Emblems of the armed forces of the Russian Army XVIII-XX century. Coat of arms of the Russian Empire in the XVIII-XIX centuries Coat of arms of the Volyn province

Seal of Ivan III the Great

Each state has its own symbols that reflect its internal structure: power, territory, natural features and other priorities. One of the symbols of the state is the coat of arms.

The coat of arms of each country has its own history of creation. There are special rules for drawing up a coat of arms drawing, this is done by a special historical discipline of HERALDY, which developed back in the Middle Ages.

The history of the coat of arms of the Russian Empire is quite interesting and original.

Officially, Russian heraldry begins with the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (XVII century). But the forerunner of the emblem was the personal seals of the Russian tsars, so the primary sources of the Russian emblem should be sought in the 15th century, during the reign of Ivan III the Great. Initially, on the personal seal of Ivan III, George the Victorious was depicted, striking a snake with a spear - a symbol of Moscow and the Moscow principality. double-headed eagle was adopted on the state seal after the wedding in 1472 of Ivan III the Great with Sophia (Zoya) Palaiologos, the niece of the last emperor of Byzantium, Constantine Palaiologos. It symbolized the transfer of the heritage of the fallen Byzantium. But before Peter I, the Russian coat of arms was not subject to heraldic rules; Russian heraldry was developed precisely during his reign.

History of the coat of arms double-headed eagle

The eagle in the coat of arms originates from Byzantium. Later he appeared on the coat of arms of Rus'. The image of an eagle is used in the coats of arms of many countries of the world: Austria, Germany, Iraq, Spain, Mexico, Poland, Syria, USA. But the double-headed eagle is present only on the coats of arms of Albania and Serbia. The Russian double-headed eagle has undergone many changes since its appearance and formation as an element of the state emblem. Let's consider these steps.
As mentioned above, coats of arms appeared in Russia a long time ago, but they were only drawings on the seals of the kings, they did not obey heraldic rules. Due to the lack of chivalry in Rus', coats of arms were not very common.
Until the 16th century, Russia was a disparate state, so the state emblem of Russia was out of the question. But under Ivan III (1462-
1505) his seal acted as a coat of arms. On its front side there is a horseman piercing a snake with a spear, and on the reverse side there is a double-headed eagle.
The first known images of a double-headed eagle date back to the 13th century BC. - This is a rock image of a double-headed eagle grabbing two birds with one stone. This was the coat of arms of the Hittite kings.
The double-headed eagle was a symbol of the Median kingdom - an ancient power in the territory of Asia Minor under the Median king Cyaxares (625-585 BC). Then the double-headed eagle appeared on the emblems of Rome under Constantine the Great. After the foundation in 330 of the new capital - Constantinople - the double-headed eagle became the state emblem of the Roman Empire.
After the adoption of Christianity from Byzantium, Rus' began to experience a strong influence of Byzantine culture, Byzantine ideas. Along with Christianity, new political orders and relations began to penetrate Rus'. This influence especially intensified after the marriage of Sophia Paleolog and Ivan III. This marriage had important consequences for the monarchical power in Moscow. As a spouse, the Grand Duke of Moscow becomes the successor of the Byzantine emperor, who was considered the head of the entire Orthodox East. In relations with small neighboring lands, he already bears the title of Tsar of All Rus'. Another title, "autocrat", is a translation of the Byzantine imperial title autocrator; Initially, it meant the independence of the sovereign, but Ivan the Terrible gave it the meaning of the absolute, unlimited power of the monarch.
From the end of the 15th century, the Byzantine coat of arms appeared on the seals of the Moscow sovereign - a double-headed eagle, it is combined with the former Moscow coat of arms - the image of George the Victorious. Thus, Rus' confirmed the continuity from Byzantium.

From IvanIII to PetraI

Great State Seal of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich (the Terrible)

The development of the Russian emblem is inextricably linked with the history of Rus'. The eagle on the seals of John III was depicted with a closed beak and looked more like an eaglet. Russia of that time was still an eaglet, a young state. In the reign of Vasily III Ioannovich (1505-1533), the double-headed eagle is depicted already with open beaks, from which tongues protrude. At this time, Russia was strengthening its position: the monk Philotheus sent a message to Vasily III with his theory that "Moscow is the Third Rome."

In the reign of John IV Vasilyevich (1533-1584), Rus' won victories over the Astrakhan and Kazan kingdoms, annexed Siberia. The power of the Russian state is also reflected in its coat of arms: the double-headed eagle on the state seal is crowned with a single crown with an eight-pointed Orthodox cross above it. Front side of the seal: on the chest of the eagle there is a carved German shield with a unicorn - the personal sign of the king. All symbols in the personal symbolism of John IV are taken from the Psalter. Reverse side of the seal: on the chest of the eagle is a shield with the image of St. George the Victorious.

On February 21, 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected king by the Zemsky Sobor. His election put an end to the unrest that took place in the period after the death of Ivan the Terrible. The eagle on the coat of arms of this period spreads its wings, which means a new era in the history of Russia, which at that time becomes a single and rather strong state. This circumstance is immediately reflected in the coat of arms: instead of an eight-pointed cross, a third crown appears above the eagle. The interpretation of this change is different: a symbol of the Holy Trinity or a symbol of the unity of Great Russians, Little Russians and Belarusians. There is also a third interpretation: the conquered Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian kingdoms.
Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (1645-1676) ends the Russian-Polish conflict with the conclusion of the Andrusovo truce with Poland (1667). The Russian state becomes equal in rights with other European states. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, the eagle receives symbols of power: scepter And power.

