Known since ancient times, the magnetic field and its properties still remain a very mysterious phenomenon of the surrounding world. Application potential magnetic field just huge and general theory of interactions brings a new impetus to the use of hidden energy, which is hidden in magnetism.

Definition: magnetic field - a region of space in which the configuration of bions, transmitters of all interactions, is a dynamic, mutually consistent rotation (see animation).
The direction of action of the magnetic forces coincides with the axis of rotation of the bions using the right screw rule (for the case shown in the animation, the magnetic field vector is directed away from the viewer).
Power characteristic magnetic field is determined by the frequency of rotation of the bions. The higher the speed, the stronger the field.

The magnetic field would be more correctly called electrodynamic, since it occurs only when charged particles move, and acts only on moving charges.
Let us explain why the magnetic field is dynamic. In order for a magnetic field to arise, it is necessary that the bions begin to rotate, and only a moving charge can make them rotate, which will attract one of the poles of the bion. If the charge does not move, then the bion will not rotate.

Let's show with the help of animation examples of the occurrence of a magnetic field.

The animation shows the reason for the formation of a magnetic field that occurs when a charged particle (electron) moves. Bion is shown as two balls - red and blue.
It is easy to see that the bions begin to rotate, orienting their positive pole towards the electron. If there was no motion of the electron, then the bions would not rotate. Here is the answer to the question why the magnetic field is dynamic, and the electric field is static. The animation can also be seen as an explanation of how the magnetic field should be directed, that is, to explain one more property, why the magnetic field is always directed perpendicular to the trajectory of the charged particle. The axis of rotation will always be perpendicular to the direction of motion of a charged particle

The animation below shows the occurrence of a magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor.

Left view of the conductor from the side, right view of the conductor from the front

On the left in the animation, the very essence of the magnetic field is shown. Due to the curvature of the bion, its rotation results in a small difference in the location of the centers of the poles, which can only manifest itself when the bion rotates. And the greater the frequency of rotation of the bion, the more often such a difference occurs, the stronger will be the force effect (the magnitude of the magnetic field).

To explain, here is another animation of the magnetic field.

Here we see that the positive pole of the bion tends to orient towards the electron, while the negative pole, on the contrary, moves away as far as possible. Ultimately, the resulting electrical force, arising due to the curvature of the bion, will always be directed strictly perpendicular to the trajectory of the particle. (If you do not understand the descriptions, I advise you to get acquainted with the main provisions of the general theory of interactions and read about structure and properties of a bion).

Note that the mathematical support of the general theory of interactions, and in particular, the description of the magnetic field, coincide with the well-known ones. In our theory, only a new semantic interpretation of formulas is given, based on a new idea of ​​a quantum.

Magnetic moment

Now let's consider such a thing as a magnetic moment. The magnetic moment manifests itself when a magnetic field acts on a loop with current. With this interaction, a moment of forces is equal. Here B is the magnetic field induction vector, I is the current in the loop, S is its area, and α is the angle between lines of force and perpendicular to the plane of the frame.
The magnetic moment is considered a vector, which is located on a line perpendicular to the plane of the frame. The direction of the vector (up or down this line) is determined by the gimlet rule: the gimlet must be placed perpendicular to the plane of the frame and rotated in the direction of the current in the frame (clockwise or counterclockwise) - the direction of movement of the gimlet will indicate the direction of the magnetic moment vector.

Magnetic moment is an important concept in physics. Atoms include nuclei around which electrons revolve (in the general theory of interactions, an atom rotates as a whole - details on the page atomic structure). Each electron moving around the nucleus as a charged particle creates a current, forming, as it were, a microscopic frame with current.

