One of the important elements of speech in everyday life are unions. In Russian, it is very difficult to communicate without them: after all, they are the connecting elements in any text. With them, speech becomes more beautiful and varied.

Let's see what is meant in our language by this term. What words can be attributed to them, what are their functions.

Consider what types and categories of this part of speech are, find out the main features. Let's draw up a plan for parsing these words as a specific category of speech and make an analysis using a specific example.

Definition and functionality

The Russian language is rich in different types of helper words. One of these basic categories of speech are unions.

The essence of this term is as follows: they can be called words that connect various repeating elements in a passage, its segments, several different sentences.

These are kind of linking words.

It is important to know: words of this category do not change and should not be elements (members) of the sentence!

Union types

The classification of such terms occurs, as a rule, in 3 directions. Let's consider each separately.

According to syntactic

These words connect fragments of complex or complex sentences. Let's look at each type separately.

writing

They are also called compound words. These words can only be used when linking equal fragments of a complex sentence.

There are groups of coordinating words, some of them are given in the table.

Subordinating

They are used as follows - one fragment of a complex sentence is subordinate to another. These segments are considered subordinate.

The following groups of such words are distinguished.

Sometimes the elements of the 7th subspecies can be easily confused with explanatory and other categories of this service category of speech. To avoid confusion, clarifying questions should be asked.

According to morphological features

They are divided as simply as the previous type into:

• simple (in one word) - a, and, but, etc .;
• compound (several words) - not only, but also; and others.

Moreover, the latter are also divided into 2 categories: double and repetitive. Most often, the second type is a subtype of the first.

Double can be attributed: if ... yes, when ... then ...; and to repeating - this ... that, neither ... nor ...

By word formation

According to how they are formed, they can be divided into:

• non-derivative - occurred independently of other categories;
• derivatives - formed from words of other categories.

There are such types of the last variety of words:

• a combination of several words of this category of the 1st type;
• decree. word ch. sentence member + simple union;
• word of this category + generalizing link;
• historical education.

Algorithm for parsing a union as a part of speech

How to find and determine the nature of unions in any text is written either in a reference book, or in a textbook or collection.

An example of parsing according to the specified plan

We prepared a scene to perform well at the regional competition of theatrical art. In order to there was a variety, we included dance, literary, game And musical numbers. Hope, What we'll do well.

For clarity, the search terms are highlighted.

• To

1. Union - connects members of the NGN;
2. Subordinating, simple, derivative.

• In order to

1. Union - connects members of the NGN;
2. Subordinating, compound, derivative.

1. Union - connects one. members of the SPP;
2. Compelling, simple, non-derivative.

1. Union - connects members of the NGN;
2. Subordinating, simple, non-derivative.

Conclusion

We learned what types of unions are divided into, how the coordinating ones differ from the subordinating ones, what subspecies they are divided into. The result will be a table characterizing this part of speech.

I. Coordinating conjunctions by meaning are divided into:

Connecting ( and, yes, and…and, neither…nor, also, too);

Opposite ( but, but, yes, but, nevertheless, nevertheless, nevertheless);

Dividers ( either, or, either… either, or… or, then… that, not that… not that, either… or);

Comparative ( like ... and, not only ... but also);

Connecting ( and yes and yes yes);

Explanatory ( that is, somehow, or, namely).

II. Subordinating conjunctions by value are divided into:

Temporary ( until, barely, only, only, after, since, before);

Explanatory ( what, to, as, as if);

Target ( in order to);

Causal ( because, since, for, because, due to the fact that);

Conditional ( if, if, once, if, when, how soon);

Concessions ( although, let, let, otherwise, for nothing, meanwhile, despite the fact that);

Comparative ( as, as if, as if, as if, exactly);

Consequences ( so before that).

Types of unions by structure

(Russian grammar, v.1)

§ 1673. According to their structure, all unions are divided into simple (single-word) and compound (non-single-word).

