How much jawaharlal nehru. Nehru, Jawaharlal. Domestic policy. Reforms in the economy and social sphere

Posthumous honors

In Moscow, near Moscow State University, there is a monument to Nehru. The area around it is called "Jah" among the students. The square at the intersection of Lomonosovsky Prospekt and Vernadsky Prospekt is named after Jawaharlal Nehru.
Jawaharlal Nehru Literary Prize.

Literature

- an outstanding political figure, the Prime Minister of India, who has a great merit in developing the basic principles for building and developing a strong state, adhered to the policy of peaceful coexistence of countries with different social systems. He was born on November 14, 1889 in the family of a Kashmiri Brahmin, which is evidence of belonging to the highest caste. He received a good education at home, and then, as was customary among the Indian elite, he continued his education at Harrow School and at Cambridge University. His father was one of the prominent political figures, a member of the INC (Indian National Congress), it is not surprising that at the age of 22 Nehru becomes a member of this party and begins to engage in professional political activities.

Returning to India, Nehru worked as a lawyer for some time. In 1916, he met Mohandas Gandhi and soon became his closest associate. Thanks to the support of M. Gandhi, Nehru was nominated for the post of General Secretary of the INC from 1923 to 1925. At the same time, he is the co-chairman of the Allahabad municipality. In 1929, as chairman of the INC, Nehru proclaims the slogan of India's independence, and two years later he leads the creation of a program for development in the economic and social spheres of the country. In the 1930s he sharply opposed the development of fascism and militarism in the world. In 1946, Nehru was appointed vice-premier of the provisional government of India, at the same time he was appointed to the post of minister of foreign affairs.

On August 15, 1947, India was proclaimed an independent state, and Nehru took over as Prime Minister of India. This post, he will hold until his death. He remained in office after the first general elections, held in 1951-1952, as a result of which the INC returned to power. Having become the head of an independent state, he pursued a policy of "mixed economy", combining the socialist and capitalist paths of development and taking the best from them, Nehru is looking for his own third path for the development of the country. He emphasized that the state is obliged to intervene in the country's economy, but at the same time take into account the great importance of private initiative for the economic and social development of the country. In order to regulate the economy, under his leadership, five-year plans were developed and implemented.

In foreign policy, the Indian leader adhered to the principles of peaceful coexistence of various social systems. Nehru was a supporter of the development of friendly relations with the Soviet Union, but at the same time, India adhered to the course of positive neutrality and the tactics of "non-alignment" with the Eastern or Western blocs. In a border dispute with China in 1959, Nehru took a firm stand and declared that India would resort to force if its territorial integrity was violated. An outstanding political and statesman died on May 27, 1964 in Delhi from a heart attack.

Jawaharlal Nehru is a world-class politician, Prime Minister of India, comrade-in-arms of M. Gandhi, Minister of Foreign Affairs, leader of the Indian national liberation movement (left wing). His daughter Indira Gandhi and grandson Rajiv Gandhi were the Prime Ministers of India (third and sixth respectively).

He was born in Allahabad on November 14, 1889. His father was the famous lawyer Motilal Nehru, who became one of the first Indian politicians. Jawaharlal Nehru was educated at home, continued his studies at Harrow, as well as at the University of Cambridge (Trinity College). After completing his education, he returned to his homeland, worked as a lawyer.

In 1916, he met Mohandas Gandhi, and this meeting played an important role in his biography. Subsequently, Nehru became his closest associate, who used the same methods in the struggle for the independence of India from the British authorities (non-violent resistance). Nehru became a member of the Indian National Congress (INC); Gandhi's mentoring helped him advance to the post of general secretary of the INC, which he held from 1923-1925; during the same period, he was also co-chairman of the Allahabad municipality.

In 1929, J. Nehru proclaimed the slogan of the independence of his country, two years later, at the party congress in Karagi, he became the head of the creation of an all-India program for development in the social and economic spheres. In the 1930s was among those who took a sharply negative position in relation to militarism and fascism. In the period up to 1947, he had to spend a total of more than a dozen years in prison.

