The average age is an indicator that divides the country's population into two equal categories, characterizing that half of the people living in this state are younger than the specified average age, and half are older.

The average age of the countries of the world population is calculated by the arithmetic weighted average. This indicator indicates how many young and old people live in the territory of a country.

The average age of the population is a very important indicator, because if the country is “young”, then the state will need to invest more in the development of the educational sector and the arrangement of the employment sector.

If the majority of the population is elderly, then the country directs resources to social security and the organization of pension payments (in different countries it occurs at different times).

The age structure of the population of the countries of the world is often used to prepare forecasts on political issues related to different areas. For example, if in a country the majority of the population is young, but the state has problems with unemployment, then by predicting such a situation, this problem can be solved by organizing new jobs for the younger generation.

This means that almost half of the population (46.3%) is under the age of 15.

This situation is due to the high birth rate. In Rwanda every woman has 6-7 children. Also, this demographic situation is affected by a high mortality rate among the adult population, which is equal to 20.26 people per 1,000 inhabitants.

The second place belongs to the country. In that state, the average age of the population is 15.5 years. In recent years, a population explosion has been observed in this country, which provoked the “rejuvenation” of the population.

It is also worth noting that Uganda has a poorly developed healthcare system, so many residents after 40 years of age die from numerous diseases.

The third place in the ranking of countries in the world in terms of the average age of the population is occupied with an indicator of 16 years. The constant decrease in age is influenced by high birth rates and deaths from malaria, intestinal infections, leprosy and tuberculosis. Also, more than 15,000 HIV-infected citizens die in this country every year.

In fourth place is the Republic of Malawi with an average age of 16.3 years. This African country is characterized by a population growth of 2.8% per year, due to which it ranks 13th in terms of fertility on the entire African continent.

Seventh place belongs to the country. The average age of the population is 16.9 years. Population growth dynamics - 2.442%. In this country, a pressing problem is the large number of HIV-infected citizens who do not have access to qualified medical treatment due to lack of funds in the state budget.

In eighth place is Burundi with an indicator of 17 years. The annual population growth is 2.4%. The decrease in the number of middle-aged residents occurred in the period from 1972 to 1993, when confrontations between two ethnic groups began in the country: the Tutsi and the Hutus.

This man-made genocide killed millions of people in Burundi at the hands of enemy groups.

Ninth place is occupied by a state called Burkina Faso. The average age in the cities of this republic is 17 years. The country also has a high birth rate.

But the main problem of the predominance of the young population is not this. The state has a low level of urbanization, there are no municipal and educational institutions.

Most of the inhabitants of Chad are starving. Also in the country there is an outflow of middle-aged residents to more developed republics.

Ranking of countries with the oldest population

The higher the average age of the population, the higher the level of development of the country. A high score indicates well-being, a good health care system, and an excellent welfare system.

Table: top 10 countries with the highest average age of the population

Age is the period from the birth of a person to a particular moment of his life.

The most important division of people by age into three categories:

1. Under 16 years old - 22.4%

2. 16-65 (able-bodied) - 64.6%

3. Over 65 years old (above working age) - 13%. In terms of territorial differences, the Far East is the youngest (in terms of population composition), the oldest is the Central Black Earth region.

The age structure of the population plays an important role in demographic processes, influencing the value of all demographic indicators. Thus, with a relatively high percentage of young people in the population, there will be a high marriage and birth rate and a low mortality rate (because, quite naturally, young people are less likely to get sick and even less likely to die). In turn, demographic processes have a strong influence on the age structure of the population.

The age structure plays an active role not only in demographic, but in all social processes. Age is associated with psychology, emotionality, to some extent - the human mind. Revolts and revolutions occur more often in societies with a young age structure. On the contrary, aging societies, with a high proportion of the elderly and the elderly, are prone to dogmatism and stagnation.

Information about the age of individual groups of people at the time of observation makes it possible to build the age structure of the population.

To build the age structure of the population, one-year and five-year age intervals are usually used. Much less often, the age structure is built on ten-year age intervals.

The five-year age structure is based on the following age groups: 0 years old, 1-4 years old, 5-9 years old, 10-14 years old, ..., 35-39 years old, ..., 80-84 years old, ..., 100 years and older.

This is the so-called standard age grouping, which is used in international demostatistical practice (in particular, in UN publications) and which should be followed by anyone who uses age as an independent or dependent variable. This is necessary to ensure comparability of the results of different studies.

The general trend in the change in the age structure of the population as the birth rate declines and the average life expectancy grows, naturally, there is a trend towards an increase in the proportion of older people, i.e. the process of demographic aging of the population.

Under population aging, or demographic aging, is understood as an increase in the proportion of elderly and old people in the population.

There are two types of population aging:

· bottom aging which is the result of a declining birth rate.

· top aging, which is the result of an increase in the average life expectancy, a decrease in mortality at older ages in conditions of low birth rates.

