• 1. Coat of arms of His Serene Highness Prince Nicholas of Mingrelsky
• 2. Coat of arms of Prince Andrei Dadian-Mingrelsky
• 3. Coat of arms of Prince Casimir-Mikhail Gedroits
• 4. Coat of arms of Prince Alexander Barclay de Tolly-Weimarn, lieutenant general
• 5. Coat of arms of His Serene Highness Prince Nikolai Lopukhin-Demidov, Colonel
• 6. Coat of arms of Prince Ivan-Paul-Alexander Sapieha
• 7. Coat of arms of Prince Nikolai Odoevsky-Maslov, captain of the guard
• 8. Coat of Arms of the Counts of Tsukato
• 9. Coat of arms of the counts of Hutten-Czapski
• 10. Coat of arms of Count Pavel Kotzebue, adjutant general, cavalry general
• 11. Coat of arms of Count Nikolai Ivelich, Colonel
• 12. Coat of arms of Count Ewald Ungern-Sternberg
• 13. Coat of arms of Counts Kapnist
• 14. Coat of arms of Count Dmitry Mavros, Major General
• 15. Coat of arms of Count Pavel Ignatiev 1st, adjutant general, cavalry general
• 16. Coat of arms of Count Mikhail Loris-Melikov, adjutant general, cavalry general
• 17. Coat of arms of Count Vladimir Vasilyev-Shilovsky
• 18. Coat of arms of the Barons Stal von Holstein
• 19. Coat of arms of Baron Mikhail Bode-Kolychev, Privy Councilor
• 20. Coat of arms of Prince Tenishev, princes of the Tatars
• 21. Coat of arms of Prince Bayushev, retired staff captain; Tatar princes
• 22. Coat of arms of Count Mionchinsky, who has the title of Count of the Roman Empire
• 23. Coat of arms of the Yepanchins
• 24. Coat of arms of Podberesko, Major
• 25. Coat of arms of Izmalkov, collegiate secretary
• 26. Coat of arms of Rudnitsky
• 27. Coat of arms of Tarasov
• 28. Coat of arms of Gorlov, real state councilor
• 29. Coat of arms of Balashev, ancestor Mamon Andreev owned an immovable estate in 1652
• 30. Coat of arms of Vasilevsky, collegiate adviser
• 31. Coat of arms of Paltov
• 32. Coat of arms of Shimansky, collegiate secretary
• 33. Coat of arms of Telyakovsky
• 34. Coat of arms of Ivan Vasyanov, real state councilor
• 35. Coat of arms of Korvin-Krukovsky, court adviser
• 36. Coat of arms of Seleznev, retired staff captain
• 37. Coat of arms of Zhukovsky, senator, lieutenant general
• 38. Coat of arms of Bukreev, State Councilor
• 39. Coat of arms of the Lishins
• 40. Coat of arms of Kaniovsky
• 41. Coat of arms of Malam, provincial secretary
• 42. Coat of arms of Makoveev, major
• 43. Coat of arms of Markevichi
• 44. Coat of arms of Miodushevsky, real state councilor
• 45. Coat of arms of Viridarsky, State Councilor
• 46. ​​Coat of arms of the Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Tolstoy
• 47. The coat of arms of the Ushakovs, the combined coat of arms, located in the VIII, IX and X parts of the Heraldry of the coats of arms of the two branches of the Ushakov family
• 48. Coat of arms of the Galkins-Vraskas
• 49. Coat of arms of Mazarakia-Deboltsev, retired colonel
• 50. Coat of arms of Dmitry Shubin-Pozdeev, Privy Councilor
• 51. Coat of arms of Nikolai Buda-Zhemchuzhnikov, retired titular adviser
• 52. Coat of arms of von Tischendorf
• 53. Coat of arms of Akim Mikhailov Serebryakov, St. Petersburg 2nd guild merchant
• 54. Coat of arms of Karl Miller, retired engineer-colonel
• 55. Coat of arms of Frisch
• 56. Coat of arms of Plaksin, lieutenant general
• 57. Coat of arms of Benediktov
• 58. Coat of arms of Stobeus
• 59. Coat of arms of Nemerovsky
• 60. Coat of arms of Zervanitsky
• 61. Coat of arms of Apollon Krivoshein, State Councilor
• 62. Coat of arms of Kurovsky
• 63. Coat of arms of Peter Merder, adjutant general, lieutenant general
• 64. Coat of arms of Mikhail and Nikolai Ivanov, colonels
• 65. Coat of arms of Pechnikov
• 66. Coat of arms of Pavel Demidov, Prince of San Donato, collegiate adviser
• 67. Coat of arms of Konstantin Bashkirtsev, lieutenant
• 68. Coat of arms of Akhverdov, senator, lieutenant general
• 69. Coat of arms of Dainese
• 70. Coat of arms of Alexei Ivanov Yakovlev, Colonel
• 71. Coat of arms of Otto Radlov, lieutenant
• 72. Arms of Gendre, Senator, Active Privy Councilor
• 73. Coat of arms of Becker
• 74. Coat of arms of the Solovyovs, Alexander Fedorov, court adviser, and family (included in the third part of the noble genealogy book of the Simbirsk province)
• 75. Coat of arms of Zashchuk, major
• 76. Coat of arms of Levkovets, collegiate adviser
• 77. Coat of arms of Fedor and Nikolai Voloshinov, second lieutenants
• 78. Coat of arms of Sylvansky, collegiate assessor
• 79. Coat of arms of Gasenwinkel, Privy Councilor, Senator
• 80. Coat of arms of Dyakonov, retired lieutenant commander
• 81. Coat of arms of Ertel, offspring of collegiate adviser Vasily Andreev
• 82. Coat of arms of Gendre, major general
• 83. Coat of arms of Voznesensky, major general
• 84. Coat of arms of Meingard, engineer, collegiate assessor
• 85. Coat of arms of Gunnius
• 86. Coat of arms of Xenophon Gevlich, Colonel
• 87. Coat of arms of Alekseevsky, court councilor
• 88. Coat of arms of Tsytovich, major general
• 89. Coat of arms of Mikwitz, major general
