The history of creation to whom. "To whom in Russia to live well": the history of creation, genre and composition. Genre and unusual composition of the poem "To whom in Russia it is good to live"
Sections: Literature
Goals:
- To acquaint with the history of the creation of the poem;
- To create the necessary emotional mood, to help students feel the social tragedy of the peasantry.
- Arouse interest in the poem.
Equipment: portrait of N.A. Nekrasov, paintings by artists, cards.
Plan:
- Historical information about the peasant reform of 1861
- The history of the creation of the poem.
- Genre, composition of the poem.
- Summary of the lesson.
During the classes
The spectacle of the disasters of the people
Unbearable my friend...
N.A. Nekrasov
1. Teacher's lecture
History reference.
On February 19, 1861, Alexander issued a Manifesto and a Regulation abolishing serfdom. What did the men get from the gentlemen?
The peasants were promised personal freedom and the right to dispose of their property. The land was recognized as the property of the landlords. The landowners were charged with the obligation to provide the peasants with a personal plot and a field allotment.
The peasants had to buy land from the landowner. The transition to the redemption of the land allotment depended not on the desire of the peasants, but on the will of the landowner. Peasants who switched to the redemption of land plots with his permission were called owners, and those who did not switch to redemption were called temporarily liable. For the right to use the allotment of land received from the landowner before switching to redemption, they had to perform mandatory duties (pay dues or work off corvée).
The establishment of temporary relations preserves the feudal system of exploitation indefinitely. The value of the allotment was determined not by the actual market value of the land, but by the income received by the landowner from the estate under serfdom.
When buying land, the peasants paid for it twice and three times higher than the actual value. The redemption operation made it possible for the landlords to retain in full the income that they received before the reform.
The beggarly allotment could not feed the peasant, and he had to go to the same landowner with a request to take on share-cropping: to cultivate the master's land with his tools and receive half of the harvest for labor. This mass enslavement of the peasants ended with mass ruin old village. In no other country in the world did the peasantry experience such ruin, such poverty, as in Russia, even after the "liberation". That is why the first reaction to the Manifesto and the Regulations was the open resistance of the bulk of the peasantry, expressed in the refusal to accept these documents.
The literature of that time was turbulent. The works written at that time speak for themselves. Roman Chernyshevsky "What to do?", Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons", etc.
How did N. A. Nekrasov perceive the reform, which did not give the people the desired liberation? The poet experienced the events of those years tragically, as evidenced, in particular, by the memoirs of N.G. Chernyshevsky: “On the day the will was declared, I came to him and found him in bed. He was extremely depressed; all around on the bed lay different parts of the "Regulations" on the peasants. “Is that true will? he said. “No, this is pure deception, a mockery of the peasants.”
2. The history of the creation of the poem.
Shortly after the Peasant Reform, in 1862, the idea for a poem arose.
Nekrasov considered its goal to be the image of the destitute peasant lower classes, among which - as in all of Russia - there is no happy one. The poet worked on the poem from 1863 to 1877, i.e. about 14 years old. During this time, the idea changed, but the poem was never completed by the author, so there is no consensus in criticism about its composition. The question of the order of the arrangement of its parts has not yet been resolved. The most reasoned can be considered the order of the parts according to the chronology of their writing.
"Prologue" and Part 1 - 1868
"Last Child" - 1872
"Peasant Woman" -1873
“A feast for the whole world” Nekrasov wrote already being in a state of fatal illness, but he did not consider this part the last, intending to continue the poem with the image of wanderers in St. Petersburg.
Literary critic V.V. Gippius in the article “To the study of the poem “Who lives well in Russia” wrote back in 1934: “The poem remained unfinished, the poet’s intention was not clarified; separate parts of the poem followed each other in different time and not always in sequential order. Two questions that are of prime importance in the study of the poem are still controversial: 1) about relative position parts that have come down to us and 2) about the reconstruction of the parts that were not written and, above all, the denouement. Both issues are obviously closely related, and they have to be solved jointly.