Magnetic moment of an electron in an atom

The magnitude of the magnetic moment of an electron associated with its movement in orbit, or as they say, the orbital magnetic moment. Where e is the charge of the electron, m is its mass, and the angular momentum of the electron. The value calculated by this formula coincides with the value obtained in quantum mechanics. But for the electron spin, quantum mechanics gives the magnitude of the magnetic moment, twice as large as classical physics. And this difference between the orbital and spin magnetic moments cannot be explained from the classical point of view. The total magnetic moment of an atom is the sum of the orbital and spin moments of all electrons, and since they differ by a factor of two, the factor g appears in the expression for the magnetic moment of an atom (1< g <2), характеризующий состояние атома:

Although the general theory of interactions explains the physical meaning of the spin in a different way, we will nevertheless give our own explanation of the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron. Such an explanation of the anomaly of the magnetic moment of an electron in an atom is connected with the structure of atoms, and obviously follows from such a structure. Watch the animation.

It is obvious that the magnetic field arises only outside the atom, since the electron does not move around the nucleus, but is rigidly connected with it by electric forces. Therefore, the magnetic field does not arise in half of the space around the electron.

Briefly, but clearly, we will describe the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

Electromagnetic induction

In the animation (the animation is not ready yet) it can be seen that by moving the magnet, we create an electromagnetic wave in the coil, which, in turn, makes the electrons move. If there is no movement of the magnet, then there is no electromagnetic induction. It is also obvious that the higher the rate of change of the magnetic flux, the more significant the electromagnetic wave arising in the conductor, the stronger the resulting current.

The properties of the magnetic field include, and its ability to influence substances in a certain way, and to change in a certain way inside these substances. Consideration of the magnetic properties of substances, as well as their ability to conduct electric current, is devoted to the page properties of substances and compounds .

The action of a magnetic field on a moving electric charge.

When a charge moves in a magnetic field, there is a difference in the time that one or the pole of the bion acts on it. Such a difference arises precisely because of the motion, and it is not observed if the charge is at rest. Green in the animation shows the zones of temporary attraction of the charge from the side of the bions, since at this moment they are turned to the charge by the pole of the opposite sign. The zones of temporary repulsion are marked in red. The trajectory of the particle changes first in one direction, then in the other.
It turns out that a charged particle in a magnetic field will move along a rather complex trajectory. Let's try to understand what it (the trajectory) will represent. In fact, it becomes clear that the deflecting force will be represented by a cycloid.

The figure shows that the duration of the force that changes the direction of movement of a positive charge in one direction (counterclockwise) is longer than the duration of the force that changes the direction of movement in the opposite direction (clockwise). The works will also be different (indicated in color). As a result, we obtain the following form of the trajectory of a charged particle in a magnetic field.

Figure A shows the trajectory of a positively charged particle, for the case indicated in the previous figures (the magnetic field is very weak). Figure B explains the trajectory of a negatively charged particle. In this case, the value of the magnetic induction of the field has changed (therefore, there are more "petals") (each petal represents one period of the cycloid).
As the speed of the particle increases, the radius will increase accordingly. As the strength of the magnetic field increases, the number of “petals” increases, and the particle trajectory approaches a circle more and more (shown in color in the figures). All our conclusions ultimately coincide with the results of the experiments, only slightly refining them.

Surprisingly, I did not find in any textbook not only an answer, but even a question, which obviously should arise for everyone who begins to study magnetic phenomena.

Here is the question.

Why does the magnetic moment of a circuit with current not depend on the shape of this circuit, but only on its area?
I think that such a question is not asked precisely because no one knows the answer to it. Based on our ideas, the answer is obvious. The magnetic field of the contour is the sum of the magnetic fields of the bions. And the number of bions creating a magnetic field is determined by the area of ​​the contour and does not depend on its shape.

conclusions: the magnetic field is described on this page in detail and clearly only for the reason that we rely on the correct approach to explaining the causes of the magnetic field and the manifestation of its properties. Otherwise, we would not have such a simple and integral picture with the entire general theory of interactions, just as there is none in quantum mechanics.

A magnetic field(MP) is what exists in a region of space in which a force called magnetic acts on an electrically neutral conductor with current. The MF SOURCE is a moving electrically charged particle (charge), which also creates an electric field.