• 90. Coat of arms of von Derviz, real councilor of state
• 91. Coat of arms of Weisman
• 92. Coat of arms of Bezobrazov, titular councilor
• 93. Coat of arms of Georgy Sakhansky, artillery major general
• 94. Coat of arms of Norpe, collegiate councilor
• 95. Coat of arms of the Galkins
• 96. Coat of arms of Runov
• 97. Coat of arms of Karp Zaretsky, retired military foreman
• 98. Coat of arms of Kostand
• 99. Coat of arms of Strugovshchikov, Privy Councilor
• 100. Coat of arms of Boldyrev, major general
• 101. Coat of arms of Kizeritsky, court councilor
• 102. Coat of arms of Aksenov, real state councilor
• 103. Coat of arms of Bogolyubov, Privy Councilor
• 104. Coat of arms of Elenev, collegiate adviser
• 105. Coat of arms of Korsh
• 106. Coat of arms of Palazhchenko
• 107. Coat of arms of Erantsev, collegiate assessor
• 108. Coat of arms of Nikolay Emelyanov Lazarev, Court Councilor
• 109. Coat of arms of Gezen, real state councilor
• 110. Coat of arms of Kotlyarevsky, State Councilor
• 111. Coat of arms of Guber
• 112. Coat of arms of Solsky, Privy Councilor
• 113. Coat of arms of Sveshnikov, Rear Admiral
• 114. Coat of arms of von Berg, State Councilor
• 115. Coat of arms of Levestam
• 116. Coat of arms of von Hershelman, pastor
• 117. Coat of arms of Hedda, Senator, Privy Councilor
• 118. Coat of arms of Krol, real state councilor
• 119. Coat of arms of the Zhukovs, descendants of Yesaul Sidor Zhukov
• 120. Coat of arms of Matvey Ivanov Ivanov, State Councilor
• 121. Coat of arms of Bichele, collegiate councilor
• 122. Coat of arms of Voloshinsky, Major
• 123. Coat of arms of Rudakov, collegiate assessor
• 124. Coat of arms of the Belenitsyns
• 125. Coat of arms of Geschwend
• 126. Coat of arms of Ivan Ostroumov, real state councilor
• 127. Coat of arms of Vasily Stepanov, Privy Councilor
• 128. Coat of arms of Orlov, king of arms
• 129. Coat of arms of Grasse, Councilor of State
• 130. Coat of arms of Alexander Emelyanov Lazarev, Privy Councilor
• 131. Coat of arms of Ordin, real state councilor
• 132. Coat of arms of Merezhkovsky, real state councilor
• 133. Coat of arms of Kamenetsky, State Councilor
• 134. Coat of arms of Bloom
• 135. Coat of arms of Moritz Ilyin Michelson, State Councilor, and son of Alexei
• 136. Coat of arms of Haken
• 137. Coat of arms of Reimers, real councilor of state
• 138. Coat of arms of Scriabin, Colonel
• 139. Coat of arms of Berezin, lieutenant commander
• 140. Coat of arms of Koshlyakov
• 141. Coat of arms of Gausman, major general
• 142. Coat of arms of Hanover, titular councilor
• 143. Coat of arms of Geppener, State Councilor
• 144. Coat of arms of Herman Conradi, collegiate councilor
• 145. Coat of arms of Osipov, State Councilor
• 146. Coat of arms of Lemm, real state councilor
• 147. Coat of arms of Birin, colonel
• 148. Coat of arms of Lozinsky, State Councilor
• 149. Coat of arms of Peretz, Secretary of State, Privy Councilor
• 150. Coat of arms of Andrei Kister, real state councilor
• 151. Coat of arms of Bragin, court adviser
• 152. Coat of arms of Romanchenko, collegiate assessor
• 153. Coat of arms of Lutskevich, State Councilor
• 154. Coat of arms of Regel, real state councilor
• 155. Coat of arms of Andoga, collegiate assessor
• 156. Coat of arms of Kantemirov, State Councilor
• 157. Coat of arms of Lorberg, State Councilor
• 158. Coat of arms of Kononov, major
• 159. Coat of arms of Goering, lieutenant colonel
• 160. Coat of arms of Heinrich Tetzner, lieutenant colonel
• 161. Coat of arms of Zelensky, State Councilor
• 162. Coat of arms of Stepan Denkovsky, major general
• 163. Coat of arms of Stukkei, real councilor of state
• 164. Coat of arms of Brunst, engineer-colonel
• 165. Coat of arms of Alexander Nikolaev Salkov, real state councilor
• 166. Coat of arms of Peter Palimpsestov, real state councilor
• 167. Coat of arms of Berens, collegiate assessor
• 168. Coat of arms of Bruni, collegiate councilor
• 169. Coat of arms of Ernest-Gotlieb-Julius Schroeder, MD, State Councilor
• 170. Coat of arms of Mikhail Remizov, real state councilor
• 171. Coat of arms of Petrov, archpriest
• 172. Coat of arms of Vasily Vasilyev Sutugin, MD, collegiate adviser
• 173. Coat of arms of Galatov, lieutenant colonel
• 174. Coat of arms of Devien, real councilor of state
• 175. Coat of arms of Stepan Yegorov, State Councilor
• 176. Coat of arms of Alexander Oppenheim, State Councilor
• 177. Coat of arms of Pekarsky, real state councilor
• 178. Coat of arms of Nikolai Nikolaev Sokolov, titular adviser
• 179. Coat of arms of Kurbatov, collegiate assessor
• 180. Coat of arms of Eduard von Schulz, State Councilor
• 181. Coat of arms of Edward Frankenstein, Court Councilor
• 182. Coat of arms of Makulec, court councilor
• 183. Coat of arms of Fyodor Gotvikh, State Councilor
• 184. Coat of arms of Alexei Yuriev, provincial secretary
• 185. Coat of arms of Mikhail Pobedimov, State Councilor
• 186. Arms of Bedo, Colonel