Great State Seal of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

At the request of the tsar, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Leopold I sent his king of arms Lavrenty Hurelevich to Moscow, who in 1673 wrote an essay “On the Genealogy of the Russian Grand Dukes and Sovereigns, with an indication of the existing, through marriages, affinity between Russia and the eight European powers, that is Caesar of Rome, the kings of English, Danish, Gishpansky, Polish, Portuguese and Swedish, and with the image of these royal coats of arms, and in the middle of their Grand Duke St. Vladimir, at the end of the portrait of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. This essay marked the beginning of the development of Russian heraldry. The wings of the eagle are raised up and fully opened (a symbol of the complete assertion of Russia as a powerful state; its heads are crowned with three royal crowns; on the chest is a shield with the Moscow coat of arms; in its paws is a scepter and orb.

Lavrentiy Khurelevich in 1667 for the first time gave an official description of the Russian coat of arms: “The double-headed eagle is the coat of arms of the sovereign Grand Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All Great and Small and White Russia, the autocrat, His Royal Majesty of the Russian kingdom, on which three corunas are depicted, signifying the three great Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberian glorious kingdoms, submitting to the God-protected and highest of His Tsar's Majesty the most merciful Sovereign and command ... on the Persians the image of the heir; in pasonkteh, a scepter and an apple, and they reveal the most merciful Sovereign, His Royal Majesty the Autocrat and Possessor.

From Peter I to Alexander II

Coat of arms of Peter I

Peter I ascended the Russian throne in 1682. During his reign, the Russian Empire became equal among the leading powers of Europe.
Under him, according to heraldic rules, the coat of arms began to be depicted in black (before that, it was depicted in gold). The eagle has become not only an adornment of state papers, but also a symbol of strength and power.
In 1721, Peter I assumed the imperial title, and instead of royal crowns, imperial crowns began to be depicted on the coats of arms. In 1722, he established the King of Arms office and the position of King of Arms.
The state emblem under Peter I underwent other changes: in addition to changing the color of the eagle, shields with coats of arms were placed on its wings
Great principalities and kingdoms. On the right wing there were shields with coats of arms (from top to bottom): Kyiv, Novgorod, Astrakhan; on the left wing: Vladimir, Siberian, Kazan. It was under Peter I that a set of attributes of the coat of arms eagle developed.
And after Russia entered the “spaces of Siberia and the Far East”, the double-headed eagle began to symbolize the inseparability of European and Asian Russia under one imperial crown, since one crowned head looks to the west, the other to the east.
The era after Peter I is known as the era of palace coups. In the 30s of the XVIII century. immigrants from Germany dominated the leadership of the state, which did not contribute to the strengthening of the country. In 1736, Empress Anna Ioannovna invited a Swiss-born Swedish engraver I.K.

Until the end of the XVIII century. there were no special changes in the design of the coat of arms, but during the time of Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine the Great, the eagle looked more like an eagle.

Coat of arms of Catherine I

Pavel I

Coat of arms of Russia with the Maltese cross

After becoming emperor, Paul I immediately tried to modify the Russian coat of arms. By decree of April 5, 1797, the double-headed eagle becomes an integral part of the coat of arms of the imperial family. But since Paul I was the master of the Order of Malta, this could not but be reflected in the state emblem. In 1799, Emperor Paul I issued a decree on the image of a double-headed eagle with a Maltese cross on its chest. The cross was placed on the chest of the eagle under the Moscow coat of arms ("the root coat of arms of Russia"). Also, the emperor is making an attempt to develop and introduce a complete coat of arms of the Russian Empire. At the upper end of this cross was placed the crown of the Grand Master.
In 1800, he proposed a complex coat of arms, on which forty-three coats of arms were placed in a multi-field shield and on nine small shields. However, they did not manage to accept this coat of arms before Paul's death.
Paul I was also the founder of the Great Russian coat of arms. The Manifesto of December 16, 1800 gives its full description. The large Russian emblem was supposed to symbolize the internal unity and power of Russia. However, the project of Paul I was not implemented.
Alexander I, having become emperor in 1801, abolished the Maltese cross on the state emblem. But under Alexander I, on the coat of arms, the wings of an eagle are widely spread to the side, and the feathers are lowered down. One head is more tilted than the other. Instead of a scepter and an orb in the paws of an eagle, new attributes appear: a torch, thunderbolts (thunder arrows), a laurel wreath (sometimes a branch), a lictor bundle intertwined with ribbons.

Nicholas I

Coat of arms of Nicholas I

The reign of Nicholas I (1825-1855) was emphatically firm and resolute (the suppression of the Decembrist uprising, limiting the status of Poland). Under him, from 1830, the armorial eagle began to be depicted with sharply raised wings (this remained so until 1917). In 1829, Nicholas I was crowned the kingdom of Poland, therefore, since 1832, the coat of arms of the Polish kingdom has been included in the Russian coat of arms.
At the end of the reign of Nicholas I, the head of the department of heraldry, Baron B.V. Kene, tried to give the coat of arms the features of Western European heraldry: the image of the eagle should have become more strict. The coat of arms of Moscow was supposed to be depicted in a French shield, the horseman should have been turned, according to heraldic rules, to the left side of the viewer. But in 1855, Nicholas I died, and Kene's projects were implemented only under Alexander II.