If near one moving charged particle (charge No. 1) there is a second charged particle moving at the same speed V (charge No. 2), then 2 forces will act on the second charge: electric (Coulomb) and magnetic force, which will be less than electric in times, where c is the speed of light.

For almost any WIRES with current, the PRINCIPLE OF QUASI-NEUTRALITY is fulfilled: despite the presence and movement of charged particles inside the conductor, any (not too small) segment of it has a zero total electric charge. Therefore, only magnetic interaction is observed between ordinary wires with current.

MAGNETIC INDUCTION - a characteristic of the force action of the magnetic field on a conductor with current, a vector quantity, denoted by the symbol.

LINES OF MAGNETIC INDUCTION - lines, at any point of which the magnetic field vector is directed tangentially.

An analysis of the interaction of moving charges, taking into account the effects of the theory of relativity (relativism), gives an expression for the MF induction created by an elementary segment with current I located at the origin (Biot-Savart-Laplace or B-S-L law):

,

where is the radius vector of the observation point, is the unit radius vector directed to the observation point, m 0 is the magnetic constant.

The MF obeys the SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE: the MF induction of several sources is the sum of the field inductions generated independently by each source .

The MP CIRCULATION is the closed-loop integral of the scalar product of the MP induction and the loop element: .

MP CIRCULATION LAW: MP circulation in a closed loop L 0 is proportional to the total current penetrating the surface S(L 0) limited by this loop L 0 . .

The B-S-L law and the MF superposition principle allow us to obtain many other regularities, in particular, the magnetic field induction of a straight infinitely long current-carrying conductor: .

The lines of magnetic induction of the field of a direct conductor with current are concentric circles lying in planes perpendicular to the conductor, with centers located on its axis.

MF induction on the axis of a circular contour (coil) of radius R with current I at a distance r from the center: ,

where is the MAGNETIC MOMENT of the coil with area S, is the unit vector of the normal to the surface of the coil.

A SOLENOID is a long straight coil with current. The value of the magnetic field induction near the center of the solenoid varies very little. Such a field can be considered almost homogeneous.

From the MF circulation law, one can obtain a formula for the MF induction at the center of the solenoid B = m 0 In , where n is the number of turns per unit length of the solenoid.

METHOD AND ORDER OF MEASUREMENTS

Close the theory window. Consider carefully the drawing depicting a computer model. Find on it all the main regulators and the field of experiment. Draw what you need in your outline.

Prepare Table 1 using the sample. Prepare also tables 3 and 4, similar to table 1, except for the second line, the contents of which see the next section.

MEASUREMENTS

EXPERIMENT 1.

1. Close the Experiment 3 window by clicking the button in the upper right corner of the inner window. Start by double-clicking the mouse the following experiment "Forward current magnetic field". Observe the MP induction lines of the straight wire.
2. When moving the “hand” near the wire with the mouse, press the left mouse button at the distances r to the wire axis indicated in Table 1. Enter the values ​​of r and B in Table 1. Repeat the measurements for the other three current values ​​from Table 2.

EXPERIMENT 2

1. Close the Experiment 1 window by clicking the button in the upper right corner of the inner window. Run, by double-clicking the mouse, the following experiment "Magnetic field of a circular coil with current". Observe the lines of induction of the MF of a circular coil (contour).
2. By hooking the mouse, move the current regulator slider. Record the current value shown in Table 2 for your application.
3. Moving the “hand” along the axis of the coil with the mouse, press the left mouse button at distances r to the axis of the coil indicated in Table 1. Enter the values ​​of r and B in Table 3, similar to Table 1 (except for the second line, in which you need to write 1 / (R 2 + r 2) 3/2 (m -3)). Repeat the measurements for the other three current values ​​from Table 2.