Simple unions:A,anyhow(simple) already(simple) en(obsolete and simple.), good(colloquial), will(obsolete and simple.), as if,like,Yes,so that(outdated), even,barely,if(obsolete and simple.), If,same,And,for(book), or,So,if only(simple) How,How­ That,When,if And stake(simple and outdated), whether,or,than(book), But,Bye,meanwhile(simple) as long as(simple) because the,let(colloquial), let,once,unless,smooth(simple) that is to say(old), like,So,Also,Same,exactly,though,Although,how,purely(simple) What,so that,to,a little(colloquial), supposedly(bookish and obsolete).

A group of words adjoins here, which in the sentence act as analogues of unions: in addition(besides) , (besides) (colloquial), after all,rather,however,coming out(hence) (colloquial), Further,further,more(Besides) , then(further) , (in addition) , but,Means,exactly,otherwise,By the way,only,finally,vice versa,For example,against,however,especially,Then(besides) (colloquial), That's why,That's why,Truth,besides,and,Just,quicker(or rather) , (more precisely) , hence,proper(exactly) , Now(further) , (besides) (colloquial), Then(in that case) , only,more precisely.

§ 1676. Compound (non-single-word) unions in their structure represent incompletely formed compounds of two or more elements, each of which simultaneously exists in the language and as a separate word.

A) In the formation of most compound unions, simple multi-valued unions participate ( And,What,how,How,When,to,If,only).

B) The most productive is the formation of compound unions using prepositions of various structures.

With the participation of primitive prepositions, compound unions are formed: without Togo to Not, For Togo to, before Togo How, from­ behind Togo What, between topics How, before topics How, for the sake of Togo to.

With the participation of prepositions correlated with the adverb, conjunctions are formed: instead of Togo to, despite to that What, up to before Togo What, except Togo What, regardless from Togo What, relatively Togo What, like to that How, besides Togo What, after Togo How, above Togo What.

With the participation of denominative prepositions, unions such as due to Togo What, V dependencies from Togo What, V sign Togo What, in Name Togo to, V relation Togo What, V counterweight to that What, V opposite to that What, V result Togo What, like Togo What, V connections With topics What, V force Togo What, due to Togo What, V comparison With topics What, behind check Togo What, on basis Togo What, along with With topics What, about Togo What, Not V example to that How, under view Togo What, under pretext Togo What, By measure Togo How, By about Togo What, By reason Togo What, By comparison With topics What.

With the participation of verbal prepositions, unions are formed proceeding from from Togo What, despite on That What, despite on That What, looking By to that What, judging By to that What.

C) Unions are formed with the participation of a particle That and forms of the pronominal word That: this is how unions are formed AThat,AAndThat,AThatAnd,ANotThat,YesAndThat,NotThatWhat,ThatI mean(simple) ThatThere is,beThat,moreTogo,due toTogoWhat,exceptTogo,aboveTogo,thanks toto thatWhat,liketo thatHow,VThattimeHow,despiteonThatWhat,topicsmore,topicsmoreWhat,topicsNotless,topicsmore(outdated), topicsmost,togetherWithtopics,betweentopicsHow,beforetopicsHow,WiththosesinceHow.

D) Adverbs can take part in the formation of compound unions: for nothingWhat(colloquial), Howall of a sudden,stakesoon(outdated), beforehow,directlyHow(colloquial), equalsHow(book), earlierhow,at allHow,topicsmore,topicsNotless,exactly­ V­ exactlyHow, as well as particles would,Not,already:as ifwould,goodwould(colloquial), ifwould(obsolete and simple.), Ifwould,Howas ifwould,Howwould,HowIfwould,Whenwould,ifwould(simple) onlywould,likewould,onlywould,thoughwould,Whatwould(instead of) , ANot,howwould(colloquial), withoutTogotoNot,beforethosesinceByeNot,IfNot,HowwouldNot,ButNot,ByeNot,meanwhileNot(simple) as long asNot(simple) toNot,onlywouldNot,NotThat(colloquial), ANotThat(colloquial), NotThatWhat,NotThatto,Notonly;Ifalready,Whenalready,ifalready(simple) oncealready.

