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research development

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# study

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Here is what we have discovered in the last thirty years of research: there are six main time zones in which people live. Two - with a focus on the past, two - on the present, and two - on the future. Among those focused on the past, there are those people who remember only the “good old days”: victories, good luck, birthdays. They keep in touch with relatives, collect photo albums, keep family traditions. Another type of people remembers only disappointments and failures - all the little things that went wrong. Therefore, we call such people focused on the "positive past" and "negative past."

There are two options for orientation to the present. The most obvious is to be a hedonist, to live for pleasure and avoid suffering, to hunt for new sensations and experiences. Another type of person is referred to as present-oriented for what they say: “Making plans is a waste of time!” or “My life is predetermined! Religion, poverty, the conditions in which I live. Most of us are here now because we are future oriented. We have learned to work rather than play, we have learned to resist temptation. But there is another version of future orientation - it is laid down by religion, according to which real life begins only after death.

Focusing on the future, it is necessary to believe in what is accepted in this moment the decision will bear fruit. You don't put your savings in the bank during high inflation because you don't trust the future. In a family where there is no stability, adults cannot justify the hopes and promises given to you. The closer you live to the equator, the more attached you are to the present: environment, where the climate is almost unchanged, gives a sense of imaginary uniformity, not variability. In turn, Protestants always have a higher gross national product growth rate than Catholics, in part due to the Protestant ethic and the notion that one must work hard to succeed, thus proving one's chosenness of God.

In Italy, there is a political movement called la Lega - it advocates the separation of the northern regions from the south. Residents of the northern part, as it were, say: “Yes, we are the only ones working in Italy!”. And people from the South are lazy, like children, they want to spend three hours on meals and have a big family. The southerners say about the northerners: “They are not Italians, they are German-Austrian! They eat yogurt instead of pasta and carry lunch in paper bags!” In the last national elections, la Lega won 14% of the vote. It turns out that there is a lot of truth in their words, because as a result of our research, it was proved that people from the North are more inclined to focus on the future, while southerners are passionate about the past or the hedonistic present.

My family lives in Sicily, I left there, but every year I return there. I founded higher educational institution, we send high school students to colleges, we equip computer labs, and one day I'm talking about all this, when suddenly a person appears who says: “I am a poet! I live with words! I was listening to your report, and then it dawned on me that there are no future tense verbs in the Sicilian dialect! There is only “was”, “is”, but there is no “will be”. That's why nothing gets completed!"

There is a wonderful book called The Geography of Time by my close friend Robert Levine, a sociopsychologist. He literally traveled the world, conducting amazing experiments. He explored what he called "the pace of life". Time perspective, or personal perception of time, is how people divide their lived time into periods, time zones. Another kind of time orientation is your sense of duration. For example, how long did it take you to sit in the dentist's chair? How long did it take you to stand in line? How long did it take you to have fun? How fast does time pass when you are bored or having fun? With his research, Robert Levin shows that people in different cultures have different pace of life. This can be easily proved experimentally: you need to measure 100 meters, sit somewhere in a cafe, and as soon as someone passes, start the stopwatch. This way you can determine how fast people walk. Or mail a letter to find out how long it will take to deliver it. There are a huge number of such trifles, measuring which, you come to the conclusion that different cultures have different pace of life. Now cities have different rates of life. Robert Levine ranks 60 American cities from high to low, and those states with the highest rate have the highest rates of cardiovascular disease.

We all begin to live as present-time hedonists. From birth, we want to enjoy and avoid suffering. And one of the functions that the family and especially the school should perform is to take present-oriented little monsters and make them people who are more future-oriented, or, as in some cultures, the past. In America, every 9 seconds a child is kicked out of school. This is worse for adolescents belonging to social minorities, and worse for boys than girls. And the reason for this is not just bad behavior. One explanation is that studies show that by the age of 21, a child spends at least 10,000 hours playing video games, perhaps even more watching pornography. But it also means that such children live in an exciting world that they themselves create by playing Warcraft and other games. Manufacturers develop 3D games. Soon the computer world will surround us in the literal sense of the word.

The minds of such children have been technically reprogrammed, and they will never be able to adapt to the classical process of education: someone tells something at the blackboard, without even showing pretty pictures - boredom to death! Passive presence and no control over the situation. When trying to change academic plan adherents of traditional education will answer: "We must return to reading, penmanship, arithmetic!" The result is a disaster. After all, such teenagers will never be able to adapt to this, they must be in a situation where there is an opportunity to influence something, and the school is initially an institution where it is impossible to control anything, only passively obey. School is literally designed to avoid pleasure.