It was V.V. Gippius who found in the poem itself objective indications of the sequence of parts: “Time is calculated in it“ according to the calendar ”: the action of the“ Prologue ”begins in the spring, when the birds build their nests and the cuckoo calls. In the chapter "Pop" the wanderers say: "And the time is not early, the month of May is coming." apparently, on the day of Nikola (May 9, according to the old style), the fair itself takes place. “Last Child” also begins with the exact date: “Petrovka. The time is hot. Haymaking in full swing." In A Feast for the Whole World, haymaking is already over: the peasants are going to the market with hay. Finally, in the "Peasant Woman" - the harvest. The events described in “A Feast for the Whole World” refer to early autumn (Grigory gathers mushrooms), and the “Petersburg part” conceived but not implemented by Nekrasov was supposed to take place in winter, when wanderers come to St. Petersburg to seek access “to the noble boyar , Minister of the Sovereign. It can be assumed that the poem could have ended with the Petersburg episodes. In modern publications, chapters are arranged according to the time they were written.
3. Genre, composition of the poem.
Nekrasov himself called “To whom it is good to live in Russia” as a poem, however, his work is not similar to any of the poems known in Russian literature before Nekrasov in terms of genre. The content of “Who should live well in Russia” required some new genre form for its implementation, and Nekrasov created it.
A poem (from the Greek "create", "creation") is a large epic poetic work.
Epic (from the Greek "collection of songs, stories") is the largest monumental form of epic literature, which gives a broad, multifaceted, comprehensive picture of the world, including deep reflections on the fate of the world and intimate experiences of the individual. The originality of the poem lies in the fact that this work is realistic - according to the artistic method, folk - in its meaning and theme, epic - in the breadth of the image of reality and heroic pathos.
In terms of genre, the poem is a folk epic, which, according to the poet's intention, was to include in its completed form the genre features of all three types Nekrasov's poems: "peasant", satirical, heroic-revolutionary.
The form of travel, meetings, inquiries, stories, descriptions used in the work was very convenient in order to give a comprehensive picture of life.
4. The result of the lesson.
In the next lesson, we will continue our acquaintance with the poem by N. Nekrasov. The knowledge gained in this lesson will be useful to you, as we will analyze the poem, consider the system of images.
Literature.
- VV Gippius To the study of the poem "To whom in Russia it is good to live."
- N.A. Nekrasov Who should live well in Russia, Moscow, 1987.
Lesson-lecture "The history of the creation of the epic poem by N. Nekrasov
"Who in Russia to live well"
The spectacle of the disasters of the people
Unbearable my friend... ON THE. Nekrasov
Target:
acquaintance with the history of the creation of the poem.
Tasks:
create the necessary emotional mood, help students feel the social tragedy of the peasantry;
arouse interest in the poem.
Equipment: portrait of N.A. Nekrasov, paintings by artists, cards.
Plan:
Historical information about the peasant reform of 1861
The history of the creation of the poem.
Genre, plot and composition of the poem.
Analysis of the poem "Night. We managed to enjoy everything ..."
Work in groups on the topic of the lesson.
During the classes
1. Teacher's lecture
Introduction.
"The people are liberated, but are the people happy?" - this line from the "Elegy" explains the position of N. A. Nekrasov in relation to the peasant reform of 1861, which only formally deprived the landlords of their former power, but in fact deceived, robbed peasant Russia. The poem was begun shortly after the peasant reform. Nekrasov considered its goal to be the image of the destitute peasant lower classes, among which - as in all of Russia - there is no happy one. The search for a happy among the tops of society was for Nekrasov only a compositional device. The happiness of the "strong" and "well-fed" was beyond doubt for him. The very word "lucky", according to Nekrasov, is a synonym for a representative of the privileged classes. (Compare "... but the happy are deaf to good" - "Reflections at the front door"). Depicting the ruling classes (priest, landowner), Nekrasov, first of all, focuses on the fact that the reform hit not so much "one end on the master" as "the other end on the peasant."
History reference.
On February 19, 1861, Alexander issued a Manifesto and a Regulation abolishing serfdom. What did the men get from the gentlemen?
The peasants were promised personal freedom and the right to dispose of their property. The land was recognized as the property of the landlords. The landowners were charged with the obligation to provide the peasants with a personal plot and a field allotment.
The peasants had to buy land from the landowner. The transition to the redemption of the land allotment depended not on the desire of the peasants, but on the will of the landowner. Peasants who switched to the redemption of land plots with his permission were called owners, and those who did not switch to redemption were called temporarily liable. For the right to use the allotment of land received from the landowner before switching to redemption, they had to perform mandatory duties (pay dues or work off corvée).