In every society, a fairly stable age structure of the population develops. According to the predominance of certain ages in it, the population is characterized as “young”, “mature” or “aging” (types of age structures according to F. Burgdörfer), see Figure 1:

a) young (growing) population reflects a large proportion of children and a small proportion of the elderly, which creates conditions for population growth - a progressive type of age structure;

b) mature (stationary) population- with a predominance of adult generations and a moderate proportion of other ages. This type shows relative stability, population stability, the possibility of replacing outgoing generations with younger ones. This composition of the population supports its achieved size - a stationary type of the age structure of the population;

c) an aging (decreasing) population- with an increased proportion of older ages compared to children's generations - a regressive type of age structure of the population. This indicates a possible decline in the number of people, in which the younger generations do not make up for the number of those leaving.

a B C)

Population aging has adverse economic and social consequences. First, the proportion of pensioners by age is increasing. An exorbitant burden of spending on the payment of pensions falls on pension funds, because the proportion of the working population that makes contributions to these funds is declining.

Secondly, the increase in the proportion of older people poses a challenge for society to organize care for them, especially since the proportion of people over 80 years of age is growing faster than the proportion of older people in general. The process of "aging of the elderly" is especially important for government bodies that develop social policy, services designed to help helpless old people.

Thirdly, medical care for the elderly, the need for which naturally increases with aging. Medical care requires additional funds, expansion of the network of medical and gerontological institutions, and a qualitative restructuring of the healthcare system.

Fourthly, the employment of the elderly population, providing jobs for "young seniors" who want to work (as a rule, people under 70-75 are referred to as "young seniors"). This is a difficult problem as jobs are scarce.

In accordance with three types of age structure, population reproduction modes can be distinguished:

Expanded reproduction - in each next generation there are more people than in the previous one: the population is growing rapidly (typical for most modern developing countries of the world);

simple reproduction - in subsequent generations there are about the same number of people as in previous ones; population, as a rule, almost does not change (typical for some developing and developed countries);

narrowed reproduction - there are fewer people in subsequent generations than in previous ones; the population is declining (typical for most developed European countries, including Russia).

When compared with other countries with low fertility, it turns out that Russia's population is not the oldest. In 1990, it ranked 25th among such countries (a more dramatic position in Japan, Italy, Germany). This is not surprising, since Russia, firstly, is at that stage of the aging process, when the proportion of the middle-aged population practically does not change and aging occurs due to a decrease in the proportion of children, and secondly, due to low life expectancy, not all people live to old age.

Currently, the proportion of people aged 65 years and older in the population of Russia is 13%. According to the UN scale, the population is considered old if the proportion of this age exceeds 7%.

The process of demographic aging of the population is much more characteristic of women, who make up more than two-thirds (68.7%) of Russians.

The average age of the country's inhabitants is 38.9 years (in 2009 - 38.8 years), men respectively 36.2 years (36.1), women - 41.2 years (41.1). The average age of the population over 40 years old is noted in 28 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the highest age is in the regions of the European part of Russia: in Tula, Ryazan, Tambov, Voronezh, Pskov, Tver, Penza, etc. St. Petersburg and Moscow - 42.2 - 41.1 years.

Every fifth inhabitant of Russia (30.7 million people as of January 1, 2010) is at retirement age. The number of children and adolescents under 16 is 7.9 million people, or 25.6% less than those older than working age. The preponderance of older people takes place in 62 subjects of the Russian Federation, the largest: in the Tula region and St. Petersburg - 2 times, Ryazan and Voronezh regions - 1.9 times, Tambov, Leningrad, Ivanovo, Penza, Pskov, Yaroslavl regions, Moscow - 1.8 times.

The population aged 0-15 years has been declining for 18 years (1990-2007). In 2008, due to the growth in the number of births, the number of births in this age group increased slightly - by 44 thousand, or 0.2%, in 2009 - by 313 thousand, or 1.4%.

The lowest proportion of children aged 0-15 years in the total population is observed in Moscow and St. Petersburg - 13.0-12.9% (in Russia as a whole - 16.1%).

The working-age population, compared with the beginning of 2009, decreased by 0.9 million or 1.0% (in 2008 by 0.4 million or 0.5%) and by the beginning of 2010 amounted to. 88.4 million people. The demographic load indicator increased to 606 people per 1,000 of the working-age population (in 2009 - 590, respectively), incl. load of children - 259 (253), and people of retirement age - 347 (337).

Gender composition of the population

The sex composition of the population is also of great importance, since data on the ratio of men and women in general and at different ages are important for analyzing the process of population reproduction. The main reasons that determine the sex ratio in the world are: the excess of the male population over the female at birth (by 5-6%), and by old age there is a preponderance of women, but by the age of 18-20 the sex ratio is evened out.

The gender structure of the population is formed under the influence of three main factors:

1) sex ratio among newborns (biological constant);

2) sex differences in mortality;

3) gender differences in the intensity of population migration.

On average, more boys are born than girls, and the sex ratio among newborns is stable: 105-106 boys per 100 girls. According to physiologists, the male body in infancy is less resilient and more boys die at the beginning of their lives. Further, mortality is modified: in developed countries, the mortality of men is higher due to injuries and occupational diseases, as well as alcoholism and smoking; in developing countries, female mortality is often higher, as a result of early marriage, frequent childbirth, hard work, malnutrition and unequal status in society.