From August 15, 1947, after his country became independent, he took the post of Prime Minister of India, and he remained the first statesman in this position until his death. Nehru remained in this post as a result of the first all-India elections (1951-1952), as a result of which the Indian National Congress returned to power.

It is no coincidence that Jawaharlal Nehru was called the builder of the new India, because it was he who had the merit of developing the main principles of the formation and development of the state, both its domestic and foreign policies. They became known as the "Nehru course". The first prime minister adhered to the position that the state should actively intervene in the national economy, but at the same time did not underestimate the importance of private initiative for the social and economic development of the country, considering it the main driver and incentive. Under his leadership, the Indian government carried out a number of large-scale measures aimed at eliminating the backwardness of the population and the country as a whole. The Indian economy developed according to the five-year plans developed under the leadership of Nehru, which were implemented during 1951-1966.

In April 1954, the Indian leader proclaimed "panchashila" - the so-called five principles on which the peaceful coexistence of different social systems was based. India chose for itself a course of positive neutrality, which provided for the independence of the country equally from the eastern and western bloc. At the same time, Nehru was a supporter of the active development of friendly relations with the Soviet Union. The Indian leader was a participant in tripartite consultations, together with Josip Broz Tito and Gamal Abdel Nasser, after which the Non-Aligned Movement arose, which included countries whose economies were radically different from the Soviet and capitalist model.

Jawaharlal Nehru (Javaharlal Nehru; also known as Pandit (Scholar) Nehru) (November 14, 1889 - May 27, 1964) - one of the leaders of the left wing of the Indian national liberation movement and the Indian National Congress, who became the first Prime Minister of India after the country gained independence August 15, 1947. Died May 27, 1964 of a heart attack.

Nehru was born on November 14, 1889 in Allahabad. His father Motilal Nehru was one of the leaders of the country's largest party, the Indian National Congress.

He sent his son Jawaharlal (whose name means “precious ruby” in Hindi) to a prestigious English school in Harrow. In 1912, Nehru graduated from the Faculty of Law at the University of Cambridge and returned to India. He settled in Allahabad and worked in his father's law office.

Acquaintance with the teachings of Gandhi helped to return to his native soil and synthesize European ideas with Indian tradition. Nehru, like other leaders of the INC, professed the doctrine of Mahatma Gandhi.

The colonial authorities repeatedly threw Nehru into prison, where he spent a total of about 10 years. Nehru took an active part in Gandhi's campaign of non-cooperation with the colonial authorities, and then in the campaign to boycott British goods. One day the police tried to plant a revolver on him, but Nehru threw the weapon away indignantly.

In 1927, Nehru was elected chairman of the INC. In 1938, the membership of the party increased to 5 million people, an increase of more than 10 times. But by that time there was a split between Hindus and Muslims. The party of the latter - the Muslim League - began to advocate the creation of an independent Islamic state of Pakistan - "the country of the pure."

In 1946, Nehru became vice-premier of the Provisional Government of India - the Executive Council under the Viceroy of India, and in June 1947 - the first head of government and minister of foreign affairs and defense of independent India.

In July 1947, the All India Committee of the INC accepted by a majority of votes the British proposal for the division of India into two states - the Indian Union and Pakistan. On August 15, 1947, Nehru raised the flag of independent India for the first time over the red fort in Delhi. In February 1948, the last contingents of British troops left India. In 1947-1948 there was a war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir.

As a result, a third of the disputed state was under the control of Pakistan, and the main part was included in India. The majority of the Hindu population trusted the INC.

In the 1947 elections, Nehru's supporters won 86% of all seats in parliament. Nehru managed to achieve the accession to the Indian Union of almost all Indian principalities, 555 out of 601.

In 1954, the French enclaves on the coast were annexed to India, and in 1962, the Portuguese enclaves on the coast. In January 1950, at the initiative of Nehru, India was proclaimed a secular and democratic republic.

The Indian constitution included guarantees of fundamental democratic freedoms and prohibition of discrimination based on religion, nationality or caste. The system of government was presidential-parliamentary, but the prime minister, who was elected by the parliament, held the main power. Parliament became bicameral, consisting of the House of the People and the Council of States.

28 states received broad internal autonomy, the right to their own legislation and police, and the regulation of economic activity. Subsequently, the number of states increased, as several new states were created on a national basis.