The establishment of temporary relations preserves the feudal system of exploitation indefinitely. The value of the allotment was determined not by the actual market value of the land, but by the income received by the landowner from the estate under serfdom.
When buying land, the peasants paid for it twice and three times higher than the actual value. The redemption operation made it possible for the landlords to retain in full the income that they received before the reform.
The beggarly allotment could not feed the peasant, and he had to go to the same landowner with a request to take on share-cropping: to cultivate the master's land with his tools and receive half of the harvest for labor. This mass enslavement of the peasants ended with the mass destruction of the old village. In no other country in the world did the peasantry experience such ruin, such poverty, as in Russia, even after the "liberation". That is why the first reaction to the Manifesto and the Regulations was the open resistance of the bulk of the peasantry, expressed in the refusal to accept these documents.
The literature of that time was turbulent. The works written at that time speak for themselves. Roman Chernyshevsky "What to do?", Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons", etc.
How did N. A. Nekrasov perceive the reform, which did not give the people the desired liberation? The poet experienced the events of those years tragically, as evidenced, in particular, by the memoirs of N.G. Chernyshevsky: “On the day the will was declared, I came to him and found him in bed. He was extremely depressed; all around on the bed lay different parts of the "Regulations" on the peasants. “Is that true will? he said. “No, this is pure deception, a mockery of the peasants.”
2. The history of the creation of the poem .
Shortly after the Peasant Reform, in 1862, the idea for a poem arose.
Nekrasov considered its goal to be the image of the destitute peasant lower classes, among which - as in all of Russia - there is no happy one. The poet worked on the poem from 1863 to 1877, i.e. about 14 years old. During this time, the idea changed, but the poem was never completed by the author, so there is no consensus in criticism about its composition. The question of the order of the arrangement of its parts has not yet been resolved. The most reasoned can be considered the order of the parts according to the chronology of their writing.
"Prologue" and Part 1 - 1868
"Last Child" - 1872
"Peasant Woman" -1873
“A feast for the whole world” Nekrasov wrote already being in a state of fatal illness, but he did not consider this part the last, intending to continue the poem with the image of wanderers in St. Petersburg.
Literary critic V.V. Gippius in the article “To the study of the poem “Who lives well in Russia” wrote back in 1934: “The poem remained unfinished, the poet’s intention was not clarified; individual parts of the poem followed each other at different times and not always in sequential order. Two questions that are of primary importance in the study of the poem are still controversial: 1) about the relative position of the parts that have come down to us and 2) about the reconstruction of the parts that have not been written and, above all, the denouement. Both issues are obviously closely related, and they have to be solved jointly.
It was V.V. Gippius who found in the poem itself objective indications of the sequence of parts: “Time is calculated in it“ according to the calendar ”: the action of the“ Prologue ”begins in the spring, when the birds build their nests and the cuckoo calls. In the chapter "Pop" the wanderers say: "And the time is not early, the month of May is coming." apparently, on the day of Nikola (May 9, according to the old style), the fair itself takes place. “Last Child” also begins with the exact date: “Petrovka. The time is hot. Haymaking in full swing." In A Feast for the Whole World, haymaking is already over: the peasants are going to the market with hay. Finally, in the "Peasant Woman" - the harvest. The events described in “A Feast for the Whole World” refer to early autumn (Grigory gathers mushrooms), and the “Petersburg part” conceived but not implemented by Nekrasov was supposed to take place in winter, when wanderers come to St. Petersburg to seek access “to the noble boyar , Minister of the Sovereign. It can be assumed that the poem could have ended with the Petersburg episodes. In modern publications, chapters are arranged according to the time they were written.
3. Genre, composition of the poem .
Nekrasov himself called “To whom it is good to live in Russia” as a poem, however, his work is not similar to any of the poems known in Russian literature before Nekrasov in terms of genre. The content of “Who should live well in Russia” required some new genre form for its implementation, and Nekrasov created it.
A poem (from the Greek "create", "creation") is a large epic poetic work.
Epic (from the Greek "collection of songs, stories") is the largest monumental form of epic literature, which gives a broad, multifaceted, comprehensive picture of the world, including deep reflections on the fate of the world and intimate experiences of the individual. The originality of the poem lies in the fact that this work is realistic - according to the artistic method, folk - in its meaning and theme, epic - in the breadth of the image of reality and heroic pathos.