The reasons for the difference in the average life expectancy of men and women are singled out (in Russia, women now live, on average, almost 20 years longer than men):

· the impact of wars, which take away mainly the lives of men (mainly this explains the existing disproportion of the sexes in our country);

· Migration, in which mainly men take part;

The nature of the economy, presenting a different demand for male and female labor. In general, now the number of men in the world is 20-30 million more than the number of women. But the sex ratio among the dead changed. If in 1989 there were 1077 dead women per 1000 dead men, then in 2002 - 866 and in 2003 - 859. In other words, the proportion of women among the dead decreased from 51-52% to 46%.

The preponderance of the number of women over the number of men develops in middle ages as a result of the different rates of extinction of the female and male population (for certain territories, migration processes may also have a certain significance) and increases with the transition to older age groups. In the post-war years, the "female preponderance" was noted already in the younger groups - starting from 25-29 years old, and at the age of 35 years and older it became especially pronounced. In subsequent years, the disproportion of the sexes shifted more and more to the older age groups. The results of the 2002 census show that the gender disparity has rejuvenated again. The biologically predetermined excess of the male population over the female population has already been exhausted in the group of 25-29 years. At the age of 30 years and older, there are more and more women compared to male peers - due to the higher mortality of the latter. Compared with the male population, the proportion of older and lower the proportion of younger ages is higher among the female population. The median age of women in Russia was 39.8 years in 2002, and that of men was 34.1 years. The ratio of women to men differs markedly in the regions of Russia. According to current records at the beginning of 2004, in 44 regions-subjects of the Russian Federation, the ratio of the number of men and women corresponded to the national average or exceeded it, and in some of them quite significantly. In Vladimir, Ivanovo, Nizhny Novgorod, Novgorod, Smolensk, Tver, Tula and Yaroslavl regions, as well as in St. Petersburg, there were from 1205 to 1238 women per 1000 men. But in other regions, the female preponderance was not so significant, and in three regions - the Kamchatka region, the Chukotka and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, men predominated (926-996 women per 1000 men), and in three more - Koryak, Nenets and Evenk the number of men equaled the number of women. Regions with a younger population are characterized by a smaller gender disproportion, which naturally follows from the nature of gender asymmetry in the Russian age-sex pyramid. Accordingly, the gap in the average age of living men and women is significantly smaller where the gender disproportion is smaller. This gap is maximum in the Central and Northwestern federal districts, and minimal in the Far East. in those regions where at the 1989 census it was noticeably higher than in other regions of Russia. Apparently, this is due to the outflow of men of working age from these areas, who were previously attracted to these areas by more favorable working conditions, which later changed in the process of transition to a market economy. At the same time, in 18 subjects of the federation, there was a noticeable increase in the number of men per 1,000 women. Among them are Moscow, the Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug, the Republics of Adygea, North Ossetia, Dagestan, where the growth was more than 20 points and was the result of either a significant entry (Moscow) or a relatively high birth rate (the republics of the North Caucasus). The demographic future of the country is obviously connected with the number of potential mothers - women of reproductive age (the interval from 15 to 44 years is chosen). Over the past 50 years, their number in Russia, despite some fluctuations, has generally grown, now it is greater than ever. The proportion of women of reproductive age varies quite strongly across the regions of Russia - from 21.1% in the Tula and Ryazan regions, to 27.2% in the Yamalo-Nenets 27.4% in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. The differences between the federal districts are much smaller. The maximum - 24.1% falls on the Ural and Siberian Federal Districts, the minimum - 23.3 - on the Central District.

Employment of the population of the Russian Federation

The problems of labor and labor relations have always been side by side with the equally important problem of employment.

Employment is the most important part of the economic element of management, an economic category that is complex in content and structure. Employment is the activity of the able-bodied population, connected with the satisfaction of his personal and social needs and, as a rule, bringing him earnings.

The content of the term "employment" includes both the need of people in various types of socially useful activities, and the degree of satisfaction of this need. Consequently, the problems of employment of the population do not coincide with the problems of unemployment, since it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of employment of various socio-demographic groups of the population, the motivation of workers, changes in the structure of labor resources and other factors. The goal of ensuring full and productive employment is to achieve an increase in labor efficiency, the formation of an employment structure in accordance with the needs, the improvement of the sectoral and regional structure of production, and the consideration of socio-demographic factors.

Employed are:

1. employed;

2. temporarily absent due to disability, vacation, advanced training, suspension of production;

3. self-employed;

4. appointed or approved to a paid position;

5. serving in the armed forces;

6. able-bodied citizens studying in schools and other educational institutions, including those studying in the direction of the employment service.

The practical need to account for the population necessitates the allocation of types of employment. Thus, a distinction is made between full, productive and freely chosen employment.

Full employment is the provision of professional work that brings income to the individual and a decent existence for him and his family.

Full employment is a goal to strive for. It is achieved when there is an appropriate level of development of the productive forces and the demand for labor coincides with its supply.

The main meaning of productive employment is as follows. Not any work can be considered socially acceptable, but only one that meets two essential requirements. First, employment should bring income to workers, providing decent living conditions for a person. Secondly, productive employment is opposed to formal employment. A special case of the latter - the maintenance of surplus workers or the creation of formal jobs in order to avoid unemployment - state policy should help ensure that the work of each person is economically feasible, as productive as possible for society.