Mikhail Nikolaevich Peterson (1885-1962) - Soviet linguist, representative of the Moscow Fortunatov school. He is the author of works on Russian syntax and methods of teaching the Russian language, as well as works on other languages ​​- French, Armenian, Lithuanian.

MN Peterson was active in teaching. In teaching languages, he used a peculiar technique: he began teaching not with exercises, but with reading and analyzing an unadapted text. In the very first lessons, Peterson conducted a comprehensive analysis of one or two words, one phrase. Gradually, the pace accelerated, the volume of language information increased, and soon the students were able to independently analyze the most complex texts.

The scientist was an opponent of Marrism, for which he was persecuted (in the press he was called a “representative of pseudoscience”), and in the late 1940s he was forced to leave teaching and practically did not publish. M. N. Peterson was able to return to active teaching only after in 1950.

We bring to the attention of the readers of the portal the article by M. N. Peterson "Unions in the Russian language", published in the journal "Russian Language at School" (No. 5, 1952). The article gives a classification of unions and describes their main functions. Even 60 years after it was written, the article will be very useful for teachers of Russian as a native language and as a foreign language.

I. Unions and their varieties

Unions, together with a bunch, prepositions and particles, belong to the category of service (non-independent) words, which are opposed to significant (independent) words - parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adverbs.

The main difference between these categories of words is that significant parts of speech can be sentence words and sentence members. Service words are used in speech only in conjunction with significant words.

Functional words of a later origin than significant ones, and originated from significant ones. Depending on the needs of communication, functional words continue to develop, expressing more and more new semantic relationships between significant words. In many cases, the origin of service words from significant ones is quite clear. Compare, for example, union What and place-estate What, pretext near and adverbs near. It is more difficult to establish this for unions such as and, but.

Unions are service words expressing semantic relationships between homogeneous members of a sentence1 or between parts of a complex sentence (main or subordinate clauses).

Unions according to their structure can be divided into simple and compound.

Simple unions, in turn, can be divided into non-derivative for a given era, or primitive ones, such as and, neither, but, And derivatives- such as what, to, when, though, if.

Composite unions: That's why that, because, in order to, because, so that, so that, because etc. The number of compound unions is increasing.

Of all these unions, the most ancient in origin are simple non-derivatives; they are followed by simple derivatives; compound unions appeared later than all.

By use, unions are single, repeated and paired:

• single: and, ah, but, yes and etc.
• repeated: and - and, neither - neither, that - that, or - either, not that - not that, or - or and etc.
• paired: not only - but also, although - however, although - but, if - then and etc.

Unions by their role in the proposal can be divided into two categories: some unions express semantic relationships between individual words in a sentence (and, neither, yes, but, that, not that, or) , other unions express semantic relationships between parts of a complex sentence.

Between those and other unions there are similarities and differences.

Unions such as and, but, are also used to connect parts of a complex sentence. Their meaning is the same in both cases. For example:

AND get together, And fit in,
AND in such an hour of trouble
Be a hostess
Agile and dashing.
(Twardowski)

AND fields bloom,
AND the forests murmur
AND lie in the ground
Piles of gold.
(Nikitin)

Here in both cases - enumeration.

The same parallel examples can be given for other unions. However, there are more differences between those and other unions.

There are many conjunctions that are used only to express semantic relationships between parts of complex sentences: what if, because, when, though and etc.

Semantic relations expressed by complex sentences with conjunction And, much richer than the semantic relations expressed by the same union between the individual words of the sentence (see examples below).

Unions expressing semantic relations only between parts of a complex sentence are of a later origin. Along with the growth in the use of complex sentences, which is caused by the need to express more and more complex relationships between phenomena, the number of unions is increasing, their meaning is becoming more diverse.

The number of conjunctions that express semantic relationships between individual words in a sentence is also increasing, but not to the same extent.

Thus, those and other unions are in constant interaction.

The semantic relations expressed by both those and other unions can be described in detail only in syntax. Here the most necessary information will be given, first about the meaning of unions connecting individual words in a sentence, and then about the meaning of unions connecting parts of complex sentences.