First provinces appeared in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century. December 18, 1708 Peter I signed a Decree on the division of the country into provinces: "The Great Sovereign indicated ... for the benefit of the whole people, create provinces and paint cities for them." Since that time, these higher units of administrative division and local government in Russia began to exist.

The immediate cause of the reform of 1708 was the need to change the system of financing and food and material support for the army (land regiments, garrisons of fortresses, artillery and fleet were "painted" by provinces and received money and provisions through special commissars). Initially, there were 8 provinces, then their number increased to 23.

In 1775 Catherine II government reform was carried out. In the preface" Institutions for the administration of the provinces of the All-Russian Empire"The following was noted:"... due to the great vastness of some provinces, they are insufficiently equipped, both with governments and with people necessary to manage ... ". The new division into provinces was based on a statistical principle - the population of the province was limited to 300 - 400 thousand revision souls (20 - 30 thousand per county). As a result, instead of 23 provinces, 50 were created. " institution"provided for the sectoral construction of local bodies, the creation on the ground of an extensive network of administrative-police, judicial and financial-economic institutions, which were subject to general supervision and management by the heads of the local administration. Almost all local institutions had a "general presence" - a collegiate body in which several officials (advisors and assessors) met.Among these institutions were: the provincial government, in which the governor-general (or "viceroy"), the governor (this position was retained, but sometimes he was called the "ruler of the viceroy") and two advisers; chamber (the main financial and economic body, headed by the vice-governor or, as he was sometimes called, "ruler's lieutenant"); criminal chamber; civil chamber; order of public charity (issues of education, health protection, etc. were resolved here), and some others.The provinces with the new administrative apparatus were called governorships, although along with the term "governorship" in the legislation and office work of that time, the term "province" was preserved.

Viceroys, in contrast to the former governors, had even broader powers and greater independence. They could be present in the Senate with the right to vote on a par with senators. Their rights were limited only by the empress and the Council at the imperial court. The governors and their apparatus were not at all subordinate to the collegiums. The dismissal and appointment of local officials depended on their will (except for the ranks of the vicegerent government and prosecutorial ranks). " institution"provided the governor-general not only with great power, but also with honor: he had an escort, adjutants and, in addition, a personal retinue consisting of young noblemen of the province (one from each county). Often the power of the governor-general extended to several governorships At the end of the 18th century, the positions of governors (governors-general) and the governorships themselves were abolished, and the leadership of the provinces was again concentrated in the hands of the governors.

The provisional government, which came to power in early March 1917, retained the entire system of provincial institutions, only the governors were replaced by provincial commissars. But in parallel, the system of Soviets had already arisen and existed. The October Revolution preserved the division into provinces, but liquidated the entire old provincial apparatus. Finally, the division into provinces disappeared in the 30s of the XX century.

How one of the main symbols of Russia changed in the 18th century

The history of the coat of arms of Russia dates back to the end of the 15th century, during the reign of Ivan III, when for the first time the image of a double-headed eagle appeared on the seal of the sovereign. It was this emblem that became the main element of the coat of arms, which has undergone various changes over time.

By the beginning of the 18th century, the state emblem of Russia was a double-headed eagle with open and raised wings, crowned with three crowns, with a scepter and orb in its paws and a shield with the image of a snake-hunting horseman on its chest (the symbols surrounding the eagle on state seals of the second half of the 17th century were worn in part " facultative "character and in the XVIII century are not traced).

The Petrine era introduced several significant changes to the appearance of the state emblem, which was associated with obvious Western European influence.

Firstly, on the state seals of the time of Peter the Great, at least since the 1710s, an image of the chain of the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called appeared - the highest award in Russia, established by Peter I after returning from a trip to Europe as part of the Great Embassy. This chain could cover both the entire shield with the state emblem, and the central shield with the image of a horseman. The second option eventually settled down and was subsequently officially approved.

The Order of St. Andrew the First-Called was the only order of the Russian Empire that had a neck chain. The Apostle Andrew the First-Called was of great importance for Peter not only as the patron of Russia (according to the legend recorded in The Tale of Bygone Years), but also as the patron of sailors and navigation. The introduction of the sign of the highest state order strengthened the status of the state emblem and established parallels with the tradition of Western European state heraldry.