Large, Medium and Small coats of arms of the Russian Empire

Large State Emblem of the Russian Empire 1857

The large state emblem of the Russian Empire was introduced in 1857 by decree of Emperor Alexander II (this is the idea of Emperor Paul I).
The large coat of arms of Russia is a symbol of the unity and power of Russia. Around the double-headed eagle are the coats of arms of the territories that are part of the Russian state. In the center of the Great State Emblem is a French shield with a golden field, on which a double-headed eagle is depicted. The eagle itself is black, crowned with three imperial crowns, which are connected by a blue ribbon: two small ones crown the head, a large one is located between the heads and rises above them; in the paws of an eagle - a scepter and orb; on the chest is depicted "the coat of arms of Moscow: in a shield scarlet with gold edges, the Holy Great Martyr George the Victorious in silver weapons and an azure volk on a silver horse." The shield, on which an eagle is depicted, is topped with the helmet of the holy Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky, around the main shield is a chain and the order of St. Andrew the First-Called. On the sides of the shield there are shield holders: on the right side (on the left of the viewer) - the holy Archangel Michael, on the left - the Archangel Gabriel. The central part under the shadow of a large imperial crown and the state banner above it.
To the left and to the right of the state banner, on the same horizontal line with it, six shields are depicted with the combined coats of arms of the principalities and volosts - three to the right and three to the left of the banner, almost creating a semicircle. Nine shields crowned with the coats of arms of the Grand Duchies and kingdoms and the coat of arms of His Imperial Majesty are the continuation and most of the circle that the combined coats of arms of the principalities and volosts began. Coats of arms counterclockwise: Astrakhan kingdom, Siberian kingdom, Family coat of arms of His Imperial Majesty, combined coats of arms of the Grand principalities, coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Finland, coat of arms of Chersonis-Tauride, coat of arms of the Polish kingdom, coat of arms of the Kazan kingdom.
The upper six shields from left to right: the combined coats of arms of the principalities and regions of the Great Russian, the combined coats of arms of the principalities and regions of the South-Western, the combined coats of arms of the Baltic regions.
At the same time, the Middle and Small state emblems were adopted.
The average state coat of arms was the same as the Bolshoi, but without state banners and six coats of arms above the canopy; Small - the same as the Middle, but without a canopy, images of saints and the family coat of arms of His Imperial Majesty.
Adopted by the decree of Alexander III of November 3, 1882, the Great State Emblem differed from that adopted in 1857 in that it added a shield with the coat of arms of Turkestan (became part of Russia in 1867), the coats of arms of the principalities of Lithuania and Belarusian.
The large state emblem is framed by laurel and oak branches - a symbol of glory, honor, merit (laurel branches), valor, courage (oak branches).
The Great State Emblem reflects "the triune essence of the Russian idea: For the Faith, the Tsar and the Fatherland." Faith is expressed in the symbols of Russian Orthodoxy: many crosses, the holy Archangel Michael and the holy Archangel Gabriel, the motto "God bless us", an eight-pointed Orthodox cross over the state banner. The idea of an autocrat is expressed in the attributes of power: a large imperial crown, other Russian historical crowns, a scepter, an orb, a chain of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.
The Fatherland is reflected in the emblem of Moscow, the emblems of Russian and Russian lands, in the helmet of the Holy Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky. The circular arrangement of the coats of arms symbolizes equality between them, and the central location of the coat of arms of Moscow symbolizes the unity of Rus' around Moscow, the historical center of the Russian lands.

Conclusion

The modern coat of arms of the Russian Federation

In 1917, the eagle ceased to be the coat of arms of Russia. The coat of arms of the Russian Federation is known, the subjects of which were autonomous republics and other national entities. Each of the republics, subjects of the Russian Federation, had its own national emblem. But there is no Russian coat of arms on it.
In 1991 there was a coup d'etat. Democrats headed by BN Yeltsin came to power in Russia.
On August 22, 1991, the white-blue-red flag is re-approved as the State Flag of Russia. On November 30, 1993, President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin signs a decree "On the State Emblem of the Russian Federation". The double-headed eagle is again the coat of arms of Russia.
Now, as before, the double-headed eagle symbolizes the power and unity of the Russian state.

The great reformer Peter I, who reigned alone from 1696, at first did not show much heraldic zeal. However, gradually the coat of arms was supplemented with new symbols. Firstly, the rider who strikes the snake is reincarnated as the image of St. George the Victorious. Secondly, around the shield with the Moscow coat of arms is a chain with the sign of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (established by Peter I in the late 90s of the 17th century). The star of the order, in addition, became a kind of symbol of the Russian guard and an indispensable attribute of the uniform of soldiers and officers until 1917.

Since the 1810s, on coins, banners, and bas-reliefs, the double-headed eagle has been crowned with imperial crowns. It was a kind of heraldic preparation for the adoption in 1721 of the imperial title. The victory over Sweden in the protracted Northern War (1700-1721) required a change in the coat of arms - Russia turned into an empire. In 1722, the Heraldic Office was established under the Senate, headed by S. Kopychev. His closest assistant was F. Santi - a native of Piedmont, a professional heraldist. It was Santi who did a great job of compiling the complete coat of arms of the empire. He turned pre-heraldic land emblems into coats of arms, compiled many new coats of arms of cities, monasteries, although a significant part of his work remained unclaimed, Santi earned the title of "father of Russian heraldry" in historiography.

During the 18th century, the style of the state emblem changed slightly; simplified images could also exist: without the Moscow coat of arms, with one crown, without a chain, with the sign of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

Catherine I and Peter did not introduce any innovations into the coat of arms of Russia. Anna Ioannovna, having barely ascended the throne, ordered the engraver Gerlinger, discharged from Switzerland, to make a new seal depicting the imperial coat of arms. The choice turned out to be successful, and the central part of the matrix he created existed until 1856. It is also present on the seals of Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine the Great.

The indicated empresses, together with the briefly reigning Peter III, left the eagle alone, which created favorable conditions for the reformist undertakings of Pavel Petrovich. The most significant innovation was the change of the "heavenly patron" of the Russian coat of arms - the chain of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called was removed from the eagle's neck, and a white eight-pointed cross of St. John of Jerusalem appeared on the eagle's chest. This cross served as the emblem of the Order of Malta, whose Grand Master was Paul I.