II. Unions expressing semantic relations
between individual words in a sentence

The most common union And. More than half of all cases are due to combinations with this union. Those semantic relations that are expressed by the union And, most often found in our language practice, closely related to our social activities.

According to the semantic relations they express, unions can be divided into four groups:

1) unions expressing enumeration (and, neither, yes, or, then );

2) unions expressing opposition (but not only - but also and etc.);

3) unions expressing comparison (how than );

4) unions expressing target (to ).

Some of these unions express other semantic relationships, which will be shown later.

1. Unions expressing enumeration

This group includes connecting and separating unions.

AND

Union And expresses an enumeration of words that are in homogeneous relationships and denoting various objects, signs, phenomena.

AND I want to live And drink, And There is,
I want warmth and light...
(Twardowski)

Upon re-union and - and, in addition to enumeration, gain is expressed.

AND sling, And arrow, And crafty dagger
Years spare the winner.
(Pushkin)

Union And may have the meaning of opposition (see below).

NO

Union neither (repeated) expresses the same enumeration in negative sentences (with reinforcement):

Then he saw clearly
As in the village boredom is the same
Though not neither streets, neither palaces,
Neither kart, neither points, neither poems.
(Pushkin)

I love my homeland, but with a strange love!
My mind won't defeat her
Neither glory bought with blood
Neither peace full of proud confidence,
Neither dark old cherished legends
Do not stir in me a pleasurable dream.
(Lermontov)

YES

Union Yes usually gives the statement a colloquial character.

dog, man, Yes cat, Yes falcon
Once upon a time they swore to each other in eternal friendship.
(Krylov)

The same union is used when repeating a word for reinforcement:

- You know, everyone scolds our steppe, they say it is boring, red, hills Yes hills, as if she is homeless, and I love her (Fadeev).

Union Yes also serves to express opposition (see below).

Union yes and has an attaching connotation of meaning.

The caretaker stood, stood - yes and went(Pushkin).

OR

Union or serves to express an enumeration with a hint of a choice of two or more possibilities:

These are our "lags" ( or"migi", or"yaks"), they said(Fadeev).

Repeated conjunctions are used with the same meaning either - whether-bo, whether - whether, whether- or:

I am with strangers or shy, or put on airs(M. Gorky).

County official, pass by - I was already wondering where he was going: for the evening whether to some brother or straight to your home(Gogol).

THAT

Union That (repeated) serves to express the enumeration of objects or phenomena that exist not simultaneously, but alternately:

Lieutenants That appeared in the city That disappeared, there were always many new ones ...(Fadeev)

All the girls, raising their heads, listened to the intermittent, That thin, axis-nom, That low, rumbling rumble, trying to see the plane in the white-hot air(He is).

NOT THAT

Union NotThat (repeated) expresses an enumeration of objects or phenomena, the existence of which is assumed and one of which excludes the other:

In all her movements was noticed not that negligence, not that fatigue(Turgenev).

And she herself seemed to come to life, and some kind of not that hope for something not that design(Goncharov).

The repeated union is used with the same meaning. either:

... And it smelled of a fresh, cold mouth either wind, either distant, barely perceptible smell of fresh steppe hay(Sholokhov).

The value of the enumeration is expressed by some paired conjunctions, for example as - so and:

Siberia has many features. How in nature, so in human manners(Goncharov).

2. Unions expressing opposition(but, but, yes, but, but and etc.)

After all, it is not marble, not alabaster, A alive, but so cold!(Fadeev).

A crow perched on a fir tree,
I was quite ready to have breakfast,
Yes thoughtful...
(Krylov)

I hesitated a little however sat down(Turgenev).

They tear up a little
But they don’t take intoxicating things in their mouths.
(Krylov)

Wanted to travel around the world
AND did not travel a hundredth.
(Griboyedov)

Various shades of opposition and comparison are expressed by paired unions Not only - but (and), not only - but (and), not so much - How many and etc.

They already Not only in appearance, a and by sound they distinguished their own and German aircraft(Fadeev).