Secondly, also since the 1710s, on state seals, crowns over the heads of an eagle, instead of the former royal crowns, take the form of Western European crowns of the imperial type - from two hemispheres with a hoop in the middle. This, apparently, emphasized the imperial status of the Russian kingdom, officially approved in 1721 after the end of the Northern War.

Thirdly, also from the 1710s, images of six main title coats of arms - Kyiv, Vladimir, Novgorod, the kingdoms of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia began to be placed on seals on the wings of an eagle. This innovation also finds parallels in European heraldry, including the state heraldry of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. Subsequently, this tradition was fixed in the Russian state heraldry (although the composition of the title emblems changed in the 19th century).

Fourthly, starting from the 1710s, the idea of ​​​​a snake fighter rider as St. George the Victorious has been formed (including by Peter I himself). This conjugation was explained by the proximity of the iconographic types of images of the horseman and St. George the Victorious and the departure from the previous, secular-cratological interpretation of the serpent fighter of the 16th-17th centuries.

After the creation in 1722 of the King of Arms Office - an official body that dealt with, among other things, issues of official heraldry, the first professional heraldist in Russia, Count F. M. Santi, developed a new draft of the state emblem, in accordance with which the coat of arms was approved by Catherine I's decree on the state seal dated March 11, 1726. The description of the coat of arms was as follows: "A black eagle with outstretched wings, in a yellow field, in it a rider in a red field."

Thus, the color scheme of the Russian emblem was determined - a black eagle in a golden field - like a double-headed eagle in the state emblem of the Holy Roman Empire.

The Russian Empire in heraldic terms became on a par with the leading state of the then Europe and to some extent entered into a “dialogue” with it about the imperial heritage in general. The image of a rider-serpent fighter as St. George the Victorious was recognized as the Moscow coat of arms in 1730. The approval of this coat of arms took place already under Catherine II in 1781: "Saint George on a horse, in a red field, striking with a copy of a black serpent."

In the second half of the 1730s, the Swiss engraver I.K. Gedlinger, who worked in Russia, created a new state seal, which was used throughout the 18th century. It contains a very picturesque image of a double-headed eagle with raised wings and heads, the chain of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called covers the shield with the Moscow coat of arms, and around the eagle there are six shields with the main title emblems.

In the future, until the beginning of the reign of Paul I, no changes occurred in the Russian state emblem.

Paul I, being fascinated by knightly themes, had a huge impact on the development of heraldry in Russia, trying to turn it into a coherent and logical system.

As you know, already at the beginning of his reign, he accepted the title of protector, and then grand master (grand master) of the Order of Malta - the Order of St. John in Jerusalem of the Knights of Rhodes and Malta (in Russian literature, the wrong name of this order was established - St. John of Jerusalem). This status was also reflected in the state emblem.

August 10, 1799 the white eight-pointed Maltese cross and the crown of the Master of the Order of Malta were introduced into the new version of the coat of arms. The crown was placed above the shield with St. George the Victorious (the Moscow coat of arms), which, in turn, hung on the St. Andrew's ribbon on the chest of the double-headed eagle and was superimposed on the Maltese cross.

December 16, 1800 Paul I approved the "Manifesto on the Complete Coat of Arms of the All-Russian Empire", which was a complex heraldic composition, probably created on the model of the Prussian state emblem. One of the features of this new version of the emblem was the unification of all the title emblems of the Russian Empire in it, including almost fifty. However, this coat of arms remained a project without being put into use. After the accession to the throne of Alexander I, the state heraldry of Russia was returned to the form that it had before 1796.

29.06.11 18:14

15th century

The reign of Grand Duke Ivan III (1462-1505) is the most important stage in the formation of a unified Russian state. Ivan III managed to finally eliminate dependence on the Golden Horde, repelling the campaign of Khan Akhmat against Moscow in 1480. The Grand Duchy of Moscow included Yaroslavl, Novgorod, Tver, Perm lands. The country began to actively develop ties with other European states, its foreign policy position strengthened. In 1497, the all-Russian Sudebnik was adopted - a single code of laws of the country.
It was at this time - the time of the successful construction of Russian statehood - that the double-headed eagle became the coat of arms of Russia, personifying supreme power, independence, what was called "autocracy" in Rus'. It happened like this: the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III married the Byzantine princess Sophia Paleolog and, in order to increase his authority in relations with foreign states, he takes the family emblem of the Byzantine kings - the Double-headed Eagle. The double-headed eagle of Byzantium personified the Roman-Byzantine Empire, covering East and West (Fig. 1). Emperor Maximilian II, however, did not give Sophia his Imperial eagle, the eagle depicted on the banner of Sophia Paleologus had not an Imperial, but only a Caesar's crown (Fig. 2).

However, the opportunity to become equal with all European sovereigns prompted Ivan III to adopt this coat of arms as the heraldic symbol of his state. Having turned from the Grand Duke into the Tsar of Moscow and taking a new coat of arms for his state - the Double-headed Eagle, Ivan III in 1472 puts Caesar's crowns on both heads (Fig. 3), at the same time a shield with the image of the icon of St. George the Victorious appears on the eagle's chest. In 1480 the Tsar of Moscow became Autocrat, i.e. independent and independent. This circumstance is reflected in the modification of the Eagle, a sword and an Orthodox cross appear in its paws (Fig. 4).

The collapsed Byzantine Empire makes the Russian Eagle the successor of the Byzantine one and the son of Ivan III, Vasily III (1505-1533) puts on both heads of the Eagle one common autocratic Cap of Monomakh (Fig. 5). After the death of Vasily III, because. his heir Ivan IV, who later received the name Grozny, was still small, the regency of his mother Elena Glinskaya (1533-1538) comes, and the actual autocracy of the boyars Shuisky, Belsky (1538-1548). And here the Russian Eagle undergoes a very comic modification (Fig. 6).

