State budgetary educational institution of Moscow "School No. 2009"

Origin of chess

Coordinator:

teacher of history and social studies Chikunov M.P.

Solovyova Elizaveta and Perevitskaya Ksenia

Origin of Chess

Al-Biruni in the book "India" tells the ancient legend, which attributes the creation of chess to a certain brahmin. For his invention, he asked the rajah for an insignificant, at first glance, reward: as many wheat grains as would be on the chessboard if one grain was placed on the first square, two grains on the second, four grains on the third, etc. It turned out , that there is no such amount of grain on the entire planet (it is equal to 2 64 − 1 ≈1.845 × 10 19 grains, which is enough to fill a storage facility with a volume of 180 km³) . It’s hard to say whether it was like that or not, but one way or another, the birthplace of chess is India .

Not later than the start 6th century in North-west India the first game known to us, related to chess, appeared - chaturanga. The exact rules of chaturanga are unknown, there are several variants restored from different sources, however, it is clear that the game even then had a completely recognizable “chess” look (a square game board of 8x8 cells, 16 pieces and 16 pawns, similar pieces). There are two fundamental differences from modern chess: there were four players, not two (they played pairs against pairs), and moves were made in accordance with the results of throwing dice. Each player had four pieces (chariot ( rook), horse , elephant , king) and four pawns. The horse and the king moved in the same way as in chess, the chariot moved within two squares vertically and horizontally, the bishop moved first one square forward or diagonally, later it began to “jump” across one square diagonally, and, like a knight, during the move he could step over his own and enemy pieces. Queen there wasn't at all. To win the game, it was necessary to destroy the entire enemy army.

Origin of chess

In the same VI or perhaps in 7th century chaturanga was borrowed Arabs. On Arab East chaturanga was transformed: there were two players, each received control of two sets of chaturanga pieces, one of the kings became a queen (walked to one field in diagonals). From bones They refused and began to walk strictly one by one. Victory began to be recorded not by the destruction of all enemy pieces, but by setting mat or stalemate, as well as when finishing the game with a king and at least one piece against one king (the last two options were forced, since it was not always possible to checkmate with weak pieces inherited from chaturanga). The resulting game was called by the Arabs - shatranj, y Persians- “shatrang”. The Buryat-Mongolian version was called " tent" or "hiashatar". Later, getting to Tajiks, shatranj got on Tajik the name “chess” (translated as “the ruler is defeated”). The first mention of Shatranj dates back to approximately 550 . 600- first mention of shatranj in fiction- Persian manuscripts « Carnamook" IN 819 at court caliph al- Mamuna V Khorosans a tournament was held between the three strongest players of that time: Jabir al-Kufi, Abyljafar Ansari and Zairaba Kataya. IN 847 the first chess game came out book, which was written by Al- Adli .

Origin of chess

The emergence of chess in Rus'

Russian chess of the 17th century and a fragment of the board.

Approximately in 820 chess (more precisely, Arabic shatranj under Central Asian the name “chess”, which in Russian turned into “chess”) appeared on Rus', having come, it is believed, either directly from Persia through Caucasus And Khazar Khaganate, either from the Central Asian peoples, through Khorezm. The Russian name of the game is consonant with the Central Asian “chess”, the Russian names of the pieces most closely correspond to Arabic or Persian (elephant and knight are translations of the corresponding Arabic terms, queen is consonant with the Persian “farzin” or the Arabic “firzan”) . The rook, according to one of the assumptions, received this name due to the fact that the corresponding Arab figure “rukh” depicted a mythical bird, and was similar to a stylized image of the Russian rooks. A comparison of Russian chess terminology with the terminology of Transcaucasia, Mongolia and European countries shows that neither the name of the game nor the names of the pieces could be borrowed from these regions, either in meaning or in consonance.

Changes in the rules, later introduced by Europeans, penetrated Rus' with some delay, gradually turning old Russian chess into modern ones. It is believed that the European version of the chess game came to Rus' in the 10th-11th centuries, from Italy, through Poland .

• Questions:
• What reward did the bartender ask for his invention?
• When did a game related to chess appear and what was it called?
• In what year was the first chess book published and who wrote it?
• In what year did chess appear in Rus'?

Answers: 1 grain. 2 no later than the beginning of the 6th century. Chatarunga. 3. In 847, wrote Al-Adli. 4 In 820

Slide 1

Chess in our lives

Slide 2

1 + 2 + 2² + …+ 2 = 2 - 1 grains
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Slide 3

Purpose of the study: to find out the history of chess - when chess arose, what the word “chess” means, when the first chess problems appeared, what the rules of the game were before, the names of world champions; study how my classmates feel about this game. Research objectives: read and study information regarding the origin of chess, the history of this game; find out the names of world chess champions; conduct a survey of students and find out why they should be friends with chess; draw conclusions and recommendations. To write the work, the following methods were used: 1. Theoretical research method (analysis of historical material, literature on this topic). 2. Summarizing the results of your activities in the chess club. 3. Method of questioning and observation (questioning of students in your class). 4. Summarization of data and preparation of work.