3. Unions expressing comparison (how, than)

These unions do not express relations between homogeneous members of sentences.

Seryozha Tyulenin was the youngest in the family and grew up How grass in the steppe(Fadeev).

And the father, who wheezed, whistled and du-deeds on him more, how on one of his children, loved him more, how any of the others(Fadeev).

4. Unions expressing purpose (to)

Yuri got on the back of the truck, to to look at the sky(A. Tolstoy).

Union to also expresses a relationship not between homogeneous members of the sentence.

III. Unions expressing semantic relations
between parts of a complex sentence

In the first place in terms of usage, and here is the union And, followed by ah, but what to and others. Union predominance And associated with its versatility. The usage of individual unions varies depending on the nature of the text. The material is grouped by value.

1. Enumeration

Union proposals And designate enumerations of either simultaneous or sequential events.

Their faces among the foliage converged so close that their breath mingled, And they looked straight into each other's eyes(Fadeev).

And this spring they graduated from school, said goodbye to their teachers and organizations, And the war, as if it was waiting for them, looked straight into their eyes(Fadeev).

Compound sentences with conjunction And may have other meanings.

1) The first part of a complex sentence expresses the basis, cause, the other - a consequence.

There was little hope for poor Ashik-Kerib to get her hand, And he became sad, like a winter sky(Lermontov).

2) The first part of a complex sentence expresses a condition, the second - a consequence:

He will give a sign - And everyone is busy(Pushkin).

3) The second part expresses the opposite of what the first expresses:

I love you, And you will never be mine(Lermontov).

Everyone knew her And nobody noticed...(Pushkin)

The enumeration is also expressed by unions Yes (the use of this union is very small), yes and (with connecting meaning), repeated no no (in negative sentences), whether - whether, or, either - or (with the meaning of choice, separation), That - That (indicates alternation) not that - not that (with a touch of assumption and exclusion of one of the phenomena), also, also and etc.

The cymbals and appliances are rattling,
Yes glasses ringing.
(Pushkin)

Boris does not want to help me, yes and I don't want to contact him(L. Tolstoy).

Neither the arrows didn't fly neither the guns didn't roar(Krylov).

guilty whether was a teacher or the student was to blame, but every day the same thing was repeated(L. Tolstoy).

That Cold, That very hot,
That the sun will hide That shines too brightly.
(Krylov)

The strange old man spoke very slowly, the sound of his voice Also amazed me(Turgenev).

2. Opposite

but, but, yes, however, the same, but, Although denote the opposite of different strengths.

Union A used when comparing various phenomena:

The same striking contrast is found in the development of culture in Soviet Azerbaijan and in Iran. Illiteracy has been eliminated in Azerbaijan, A in Iran, illiterates make up about 85 percent of the population. In Azerbaijan, there is one higher educational institution for every 163,000 people of the population, A in Iran - by 3.4 million people. In Azerbaijan, there is one doctor for every 525 people. population, A in Iran - by 11.3 thousand people(“Pravda”, December 30, 1949. “Unbreakable Union of Soviet Republics”, p. 1).

A stronger opposition is expressed by the union But ; it is strengthened by negation, which is almost always in one of the parts of a complex sentence:

You know, I'm not afraid of anything in the world, I'm not afraid of any struggle, difficulties, torment, But If only I knew how to drink...(Fadeev).

A rather strong opposition expresses the union Yes :

Vladimir would write odes,
Yes Olga did not read them.
(Pushkin)

It would be better for me to leave him and hide in the forest, Yes it was a pity to part with him - and the prophet rewarded me(Lermontov).

Unions give a touch of amplification however, but:

The eye is eagerly looking for a spark, however every turn of the river deceives our hopes(Korolenko).

The windows in the house were closed, the door same on the porch was wide open. (Goncharov).

Suppose he knows forest paths.
Prancing on horseback, not afraid of water,
But mercilessly eat his midges,
But he was familiar with the works early.
(Nekrasov)

Oppositions of various forces are expressed by the union Although (though):

AND though it was restless
remained unscathed
Under oblique, three-layer fire,
Under hinged and direct...
(Twardowski).