Mid 16th century

Ivan IV turns 16 years old, and he is crowned king and immediately the Eagle undergoes a very significant change (Fig. 7), as if personifying the entire era of the reign of Ivan the Terrible (1548-1574, 1576-1584). But during the reign of Ivan the Terrible there was a period when he renounced the Kingdom and retired to a monastery, handing over the reins of government to Semyon Bekbulatovich Kasimovsky (1574-1576), and in fact to the boyars. And the Eagle reacted to the events with another change (Figure 8).

The return of Ivan the Terrible to the throne causes the appearance of a new Eagle (Fig. 9), the heads of which are crowned with a single, common crown of a clearly Western pattern. But that's not all, on the chest of the Eagle, instead of the icon of St. George the Victorious, the image of the Unicorn appears. Why? This can only be guessed at. True, in fairness it should be noted that this Eagle was quickly canceled by Ivan the Terrible.

Late 16th - early 17th century

During the reign of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich “Blessed” (1584-1587), a sign of the Passion of Christ appears between the crowned heads of a double-headed eagle: the so-called Calvary cross. The cross on the state seal was a symbol of Orthodoxy, giving a religious coloring to the coat of arms of the state. The appearance of the "Golgotha ​​cross" in the coat of arms of Russia coincides with the time of the establishment in 1589 of the patriarchate and church independence of Russia. Another coat of arms of Fyodor Ivanovich is also known, which is somewhat different from the above (Fig. 10).
In the 17th century, the Orthodox cross was often depicted on Russian banners. The banners of foreign regiments that were part of the Russian army had their own emblems and inscriptions; however, an Orthodox cross was also placed on them, which indicated that the regiment fighting under this banner served the Orthodox sovereign. Until the middle of the 17th century, a seal was widely used, on which a two-headed eagle with a rider on its chest was crowned with two crowns, and an Orthodox eight-pointed cross rises between the heads of the eagle.

Boris Godunov (1587-1605), who replaced Fyodor Ivanovich, could have been the founder of a new dynasty. His occupation of the throne was completely legal, but popular rumor did not want to see him as a legitimate Tsar, considering him a regicide. And the Eagle (Figure 11) reflects this public opinion.

The enemies of Rus' took advantage of the Troubles, and the appearance of False Dmitry (1605-1606) under these conditions was quite natural, as was the appearance of the new Eagle (Fig. 12). I must say that some of the seals depicted another, clearly not a Russian Eagle (Fig. 13). Here, events also left their mark on the Orel, and in connection with the Polish occupation, the Orel becomes very similar to the Polish one, differing, perhaps, in a two-headed one.

A shaky attempt to establish a new dynasty in the person of Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610), the painters from the command hut reflected in Orel deprived of all sovereign attributes (Fig. 14) and, as if in mockery, either a flower or a cone will grow from the place of fusion of heads. Russian history says very little about Tsar Vladislav I Sigismundovich (1610-1612), however, he was not crowned in Rus', but he issued decrees, his image was minted on coins, and the Russian State Eagle had its own forms (Fig. 15). And for the first time, the Scepter appears in the paw of the Eagle. The short and essentially fictitious reign of this king actually put an end to the Troubles.

17th century

The Time of Troubles ended, Russia repulsed the claims to the throne of the Polish and Swedish dynasties. Numerous impostors were defeated, the uprisings blazing in the country were suppressed. Since 1613, by decision of the Zemsky Sobor, the Romanov dynasty began to rule in Russia. Under the first tsar of this dynasty - Mikhail Fedorovich (1613-1645), nicknamed by the people "The Quietest" - the State Emblem changes somewhat (Fig. 16). In 1625, for the first time, a double-headed eagle is depicted under three crowns, George the Victorious returned on his chest, but not in the form of an icon, in the form of a shield. Also , on the icons George the Victorious always galloped from left to right, i.e. from west to east towards the eternal enemies - the Mongol-Tatars. Now the enemy was in the west, the Polish gangs and the Roman curia did not give up their hopes to bring Rus' to the Catholic faith.

In 1645, under the son of Mikhail Fedorovich - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - the first Great State Seal appeared, on which a two-headed eagle with a rider on his chest was crowned with three crowns. Since that time, this type of image has been constantly used.
The next stage in the change of the State Emblem came after the Pereyaslav Rada, the entry of Ukraine into the Russian state. At the celebrations on this occasion, a new, unprecedented three-headed Eagle appears (Fig. 17), which was supposed to symbolize the new title of the Russian Tsar : "All Great and Small, and White Rus' Tsar, Sovereign and Autocrat".

To the charter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Bogdan Khmelnitsky and his descendants on the city of Gadyach dated March 27, 1654, a seal was attached, on which for the first time a two-headed eagle under three crowns is depicted holding symbols of power in its claws: a scepter and an orb.
In contrast to the Byzantine model, and possibly under the influence of the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire, the double-headed eagle began to be depicted with raised wings starting from 1654.
In 1654, a forged double-headed eagle was installed on the spire of the Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin.
In 1663, for the first time in Russian history, the Bible, the main book of Christianity, came out from under the printing press in Moscow. It is no coincidence that the State Emblem of Russia was depicted in it and its poetic "explanation" was given:

The eastern eagle shines with three crowns,
Faith, hope, love for God shows,
The krill is extended, embraces all the worlds of the end,
North, south, from east to sunset
He covers well with outstretched wings.