Freely chosen employment assumes that the right to dispose of one's own ability to work (labor force) belongs exclusively to its owner, i.e. the worker himself. This principle guarantees the right of every worker to choose between employment and unemployment.

The above types of employment reflect the state of quantitative and qualitative balancing between the population's need for work and jobs, which creates favorable conditions for the socio-economic progress of society.

Employment of the population can be considered effective if it provides a decent income, health, personal development, and the growth of the educational and professional level for each member of society based on the growth of social labor productivity.

The combination of full and effective employment implies the freedom of workers and employers, the abolition of strict state regulation in the field of labor relations, the flexibility of labor in terms of forms of employment, the organization of the labor process, and the elimination of obsolete prohibitions in labor activity. On the other hand, market relations in the sphere of labor imply the right for employers to decide on the quantity and quality of the labor force used and to dismiss workers who are superfluous in terms of production.

Problems of employment of the population

The problem of employment of the population is the problem of involving people in labor activity and the degree of satisfaction of their need for work with jobs. It is impossible to achieve such a situation that the entire able-bodied population is employed. After all, some enter the labor force, others leave it, the third are fired or they themselves quit, the fourth are in search of work, i.e. there is a normal movement of the labor force, part of which remains unemployed for a certain period of time.

One of the types of labor market structuring is its division according to demographic and professional characteristics.

Distinguish:

· Youth labor market The situation that has been developing in the Russian youth labor market in recent years is quite tense and is characterized by a downward trend. The scale of registered and hidden unemployment among young people is growing, and its duration is increasing. The struggle for the survival of Russian enterprises leads to tougher conditions for young people to enter the labor market. Meanwhile, the opportunities of young people are already limited due to their lower competitiveness compared to other categories of the population.

The labor market of persons of pre-retirement age and pensioners. It is characterized by low labor productivity, low economic activity, lack of or limited opportunities for retraining.

Women's labor market. Its peculiarity is the possible long breaks in work associated with the birth and upbringing of children, a decrease in professional abilities for the same reason.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the following conclusions can be drawn:

· the age structure has a natural influence on the natural movement of the population, which is expressed in terms of fertility and mortality. The higher the proportion of young ages in the population, the higher the total fertility rates calculated for the entire population of the territory. The higher the proportion of older ages, the higher the value of the total mortality rate. Age is the most important characteristic of any demographic events, which determines the frequency (intensity) of their occurrence.

· Decline in the birth rate is becoming extremely dangerous for Russia. First, the internal potential of demographic reproduction has been exhausted. After all, to replace generations of parents, you need a birth rate, measured by a total fertility rate of at least 2.1, and today it is only 1.2. Secondly, the population and labor force are aging, people's health is declining, the one-child family is becoming dominant.

In addition, the aging of the population plays an important role, which has adverse economic and social consequences. There is an increase in the proportion of pensioners by age. An exorbitant burden of spending on the payment of pensions falls on pension funds, because the proportion of the working population that makes contributions to these funds is declining. Secondly, the increase in the proportion of older people poses a challenge for society to organize care for them, especially since the proportion of people over 80 years of age is growing faster than the proportion of older people in general. Thirdly, medical care for the elderly, the need for which naturally increases with aging. Medical care requires additional funds, expansion of the network of medical and gerontological institutions, and a qualitative restructuring of the healthcare system.

· despite the state policy in the field of motherhood stimulation, population decline continues.

Bibliography

I Regulations:

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation

2. Address of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation dated April 25, 2005

3. Federal Law of December 29, 2006 N 256-FZ "On additional measures of state support for families with children"

5. The project "Strategies for the socio-economic development of Perm until 2030"

II Educational literature:

6. Butov V.I., Ignatov V.G. Demography. - M., 2003.-, .Social atlas of Russian regions / Thematic reviews, 2007. - .

7. Vishnevsky A. G. Sickle and ruble. Conservative modernization in the USSR. M.: OGI, 1998- .

8. Data from the Ministry of Health and Social Development 2009 - .

9. "Demographic Research" No. 1, 2005 - .

10. Women and men of Russia 2010 // Rosstat - , , .

11. Domestic Notes No. 23, 2005 - .

12. Regional studies / Ed. A. A. Morozova. M.: 2004., p. 23-25 ​​- .

13. Russian newspaper 2010 - .

14. Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January-May 2010 // Rosstat -.

15. Starovoitova L.I., Zolotareva T.F. Employment of the population and its regulation: Proc. allowance for students. Higher textbook establishments. - M .: Academy, 2003 - p.

16. Total fertility rate // Rosstat -,.

17. Statistics: a course of lectures / Ed. V. G. Ionina. M.: 2002. - .

18. Khalturina D. A., Korotaev A. V. (Ed.). The alcohol catastrophe and the potential of state policy in overcoming alcohol supermortality in Russia. Moscow: URSS, 2008. - .

19. Khalturina D.A., Korotaev A.V. Russian cross: Factors, mechanisms and ways to overcome the demographic crisis in Russia. Moscow: URSS, 2006., p.33-35.-.