In November 1956, 14 new states and 6 union territories were created. All of them, unlike the old states, were more or less ethnically homogeneous. The universal, direct, equal and secret suffrage of all citizens, starting from the age of 21, and the majority system of representation were introduced.

In domestic politics, Nehru sought to reconcile all the peoples of India and Hindus with Muslims and Sikhs, warring political parties, and in economics, the principles of planning and a market economy. He avoided radical decisions, and he managed to keep the right, left and center factions of Congress united, maintaining a balance between them in his politics.

In the first general elections, held in 1951-1952, the Congress received 44.5% of the vote and over 74% of the seats in the House of the People. At the same time, Nehru was a supporter of strengthening the state sector of the economy. The resolution on industrial policy, which Nehru announced at the Constituent Assembly in April 1948, provided for the establishment of a state monopoly in the production of armaments, atomic energy and rail transport.

In a number of industries, including aircraft construction and some other types of mechanical engineering, the oil and coal industry, and ferrous metallurgy, the state reserved the exclusive right to build new enterprises. 17 major industries were declared objects of state regulation.

In 1948, the Reserve Bank of India was nationalized, and in 1949 state control over the activities of private banks was established. In the 1950s, Nehru carried out the abolition of the former feudal duties in the agricultural sector.

Landlords were forbidden to drive tenants off the land. The size of landed estates was also limited. In the second general election in 1957, the INC, led by Nehru, again won, retaining an absolute majority in parliament.

The number of votes cast for the INC increased to 48%. In the next election in 1962, the Nehru party lost 3% of the vote, but, thanks to the majoritarian system, retained control of the parliament in Delhi and the governments of most states.

The Nehru government was one of the first to recognize the People's Republic of China, which, however, did not prevent acute border conflicts with China over Tibet in 1959 and 1962.

The failure of the Indian army in the early stages of the 1962 conflict led to growing criticism of the Nehru government at home and to the resignation of members of the government belonging to the left faction of the INC. But Nehru managed to maintain the unity of the party.

The United States saw India as a counterbalance to communist China. In the early 1950s, a number of agreements were signed with the United States on economic and technical assistance. However, Nehru rejected the American offer of military assistance during the Indian-Chinese armed conflict of 1962, preferring to remain committed to a policy of neutrality.

He accepted economic assistance from the USSR, but did not become a Soviet ally, but advocated the peaceful existence of states with different social systems.

In 1954, he put forward the 5 principles of peaceful coexistence (pancha shila), on the basis of which the Non-Aligned Movement arose a year later. These principles were first reflected in the Indian-Chinese agreement on Tibet, according to which India recognized the inclusion of this territory in the PRC.

The principles of pancha shila included: mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, observance of the principles of equality and mutual benefit of the parties, peaceful coexistence.

In 1955, Nehru paid a visit to Moscow and became close to the Soviet Union, in which he saw a powerful counterbalance to China. As the Soviet-Chinese contradictions grew, Soviet-Indian relations became closer and closer, and after the death of Nehru, they actually turned into allied ones.

Nehru died on 27 May 1964 in Delhi from a heart attack. According to the will, his ashes were scattered over the sacred river Yamuna.

- Posthumous honors
* In Moscow, near Moscow State University, there is a monument to Nehru. The area around it is called "Jah" among the students. The square at the intersection of Lomonosovsky Prospekt and Vernadsky Prospekt is named after Jawaharlal Nehru.
* Jawaharlal Nehru Literary Prize.
* Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)

1st Foreign Minister of India August 15, 1947 - May 27, 1964 Predecessor Position established Successor Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
Lal Bahadur Shastri Birth November 14(1889-11-14 )
Allahabad, British India Death May 27(1964-05-27 ) (74 years old)
New Delhi Burial place Genus Dynasty Nehru Gandhi Father Motilal Nehru (1861-1931) Mother Swarup Rani (1863-1954) Spouse Kamala Nehru (1899-1936) Children daughter: Indira (1917-1984) The consignment INC Education Cambridge university Profession Lawyer Religion Hinduism Autograph

Awards Jawaharlal Nehru at Wikimedia Commons

Youth Leader

At the same time, Nehru became one of the activists of the INC, who fought for the independence of India by non-violent means. He looked at his native land through the eyes of a man who received a European education and deeply assimilated Western culture. Acquaintance with the teachings of Gandhi helped to return to his native soil and synthesize European ideas with Indian tradition. Nehru, like other leaders of the INC, professed the doctrine of Mahatma Gandhi. The British colonial authorities repeatedly threw Nehru into prison, where he spent a total of about 10 years. Nehru took an active part in Gandhi's campaign of non-cooperation with the colonial authorities, and then in the campaign to boycott British goods.