Almost simultaneously, the "Russian Don Quixote", as Napoleon I called him, ordered the preparation of a manifesto "On the full state emblem of the All-Russian Empire." Contemporaries were struck by the creation of Paul I, distinguished by splendor, complexity, a heap of attributes, numerous borrowings of elements of Western European heraldry. The publication of the manifesto was prevented by the emperor's death from "apoplexy in the temple," as the official version was gratifyingly paraphrased.

The new emperor Alexander I already on April 26, 1801 ordered "to use the coat of arms without the cross of John of Jerusalem".

The winner of Napoleon himself did not differ in special heraldic activity, but was subjected (together with the double-headed eagle) to the “influence of the West”, where the Empire style, dating back to the art of the Roman Empire, dominated. It is to the ancient Roman samples that we owe the appearance of a torch (right paw) and a laurel wreath (left) in the claws of an eagle. These attributes of power replaced the former scepter and orb.

Nicholas I did not make any special changes to the coat of arms. But under Alexander II, a kind of heraldic reform was carried out. Its necessity was justified by the fact that since the first description of the state emblem, “many additions and changes have been made to the title, but these changes have not been indicated in the latest regulations with proper detail ...” .

Especially for the work on coats of arms in the department of heraldry of the Senate, the Heraldry Department is being created, which was headed by a successful entrepreneur in the field of heraldry and numismatics, a favorite of high society and Emperor Nicholas I, Baron Benhard Kene. A native of Germany, a graduate of the Berlin and Leipzig universities, Kene made a successful career in Russia. The reform of Russian state and dynastic heraldry, prepared by him in the 1850s, very ingeniously reflected many of the country's ancient symbolic traditions, but in Russia this reform was almost unanimously criticized as anti-Russian, crudely Westernizing .... Kenyo proposed three versions of the Russian coat of arms: Large Medium and Small (each type had to be used in a certain situation), focusing in their artistic embodiment on previous projects (in particular, Paul I) and the norms and rules generally accepted in European monarchical heraldry. In the spring of 1857, the options were presented to Alexander II and received his approval. However, work on their improvement continued until the early 1880s. The designs of the coats of arms were finally approved by Alexander III, the Great State Emblem - on July 24, 1882, the Middle and Small - on February 23, 1883.

For the first time, tribal noble coats of arms appear in Russia at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries. The fashion for noble coats of arms came from Poland, with which ties were the closest. Not having their own coats of arms, many Russian nobles borrowed the Polish family coats of arms with virtually no changes. Peter I, himself an ardent supporter of Western culture, however, believed that Western models were adopted too literally and it was necessary to introduce coats of arms into a strict legal framework. But Peter did not manage to put things in order in the heraldry of the nobility, because only in 1722 was the position of King of Arms established and with it the King of Arms office, which was called upon to deal with the estate affairs of the nobility. But, nevertheless, Peter for the first time in Russia introduced honorary titles, diplomas (or letters of commendation), which were issued with coats of arms. The first Russian Field Marshal Boris Petrovich Sheremetev was granted the title of count for the first time, and Chancellor Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin received the first diploma for count dignity with a coat of arms.

12) Rarities of genealogy: "The Case of Coats of Arms"

“The Case of the Coats of Arms” is the name officially fixed in historiography for a collection of materials of a genealogical and act nature. The compilation dates back to the 30s of the 18th century, when the Russian heraldry began to systematize materials on the coat of arms of the Russian nobles. Diplomas of various noble families were requested, checked for originality, and systematized. This was the first unfinished attempt to create a Russian coat of arms, which combines information about the first noble coats of arms with official genealogical documents.

13) Rarities of genealogy: Noble diplomas.

Diploma (from the Greek diploo - I double):

1) a public legal document from an authority;

2) in Russia since the beginning of the 18th century - an act in which the bearer of the highest state power exercises his nobilitation prerogatives in relation to a particular person.

In Russia, the first group of diplomas was issued in 1707-1710 under Peter I. In practice, historians deal with diplomas for nobility, for the titles of baron, count, prince, and most illustrious prince. In most cases, the coat of arms was assigned to the recipient of the diploma.

Diplomas were needed in order to emphasize the equality of Russia with other European powers. Peter's modernization led to the formation of imperial traditions (provinces, colleges, the Senate Peter created in Russia in the image and likeness of Sweden).

The main idea of Peter is service to the state (before Peter there was localism). Under Peter I, not only nobles were awarded diplomas, but also people of non-noble origin.

Diplomas were given to the nobles not by chance, they were the only group that bought the peasants. The practice of issuing diplomas confirmed the ownership of land by peasants.

By the end of the 18th century, diplomas finally lose their significance.