Annex 1

The birth rate looks like this:

1980 - 15.9 per 1000 people

1990 - 13.4 per 1000 people

1995 - 9.3 per 1000 people

1996 - 8.9 per 1000 people

1997 - 8.6 per 1000 people

1998 - 8.8 per 1000 people

1999 - 8.3 per 1000 people

2000 - 8.7 per 1000 people

2001 - 9.0 per 1000 people

2002 - 9.7 per 1000 people

2003 - 10.2 per 1000 people

2004 - 10.4 per 1000 people

2005 - 10.2 per 1000 people

2006 - 10.4 per 1000 people

2007 - 11.3 per 1000 people

2008 - 12.1 per 1000 people

2009 - 12.4 per 1000 people

2010 - 12.4 per 1000 people (January-June)

Rosstat data 2010

Appendix 2

Population change in 2009

Annex 3

YOUNG POPULATION, a generalized characteristic of the age structure of us., in a swarm of large beats. weight is occupied by children and acc. a small proportion of elderly and old people. According to the classification of UN demographers M. n. is considered to be us., in which persons aged 65 years and older make up less than 4%. In the inner the relationship of reproduction of us M. n. - a consequence of maintaining high levels of fertility and mortality, and the configuration of the age pyramid has a wide base and a narrowed top. For M. n. characterized by high growth rates.

• - "... young wine - natural dry, obtained according to generally accepted technology from individual grape varieties or their mixture, sold from January 1 of the next year;..." Source: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 09.03 ...

  Official terminology

• - "...Young beer: beer obtained as a result of the main fermentation of beer wort ..." Source: "Beer products. Terms and definitions ...

  Official terminology

• - Wed. What big have grown! How long have they been coming here with a nanny, and now they are high school students! The old grows old, and the young grows... Ant. P. Chekhov. Name day. 2. See young grows, and old grows old ...
• - Young wine in old wineskins. Wed They do not pour new wine into old wineskins. Matt. 9, 17. See Old leaven. See Half measures lead to nothing at all ...
• - baby. young. juveniles. | first years. three-year-olds. fry little one. | underyearlings. chick. chick. | lining. gilt. young. small animal little animal. | piglet. sucker. sucker. | puppy. kitten. little dogs. calf. upskirt...

  Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

• - Wed. Do not pour new wine into old wineskins. Matt. 9, 17. See old leaven. See half measures lead nowhere ...

  Explanatory-phraseological dictionary of Michelson

• The old grows old and the young grows. Wed What big ones have grown! How long have they been coming here with their nanny, and now they are high school students! The old grows old, and the young grows... Ant. P. Chekhov. Name day. 2...

  Michelson Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original orph.)

• - Young Indian summer from 15 to 29 August...
• - Young and crooked, under old age and twice ...

  IN AND. Dal. Proverbs of the Russian people

• - see Young kvass - and he plays ...

  IN AND. Dal. Proverbs of the Russian people

• - See PAST -...

  IN AND. Dal. Proverbs of the Russian people

• - Simple. About what is characteristic of a person in youth. FSS, 57...
• - 1. Volog., Kar., Yaroslavl. Yogurt, sour milk. SVG 4, 89; SRGK 3, 251; YaOS 6, 54. 2. Kar. Fresh milk. SRGK 3, 251...

  Big dictionary of Russian sayings

• - noun, number of synonyms: 8 youth young people young generation young young people rising tribe rising generation youth...

  Synonym dictionary

• - noun, number of synonyms: 8 youth young people young tribe young young people rising tribe rising generation youth...

  Synonym dictionary

• - Cm....

  Synonym dictionary

"YOUNG POPULATION" in books

Which country in the world has the youngest population?

author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

Which country in the world has the youngest population? The most youthful country in the world is Yemen. As of 1998, 52 percent of Yemenis are under the age of 15

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From the book Diary Sheets. Volume 2 author

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Young. Student

From the book of Yaroshenko author

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Young. female student

From the book of Yaroshenko author Porudominsky Vladimir Ilyich

Young. The Student Student A series of essays by Uspensky, among which an essay dedicated to "The Student Student" was published, is entitled: "From Conversations with Friends." The story about the picture is the beginning of the essay, the reason for the "conversations and reasoning" that arose between friends, as soon as they left

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From the book On the Eternal ... author Roerich Nicholas Konstantinovich

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Young Movement

From the book On the Eternal ... author Roerich Nicholas Konstantinovich

Young Movement Everything young and working is close to my heart. If you take a few titles of my articles from the "Power of Light", you will see that they were written as if for your young movement and had in mind the same youth and the same construction at different times.

young movement

From the book Legends of Asia (collection) author Roerich Nicholas Konstantinovich

Younger generation

From the book Dialogues Memories Reflections author Stravinsky Igor Fyodorovich

The young generation of R.K. From your works, young avant-garde artists revere The Rite of Spring, Three Japanese Poems, various Russian songs, The Tale of the Fox, and the Symphony of Wind Instruments, but they are sharply negative about your so-called neoclassical

Which country in the world has the youngest population?