EXPERIMENT 3

1. Close the Experiment 2 window by clicking the button in the upper right corner of the inner window. Start by double-clicking the mouse the following experiment "Magnetic field of the solenoid". Observe the induction lines of the MP solenoid.
2. By hooking the mouse, move the current regulator slider. Record the current value shown in Table 2 for your application.
3. Moving the “hand” along the solenoid axis with the mouse, press the left mouse button at distances r to the solenoid axis indicated in Table 1. Enter the values ​​of r and B in Table 4, similar to Table 1 (except for the second line, in which it is not necessary to write here nothing). Repeat the measurements for the other three current values ​​from Table 2.

PROCESSING THE RESULTS AND PREPARATION OF THE REPORT

Questions and tasks for self-control

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. What is a magnetic field (MF)?
2. Name the sources of MP.
3. What forces act between moving charges?
4. How many times is the magnetic force less than the electric force for two moving point electric charges?
5. Formulate the definition of quasi-neutrality of current-carrying wires.
6. What forces and why act between wires with current?
7. Give the definition of the MF induction line. Why are they painting?
8. Write down the Biot-Savart-Laplace law. How is it similar to Coulomb's law?
9. Formulate the principle of superposition for MP.
10. Give the definition of MP circulation.
11. Formulate and write down the formula of the MF circulation law.
12. Formulate and write down the formula for the MP of a direct wire with current.
13. What do the induction lines of the MP of a direct wire with current look like?
14. Formulate and write down the formula for MP on the axis of a circular coil (circuit) with current.
15. What is the magnetic moment of a coil with current?
16. What is the shape of the induction line passing through the center of the coil with current?
17. What is a solenoid and what is it used for?
18. What is the magnetic field at the center of the solenoid?
19. Is the MF inside the solenoid exactly uniform?
20. How to determine the extent of the MF homogeneity region inside the solenoid if the accuracy is given?

Can academic science now unambiguously answer this question? What are the foundations of the academic approach to the definition of the magnetic field?

In this article, we will analyze the results accumulated by academic science in the fields related to the magnetic field in order to proceed to the presentation of our alternative point of view.

By definition in the TSB, “a magnetic field is a force field acting on moving electric charges ...” What does such a definition of a magnetic field give us, except for the tautology: “a magnetic field is a force field ....”? No physical meaning. And then immediately transition to the sources of the magnetic field and their enumeration. The sources of the magnetic field are electrons, protons, ions. The field arises as a result of the movement of these particles, as well as due to the presence of their own (spin) magnetic moment. Macroscopic magnetic fields form natural and artificial magnets, conductors with current, as well as electrically charged bodies in motion. In other articles, the magnetic field is called a special kind of matter, through which the interaction between moving charged particles or bodies is carried out. Thus, from the point of view of the true meaning, science cannot explain this natural phenomenon.

Despite this, in the process of studying the magnetic field, many scientific discoveries and inventions were made, which are described in many books, textbooks, popular scientific and technical journals, etc. At the same time, a huge amount of equipment and instruments have been created, which in practice confirm the results of numerous experiments of hypotheses and regularities accepted by academic science.

Let's try to talk about this in more detail.

Even in ancient times, people knew about some properties of the magnetic field. The fact that some substances (iron ores) attract iron was known to mankind several millennia ago. These substances are called magnets. On their basis, the first instruments (compasses) in the history of navigation were made, which reacted to the Earth's magnetic field. In Europe, according to historians, the compass began to be used around the 12th century.

One of the first scientists who studied magnetic phenomena in sufficient detail was the Englishman W. Gilbert (a doctor by profession). In his book "On the Magnet, Magnetic Bodies, and the Great Magnet - Earth", published in 1600, he summarized and published the results of his many years of research on the interaction of magnets. W. Gilbert was the first to scientifically explain such magnetic phenomena as attraction and repulsion between permanent magnets. He explained how electrical phenomena differ from magnetic ones, and also pointed out the existence of the Earth's magnetic field. Many researchers believe that the term "Magnetic field" was first introduced by M. Faraday in 1845.

