So he became the founder of Moscow! But some archaeological finds of recent years pushed back Moscow's birthday by at least 150 or even 200 years And yet, the historical tradition of counting the age of the capital from 1147 is still observed.

When Moscow became the capital

For the first 100 years of its life, Moscow was a fortress on the border of the Vladimir-Suzdal land. Then it became the center of a small specific principality, and at the beginning of the XIV century it became the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. One of the princes - Ivan Kalita - began to unite the Russian principalities around Moscow. This process lasted for almost 200 years. Some principalities joined Moscow voluntarily, others were conquered in a fierce struggle. And at the end of the 15th century, under Grand Duke Ivan III, Moscow finally became the capital of the Russian state. Years passed. Rus' turned into a kingdom, then - into an empire ... Peter the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg, but Moscow has always been considered the capital of Russia. Emperors were crowned in it, and shrines of the state were located in it. And in 1918, after the government moved to Moscow, the title of the capital of the state was returned to our city. And by right!

How many cities are in the city?

If you look at a map of Moscow, you will see that it looks like a "matryoshka doll": inside the big city there are several smaller ones. The first, most ancient city is our Kremlin. It originated on Borovitsky Hill in the 12th century. The Kremlin was smaller than now, its walls were originally oak, but in 1367, under Dmitry Donskoy, it became white stone. By the end of the 15th century, the Kremlin walls acquired their usual appearance (with 18 brick towers). The height of the Kremlin walls is from 5 to 19 meters, the thickness is from 3.5 to 6.5 meters. The walls are decorated with 1045 battlements with narrow loopholes, similar to swallowtails. In the 17th century, the towers were built on with elegant tents. Along the Kremlin wall there was a deep moat filled with water. Its remains were found during the construction of the Historical Museum.

The second "matryoshka" is Kitay-gorod adjacent to the Kremlin. Scientists believe that people settled here even earlier than on Borovitsky Hill. Kitay-gorod was initially surrounded by a rampart, and in 1538 the Italian master Petrok Maly built (of brick on a white-stone plinth) the Kitai-gorod wall. Its length is about 2.6 kilometers, its height is over 6 meters, and its thickness is from 5 to 6 meters. Once there were 14 towers in the wall, 6 of them had gates. In 1934, most of the walls were broken down, and you can see only some of its fragments, preserved behind the Metropol Hotel and along Kitaisky Proyezd. Now it has been decided to restore part of the walls of Kitay-gorod, adjacent to Zaryadye. This project has already started.

The third "matryoshka" can be considered the White City, the border of which passed along the modern Boulevard Ring. In the old days, mainly artisans, merchants and archers of the regiments who guarded Moscow lived here. The White City was surrounded at the end of the 16th century by limestone walls with gate-towers. The walls were dismantled at the end of the 18th century, but some of the names remained: Nikitsky Gate Square, Petrovsky, Pokrovsky.

And, finally, the fourth "matryoshka" - Earthen City, the border of which passed along the modern Garden Ring. There were no stone walls here, but an earthen rampart reinforced with oak logs. Gates were made in the walls, about 100 towers were built. The most famous of them is the stone Sukharev Tower, erected by order of Peter I. Muscovites loved it very much, calling it "the bride of Ivan the Great" (the bell tower in the Kremlin). In 1934, the tower was demolished as "interfering with traffic". By the end of the 18th century, the fortifications of the Earthen City collapsed, they were demolished, and in 1816 a street was laid on the site of the rampart, planted with trees. This is how the Garden Ring was formed. The gardens were cut down in the 1930s, and the street names remind of their existence (and the rampart itself): Zemlyanoy Val, Koroviy Val, Sadovo-Spasskaya Street and others.

Why City Day in September?

If you guys think that they decided to celebrate the birthday of the city only recently, then you are mistaken. Back in the century before last, the 700th anniversary of Moscow was celebrated with not too magnificent, but still celebrations. And in 1947, when the capital was supposed to "knock" 800 years, it was decided to arrange a real holiday on this occasion. The time was far from joyful: only two years had passed since the end of the Great Patriotic War, Muscovites lived in poverty, and therefore every holiday was worth its weight in gold. So the authorities decided to please them. As you already know, Moscow's "birthday" is April 4th. But in 1947, everything in the country was done at the direction of the "great leader" Comrade Stalin. And he wrote: "Celebrate September 7th" - and he had to celebrate his birthday 5 months later than the calendar date! And then it became a tradition. So they celebrate City Day on the first Sunday of September.

On the eve of the celebration of the 800th anniversary of Moscow, it was decided to establish a jubilee medal with a portrait of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Almost 1.7 million people were awarded with it! And today, many families keep these medals earned by your grandparents through selfless labor or feats of arms. And in 1997, in honor of the 850th anniversary, another medal was minted, which was also awarded to more than a million Muscovites: builders and engineers, singers and musicians, poets and journalists writing about Moscow ... And who knows, maybe years will pass , you will become adults and respected people, and the medal minted for the 900th anniversary of Moscow will adorn your chest?