The opposition is stronger, when in the second part - but yes:

Although in her eyes I read something wild and suspicious, Although there was something indefinite in her smile, But such is the power of prejudice...(Lermontov).

Though sees the eye Yes numb tooth.
(Krylov)

Union though called concessive, but, revealing the meaning of this term, they usually indicate opposition.

Unions what to and much more rare as if, as if, as if commonly called explanatory, associating this term with the verb speak up. The meaning of this term lies in the fact that complex sentences with these unions express the content of speech, thoughts or feelings attributed to one or another character, as opposed to "foreign speech", transmitted literally.

Associations with unions as if, bud- it would be as if transmit this content presumably.

WHAT

In the hallway ... a fat woman came out and answered my questions, What the old caretaker died a year ago, What a brewer settled in his house, and What she is a brewer's wife(Pushkin).

Compound sentence with conjunction What also denotes the degree of manifestation of some feature:

His comrades-in-arms greeted him with such sincere joy, What something that did not allow him to sleep, eat, or breathe fell off from his soul(A. Tolstoy).

TO

Meanwhile the horses came, and the caretaker ordered, to immediately, without feeding, they harnessed them to the tent of the visitor(Pushkin).

– Chocolate? - the captain was surprised and pulled the tube out of his mouth. - The first time I've heard, to the senior lieutenant in the bare steppe needed chocolate(A. Tol-stop).

Compound sentences with conjunction to also indicate the goal:

A so that the mouse race did not harm him,
So he founded the police of cats.
(Krylov)

More often this meaning is found in combination with the indefinite form of the verb:

Donetsk red-hot winds and the scorching sun as if on purpose, to shade the physical nature of each of the girls, one was gilded, the other was darkened, and the other was calcined, as in a fiery font, arms and legs, face and neck to the very shoulder blades(Fadeev).

IF

You look, and you don’t know whether its majestic width is coming or not, and it seems, as if it is all poured out of glass, and as if the blue mirror road, without measure in width, without end in length, flies and pours over the green world(Gogol).

She dreams as if she
He walks through a snow field.
(Pushkin)

Suddenly it seemed to me as if a string rang weakly and plaintively in the room(Turgenev).

4. Temporal relations

Compound sentences with conjunctions when, how, while, barely express temporal relationships with different shades. The same relationship is expressed by a large number of compound unions: as soon as, as soon as, as soon as, as soon as, after, as soon as, as soon as and others. Some of these unions indicate the simultaneity of two actions), others indicate the previous action, and still others indicate the subsequent action (sometimes with an additional touch of the rapid succession of one action after another). The meaning of the temporal correlation of actions can be very diverse. We give examples of only some of the unions (with simpler meanings).

WHEN

When but blue clouds will move like mountains across the sky, the black forest will stagger to the root, the oaks will crack, and lightning, breaking between the clouds, will illuminate the whole world at once - then the Dnieper is terrible!(Gogol)

HOW

I How looked at the steppe, where we sang so many songs, and at this sunset, and barely held back tears(Fadeev).

BYE

Compound sentences with conjunctions for now, for now, for now express that one event happened before another:

And the lonely figure of Nikolai Ivanovich loomed for a long time in the depths of the street, Bye the tram did not close it(A. Tolstoy).

Bye does not require a poet
To the sacred sacrifice of Apollo,
Into the worries of vain light
He is feebly immersed.
(Pushkin)

BARELY

Compound sentences with conjunction barely express events that quickly follow one after another:

But barely he entered, as the spectacle of a new miracle made him clutch his hand on the leather coat of the ship's commander(V. Kataev).

5. Causal relationship

Compound sentences with conjunctions So as, because, for, due to the fact that, due to the fact that and some others express the reason:

Dad even regretted that they put on a coat on me, because it was very hot like summer(V. Kataev).

When crossing fast rivers, one should not look at the water, for immediately the head is spinning(Lermontov).