All addictions are present-oriented hedonistic addictions: drugs, sex, gambling. While propaganda healthy lifestyle life and the education system are designed for future-oriented children who do not create problems anyway. The messages warn of the negative consequences of various actions, but future-oriented children already know all this. Present-oriented teenagers are also aware of the future consequences: girls suspect that unprotected sex can lead to unwanted pregnancies or sexually transmitted diseases. However, this knowledge will never make them change their behavior.

I think we underestimate the power of technology to reprogram the teen mind. Kids don't wear wristwatches anymore because it's a single function device. Why waste time on it? Now they live in a world where the main measure of everything is a second. After all, the only thing that worries and frustrates Americans is the speed of loading a computer and the speed of downloading files, which is less than a minute, but still infuriates people! Waiting in line, waiting to be served, waiting is a waste of time! I think fundamental changes are taking place, and we adults cannot even imagine how different children are from what we used to be. And this is thanks to a revolution in the perception of time.

For latest study we asked Americans how busy they are. More than 50% of Americans answered that they are now busier than last year, last year they were busier than the year before. They sacrifice friends, family, and sleep to achieve success. And this is everywhere, not only among the future-oriented. After that we asked what would they do if there was an eighth day of the week? They replied that they would have spent all this time working, achieving more - not for friends, family, and not even for sleep. 20 years ago, only 60% of Americans had regular family dinners. We re-ran this study last year. Only one in five Americans regularly dine in the family circle. In America, they constantly talk about family values. There are no family values ​​if there are no joint meals. I believe that many life problems can be resolved simply by understanding one's own perception of time and that of others. Many conflicts between people basically have a difference in the perception of time. Think about it before labeling yourself stupid, infantile, stubborn, or despot.

If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.

Svitov Sergey - Student of the Voronezh Institute of Practical Psychology and Business Psychology. I see psychology as a real tool for change and skill acquisition. If we consider psychology as a "soup for the soul", chewing snot, and sentiment, then the results will be random. look for me in

Here is what we have discovered in the last thirty years of research: there are six main time zones in which people live. Two - with a focus on the past, two - on the present, and two - on the future. Among those focused on the past, there are those people who remember only the “good old days”: victories, good luck, birthdays. They keep in touch with relatives, collect photo albums, keep family traditions. Another type of people remembers only disappointments and failures - all the little things that went wrong. Therefore, we call such people focused on the "positive past" and "negative past."

There are two options for orientation to the present. The most obvious is to be a hedonist, to live for pleasure and avoid suffering, to hunt for new sensations and experiences. Another type of person is referred to as present-oriented for what they say: “Making plans is a waste of time!” or “My life is predetermined! Religion, poverty, the conditions in which I live. Most of us are here now because we are future oriented. We have learned to work rather than play, we have learned to resist temptation. But there is another version of future orientation - it is laid down by religion, according to which real life begins only after death.

“One of the functions that the family and especially the school should perform is to take present-oriented little monsters and make them more future-oriented people”

Focusing on the future, it is imperative to believe that the decision taken at the moment will bear fruit. You don't put your savings in the bank during high inflation because you don't trust the future. In a family where there is no stability, adults cannot justify the hopes and promises given to you. The closer you live to the equator, the more attached you are to the present: an environment where the climate hardly changes gives a sense of imaginary uniformity, not variability. In turn, Protestants always have a higher gross national product growth rate than Catholics, in part due to the Protestant ethic and the notion that one must work hard to succeed, thus proving one's chosenness of God.

In Italy, there is a political movement called la Lega - it advocates the separation of the northern regions from the south. Residents of the northern part, as it were, say: “Yes, we are the only ones working in Italy!”. And people from the South are lazy, like children, they want to spend three hours on meals and have a big family. The southerners say about the northerners: “They are not Italians, they are German-Austrian! They eat yogurt instead of pasta and carry lunch in paper bags!” In the last national elections, la Lega won 14% of the vote. It turns out that there is a lot of truth in their words, because as a result of our research, it was proved that people from the North are more inclined to focus on the future, while southerners are passionate about the past or the hedonistic present.

My family lives in Sicily, I left there, but every year I return there. I founded a higher education institution there, we send high school students to colleges, we equip computer labs, and one day I'm talking about all this, when suddenly a person appears who says: “I am a poet! I live with words! I was listening to your report, and then it dawned on me that there are no future tense verbs in the Sicilian dialect! There is only “was”, “is”, but there is no “will be”. That's why nothing gets completed!"