INC Chairman

In 1938, the membership of the party increased to 5 million people, an increase of more than 10 times. But by that time there was a split between Hindus and Muslims. The party of the latter - the All India Muslim League - began to advocate the creation of an independent Islamic state of Pakistan - "the country of the pure." In 1936, after his release from prison, speaking at a session of the Congress in Lucknow, Nehru said:

I am sure that the only key to solving the problems facing the world and India is socialism. When I pronounce this word, I put into it not a vague humanistic meaning, but an exact scientific and economic content ... I see no other way to destroy unemployment, degradation and dependence of the Indian people, except for socialism. This requires sweeping revolutionary changes in our political and social order, the destruction of the rich in agriculture and industry... This means the elimination of private property (with a few exceptions) and the replacement of the present system based on the pursuit of profit with the highest ideal of cooperative production...

First Prime Minister of India

On August 24, 1946, Nehru became Deputy Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of India - the Executive Council under the Viceroy of India, and in June 1947 - the first Head of Government and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Defense of independent India. In July 1947, the All India Committee of the INC accepted the British proposal for partitioning India into two states, the Union of India and Pakistan, by a majority vote. On August 15, 1947, Nehru raised the flag of independent India for the first time over the Red Fort in Delhi. On the night of August 14-15, Jawaharlal Nehru said that:

When the clock strikes midnight and the whole world falls asleep, India will awaken to life and freedom, in this solemn moment we vow to dedicate ourselves to the service of India, her people and, more importantly, the great cause of service to all mankind. We have completely suffered our freedom, our hearts still keep the pain of this suffering. Nevertheless, the past is over, and now all our thoughts are directed only to the future. But the future will not be easy. Service to India means service to millions of suffering and unfortunate people. It means striving to end centuries of poverty, disease and unequal opportunity. We must build a new majestic home for free India, a home for all her children to live in.

In February 1948, the last contingents of British troops left India. In 1947-1948 there was a war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. As a result, a third of the disputed state was under the control of Pakistan, and the main part was included in India.

The majority of the Hindu population trusted the INC. In the 1947 elections, Nehru's supporters won 86% of all seats in parliament. Nehru managed to achieve the accession to the Indian Union of almost all Indian principalities, 555 out of 601. In 1954, French enclaves on the coast were annexed to India, and in 1962, Portuguese enclaves on the coast.

In January 1950, on the initiative of Nehru, India was proclaimed a secular and democratic republic. The Indian constitution included guarantees of fundamental democratic freedoms and prohibition of discrimination based on religion, nationality or caste. The system of government was presidential-parliamentary, but the prime minister, who was elected by the parliament, held the main power. Parliament became bicameral, consisting of the House of the People and the Council of States. 28 states received broad internal autonomy, the right to their own legislation and police, and the regulation of economic activity. Subsequently, the number of states increased, as several new states were created on a national basis. In November 1956, 14 new states and 6 union territories were created. All of them, unlike the old states, were more or less ethnically homogeneous. The universal, direct, equal and secret suffrage of all citizens, starting from the age of 21, and the majority system of representation were introduced.

Domestic policy. Reforms in the economy and social sphere

We must not forget that poverty cannot be immediately turned into wealth through some kind of magic, using the socialist or capitalist method. The only way is through hard work, improved productivity and a fair distribution of food. This is a long and difficult process. In an underdeveloped country, the capitalist method does not provide such opportunities. Only through a planned socialist approach can continuous progress be achieved, although this will take time.