6. Condition

Compound sentences with conjunctions if, if, whether - whether, once, if, when, as soon as and others express the condition and the consequence that follows from it. Conjunctions with particle would express the hypothetical condition:

He is my father.
AND If I have to,
I will give all my blood for him.
(A. Kuleshov)

How well people could live in the world, if they just wanted if they just understood!(Fadeev).

- Don't mess with her. If she has already put on such a cap, you won’t overcap her, ”Shura Dubrovina said to Maya(Fadeev).

We went through dozens of villages with him,
Where, how, where with a mortal manhole.
AND once he walked, but did not reach,
So I have to get there.
(Twardowski)

A When the whole nation rises to the liberation war of the Patriotic War - then woe to the enemy! Woe!(V. Kataev)

A relatively smaller role for expressing semantic relationships between parts of a complex sentence is played by other unions: concessionary (let, let, really, for nothing, despite the fact that), comparative (as, than, rather than, as if, word-but, exactly, just like), consequences (So), waist belt (i.e., viz.). Here are some examples:

Let I am weak, my sword is strong.
(Zhukovsky)

He was clearly visible for nothing that riding in the shade(Turgenev).

as if mother over her son's grave,
A sandpiper groans over the dull plain.
(Nekrasov)

He laughed exactly steel rang(M. Gorky).

The mistress's words were interrupted by a strange hiss, So the guest was scared(Gogol).

Our garden is dying, strangers are already hosting it, that is the very thing that the poor father was so afraid of is happening(Chekhov).

IV. Conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence

This is not about repeated and pair unions, but about single ones, which are usually not used at the beginning of a sentence.

Most often, conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence are found in dialogic speech, expressing an attitude towards what the interlocutor said:

“How Tanya has grown! How long ago
I think I baptized you?
A I got my hands on it!
A I was so hard on my ears.
A I fed with gingerbread!”
(Pushkin)

- Quiet. Do you hear?
- I hear. This snow is rustling. Why is it good if north-east?
– Because in the yard now you can’t see the zgi.
(V. Kataev)

Russian character! Go ahead and describe him... Shall I tell you about heroic deeds? But there are so many of them that you get confused which one to prefer(A. Tolstoy).

The last example is a monologue, but it is conducted like a dialogue. In this way, conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence could also penetrate monologue speech. The sentence is rarely used in isolation in monologue speech. More often it is included in the connection with other proposals. Unions at the beginning of sentences and express relations to neighboring sentences:

Alexander Fedorovich was an old Donetsk miner, a wonderful carpenter. As a young man, a native of the Tambov province, he began to go to the mines to earn money. AND in the deep bowels of the Donetsk land, in the most terrible screes and crawlers, his wonderful ax fixed a lot of workings, which in his hands played and sang, and pecked like a golden cockerel(Fadeev).

They picked her up on the road. At first they thought that the girl was lying dead, and Grisha swerved the steering wheel so as not to crush her bare feet. But she lifted her head, the wind tousled her hair like scorched grass(A. Tolstoy).

These are the most important unions and their role in the Russian language. A more detailed disclosure of the semantic relations expressed by individual unions can be given, as indicated above, on the specific material of the syntax of a simple and complex sentence.

1 Other than unions how than And to, which see below.

Union- the service part of speech, which serves to link between parts of a complex sentence, individual sentences of the text, as well as between words in a sentence.
Unions do not change and are not members of the proposal.

As well as prepositions, conjunctions are:
non-derivative, that is, not related by origin to other parts of speech: or, yes and, but, but;
derivatives, that is, related by origin to other parts of speech:
- connection of non-derivative unions: as if;
-connection of a demonstrative word from the main part and a simple union: in order to;
-connection of the union with a word with a generalized meaning: while, until then;
-historically from other parts of speech: yet, to, although.

There are also alliances simple(without spaces): a, for; And constituent(written with spaces): since, while.