In 1667, after a long war between Russia and Poland over Ukraine, the Andrusovo truce was concluded. To seal this treaty, a Great Seal was made with a double-headed eagle under three crowns, with a shield with a rider on the chest, with a scepter and an orb in its paws.
In the same year, the first Decree in the history of Russia dated December 14 "On the royal title and on the state seal" appeared, which contained an official description of the coat of arms: "The double-headed eagle is the coat of arms of the sovereign Grand Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All Great and Small and White Russia, the autocrat, His Tsarist Majesty of the Russian reign, on which three crowns are depicted signifying the three great Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberian glorious kingdoms.On the Persians (chest) is the image of the heir; in the pasnokts (claws) is a scepter and an apple, and shows the most merciful Sovereign, His Royal Majesty Autocrat and Possessor".

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich dies and the short and unremarkable reign of his son Fyodor Alekseevich (1676-1682) begins. The three-headed Eagle is replaced by the old two-headed Eagle, and at the same time does not reflect anything new. After a short struggle with the boyar choice for the kingdom of the young Peter, with the regency of his mother Natalya Kirillovna, the second tsar, the weak and limited John, is elevated to the throne. And behind the double royal throne stands Princess Sophia (1682-1689). The actual reign of Sophia brought to life a new Eagle (Fig. 18). However, he did not last long. After a new outbreak of unrest - the Streltsy rebellion, a new Eagle appears (Fig. 19). Moreover, the old Eagle does not disappear, and both of them exist for some time in parallel.

In the end, Sophia, having been defeated, goes to the monastery, and in 1696 Tsar John V also dies, the throne goes solely to Peter I Alekseevich "The Great" (1689-1725).

Early 18th century

In 1696, Tsar John V also died, the throne goes solely to Peter I Alekseevich "The Great" (1689-1725). And almost immediately the State Emblem dramatically changes its shape (Fig. 20). The era of great transformations begins. The capital is transferred to St. Petersburg and Orel acquires new attributes (Fig. 21). Crowns appear on the heads under one common larger one, and on the chest there is an order chain of the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called. This order, approved by Peter in 1798, became the first in the system of the highest state awards in Russia. The Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, one of the heavenly patrons of Peter Alekseevich, was declared the patron saint of Russia.
The blue oblique St. Andrew's Cross becomes the main element of the sign of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and the symbol of the Russian Navy. Since 1699, images of a double-headed eagle surrounded by a chain with the sign of the St. Andrew's Order have been found. And next year, the St. Andrew's Order is placed on an eagle, around a shield with a rider.
From the first quarter of the 18th century, the colors of the double-headed eagle were brown (natural) or black.
It is also important to mention one more Eagle (Fig. 21a), which Peter painted as a boy for the banner of the Amusing Regiment. This Eagle had only one paw for: "Whoever has only one land army has one hand, but whoever has a fleet has two hands."

Mid 18th century

In the short reign of Catherine I (1725-1727), the Eagle (Fig. 22) again changes its forms, the ironic nickname "Queen of the Swamp" went everywhere and, accordingly, the Eagle simply could not help but change. However, this Eagle lasted a very short time. Menshikov drew attention to it and ordered to withdraw it from use, and by the day of the coronation of the Empress, a new Eagle appeared (Fig. 23). By decree of Empress Catherine I of March 11, 1726, the description of the coat of arms was fixed: "A black eagle with outstretched wings, in a yellow field, on it is a rider in a red field."
After the death of Catherine I in the short reign of Peter II (1727-1730) - the grandson of Peter I, the Eagle remained practically unchanged (Fig. 24).

However, the reign of Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740) and Ivan VI (1740-1741) - the great-grandson of Peter I, does not cause almost any change in the Eagle (Fig. 25), with the exception of an exorbitantly elongated body. However, the accession to the throne of Empress Elizabeth (1740-1761) entails a radical change in the Eagle (Fig. 26). Nothing remains of the imperial power, and George the Victorious is replaced by a cross (moreover, not Orthodox). The humiliating period of Russia added the humiliating Eagle.

The Eagle did not react in any way to the very short and extremely insulting reign of Peter III (1761-1762) for the Russian people. In 1762, Catherine II "The Great" (1762-1796) came to the throne and the Eagle changed, acquiring powerful and grandiose forms (Fig. 27). In the minting of coins of this reign there were many arbitrary forms of the coat of arms. The most interesting form is the Eagle (Fig. 27a), which appeared during the time of Pugachev with a huge and not quite familiar crown.

1799 - 1801

The eagle (Fig. 28) of Emperor Paul I (1796-1801) appeared long before the death of Catherine II, as if in opposition to her Eagle, to distinguish the Gatchina battalions from the entire Russian Army, to be worn on buttons, badges and headdresses. Finally, he appears on the standard of the Tsarevich himself. This Eagle is created by Paul himself.
During the short reign of Emperor Paul I (1796-1801), Russia pursued an active foreign policy, faced with a new enemy for itself - Napoleonic France. After the French troops occupied the Mediterranean island of Malta, Paul I took the Order of Malta under his protection, becoming the grand master of the order. On August 10, 1799, Paul I signed a decree on the inclusion of the Maltese cross and crown in the state emblem (Fig. 28a). On the chest of the eagle, under the Maltese crown, there was a shield with St. George (Paul interpreted it as the "root coat of arms of Russia") superimposed on the Maltese cross.
Paul I made an attempt to introduce the full coat of arms of the Russian Empire. On December 16, 1800, he signed the Manifesto, which described this complex project. Forty-three coats of arms were placed in the multi-field shield and on nine small shields. In the center was the coat of arms described above in the form of a double-headed eagle with a Maltese cross, larger than the rest. The shield with coats of arms is superimposed on the Maltese cross, and under it the sign of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called again appeared. The supporters, the archangels Michael and Gabriel, support the imperial crown over the knight's helmet and mantle (cloak). The whole composition is placed against the background of a canopy with a dome - the heraldic symbol of sovereignty. Two standards with two-headed and one-headed eagles emerge from behind the shield with coats of arms. This project has not been finalized.