14. Rarities of genealogy: Table of ranks. Table of ranks, the law on the order of public service in the Russian Empire (the ratio of ranks by seniority, the sequence of ranks). Approved on January 24, 1722 by Emperor Peter I, who actively participated in its preparation. Initially, the law consisted of the actual Table (table) of ranks and 18 "Points" (articles) that explained the Table and established penalties for its violation. Gradually, the need for "Points" disappeared and in the 19th century. they were not included in the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. The need to establish a system of ranks was caused by the transformations of Peter I, as a result of which the number of posts and ranks in the army and the state apparatus increased dramatically. Military ranks of the Western European type appeared in Russia in the second half of the 17th century in the "regiments of the new system", and their system was enshrined in the Military Regulations of 1716 (see Military ranks). Until 1722, traditional Russian ranks continued to exist at the royal court and in civil state institutions (boyars, roundabouts, duma nobles, duma clerks, etc.). According to T. about river. existing military ranks remained and many new civil and court ranks were introduced. All of them were divided into 14 classes (class ranks), the highest was the 1st class. According to the Table, all ranks were divided into 3 types: military, civil (civil) and court. Military ranks consisted of 4 ranks (land, guard, artillery and naval) and were declared higher than their respective civil and court ranks. The ranks in the guard were a class higher than other military ranks. The chinoproizvodstvo was established strictly in order of increasing classes and seniority in obtaining the next rank. In T. about river. non-commissioned officers and lower civil servants (copyists, clerks, clerks, couriers, etc.) were not included. Persons of non-noble origin after production in the 14th class received personal, and in the 8th (for the military in the 14th) - hereditary nobility. Initially, in addition to the actual ranks, many different positions were included in the Table (the total number of ranks and positions is 262). So, among the civil servants in the 3rd grade there was a prosecutor general, in the 4th - the presidents of the collegiums, in the 5th - vice-presidents of the collegiums, in the 6th - presidents in court courts, etc. In the 9th m class were listed as "professors at the Academies" and "doctors of all faculties that are acquired in the service." At the end of the 18th century positions from T. about r. were excluded or turned into ranks (primarily courtiers). The class of individual ranks has been changed. At the beginning of the 19th century the ranks of the 11th and 13th classes ceased to be used and, as it were, merged with the ranks of the 12th and 14th classes, respectively. Professors of higher educational institutions, members of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Arts also had ranks. Persons who graduated from universities and other higher educational institutions, upon entering the civil service, received the ranks of 12-8th grades. With T.'s introduction about river. registration of officials by seniority was organized in the King of Arms office of the Senate, which in the late 18th - early 19th centuries. published lists of persons with class ranks. From the middle of the 19th century lists of persons holding civil ranks of the first four classes were systematically published. Obtaining one or another rank of T. about r. gave them the right to be appointed to the respective positions. So, in the middle of the 19th century. the post of minister was usually occupied by the ranks of the 2nd class, the deputy minister and director of the department - the 3rd, the governor - the 4th, the vice director and vice-governor - the 5th, the head of the department - the 6th class, the clerk - the 7th go, etc. Persons who had civil ranks could simultaneously have courtiers. After T.'s appearance about river. a system of titles began to take shape, that is, a special appeal to persons with ranks. The ranks of the 1st and 2nd classes had the title "High Excellency", the 3rd and 4th - "Excellence", the 5th - "High Nobility", the 6-8th - "High Nobility", the 9-14th - "nobility". Persons who had ranks that did not give nobility, from 1832 received the rights of honorary citizens. The law of December 9, 1856 determined the receipt of hereditary nobility only from the 4th (for the military from the 6th), personal - from the 9th class. T. o r. created an incentive for the service of officials, provided some opportunity for promotion for people from unprivileged classes (T. about the river of civil ranks, see Art. Officialdom). It was abolished by decrees of the Soviet government of November 10 (23) and December 16 (29), 1917 on the destruction of civil, military and court ranks, estates and titles of pre-revolutionary Russia.