By the nature of syntactic relations, unions are divided into coordinating And subordinating.
Coordinating conjunctions- these are unions that connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, sentences in the text.
Coordinating conjunctions are of the following categories:
1) connecting(meaning “and this and that”): and, yes (in the meaning of “and”), neither ... nor, how ... so, and ... and, not only ... but also, how ... so and, too, also;
2) separating(meaning “either this or that”): or, either, then ... that, not that ... not that, or ... or, either ... or;
3) adversative(meaning “not this, but that”): but, yes (meaning “but”), however, but.
4) gradational: not only ... but also, not so much ... how much, not that ... but;
5) explanatory: that is, namely;
6) connecting: also, also, yes and, and, moreover, moreover.

Subordinating conjunctions- these are conjunctions that connect parts of a complex sentence,
And they can also be used in a simple sentence to connect homogeneous and heterogeneous members. So, for example, the subordinating union although connects the homogeneous members of the sentence: The room was cozy, although a little cool; unions like, as if, as if, what connects homogeneous and heterogeneous members of the sentence: In summer, the night is shorter than the day; head is like a computer.

Subordinating conjunctions are of the following categories:
1) temporary: only, while, when, while, scarcely;
2) causal: because, for, since;
3) conditional: if, if, if;
4) targeted: so that, for the purpose of, in order to, in order to;
5) concessions: although, despite the fact that;
6) consequences: So;
7) comparative: as, exactly, than, as if, as if, as if;
8) explanatory: what, how, to.
Note. Some unions are polysemantic and can be assigned to several categories, for example: to (target and explanatory), when (temporal and conditional).

Publication date: 12/26/2011 10:40 UTC

• Parts of speech, Russian language simulator, Grade 3, GEF, Dyachkova L.V., 2018
• We pass the exam in VolgGTU in Russian, Study Guide, Sidorova T.L., Belous E.S., Kharlamova N.V., Karaban N.A., Belyakova L.F., Averyanova N.A., Gurulev D. N., Palatkina L.V., Levin Yu.V., 2019

Unions- a service part of speech that allows you to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, components of a complex sentence, sentences in one paragraph, as well as several paragraphs in the text.

In Russian, a unified classification of unions has been adopted according to several criteria:

• of Education;
• by structure;
• by the nature of syntactic relations;
• by value.

Types of unions by education

According to the principle of education allocate unions of the following types:

• derivative unions;
• non-derivative unions.

Derivative unions, as a rule, are formed from other parts of speech. For example, the union is still formed by combining a preposition, a demonstrative pronoun and a plural noun.

Non-derivative unions, unlike derivatives, by origin are in no way connected with other parts of speech and exist on their own. Examples: and, or, but, yes and etc.

Types of unions by structure

By structure unions are divided into two groups:

• simple unions;
• compound unions.

Simple unions consist of one word: and, or, but, but, yet, although, etc.

Compound unions, in turn, consist of two or more words that are written with a space: until now, since, while, as if.

Types of unions according to syntactic features

By syntactic role in sentences, conjunctions are divided into:

• coordinating conjunctions;
• subordinating unions.

Coordinating conjunctions- unions that connect equal elements: homogeneous members of a sentence, simple sentences as part of a compound sentence, sentences and paragraphs in a text. Examples of coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions and, or, a, but, however, yes.

Subordinating conjunctions- unions, which, on the contrary, connect unequal syntactic elements, indicating the dependence of one element on another. They connect homogeneous and heterogeneous members of a sentence, simple sentences in a complex sentence, as well as sentences and paragraphs in a text. Examples: because, although, as if, if, in order etc.

Types of unions by value

Coordinating conjunctions are divided into several types according to their meaning:

1. Connecting: and, and... and..., yes (meaning "and"), also, not only... but also...
2. opposing: a, but, although, yes (meaning "but"), however, but.
3. Dividing: or, either ... or ...
4. Explanatory: namely, that is.
5. gradation: not so much ... as ..., not only ... but also ...
6. Connecting: and, yes, also, also, moreover, moreover.

Subordinating conjunctions are divided into:

1. Causal: because, since, for.
2. Temporary: while, while, then.
3. Target: so that, for the purpose of, in order to, in order to.
4. Conditional: if, if, if.
5. Investigative: So.
6. Explanatory: what, how to.
7. Comparative: like, like, like.