In 1820, Oersted discovered that a current-carrying conductor exerts an orienting effect on a magnetic needle. He found that a magnetic field arises around a current-carrying conductor and a magnetic needle located near this conductor is set perpendicular to it. This discovery prompted many of his contemporaries to further study the magnetic field.

A.Ampère and D.Arago made the first artificial magnet. They passed a strong current through the wires of the solenoid, inside which was an iron rod. After turning off the current, the rod became a magnet. This method of making magnets has largely survived to the present day.

The magnetic properties of a bar magnet are different in different parts of its surface. This can be seen if the magnet is immersed in iron filings. We will see that the largest amount of sawdust sticks to the ends of the magnet and is practically absent in its middle part. It is customary to consider parts of the magnet surface with the largest number of attracted metal filings as poles (north and south), and with the smallest number of filings as the neutral zone of the magnet. Opposite poles of magnets attract and like poles repel. The Earth's magnetic field is analogous to a large magnet.

If we critically analyze the materials on the study of the magnetic field published in the scientific literature, we can make an unambiguous conclusion that modern science has not significantly supplemented knowledge of the magnetic field since the time of Faraday. All knowledge about the magnetic field comes down mainly to the fact that around a current-carrying conductor or near a magnet there is a special field called magnetic, the sources of which are in the microstructure of matter. The magnetic field manifests itself in the form of magnetic lines of force. This is confirmed by the location of iron filings on the cardboard along the magnetic lines of force when one of the poles of the magnet acts on the filings.

A magnetic field is a special form of matter that is created by magnets, conductors with current (moving charged particles) and which can be detected by the interaction of magnets, conductors with current (moving charged particles).

Oersted's experience

The first experiments (carried out in 1820), which showed that there is a deep connection between electrical and magnetic phenomena, were the experiments of the Danish physicist H. Oersted.

A magnetic needle located near the conductor rotates through a certain angle when the current is turned on in the conductor. When the circuit is opened, the arrow returns to its original position.

It follows from the experience of G. Oersted that there is a magnetic field around this conductor.

Ampère experience
Two parallel conductors, through which an electric current flows, interact with each other: they attract if the currents are in the same direction, and repel if the currents are in the opposite direction. This is due to the interaction of the magnetic fields that arise around the conductors.

Magnetic field properties

1. Materially, i.e. exists independently of us and our knowledge of it.

2. Created by magnets, conductors with current (moving charged particles)

3. Detected by the interaction of magnets, conductors with current (moving charged particles)

4. Acts on magnets, conductors with current (moving charged particles) with some force

5. There are no magnetic charges in nature. You cannot separate the north and south poles and get a body with one pole.

6. The reason why bodies have magnetic properties was found by the French scientist Ampère. Ampere put forward the conclusion that the magnetic properties of any body are determined by closed electric currents inside it.

These currents represent the movement of electrons in orbits in the atom.

If the planes in which these currents circulate are located randomly with respect to each other due to the thermal motion of the molecules that make up the body, then their interactions are mutually compensated and the body does not exhibit any magnetic properties.

And vice versa: if the planes in which the electrons rotate are parallel to each other and the directions of the normals to these planes coincide, then such substances enhance the external magnetic field.

7. Magnetic forces act in a magnetic field in certain directions, which are called magnetic lines of force. With their help, you can conveniently and clearly show the magnetic field in a particular case.

In order to depict the magnetic field more accurately, we agreed in those places where the field is stronger, to show the lines of force located more densely, i.e. closer to each other. And vice versa, in places where the field is weaker, field lines are shown in a smaller number, i.e. less frequently located.

8. The magnetic field characterizes the vector of magnetic induction.

The magnetic induction vector is a vector quantity that characterizes the magnetic field.

The direction of the magnetic induction vector coincides with the direction of the north pole of a free magnetic needle at a given point.

The direction of the field induction vector and the current strength I are related by the “rule of the right screw (gimlet)”:

if you screw the gimlet in the direction of the current in the conductor, then the direction of the speed of movement of the end of its handle at a given point will coincide with the direction of the magnetic induction vector at this point.