1. Coat of arms of His Serene Highness Prince Nicholas of Mingrelsky
2. Coat of arms of Prince Andrei Dadian-Mingrelsky
3. Coat of arms of Prince Casimir-Mikhail Gedroits
4. Coat of arms of Prince Alexander Barclay de Tolly-Weimarn, lieutenant general
5. Coat of arms of His Serene Highness Prince Nikolai Lopukhin-Demidov, Colonel
6. Coat of arms of Prince Ivan-Paul-Alexander Sapieha
7. Coat of arms of Prince Nikolai Odoevsky-Maslov, captain of the guard
8. Coat of Arms of the Counts of Tsukato
9. Coat of arms of the counts of Hutten-Czapski
10. Coat of arms of Count Pavel Kotzebue, adjutant general, cavalry general
11. Coat of arms of Count Nikolai Ivelich, Colonel
12. Coat of arms of Count Ewald Ungern-Sternberg
13. Coat of arms of Counts Kapnist
14. Coat of arms of Count Dmitry Mavros, Major General
15. Coat of arms of Count Pavel Ignatiev 1st, adjutant general, cavalry general
16. Coat of arms of Count Mikhail Loris-Melikov, adjutant general, cavalry general
17. Coat of arms of Count Vladimir Vasilyev-Shilovsky
18. Coat of arms of the Barons Stal von Holstein
19. Coat of arms of Baron Mikhail Bode-Kolychev, Privy Councilor
20. Coat of arms of Prince Tenishev, princes of the Tatars
21. Coat of arms of Prince Bayushev, retired staff captain; Tatar princes
22. Coat of arms of Count Mionchinsky, who has the title of Count of the Roman Empire
23. Coat of arms of the Yepanchins
24. Coat of arms of Podberesko, Major
25. Coat of arms of Izmalkov, collegiate secretary
26. Coat of arms of Rudnitsky
27. Coat of arms of Tarasov
28. Coat of arms of Gorlov, real state councilor
29. Coat of arms of Balashev, ancestor Mamon Andreev owned an immovable estate in 1652
30. Coat of arms of Vasilevsky, collegiate adviser
31. Coat of arms of Paltov
32. Coat of arms of Shimansky, collegiate secretary
33. Coat of arms of Telyakovsky
34. Coat of arms of Ivan Vasyanov, real state councilor
35. Coat of arms of Korvin-Krukovsky, court adviser
36. Coat of arms of Seleznev, retired staff captain
37. Coat of arms of Zhukovsky, senator, lieutenant general
38. Coat of arms of Bukreev, State Councilor
39. Coat of arms of the Lishins
40. Coat of arms of Kaniovsky
41. Coat of arms of Malam, provincial secretary
42. Coat of arms of Makoveev, major
43. Coat of arms of Markevichi
44. Coat of arms of Miodushevsky, real state councilor
45. Coat of arms of Viridarsky, State Councilor
46. Coat of arms of the Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Tolstoy
47. The coat of arms of the Ushakovs, the combined coat of arms, located in the VIII, IX and X parts of the Heraldry of the coats of arms of the two branches of the Ushakov family
48. Coat of arms of the Galkins-Vraskas
49. Coat of arms of Mazarakia-Deboltsev, retired colonel
50. Coat of arms of Dmitry Shubin-Pozdeev, Privy Councilor
51. Coat of arms of Nikolai Buda-Zhemchuzhnikov, retired titular adviser
52. Coat of arms of von Tischendorf
53. Coat of arms of Akim Mikhailov Serebryakov, St. Petersburg 2nd guild merchant
54. Coat of arms of Karl Miller, retired engineer-colonel
55. Coat of arms of Frisch
56. Coat of arms of Plaksin, lieutenant general
57. Coat of arms of Benediktov
58. Coat of arms of Stobeus
59. Coat of arms of Nemerovsky
60. Coat of arms of Zervanitsky
61. Coat of arms of Apollon Krivoshein, State Councilor
62. Coat of arms of Kurovsky
63. Coat of arms of Peter Merder, adjutant general, lieutenant general
64. Coat of arms of Mikhail and Nikolai Ivanov, colonels
65. Coat of arms of Pechnikov
66. Coat of arms of Pavel Demidov, Prince of San Donato, collegiate adviser
67. Coat of arms of Konstantin Bashkirtsev, lieutenant
68. Coat of arms of Akhverdov, senator, lieutenant general
69. Coat of arms of Dainese
70. Coat of arms of Alexei Ivanov Yakovlev, Colonel
71. Coat of arms of Otto Radlov, lieutenant
72. Arms of Gendre, Senator, Active Privy Councilor
73. Coat of arms of Becker
74. Coat of arms of the Solovyovs, Alexander Fedorov, court adviser, and family (included in the third part of the noble genealogy book of the Simbirsk province)
75. Coat of arms of Zashchuk, Major
76. Coat of arms of Levkovets, collegiate adviser
77. Coat of arms of Fedor and Nikolai Voloshinov, second lieutenants
78. Coat of arms of Sylvansky, collegiate assessor
79. Coat of arms of Gasenwinkel, Privy Councilor, Senator
80. Coat of arms of Dyakonov, retired lieutenant commander
81. Coat of arms of Ertel, offspring of collegiate adviser Vasily Andreev
82. Coat of arms of Gendre, major general
83. Coat of arms of Voznesensky, major general
84. Coat of arms of Meingard, engineer, collegiate assessor
85. Coat of arms of Gunnius
86. Coat of arms of Xenophon Gevlich, Colonel
87. Coat of arms of Alekseevsky, court councilor
88. Coat of arms of Tsytovich, major general
89. Coat of arms of Mikwitz, major general
90. Coat of arms of von Derviz, real councilor of state
91. Coat of arms of Weisman
92. Coat of arms of Bezobrazov, titular councilor
93. Coat of arms of Georgy Sakhansky, artillery major general
94. Coat of arms of Norpe, collegiate councilor
95. Coat of arms of the Galkins
96. Coat of arms of Runov
97. Coat of arms of Karp Zaretsky, retired military foreman
98. Coat of arms of Kostand
99. Coat of arms of Strugovshchikov, Privy Councilor
100. Coat of arms of Boldyrev, major general
101. Coat of arms of Kizeritsky, court councilor
102. Coat of arms of Aksenov, real state councilor
103. Coat of arms of Bogolyubov, Privy Councilor
104. Coat of arms of Elenev, collegiate adviser
105. Coat of arms of Korsh
106. Coat of arms of Palazhchenko
107. Coat of arms of Erantsev, collegiate assessor
108. Coat of arms of Nikolay Emelyanov Lazarev, Court Councilor
109. Coat of arms of Gezen, real state councilor
110. Coat of arms of Kotlyarevsky, State Councilor
111. Coat of arms of Guber
112. Coat of arms of Solsky, Privy Councilor
113. Coat of arms of Sveshnikov, Rear Admiral
114. Coat of arms of von Berg, State Councilor
115. Coat of arms of Levestam
116. Coat of arms of von Hershelman, pastor
117. Coat of arms of Hedda, Senator, Privy Councilor
118. Coat of arms of Krol, real state councilor
119. Coat of arms of the Zhukovs, descendants of Yesaul Sidor Zhukov
120. Coat of arms of Matvey Ivanov Ivanov, State Councilor
121. Coat of arms of Bichele, collegiate councilor
122. Coat of arms of Voloshinsky, major
123. Coat of arms of Rudakov, collegiate assessor
124. Coat of arms of the Belenitsyns
125. Coat of arms of Geschwend
126. Coat of arms of Ivan Ostroumov, real state councilor
127. Coat of arms of Vasily Stepanov, Privy Councilor
128. Coat of arms of Orlov, king of arms
129. Coat of arms of Grasse, Councilor of State
130. Coat of arms of Alexander Emelyanov Lazarev, Privy Councilor
131. Coat of arms of Ordin, real state councilor
132. Coat of arms of Merezhkovsky, real state councilor
133. Coat of arms of Kamenetsky, State Councilor
134. Coat of arms of Bloom
135. Coat of arms of Moritz Ilyin Michelson, State Councilor, and son of Alexei
136. Coat of arms of Haken
137. Coat of arms of Reimers, real councilor of state
138. Coat of arms of Scriabin, Colonel
139. Coat of arms of Berezin, lieutenant commander
140. Coat of arms of Koshlyakov
141. Coat of arms of Gausman, major general
142. Coat of arms of Hanover, titular councilor
143. Coat of arms of Geppener, State Councilor
144. Coat of arms of Herman Conradi, collegiate councilor
145. Coat of arms of Osipov, State Councilor
146. Coat of arms of Lemm, real state councilor
147. Coat of arms of Birin, colonel
148. Coat of arms of Lozinsky, State Councilor
149. Coat of arms of Peretz, Secretary of State, Privy Councilor
150. Coat of arms of Andrei Kister, real state councilor
151. Coat of arms of Bragin, court adviser
152. Coat of arms of Romanchenko, collegiate assessor
153. Coat of arms of Lutskevich, State Councilor
154. Coat of arms of Regel, real state councilor
155. Coat of arms of Andoga, collegiate assessor
156. Coat of arms of Kantemirov, State Councilor
157. Coat of arms of Lorberg, State Councilor
158. Coat of arms of Kononov, major
159. Coat of arms of Goering, lieutenant colonel
160. Coat of arms of Heinrich Tetzner, lieutenant colonel
161. Coat of arms of Zelensky, State Councilor
162. Coat of arms of Stepan Denkovsky, major general
163. Coat of arms of Stukkei, real councilor of state
164. Coat of arms of Brunst, engineer-colonel
165. Coat of arms of Alexander Nikolaev Salkov, real state councilor
166. Coat of arms of Peter Palimpsestov, real state councilor
167. Coat of arms of Berens, collegiate assessor
168. Coat of arms of Bruni, collegiate councilor
169. Coat of arms of Ernest-Gotlieb-Julius Schroeder, MD, State Councilor
170. Coat of arms of Mikhail Remizov, real state councilor
171. Coat of arms of Petrov, archpriest
172. Coat of arms of Vasily Vasilyev Sutugin, MD, collegiate adviser
173. Coat of arms of Galatov, lieutenant colonel
174. Coat of arms of Devien, real councilor of state
175. Coat of arms of Stepan Yegorov, State Councilor
176. Coat of arms of Alexander Oppenheim, State Councilor
177. Coat of arms of Pekarsky, real state councilor
178. Coat of arms of Nikolai Nikolaev Sokolov, titular adviser
179. Coat of arms of Kurbatov, collegiate assessor
180. Coat of arms of Eduard von Schulz, State Councilor
181. Coat of arms of Edward Frankenstein, Court Councilor
182. Coat of arms of Makulec, court councilor
183. Coat of arms of Fyodor Gotvikh, State Councilor
184. Coat of arms of Alexei Yuriev, provincial secretary
185. Coat of arms of Mikhail Pobedimov, State Councilor
186. Arms of Bedo, Colonel