In terms of genre, the poem is a folk epic, which, according to the poet's intention, was to include in its completed form the genre features of all three types of Nekrasov's poems: "peasant", satirical, heroic-revolutionary.
The form of travel, meetings, inquiries, stories, descriptions used in the work was very convenient in order to give a comprehensive picture of life..
Plot .Seven temporarily liable men travel around the country in search of an answer to the question: who lives happily, freely in Russia? This is the storyline of the poem. Nekrasov's manuscripts preserved a plan according to which the heroes were to meet with the minister and see the tsar. This is evidenced by the dispute of the wanderers:
Roman said: to the landowner,
Demyan said: to the official,
Luke said: ass.
Fat-bellied merchant! -
Gubin brothers said
Ivan and Mitrodor.
Old man Pahom pushed
And he said, looking at the ground:
noble boyar,
Minister of the State.
And Prov said: to the king.
2. Analysis of the poem “Night. We managed to enjoy everything ... "and the poem "Who in Russia should live well »
Night. We were able to enjoy everything.
What are we to do? I do not want to sleep.
We are now ready to pray
4
But we don't know what to want.
We wish him good night
Who endures everything, in the name of Christ,
Whose stern eyes do not cry,
8
Whose mute lips do not murmur,
Whose rough hands work,
Giving respectfully to us
Immerse yourself in the arts, in the sciences,
12
Indulge in dreams and passions;
Who wanders along the worldly road
In the dawnless, deep night,
Without understanding about law, about God,
16
Like in an underground prison without a candle... (1858)
N. Nekrasov's poem “Night. We managed to enjoy everything…” echoes the idea of the entire poem “Who should live in Russia”. The people are destitute and in poverty. We need people who will lead the people out of this difficult situation.
The poem is built on the principle of contrast. The beginning of the poem (the first four lines) paints a concrete picture of the late evening, the night after an eventful day. The next five lines are a good night wish to the one “who endures everything”, “whose eyes do not cry”, “whose mouth does not grumble”, “whose rough hands work” ...
Who is it? This is a patient, submissive, silently enduring hardship people - a hard worker.
It is he, the poor people, who grants the right to the rich, the landowners, to enjoy art, science, to immerse themselves in an idle, lazy and sybaritic life.
What can be the question of a happy share?
3. Tasks for students .
Card #1
The idea of the poem.
What did the reform give the peasants?
In what circumstances did the peasants find themselves?
Peasant reform of 1861
For landowners
For peasants
Card #2
The history of the creation of the poem.
1. How, in what sequence do events occur in the poem?
Chronology of the events of the poem.
Chapter Title
Time (quote from the text)
"Prologue"
"Pop"
"Country Fair"
(When was Nikola Veshny celebrated in Russia?)
Card number 4
Genre, plot, composition of the poem .
1. Why is the poem written in the form of a journey?
2. How is the title of the work related to the theme and idea of the work?
3. With whom were the men supposed to meet and how was the poem supposed to end according to the artist's intention?
Card number 5
The poem "Night. We managed to enjoy everything ..."
1. How does the theme and idea of the poem resonate with the idea and intention of the poem?
2. What is the principle of the poem?
3. What poet draws the life of the rich and life ordinary people?
4. Can people be happy, according to the poet? Does the poet answer this question?
4. Conclusions. It was as if two people had lived in Nekrasov all their lives: one with a poetic talent, capable of singing the finest movements of the human soul, and the other, to whom duty and conscience did not allow "the beauty of the valleys, heavens and seas and sweet caress to sing." Therefore, his gloomy muse himself was doomed to become a muse of revenge and sadness, a muse that the poet forced with blows of the whip to depict pictures of the grief of the people and call for the struggle for their liberation. Rejecting "art for art's sake" with its glorification of the aesthetic sense and being a conscious defender of the satirical "Gogol trend", Nekrasov considered those who serve the people as true poets, true citizens of those who do not seek to write poetry, but with their way of life contribute to the struggle for the liberation of the oppressed. people. The poem "Fragment" ("Night. We managed to enjoy everything ...", 1858) sounds like a prayer for the Russian people, who are in slave labor and long-suffering. For that people, “whose rough hands work, leaving us respectfully to immerse ourselves in the arts, in the sciences, indulge in dreams and passions.” Nekrasov reproached himself all his life for insufficiently active service to the people, and therefore taught his muse to sing fiery songs of struggle. The purpose of the poet, according to Nekrasov, is to selflessly serve the people, even if the dark and downtrodden people themselves will never know and appreciate this.