He also emphasized his desire to smooth out social and class contradictions:

Without disregarding the class contradictions, we want to solve this problem in a peaceful way on the basis of cooperation. We strive to smooth out, not to exacerbate class conflicts, and we try to win people over to our side, and not threaten them with struggle and destruction ... The theory of class conflicts and wars is outdated and has become too dangerous in our time.

Nehru proclaimed a course towards the creation of a "socialist model" society in India, which meant priority attention to the development of the public sector of the economy, support for small businesses, and the desire to create a nationwide social insurance system. In the first general elections, held in 1951-1952, the Congress received 44.5% of the vote and more than 74% of the seats in the House of the People. At the same time, Nehru was a supporter of strengthening the state sector of the economy. The resolution on industrial policy, which Nehru announced at the Constituent Assembly in April 1948, provided for the establishment of a state monopoly in the production of armaments, atomic energy and rail transport. In a number of industries, including aircraft construction and some other types of mechanical engineering, the oil and coal industry, and ferrous metallurgy, the state reserved the exclusive right to build new enterprises. 17 major industries were declared objects of state regulation. In 1948, the Reserve Bank of India was nationalized, and in 1949 state control over the activities of private banks was established. In the 1950s, Nehru carried out the abolition of the former feudal duties in the agricultural sector. Landlords were forbidden to drive tenants off the land. The size of landed estates was also limited. In the second general election in 1957, the INC, led by Nehru, again won, retaining an absolute majority in parliament. The number of votes cast for the INC increased to 48%. In the next election in 1962, the Nehru party lost 3% of the vote, but, thanks to the majoritarian system, retained control of the parliament in Delhi and the governments of most states.

Foreign policy

Nehru, who enjoyed great prestige in the world, became one of the authors of the policy of non-alignment with political blocs. Back in 1948, at the INC congress in Jaipur, the main principles of India's foreign policy were formulated: anti-colonialism, peace and neutrality, non-participation in military-political blocs. The Nehru government was one of the first to recognize the People's Republic of China, which, however, did not prevent acute border conflicts with China over Tibet in 1959 and 1962. The failure of the Indian army in the early stages of the 1962 conflict led to growing criticism of the Nehru government at home and to the resignation of members of the government belonging to the left faction of the INC. But Nehru managed to maintain the unity of the party.

An important direction of the foreign policy of the Nehru government in 1950 - early 1960s. was the elimination of the colonial enclaves of European states on the Hindustan Peninsula. In 1954, after negotiations with the French government, the so-called territories were included in India. French India (Pondicherry and others). In 1961, after a short military operation, Indian troops occupied the Portuguese colonies on the peninsula - Goa, Daman and Diu (their accession to India was recognized by Portugal in 1974).

In the autumn of 1949, Nehru visited the United States. This visit contributed to the establishment of friendly relations, the active flow of American capital to India, and the development of trade and economic ties. The United States saw India as a counterbalance to communist China. In the early 1950s, a number of agreements were signed with the United States on economic and technical assistance. However, Nehru rejected the American offer of military assistance during the Indian-Chinese armed conflict of 1962, preferring to remain committed to a policy of neutrality. At the same time, he clearly outlined the limits of Indian neutrality:

When freedom and justice are threatened, when aggression is committed, we cannot and will not be neutral

He accepted economic assistance from the USSR, but did not become a Soviet ally, but advocated the peaceful existence of states with different social systems. In 1954, he put forward 5 principles of peaceful coexistence (pancha shila), on the basis of which the Non-Aligned Movement arose a year later. These principles were first reflected in the Indian-Chinese agreement on Tibet, according to which India recognized the inclusion of this territory in the PRC. The principles of pancha shila included: mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, observance of the principles of equality and mutual benefit of the parties, peaceful coexistence. In 1955, Nehru paid a visit to Moscow and became close to the Soviet Union, in which he saw a powerful counterbalance to China. In the Soviet Union, Nehru visited Stalingrad, Yalta, Altai, Tbilisi, Tashkent, Samarkand, Magnitogorsk and Sverdlovsk. In Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg), Nehru and his daughter Indira Gandhi were met by thousands of ordinary citizens - the Indian prime minister was struck by such cordiality. In this city, he visited the largest factory "