From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 1 [Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and Medicine] author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

Which country in the world has the youngest population? The most youthful country in the world is Yemen. As of 1998, 52 percent of Yemenis are under the age of 15

Younger generation

From the book Brazil for the Curious author Avrorosky Vladimir Viktorovich

The Younger Generation That summer I had to visit the dacha in Bertioga quite often. This quiet town is located on the ocean, where the picturesque mountains of Serra do Mar originate. The best place to stay is hard to find. My vacation was coming to an end. The days dragged on

World population and soul population

From the book Man Among Religions author Krotov Viktor Gavrilovich

World Population and Soul Population Demographers know how to count the number of people living on Earth. This number is so huge that even the most dynamic person has to communicate in his life with only a negligible fraction of humanity. Biologists are just as skillful

young movement

From the book Fiery Stronghold (collection) author Roerich Nicholas Konstantinovich

The Young Movement Everything young and working is close to my heart. If you take a few titles of my articles from The Power of Light, you will see that they were written as if for your young movement and had in mind the same youth and the same construction at different times.

“I am a YOUNG TALENT…”

From the book The Riddle of Tal. The second "I" of Petrosyan author Vasiliev Viktor Lazarevich

“I am a YOUNG TALENT…” Misha Tal was an “ordinary child prodigy”. When this word is pronounced - "wunderkind", people are usually on their guard. Soap bubble. So beautiful, shining with iridescent colors, while he is small. And then ... then only shreds of soap suds remain.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Map median age (from and to) in different countries as of 2001. Last line - no data

Demographic aging of the population- an increase in the proportion of elderly and old people in the total population.

This is the result of long-term demographic changes, shifts in the nature population reproduction,fertility,mortality, their ratios, and also partially migration.

Taking into account the trends and consequences of demographic aging is the most important task population policy.

Types of demographic aging

aging "from below" (the result of a decrease in the birth rate);

aging "from above" (the result of an increase in average life expectancy and a decrease in mortality at older ages in conditions of low birth rates)

"Bottom" and "top" are used in connection with a special graphical way of depicting the age structure of the population in the form age pyramids. A decrease in the birth rate leads to a narrowing of the base, and a decrease in mortality - to the expansion of the top.

Criteria for assessing demographic aging

The following types of aging coefficients have received the greatest use in assessing the aging of the population:

Where S 60+ and S 65 + -corresponds to the number of persons aged 60 years and over and 65 years and over; S- total population.

In the Russian Federation, the first indicator is mainly used. The second indicator is used in a number of Western countries and international UN statistics.

When assessing the process of demographic aging (if the age of 60 years is used as a criterion), the scale built by the French demographer J. Beaujeu-Garnier and modified by E. Rosset is used:

Demographic aging scale by J. Beaujeu-Garnier-E. Rosset
Stage	Share of people aged 60 and over,%	Stages of aging and the level of old age of the population
		Demographic youth
		The first threshold of old age
		The prelude to old age
		Demographic old age
		The initial level of demographic old age
		Average level of demographic old age
		High level of demographic old age
		Very high level of demographic old age

If the age of 65 years is chosen as a criterion, then the United Nations demographic aging scale is used:

Demographic aging in the world

If developed countries faced the problem of population aging before anyone else, then by now the process of demographic aging of the population has covered the whole world.

IN 1950 8% of the world's population was over the age of 60 2000 year - 10%

2050 year - 21% (according to the forecast UN)

Proportion of population over 60 in 2000 and 2050 according to UN forecast,%
A country	2000	2050
Australia
Azerbaijan
Argentina
Afghanistan
Bahamas
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Bulgaria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Great Britain
Venezuela
East Timor
Guadeloupe
Guatemala
Guinea-Bissau
Germany
Honduras
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Dominican Republic
West Sahara
Zimbabwe
Indonesia
Jordan
Ireland
Iceland
Cape Verde
Kazakhstan
Cambodia
Kyrgyzstan
Colombia
Comoros
Costa Rica
Ivory Coast
Luxembourg
Mauritania
Mauritania
Madagascar
Macedonia
Malaysia
Maldives
Martinique
Mozambique
Moldova
Mongolia
Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands
Nicaragua
New Zealand
New Caledonia
Norway
Pakistan
Palestine
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Portugal
Puerto Rico
The Republic of Korea
Russian Federation
Salvador
Saudi Arabia
Swaziland
Saint Lucia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon islands
Sierra Leone
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Trinidad and Tobago
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Philippines
Finland
french guiana
French polynesia
Croatia
Switzerland
Sri Lanka
Equatorial Guinea
Yugoslavia

In the vastness of the Soviet Union, the words "demography" and "statistics" have long been perceived as synonymous. This is probably why the anecdote about the three types of lies (lies, vile lies and statistics) could be heard about demographic studies. Literally, Demography is translated from Greek as “ethnic description”, but the Latin word status (from which the word statistics is derived) is “state of affairs”. It is not difficult to see that these are completely different words both in meaning and in origin. What can demographic research tell us?

Demographic aging of the world's population

Practical demography studies the situation in selected areas, analyzes the directions and forming trends on the scale of the planet and individual states. Different social strata of the population are subjected to study. Based on the results of the research, forecast indicators for 1, 5, 10, sometimes even 50 years ahead appear, describing probable scenario situations in the future.