The poem was written by Nekrasov. She took her place in the Russian classics in literature, but she had even more significance for the author himself. The poem is his creative heritage.
This work has become a kind of collection of all the thoughts and ideas that Nekrasov previously wrote in his other works. It took thirty years of his life. The poem was not published to the end during the life of the author, which he deeply regretted.
According to his sister, it was very sad for Nekrasov that he could not finish the work of his whole life. So she was dear to him. The writer has invested
All of yourself, your thoughts and soul. The final edition of "To whom it is good to live in Russia" was in 1881. Nekrasov did not live to see this moment for three years.
When exactly Nekrasov began to write the poem, it is difficult to say. Opinions differ here. Some say that it was in 1861. When serfdom was abolished, others argue, arguing that the beginning was laid in 1850 and even in 1863. But the fact that the writer worked on the creation with special effort, bearing images and episodes separately, was no secret to anyone.
But not everything was smooth. The creation, which was so dear to Nekrasov, was very often condemned
From the side of censorship. It was not allowed to be printed. Already before publication, censorship cut out Nekrasov's works, which led him to great despondency, because he had high hopes for his poem. But Nekrasov did not give up his positions. The world recognized this creation one by one.
The chapters were published separately. The author could not see the last of them printed. She also did not escape the fate of being condemned by censorship. And it was published only after Saltykov-Shchedrin came to replace Nekrasov in Otechestvennye Zapiski.
Subsequently, the textual critics had a hard time putting all the parts together for editing and publishing. The author himself did not leave any recommendation and instructions for the sequence of their publication, according to which he planned "Who should live well in Russia."
It was not possible to publish the poem in the same way as Nekrasov wrote it. Although it is believed that his heirs did it that way. But in 1920, opinions diverged again, because, according to Chukovsky, he found the words of the author himself, which says that “A Feast for the Whole World” is following the “Last Child”. Based on this opinion, the poem was again reprinted.
The history of the creation of “Who Lives Well in Russia” begins in the late 1850s, when Nekrasov came up with the idea of a large-scale epic work summarizing all his creative and life experience revolutionary poet. The author has been collecting material for a long time based on both his personal experience communication with the people, and the literary heritage of their predecessors. Before Nekrasov, many authors addressed the life of the common people in their works, in particular I.S. Turgenev, whose "Notes of a Hunter" became one of the sources of images and ideas for Nekrasov. He had a clear idea and plot in 1862, after the abolition of serfdom and land reform. In 1863 Nekrasov set to work.
The author wanted to create an epic "folk" poem with a detailed picture of the life of various strata of Russian society. It also seemed important to him that his work be accessible to the common people, to whom he addressed in the first place. This is the reason for the composition of the poem, conceived by the author as cyclic, the size close to the rhythm of folk tales, a kind of language, replete with sayings, sayings, "common" and dialect words.
The creative history of “Who Lives Well in Russia” has almost fourteen years of intensive work by the author, collecting materials, working out images, and correcting the original plot. According to the author's idea, the heroes, having met near their villages, had to make a long journey through the entire province, and at the end reach St. Petersburg. Being on the way, they talk with the priest, the landowner, the peasant woman. In St. Petersburg, travelers were supposed to meet with an official, a merchant, a minister, and the tsar himself.
As the individual parts of the poem were being written, Nekrasov published them in the journal Domestic Notes. In 1866, the Prologue appeared in print, the first part was published in 1868, then in 1872 and 1873. the parts "Last Child" and "Peasant Woman" were printed. The part entitled "A Feast for the Whole World" did not appear in print during the author's lifetime. Only three years after Nekrasov's death, Saltykov-Shchedrin was able to print this fragment with large censored notes.
Nekrasov did not leave any instructions regarding the order of the parts of the poem, therefore it is customary to publish it in the order in which it appeared on the pages of Domestic Notes - Prologue and the first part, The Last Child, Peasant Woman, Feast for the Whole World ". This sequence is the most adequate in terms of composition.