There is a wonderful book called The Geography of Time by my close friend Robert Levine, a sociopsychologist. He literally traveled the world, conducting amazing experiments. He explored what he called "the pace of life". Time perspective, or personal perception of time, is how people divide their lived time into periods, time zones. Another kind of time orientation is your sense of duration. For example, how long did it take you to sit in the dentist's chair? How long did it take you to stand in line? How long did it take you to have fun? How fast does time pass when you are bored or having fun? With his research, Robert Levin shows that people in different cultures have different pace of life. This can be easily proved experimentally: you need to measure 100 meters, sit somewhere in a cafe, and as soon as someone passes, start the stopwatch. This way you can determine how fast people walk. Or mail a letter to find out how long it will take to deliver it. There are a huge number of such trifles, measuring which, you come to the conclusion that different cultures have different pace of life. Now cities have different rates of life. Robert Levine ranks 60 American cities from high to low, and those states with the highest rate have the highest rates of cardiovascular disease.

We all begin to live as present-time hedonists. From birth, we want to enjoy and avoid suffering. And one of the functions that the family and especially the school should perform is to take present-oriented little monsters and make them people who are more future-oriented, or, as in some cultures, the past. In America, every 9 seconds a child is kicked out of school. This is worse for adolescents belonging to social minorities, and worse for boys than girls. And the reason for this is not just bad behavior. One explanation is that studies show that by the age of 21, a child spends at least 10,000 hours playing video games, perhaps even more watching pornography. But it also means that such children live in an exciting world that they themselves create by playing Warcraft and other games. Manufacturers develop 3D games. Soon the computer world will surround us in the literal sense of the word.

The minds of such children have been technically reprogrammed, and they will never be able to adapt to the classical process of education: someone tells something at the blackboard, without even showing pretty pictures - boredom to death! Passive presence and no control over the situation. If you try to change the curriculum, the adherents of traditional education will answer: "We must return to reading, penmanship, arithmetic!" The result is a disaster. After all, such teenagers will never be able to adapt to this, they must be in a situation where there is an opportunity to influence something, and the school is initially an institution where it is impossible to control anything, only passively obey. School is literally designed to avoid pleasure.

All addictions are present-oriented hedonistic addictions: drugs, sex, gambling. While the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and the education system are designed for future-oriented children who do not create problems anyway. The messages warn of the negative consequences of various actions, but future-oriented children already know all this. Present-oriented teenagers are also aware of the future consequences: girls suspect that unprotected sex can lead to unwanted pregnancies or sexually transmitted diseases. However, this knowledge will never make them change their behavior.

“The closer you live to the equator, the more you are tied to the present: an environment where the climate hardly changes gives a feeling of imaginary uniformity, not variability”

I think we underestimate the power of technology to reprogram the teen mind. Kids don't wear wristwatches anymore because it's a single function device. Why waste time on it? Now they live in a world where the main measure of everything is a second. After all, the only thing that worries and frustrates Americans is the speed of loading a computer and the speed of downloading files, which is less than a minute, but still infuriates people! Waiting in line, waiting to be served, waiting is a waste of time! I think fundamental changes are taking place, and we adults cannot even imagine how different children are from what we used to be. And this is thanks to a revolution in the perception of time.

For the latest study, we asked Americans how busy they are. More than 50% of Americans answered that they are now busier than last year, last year they were busier than the year before. They sacrifice friends, family, and sleep to achieve success. And this is everywhere, not only among the future-oriented. After that we asked what would they do if there was an eighth day of the week? They replied that they would have spent all this time working, achieving more - not for friends, family, and not even for sleep. 20 years ago, only 60% of Americans had regular family dinners. We re-ran this study last year. Only one in five Americans regularly dine in the family circle. In America, they constantly talk about family values. There are no family values ​​if there are no joint meals. I believe that many of life's problems can be solved by simply understanding one's own perception of time and that of others. Many conflicts between people basically have a difference in the perception of time. Think about it before labeling yourself stupid, infantile, stubborn, or despot.

Psychologist Philip Zimbardo argues that the secret to happiness and success is hidden in a quality that most of us neglect - an attitude to the past, present and future. Recommendation: by reconsidering the nature of your attitude to time, take the first step towards improving your life

Philip Zimbardo

Video: So, let's start the countdown. 30 second readiness. Here we are starting. Episode. Double first. About the time. And sequences. Double first. 15 second readiness. Ten, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two...