Forecasts of various statistical organizations speak of an inexorable increase in the number of people over 65 years of age around the world. Whether this is good or bad, there are different opinions. The possibility of such a process was launched by the revolution of the “culture of everyday life and production”: the availability of education, relative prosperity, the development of medicine, the improvement of the sanitary and epidemiological situation, and working conditions at enterprises. All of the above contributes to the lengthening of human life, which, in turn, is one of the main factors in the trend of population aging in the world.

Main Categories and Indicators of Demographic Research

Almost all studies go through the stages of data collection, their description and theoretical interpretation of the results. Demographic studies are no exception. The main source of data is the population census, however, micro-censuses and selective studies are also carried out to highlight certain social, economic, political factors that affect the situation in the region. As a result, the studies also describe its structure: age, gender, national, religious and linguistic, professional and educational. Attention is paid to natural population growth and migration, the level of income of certain groups and individuals. All descriptions are carried out with the aim of compiling an accurate theory that takes into account the largest number of factors of influence, based on which, in the future, hypotheses of the development and formation of society are put forward.

Demography, as a science, is conditionally divided into formal, analytical, historical, sociological, military.

• Formal demography deals with the study of the quantitative component of all processes and their impact on the growth or decline of the population.
• Analytical - studies the relationship and influence of patterns, causes and effects of society in specific conditions. The study is carried out at the level of mathematical methods, as well as with the help of modeling and forecasting. Analytical demography examines the impact of the socio-economic, political, cultural climate in the region on different age groups of the population. It is not surprising that demographers have been talking about the emergence of the problem of population aging in connection with the current socio-economic situation for more than a decade.
• Historical demography studies the retrospective of social and other phenomena in connection with the growth or decline of the population in the studied regions. Based on the collected and processed research over a fairly long period (over decades), theoretical generalizations are put forward and established historical patterns are formulated. Thanks to them, it became possible to predict the aging of the world's population.
• The mutual influence of demography and sociology is studied by social demography. It differs from the previous form by the study of phenomena at the micro level (family, close relatives, personality). Explores social demography, social attitudes, norms, behavior, which affects research methods: interviews, tests, surveys, etc.
• Military demography studies various factors that affect the state of military affairs and the economy. This section includes the study of the possibilities of mobilizing the country's population during armed conflicts, possible losses among the civilian population in the form of casualties and migration, and the consequences of military operations for the region. This section of demography is closely connected with military science.

Population, reproduction and reproductive attitude are the main categories studied by the science in question. The topic of population aging is touched upon in connection with the study of the age and sex composition of the inhabitants of the region. In theory, it is customary to distinguish three types: primitive, stationary and regressive (practically not found in its pure form).

• The first type is characterized by high birth and death rates. It can be observed in the tribes of Africa, where children are not registered until they reach the age of ten (due to high infant mortality).
• The second type, as opposed to the first, is observed with low birth and death rates. Such a situation can be observed in developed countries and, according to experts, in a post-industrial society.
• The third, regressive type is characterized by high mortality and low birth rates (observed during hostilities in the country).

The term demographic aging is considered as the ratio of three age groups of the region's inhabitants: people under 15 years old, working population, people over 60-65 years old. The predominance of the latter group over the first by 10-15% is called the demographic aging of the population. Theoretically, a model of the optimal composition of the population has been developed where the young disabled population occupies 20%, workers - 65%, disabled people of retirement age 15%. This scheme is considered ideal in connection with the distribution of the economic burden on the working population (based on 1000 workers 500 disabled). Therefore, other ratios are usually considered as creating an excessive load, leading to the collapse of the country's economy.

Features of the demographic situation in Europe

Population aging in developed countries has been occurring over the past fifty years. Many factors are driving this trend:

• improving medical care;
• increase in life expectancy;
• decline in fertility;
• economic and socio-political situation in the country.

There was a favorable situation for the emergence of the so-called silver economy. Its essence is to meet the needs of older people in services, goods and maintaining the quality of life through the structure and mechanisms of the economic model. One of the components of the Silver Economy is, in particular, inclusion - a term often used recently in the post-Soviet space, but mercilessly taken out of context and translated to a completely different part of the population.

In European countries, different methods and methods are used to relieve the burden on the pension fund:

• it is natural that the retirement age was raised (in the future it is planned to bring the retirement age up to 70 years);
• in most states, the question of the minimum work experience and the minimum number of paid contributions to the pension fund is being considered;
• The state is trying to relieve the burden on pension funds with the help of private savings deposits for pensioners, which has already made it possible to release, according to some estimates, up to 2% of GDP (at the moment, European countries spend about 15% of GDP to support pension funds);
• introduced a program of "active aging" in various fields, which is designed to help people stay longer in the labor market and retire later;
• some countries are piloting part-time work for retirees: people work flexible hours and receive a part-time salary and partly a pension (surveys show that this form of work is attractive to 68% of older people in Europe).