The serious illness of Nekrasov forced him to abandon the original plan of the poem, according to which it was supposed to consist of seven or eight parts and include, in addition to pictures of rural life, scenes of St. Petersburg life. It was also planned that the structure of the poem would be based on the change of seasons and agricultural seasons: travelers set off on a journey in early spring, spent the whole summer and autumn on the road, reached the capital in winter and returned to their native places in the spring. But the history of writing "Who Lives Well in Russia" was interrupted in 1877 with the death of the writer.
Anticipating the approach of death, Nekrasov says: “One thing I deeply regret is that I didn’t finish my poem “Who Lives Well in Russia”.” Realizing that the disease does not leave him enough time to complete his plans, he is forced to change his original plan; he quickly reduces the story to an open ending, in which, however, he still demonstrates one of his most striking and significant heroes - the commoner Grisha Dobrosklonov, who dreams of the welfare and happiness of all the people. It was he who, according to the idea of the author, was to become the very lucky man that the wanderers are looking for. But, not having time for a detailed disclosure of his image and history, Nekrasov limited himself to a hint of how this large-scale epic should have ended.
Artwork test
Lesson-lecture "The history of the creation of the epic poem by N. Nekrasov
"To whom in Russia it is good to live"
Goals :
- To acquaint with the history of the creation of the poem;
- To create the necessary emotional mood, to help students feel the social tragedy of the peasantry.
- Arouse interest in the poem.
Equipment : portrait of N.A. Nekrasov, paintings by artists, cards.
Plan:
- Historical information about the peasant reform of 1861
- The history of the creation of the poem.
- Genre, composition of the poem.
- Summary of the lesson.
During the classes
The spectacle of the disasters of the people
Unbearable my friend...
ON THE. Nekrasov
1. Teacher's lecture
History reference.
On February 19, 1861, Alexander issued a Manifesto and a Regulation abolishing serfdom. What did the men get from the gentlemen?
The peasants were promised personal freedom and the right to dispose of their property. The land was recognized as the property of the landlords. The landowners were charged with the obligation to provide the peasants with a personal plot and a field allotment.
The peasants had to buy land from the landowner. The transition to the redemption of the land allotment depended not on the desire of the peasants, but on the will of the landowner. Peasants who switched to the redemption of land plots with his permission were called owners, and those who did not switch to redemption were called temporarily liable. For the right to use the allotment of land received from the landowner before switching to redemption, they had to perform mandatory duties (pay dues or work off corvée).
The establishment of temporary relations preserves the feudal system of exploitation indefinitely. The value of the allotment was determined not by the actual market value of the land, but by the income received by the landowner from the estate under serfdom.
When buying land, the peasants paid for it twice and three times higher than the actual value. The redemption operation made it possible for the landlords to retain in full the income that they received before the reform.
The beggarly allotment could not feed the peasant, and he had to go to the same landowner with a request to take on share-cropping: to cultivate the master's land with his tools and receive half of the harvest for labor. This mass enslavement of the peasants ended with the mass destruction of the old village. In no other country in the world did the peasantry experience such ruin, such poverty, as in Russia, even after the "liberation". That is why the first reaction to the Manifesto and the Regulations was the open resistance of the bulk of the peasantry, expressed in the refusal to accept these documents.
The literature of that time was turbulent. The works written at that time speak for themselves. Roman Chernyshevsky "What to do?", Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons", etc.
How did N. A. Nekrasov perceive the reform, which did not give the people the desired liberation? The poet experienced the events of those years tragically, as evidenced, in particular, by the memoirs of N.G. Chernyshevsky: “On the day the will was declared, I came to him and found him in bed. He was extremely depressed; all around on the bed lay different parts of the "Regulations" on the peasants. “Is that true will? he said. “No, this is pure deception, a mockery of the peasants.”
2. The history of the creation of the poem.
Shortly after the Peasant Reform, in 1862, the idea for a poem arose.
Nekrasov considered its goal to be the image of the destitute peasant lower classes, among which - as in all of Russia - there is no happy one. The poet worked on the poem from 1863 to 1877, i.e. about 14 years old. During this time, the idea changed, but the poem was never completed by the author, so there is no consensus in criticism about its composition. The question of the order of the arrangement of its parts has not yet been resolved. The most reasoned can be considered the order of the parts according to the chronology of their writing.