Philip Zimbardo: Let's switch our discussion to the principles behind Adam's temptation. Come on, Adam, don't be so weak. Taste, I've already tried it. Just once, Adam. Don't leave Eve. Well, I don't know what to say. I don't want trouble. Come on! Just once. What the hell are you afraid of?

Life is a temptation. It is full of concessions, resistance, yes, no, now, later, momentum, reflection, today, tomorrow. Good intentions are sacrificed for momentary passion.

Among teenage girls who took vows of sexual abstinence and virginity before marriage (thank you, George W. Bush), the majority, 60%, succumbed to sexual temptation within one year of the vow. And most of them weren't protected. That's what promises are worth.

Now let's switch to four year olds and give them a treat. You can eat candy now. But if you wait until the experimenter comes back, you'll get two. Definitely worth the wait if you like candy. However, two-thirds of children succumb to temptation. They cannot wait. The rest, of course, are waiting. They just resist the temptation and put it off now for later.

Walter Michel, my colleague at Stanford University, reconnected 14 years later to see what the difference was between these children. There were huge differences in many ways between children who resisted and children who succumbed to temptation. The more resilient children scored 250 points higher on the SAT. This is colossal. It's like an incomparable difference on an IQ test. They cause less trouble. They learn better. They are determined and confident. And what is most important today for me and for your understanding is that they are focused on the future, not on the present.

So what is time orientation? This is just the topic of today's conversation. Time orientation is the study of how a person, each of us, shares the flow of his life experience into zones or categories over time. We do this automatically and unconsciously. These categories differ depending on culture, country, specific person, social class, level of education. The problem is that the division into zones can become one-sided. Because we are forced to use some categories frequently and rarely use others.

What determines every decision you make? You make the decision on which you base your actions. Some take into account only the immediate situation: the actions of others and own feelings. These people make decisions in this format - let's call them "present-oriented". Because the focus of their attention is what is now.

For others, the present is not important. For them, it is more important: “How is this situation similar to what happened to me in the past?” Thus, their decisions are based on memories of the past. Let's call such people "past-oriented". Because they are focused on what was.

For others, neither the past nor the present matter: only the future matters. They always take into account the possible consequences, consider the share of costs in income. Let's call them "future-oriented". They focus on the future.

So, I'm arguing that the paradox of time, the paradox of orientation in time, which you were completely unaware of, affects every decision you make. More precisely, it is the degree of your bias regarding time. There are 6 in total. There are 2 ways to be present oriented. 2 ways to be past oriented and 2 future oriented. You can focus on the positive past or the negative past. You can focus on pleasures in the present, that is, on the joys of life, or you can be a fatalist: no matter what you do, nothing depends on you. Or you can be future-oriented by setting goals for yourself. And you can also be directed to the transcendent future, when everything is important - after death. Develop mental flexibility and easily switch time orientation depending on current needs - that's what you need to learn.

I will be very brief: what doses of time orientation are optimal? Greater degree of positive perception of the past. Relatively large focus on the future. Focus on the pleasures of the moment medium degree. And always low doses of negative perception of the past and fatalism. So, the optimal mixture at times looks like this. The past gives us roots. We keep in touch with our family, with self-consciousness and with individuality. The future gives us wings to rise to new goals, new heights. Momentary pleasures give us the energy we need to know our capabilities, new areas, people, feelings.

An overdose of any time orientation will do more harm than good. What do future-minded people sacrifice for success? They sacrifice family time. They sacrifice communication with friends. They sacrifice rest. They sacrifice personal whims. They sacrifice hobbies. They sacrifice sleep. And it affects their health. And they live for work, achievements and regulation of their lives. I am sure that these concepts will resonate in the hearts of those present.

They resonated in my soul. I grew up in the South Bronx ghetto in a poor Sicilian family. Everyone lived past and present. But today I am in front of you - a future-oriented person who made incredible efforts, who sacrificed everything necessary, because teachers influenced me, giving me a future orientation. They told me not to eat the candy yet, because if you wait, you will get two, and so on until I learned how to choose the doses myself. I added a little today's pleasures, added attention to the positive past. Now, at the age of 76, I am more energized than ever, more productive and happier than ever.

I just want to add that we are applying our research to many of the world's problems: impacting dropout rates, fighting addictions, improving teen health, treating war veterans with time metaphors - by the way, miraculous healing - promoting self-reliance and rational use resources, shorten the recovery time of the physical state where 50% give up hope, remove the attraction to become a suicide bomber, and also translate family conflicts into the plane of a clash of orientations in time.

I want to end by saying that many of life's mysteries can be solved by understanding how you and others navigate time. The idea is really simple and obvious, but it has, I think, very deep implications.