1st half of the 19th century

As a result of a Masonic conspiracy, on March 11, 1801, Paul fell at the hands of palace regicides. The young Emperor Alexander I "Blessed" (1801-1825) takes the throne. By the day of his coronation, a new Eagle appears (Fig. 29), already without the Maltese emblems, but, in fact, this Eagle is quite close to the former one. The victory over Napoleon and almost complete control over all processes in Europe causes the emergence of a new Eagle (Fig. 30). He had one crown, the wings of an eagle were depicted lowered (straightened), and in the paws not the traditional scepter and orb, but a wreath, lightning bolts (peruns) and a torch.

In 1825, Alexander I (according to the official version) dies in Taganrog and Emperor Nicholas I (1825-1855), strong-willed and aware of his duty to Russia, takes the throne. Nicholas contributed to the powerful, spiritual and cultural revival of Russia. This revealed a new Eagle (Fig. 31), which changed somewhat over time (Fig. 31a), but still carried all the same strict forms.

Mid 19th century

In 1855-1857, during the heraldic reform, which was carried out under the leadership of Baron B.Kene, the type of the state eagle was changed under the influence of German designs. The drawing of the Small Coat of Arms of Russia, executed by Alexander Fadeev, was approved by the highest on December 8, 1856. This version of the coat of arms differed from the previous ones not only in the image of an eagle, but also in the number of "title" coats of arms on the wings. On the right were shields with the emblems of Kazan, Poland, Tauric Chersonesos and the combined emblem of the Grand Duchies (Kyiv, Vladimir, Novgorod), on the left - shields with the emblems of Astrakhan, Siberia, Georgia, Finland.
On April 11, 1857, the Supreme approval of the entire set of state emblems followed. It included: Large, Medium and Small, coats of arms of members of the imperial family, as well as "titular" coats of arms. At the same time, drawings of the Large, Medium and Small state seals, arks (cases) for seals, as well as seals of the main and lower government places and persons were approved. In total, one act approved one hundred and ten drawings lithographed by A. Beggrov. On May 31, 1857, the Senate published a Decree describing the new emblems and the norms for their use.
Also known is another Eagle of Emperor Alexander II (1855-1881), where the gleam of gold returns to the Eagle again (Fig. 32). The scepter and orb are replaced by a torch and a wreath. In the course of his reign, the wreath and torch are replaced several times by the scepter and orb, and several times they return again.

Big State Emblem, 1882

On July 24, 1882, Emperor Alexander III approved the drawing of the Great Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire in Peterhof, on which the composition was preserved, but the details were changed, in particular the figures of the archangels. In addition, the imperial crowns began to be depicted like real diamond crowns used during the coronation.
The large Russian state emblem, approved by the Highest on November 3, 1882, is in a golden shield a black double-headed eagle crowned with two imperial crowns, above which is the same, but larger, crown, with two fluttering ends of the St. Andrew's Order ribbon. The state eagle holds a golden scepter and orb. On the chest of the eagle is the coat of arms of Moscow. The shield is crowned with the helmet of the Holy Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky. The namet is black with gold. Around the shield is the chain of the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called; on the sides of the image of the saints Archangel Michael and Archangel Gabriel. The canopy is golden, crowned with the imperial crown, dotted with Russian eagles and lined with ermine. On it is a scarlet inscription: God is with us! Above the canopy is the state banner, with an eight-pointed cross on the staff.

Small State Emblem, 1883-1917

On February 23, 1883, the Middle and two variants of the Small Coat of Arms were approved. In January 1895, the imperial order was given to leave unchanged the drawing of the state eagle, made by Academician A. Charlemagne.
The most recent act - "Basic Provisions of the State Structure of the Russian Empire" of 1906 - confirmed all previous legal provisions regarding the State Emblem, but with all the strict contours it is the most elegant.

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For the first time, tribal noble coats of arms appear in Russia at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries. The fashion for noble coats of arms came from Poland, with which ties were the closest. Not having their own coats of arms, many Russian nobles borrowed the Polish family coats of arms with virtually no changes. Peter I, himself an ardent supporter of Western culture, however, believed that Western models were adopted too literally and it was necessary to introduce coats of arms into a strict legal framework. But Peter did not manage to put things in order in the heraldry of the nobility, because only in 1722 was the position of King of Arms established and with it the King of Arms office, which was called upon to deal with the estate affairs of the nobility. But, nevertheless, Peter for the first time in Russia introduced honorary titles, diplomas (or letters of commendation), which were issued with coats of arms. The first Russian Field Marshal Boris Petrovich Sheremetev was granted the title of count for the first time, and Chancellor Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin received the first diploma for count dignity with a coat of arms.