"Prologue" and Part 1 - 1868
"Last Child" - 1872
"Peasant Woman" -1873
“A feast for the whole world” Nekrasov wrote already being in a state of fatal illness, but he did not consider this part the last, intending to continue the poem with the image of wanderers in St. Petersburg.
Literary critic V.V. Gippius in the article “To the study of the poem “Who lives well in Russia” wrote back in 1934: “The poem remained unfinished, the poet’s intention was not clarified; individual parts of the poem followed each other at different times and not always in sequential order. Two questions that are of primary importance in the study of the poem are still controversial: 1) about the relative position of the parts that have come down to us and 2) about the reconstruction of the parts that have not been written and, above all, the denouement. Both issues are obviously closely related, and they have to be solved jointly.
It was V.V. Gippius who found in the poem itself objective indications of the sequence of parts: “Time is calculated in it“ according to the calendar ”: the action of the“ Prologue ”begins in the spring, when the birds build their nests and the cuckoo calls. In the chapter "Pop" the wanderers say: "And the time is not early, the month of May is coming." apparently, on the day of Nikola (May 9, according to the old style), the fair itself takes place. “Last Child” also begins with the exact date: “Petrovka. The time is hot. Haymaking in full swing." In A Feast for the Whole World, haymaking is already over: the peasants are going to the market with hay. Finally, in the "Peasant Woman" - the harvest. The events described in “A Feast for the Whole World” refer to early autumn (Grigory gathers mushrooms), and the “Petersburg part” conceived but not implemented by Nekrasov was supposed to take place in winter, when wanderers come to St. Petersburg to seek access “to the noble boyar , Minister of the Sovereign. It can be assumed that the poem could have ended with the Petersburg episodes. In modern publications, chapters are arranged according to the time they were written.
3. Genre, composition of the poem.
Nekrasov himself called “To whom it is good to live in Russia” as a poem, however, his work is not similar to any of the poems known in Russian literature before Nekrasov in terms of genre. The content of “Who should live well in Russia” required some new genre form for its implementation, and Nekrasov created it.
A poem (from the Greek "create", "creation") is a large epic poetic work.
Epic (from the Greek "collection of songs, stories") is the largest monumental form of epic literature, which gives a broad, multifaceted, comprehensive picture of the world, including deep reflections on the fate of the world and intimate experiences of the individual. The originality of the poem lies in the fact that this work is realistic - according to the artistic method, folk - in its meaning and theme, epic - in the breadth of the image of reality and heroic pathos.
In terms of genre, the poem is a folk epic, which, according to the poet's intention, was to include in its completed form the genre features of all three types of Nekrasov's poems: "peasant", satirical, heroic-revolutionary.
The form of travel, meetings, inquiries, stories, descriptions used in the work was very convenient in order to give a comprehensive picture of life.
4. The result of the lesson.
In the next lesson, we will continue our acquaintance with the poem by N. Nekrasov. The knowledge gained in this lesson will be useful to you, as we will analyze the poem, consider the system of images.
Literature.
- VV Gippius To the study of the poem "To whom in Russia it is good to live."
- N.A. Nekrasov Who should live well in Russia, Moscow, 1987.
Conclusions. It was as if two people had lived in Nekrasov all their lives: one with a poetic talent, capable of singing the finest movements of the human soul, and the other, to whom duty and conscience did not allow "the beauty of the valleys, heavens and seas and sweet caress to sing." Therefore, his gloomy muse himself was doomed to become a muse of revenge and sadness, a muse that the poet forced with blows of the whip to depict pictures of the grief of the people and call for the struggle for their liberation. Rejecting "art for art's sake" with its glorification of the aesthetic sense and being a conscious defender of the satirical "Gogol trend", Nekrasov considered those who serve the people as true poets, true citizens of those who do not seek to write poetry, but with their way of life contribute to the struggle for the liberation of the oppressed. people. The poem "Fragment" ("Night. We managed to enjoy everything ...", 1858) sounds like a prayer for the Russian people, who are in slave labor and long-suffering. For that people, “whose rough hands work, leaving us respectfully to immerse ourselves in the arts, in the sciences, indulge in dreams and passions.” Nekrasov reproached himself all his life for insufficiently active service to the people, and therefore taught his muse to sing fiery songs of struggle. The purpose of the poet, according to Nekrasov, is to selflessly serve the people, even if the dark and downtrodden people themselves will never know and appreciate this.