The emblems of the military branches in the modern Russian uniform are its integral part and it is hard to imagine that it was not always so, that for almost the entire 18th and to a large extent the entire 19th century the army did without any emblems of the military branches. There was no need for them.

After all, from the moment the Russian Army was created in 1699 until the last third of the 19th century, there were only four types of troops - infantry, cavalry, artillery and engineering troops (and the latter became an independent branch of service only in the 19th century). These types of troops were easily distinguished from each other by their very diverse uniforms. Even within each branch of the military, it was easy to distinguish subtypes of military branches by clothing. For example, in the infantry, grenadiers, huntsmen, guards infantrymen, army infantrymen differed from each other in clothing; in the cavalry cuirassiers, dragoons, lancers, hussars, horse rangers, Cossacks.

The emblems of the military branches appeared in the Russian army when it was necessary to allocate specialists within the regiment.

Note: It should be noted that the principle of separation from the general army mass with the help of emblems specialists was the defining principle until 1993 (94), when, perhaps for the first time, infantry (motorized rifle) emblems appeared in the modern Russian Army. That is why in the Russian army neither the infantry nor the cavalry ever had their own emblems (I exclude the short period of 1919-24). The same principle of emblematics was applied in the Red and then the Soviet Army. True, the cavalry nevertheless received its emblems in 1943, and the "star in a wreath" emblem, which appeared in 1955, was still a combined arms emblem, but not an infantry (motorized rifle) emblem.

The first mention of the emblems of the armed forces dates back to 1760, when soldiers of the regimental artillery team of infantry regiments were ordered to sew on hats under a bow a red cloth circle ("like a ball"), on the right side of the chest of the caftan a red cloth emblem in the form of two crossed cannon barrels , on the right side of the chest of the camisole is the same green emblem. The fact is that the artillerymen of the infantry regiments wore infantry uniforms, but it was required to outwardly distinguish them from ordinary infantrymen. This was necessary because artillerymen were scarce (as they say now) specialists, they needed to be protected and were forbidden to be used in the infantry formation. In the artillery regiments, the emblem was not introduced, because. there the soldiers wore the characteristic artillery uniform. It is not known exactly when these artillery emblems disappeared from the uniforms, but in 1797 they were no longer on the new uniform.

The author once again wants to emphasize that this is how the principle of using emblems in the Russian army was born - to single out a regiment of specialists against the general background. That is why neither in the Russian Army until 1917, nor in the Red Army did the infantry and cavalry have emblems. These were the main types of troops, and specialists were distinguished by emblems (sappers, signalmen, railway workers, ...).

Emblems appear on uniforms from 1803, when the replacement begins hats with cloth cylindrical caps. Initially, the grenadiers on a cylindrical cap as an emblem were placed "grenada with one fire." Actually, this emblem existed on Friedrich's grenadier caps as early as the 18th century, but then it was used as a decorative element of a headdress. Somewhat later, the “one-fire grenada” becomes the emblem on the shakos of the musketeer regiments (they changed the cylindrical cap in 1808), and the grenadiers are given the “three-fire grenada”.