12) Rarities of genealogy: "The Case of Coats of Arms"

“The Case of the Coats of Arms” is the name officially fixed in historiography for a collection of materials of a genealogical and act nature. The compilation dates back to the 30s of the 18th century, when the Russian heraldry began to systematize materials on the coat of arms of the Russian nobles. Diplomas of various noble families were requested, checked for originality, and systematized. This was the first unfinished attempt to create a Russian coat of arms, which combines information about the first noble coats of arms with official genealogical documents.

13) Rarities of genealogy: Noble diplomas.

Diploma (from the Greek diploo - I double):

1) a public legal document from an authority;

2) in Russia since the beginning of the 18th century - an act in which the bearer of the highest state power exercises his nobilitation prerogatives in relation to a particular person.

In Russia, the first group of diplomas was issued in 1707-1710 under Peter I. In practice, historians deal with diplomas for nobility, for the titles of baron, count, prince, and most illustrious prince. In most cases, the coat of arms was assigned to the recipient of the diploma.

Diplomas were needed in order to emphasize the equality of Russia with other European powers. Peter's modernization led to the formation of imperial traditions (provinces, colleges, the Senate Peter created in Russia in the image and likeness of Sweden).

The main idea of ​​Peter is service to the state (before Peter there was localism). Under Peter I, not only nobles were awarded diplomas, but also people of non-noble origin.

Diplomas were given to the nobles not by chance, they were the only group that bought the peasants. The practice of issuing diplomas confirmed the ownership of land by peasants.

By the end of the 18th century, diplomas finally lose their significance.

14. Rarities of genealogy: Table of ranks. Table of ranks, the law on the order of public service in the Russian Empire (the ratio of ranks by seniority, the sequence of ranks). Approved on January 24, 1722 by Emperor Peter I, who actively participated in its preparation. Initially, the law consisted of the actual Table (table) of ranks and 18 "Points" (articles) that explained the Table and established penalties for its violation. Gradually, the need for "Points" disappeared and in the 19th century. they were not included in the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. The need to establish a system of ranks was caused by the transformations of Peter I, as a result of which the number of posts and ranks in the army and the state apparatus increased dramatically. Military ranks of the Western European type appeared in Russia in the second half of the 17th century in the "regiments of the new system", and their system was enshrined in the Military Regulations of 1716 (see Military ranks). Until 1722, traditional Russian ranks continued to exist at the royal court and in civil state institutions (boyars, roundabouts, duma nobles, duma clerks, etc.). According to T. about river. existing military ranks remained and many new civil and court ranks were introduced. All of them were divided into 14 classes (class ranks), the highest was the 1st class. According to the Table, all ranks were divided into 3 types: military, civil (civil) and court. Military ranks consisted of 4 ranks (land, guard, artillery and naval) and were declared higher than their respective civil and court ranks. The ranks in the guard were a class higher than other military ranks. The chinoproizvodstvo was established strictly in order of increasing classes and seniority in obtaining the next rank. In T. about river. non-commissioned officers and lower civil servants (copyists, clerks, clerks, couriers, etc.) were not included. Persons of non-noble origin after production in the 14th class received personal, and in the 8th (for the military in the 14th) - hereditary nobility. Initially, in addition to the actual ranks, many different positions were included in the Table (the total number of ranks and positions is 262). So, among the civil servants in the 3rd grade there was a prosecutor general, in the 4th - the presidents of the collegiums, in the 5th - vice-presidents of the collegiums, in the 6th - presidents in court courts, etc. In the 9th m class were listed as "professors at the Academies" and "doctors of all faculties that are acquired in the service." At the end of the 18th century positions from T. about r. were excluded or turned into ranks (primarily courtiers). The class of individual ranks has been changed. At the beginning of the 19th century the ranks of the 11th and 13th classes ceased to be used and, as it were, merged with the ranks of the 12th and 14th classes, respectively. Professors of higher educational institutions, members of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Arts also had ranks. Persons who graduated from universities and other higher educational institutions, upon entering the civil service, received the ranks of 12-8th grades. With T.'s introduction about river. registration of officials by seniority was organized in the King of Arms office of the Senate, which in the late 18th - early 19th centuries. published lists of persons with class ranks. From the middle of the 19th century lists of persons holding civil ranks of the first four classes were systematically published. Obtaining one or another rank of T. about r. gave them the right to be appointed to the respective positions. So, in the middle of the 19th century. the post of minister was usually occupied by the ranks of the 2nd class, the deputy minister and director of the department - the 3rd, the governor - the 4th, the vice director and vice-governor - the 5th, the head of the department - the 6th class, the clerk - the 7th go, etc. Persons who had civil ranks could simultaneously have courtiers. After T.'s appearance about river. a system of titles began to take shape, that is, a special appeal to persons with ranks. The ranks of the 1st and 2nd classes had the title "High Excellency", the 3rd and 4th - "Excellence", the 5th - "High Nobility", the 6-8th - "High Nobility", the 9-14th - "nobility". Persons who had ranks that did not give nobility, from 1832 received the rights of honorary citizens. The law of December 9, 1856 determined the receipt of hereditary nobility only from the 4th (for the military from the 6th), personal - from the 9th class. T. o r. created an incentive for the service of officials, provided some opportunity for promotion for people from unprivileged classes (T. about the river of civil ranks, see Art. Officialdom). It was abolished by decrees of the Soviet government of November 10 (23) and December 16 (29), 1917 on the destruction of civil, military and court ranks, estates and titles of pre-revolutionary Russia.