It should be noted that active population aging programs are popular among the elderly and are implemented in almost all regions of Europe. The main problem of the countries of the European zone is not aging, but a decrease in the birth rate, which is supported by such activities as sexual education from kindergarten age, support and promotion of homosexuality, the famous “child-free” philosophy, etc. However, all of the above are not considered as problematic phenomena with the corresponding consequences.

Demographic dynamics in Russia

In Russia, population aging is predicted by 2020, however, today the ratio of able-bodied citizens and dependents is more than optimistic (under 15 years old - 15.2%, under 65 years old - 71.8%, after 65 - 13%). An alarming signal can be the annual decline in the birth rate and the high mortality rate (in quantitative ratio with newborns). Natural population growth has been negative for several years now. The aging of the population in Russia, one might say, is at its initial stage, but the speed of this process is predicted with a low degree of probability.

Demographic situation in Southeast Asia

By 2030, a huge jump in the aging of the population of the countries of Southeast Asia is predicted. Already today, the palm in this statistical scale belongs to Japan. China's long-term policy of "one family - one child" also does not have the best effect on the age and gender composition of the nation. Recent relaxations in the family policy of the Celestial Empire will not bear fruit soon. Today, there is a strong disproportion in the number of men and women (in the direction of increasing the number of men). This was preceded by a policy without a state pension system (the son had to ensure the old age of the parents, which led to a large number of abortions if the parents knew the gender of the unborn child (girl)).

The impact of political and economic changes on the demographic situation of the regions

The above examples serve as a vivid illustration of the influence of the political, economic, and territorial situation on the demographic composition of the region's population. Mechanical restraint of population growth, as China's practice shows, is not capable of leading a society to prosperity and transition to a post-industrial society, but it creates problems, the solution of which may take not a single decade, and may require radical measures. At the same time, the “social licentiousness” of the developed countries of Europe leads states to the same denominator, with the difference that the “young old people” of the European continent have greater freedom in choosing the trajectory of their life path.

Influence on the composition of the population of climate, natural and man-made disasters, medical care

Against the backdrop of a developed medical industry, scientific discoveries, the aging of the population in developed countries does not look like a fatal factor in the collapse of the economy. However, such “unplanned events” as climate change, natural and man-made disasters always make their own adjustments.

If we consider man-made disasters, then they are often caused by climatic changes and natural disasters (hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, fires, abnormal heat, etc.). However, the "human factor" is leading. As an example of a man-made disaster caused by a natural cataclysm, one can cite the accident at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant, the breach of the Bantiao dam in 1975 (China). The accident on the Deepwater Horizon platform (Gulf of Mexico) affected most of the world's population (although it is not possible to know which factor was decisive, human or natural, today).

All catastrophes "harvest" two crops - instant and long-term. The momentary is expressed in economic damage, the victims of the cataclysm, but the long-term (sometimes exceeds the instant) is expressed in the social, economic, political (even religious) preferences of society. A colorful confirmation of these words can serve as the consequences of Hurricane Katrina, the long-term "collection" of which continues to this day.

Migration policy of European countries

Many studies show that the aging of the population is a marker of the well-being of the state, and the reduction in the birth rate is dictated by the increase in life expectancy and the principle of expediency. However, despite these statements, Europe regularly renews its population due to migrants. Migration policy requires a delicate and controlled conduct, which cannot be said about the latest wave of "invasion of aliens" on the lands of the European Union. Europeans use a rotational model, which implies the return of migrants to their homeland when they reach retirement age. Recent events illustrate the impossibility of assimilation of the arriving population, and their voluntary return looks unlikely.

Migration policy of the countries of the former USSR

In the post-Soviet space, things look a little different. The so-called labor migration is developing at full speed (work on a rotational basis with the absence of an employee on the territory of the house for 10-11 months). In fact, workers come home as a resort. The work shift takes place mainly in cities with a population of over one million, at construction sites, factories, and the mining industry with the possibility of further relocation closer to the place of work. The difference between this migration policy and the European one is that it serves to attract highly qualified specialists (as in the United States) and the corresponding workforce. Countries, due to economic and political conditions, do not see the need to invite low-skilled workers and simply dependents, especially since unemployment benefits in some regions barely reach $20 a month.

China's migration policy

The PRC faced the need to expand its territory, which resulted in the lease of land from neighboring states. The government encourages the migration of the population to other countries and marriages with representatives of other states, since the number of women in the republic itself is much less than the male population. It is clear that such a migration does not imply a return to China at the age of 65. The Chinese, settling in distant countries, live apart, according to their own laws, which allows us to conclude that they are unwilling to accept the culture and traditions of the countries in which they live, as well as methodical expansion, the consequences of which may be worse than the European migration crisis.

Options for the development of the current demographic situation

In fact, the aging of the country's population against the background of a stable birth rate (at the rate of 2 children per woman) indicates an increase in the standard of living, its comfort, one might say, sufficient predictability. A dangerous trend can be considered when the birth rate increases every year, but the population decreases at the same rate. There are a lot of options for the formation of a demographic situation, they differ only in the number of factors taken into account in their compilation. However, one thing is indisputable - the population of the earth will have to reconsider their attitude to the age period of a person in the interval of 64-100 years and learn to accept the "gifts of maturity" and experience.