However, both of these emblems cannot be considered emblems of a particular type of troops. By 1812, "grenada about one fire" gold was placed on the shakos of the infantry and chasseur regiments, silver on the shakos of the ranks of the pioneer companies. "Grenada with three fires" was gold on the shakos of the grenadier regiments, silver on the shakos of the miner companies. Rather, they were a kind of universal emblems.

In 1808, for the regiments of the Life Guards, the so-called "shako eagles" were introduced onto the shako. If for the infantry and hussar regiments the eagles were the same, then for the guards artillery the eagle sat on crossed cannons. In addition, the emblem in the form of crossed cannons was placed on the shako of army foot gunners. In December 1812, when the Life Guards Sapper Battalion was formed, it received an emblem on the shako in the form of an eagle sitting on crossed axes. Thus, we can say that in the years 1808-1812 the system of emblems of the arms of the Russian Army began to take shape.

Shako emblems arr. 1808

From left to right: 1 - shako eagle of the Life Guards Sapper Battalion. 2-shako eagle foot guards artillery. 3-shako eagle of the guards infantry and guards hussars. 4 - shako emblem of foot army artillery.

These were already their own emblems of two branches of the armed forces - artillery and engineering troops (crossed cannons and crossed axes), which were suitable only for these branches of the military.

Emblems on shakos in 1812

From left to right: 1 soldier of the army infantry, 2 non-commissioned officer of the army foot artillery. 3-soldier of the Guards Foot Artillery. 4-conductor (non-commissioned officer) of the army pioneer company. 5-officer of the grender regiment.

Note! The etishket and kutas on the shakos of artillerymen and pioneers (miners, pontooners) are not silver, but red. This is a kind of color highlighting of these two types of troops.

Looking ahead, we can say that the artillery emblem in the form of crossed cannons will exist until 1994, and to this day these cannons are an integral part of the emblem of the missile forces and artillery. Crossed axes, in combination with other elements, are still the emblem of the engineering troops.

The next step in the creation of the Russian system of emblems of the military branches was taken in 1828, when the signs on the shakos were changed.

Shako emblems arr. 1828

Top row: 1st Guards Infantry and Cavalry. 2nd Guards Artillery. 3rd Guards Sappers. 4th Army Infantry and Cavalry.
Bottom row: 1st Army Artillery. 2-grenadier and carabinieri regiments of the army. 3-army sappers, pioneers, miners, pontoons.

Since that time, "grenada on one fire" has become the emblem of the grenadier units. The same emblems are later transferred to leather helmets. Separately, the emblems in the form that we see them today on buttonholes, shoulder straps or collars did not yet exist, but definitely only the artillery belonged to the image of crossed gun barrels, the engineering troops of crossed axes and the grenadier regiments of "Grenada about one fire". In 1834, the design of the guards' shako eagle and the design of the shield of the army infantry, cavalry and grenadiers were slightly changed. In 1855, the shields become smaller.

In 1881, Emperor Alexander III radically changed the uniform of the Russian army. The main headwear is a cap (with and without a visor) and a fur hat. In the picture you see the emblems on the hats: On the left is the emblem of the guards engineering units. Guards artillery has the same emblem, but gold and cannons instead of axes. In the center is the emblem of the guards infantry and cavalry. On the right is the emblem of the army artillery. Army infantry and cavalry have the same emblem, but without cannons. Army engineering troops have the same emblem with crossed axes instead of cannons, and the emblem itself is silver.

In addition, the ranks of the sapper teams of the infantry regiments wear a crossed ax and a shovel cut from red cloth on the left sleeve at the shoulder.

A developed system of emblems by branches of service appeared in the Russian army after the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05. In 1907, in addition to ciphers (numbers and abbreviated names of regiments, monograms of the highest chiefs), emblems of the military branches were introduced on the shoulder straps of the lower ranks. They had to be applied with oil paint on a stencil, cut out of colored cloth, and the color of the emblems had to match the color of the ciphers. At first, these were emblems of only artillery and engineering troops, then emblems of railway troops, spark companies (radio communications units), aeronauts and aviation were added to them. On the shoulder straps of officers, the emblems were stamped in gold or silver. Several types of emblems appeared during the First World War. Below are the emblems of the branches of the Russian Army as of the beginning of 1917

1-grenadiers. 2-artillery. 3- art warehouses and ammunition depots. 4- artillery parks. 5-aviation. 6 balloonists. 7-general emblem of the engineering troops. 8 - pontoon units and detachments. 9-bombers. 10 fortification detachments. 11-min detachments. 12 engineering parks. 13 telegraph operators and telephonists. 14-spark detachments (radio communication). 15 sapper teams and companies of infantry regiments and divisions. 16 auto squads. 17 armored detachments (armored car units). 18 machine gunners. 19-gun armored detachments. 20 scooters (cyclists). 21 militia.

Many of these emblems will later become the emblems of the branches of the Red Army, the Soviet Army. The record rightfully belongs to the artillery emblem. It lasted unchanged from 1760 to 1994!. The second place is rightfully shared by the emblems of aviation and automobile troops. And it’s really a pity that the “reformers”, in the heat of transforming the uniforms and emblems of the new Russian Army, have lost both a sense of proportion and a sense of beauty, an understanding of the need for continuity of traditions, including in the emblems of the military branches. The new emblems of the branches of the armed forces look just like shapeless golden spots on the absurd short uniforms. And only a careful look can single out the familiar crossed cannon barrels, the silhouette of a tank, and aviation wings from the thick bushes framing the wreath.