Slide 4

Chess in Russia.
The founder of the Russian chess school is considered to be M. Chigorin, who was the first Russian chess player to compete for the highest chess title. He opened chess clubs, published chess magazines, ran chess sections in periodicals, and was an organizer of competitions. It is believed that domestic masters created the so-called Soviet school of chess, the founder of which was Botvinnik. In 1948, Botvinnik became the first Soviet world chess champion; the fight for this title was mainly between Soviet chess players.

Slide 5

Chess in art
In countries where chess has a long history, it is reflected in folk art. Legends, proverbs and sayings developed about chess; they were organically included in fairy tales, epics and other works of folk art. Chess motifs are often found in works of fiction that go back to folklore origins.

Slide 6

Chess was sung by Russian epic singers and storytellers. In works of folk art, chess appears primarily as a game that trains the human mind, as a favorite leisure activity of warriors. In the Russian heroic epic, chess competes with such competitions as archery and wrestling. Chess is played by the heroes of the Russian epic - Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich. In the epic “Ilya Muromets and Kalin the Tsar” it is mentioned that the Kiev squad on the eve of the battle with the enemy rests playing chess. The epic of a number of European nations tells about a beautiful and intelligent woman who plays chess well. This image is recreated in the epic “Stavr Godinovich”, where his wife Vasilisa Mikulichna “surprises everyone and good people” with her play and, having beaten the Kyiv prince Vladimir, rescues her husband from imprisonment.

Slide 7

Computer chess
In the mid-1950s, the American mathematician and engineer Claude Shannon formulated the general principles of such programming, which paved the way for the creation of the first “electronic chess players.” The strength of their game grew rapidly thanks to the speed of the machines, capable of “thinking” hundreds of thousands, and then millions of moves per second.

Slide 8

Problem 1 What is the smallest number of kings that can be placed on the chessboard so that they attack all the free squares of the board?
Solution: In each of the nine rectangles highlighted in the figure there is one square (there is a king on it), which can only be attacked by a king located in the same rectangle. Therefore, in order for all the free squares of the board to be at risk, there must be at least one king in each of our nine rectangles. The number nine is the solution to the problem

Slide 9

Task 2. In a 7x7 square, color some cells so that there are exactly three colored cells in each row and each column.
When solving problems involving coloring a chessboard, there is no specific mathematical method used, you just need to be careful when solving it to take into account all the restrictions contained in the problem statement.

Slide 10

Task 3. Arranging figures
(set in 1850 by F. Gauss) Place eight queens on a regular chessboard so that no two of them threaten each other.

Slide 11

World chess champions
To be known in chess, you don’t just need to play well, you need to become a world champion, and then you will be remembered for centuries. In the entire history of chess, let’s take the time of Steinitz (the first world champion), about 125 years have passed, and during this time only 15 world chess champions have changed; in other sports this number was much higher.

And the history of the emergence and development of chess goes back many centuries. Archaeological excavations indicate that games in which it was necessary to move chips on a board existed around the 4th-3rd centuries. BC. According to ancient legend, the game of chess was created by a certain Brahmin. In exchange for his invention, he asked the rajah for a seemingly insignificant reward: as many millet grains as would fit on the chessboard if one grain was placed on the first square, two grains on the second, four grains on the third, etc. However, in reality In fact, it turned out that there is no such amount of grain (which can be contained in a storage facility with a volume of 180 km³) on the entire planet. It is unknown whether this is how everything really happened, but, one way or another, India is considered the birthplace of chess.

The oldest form of chess, the military game chaturanga, appeared in the first centuries AD. e. In India, chaturanga was a type of army that included war chariots - boats, elephants, cavalry and foot soldiers. The game symbolized a battle involving four branches of troops controlled by a leader. The pieces were located at the corners of a square board of 64 cells; 4 people took part in the game. The figures were painted in 4 colors: green, yellow, red and black. The movement of the figures was determined by throwing the dice. To win the game it was necessary to destroy all enemy troops. The successor to chaturanga was the game shatranga, which arose in Central Asia at the end of the 5th and beginning of the 6th centuries. In this variation, the game had two "camps" of pieces and a new piece representing the king's advisor, Farzin; Only 2 opponents began to take part in the game. The goal of the game was to checkmate the opponent's king. Thus, the “game of chance” was replaced by the “game of the mind.”

In the VIII-IX centuries. Shatrang penetrated from Central Asia to the East and West, becoming known under the Arabic name Shatranj. In Shatranj (IX-XV centuries) the terminology and arrangement of figures were preserved, but the appearance of the figures underwent changes. The fact is that religion was against the use of living creatures to represent chess pieces, so the Arabs began to use abstract figures in the form of small cylinders and cones for these purposes. This greatly simplified their creation, which, in turn, contributed to the further spread of the game among the masses. So, the use of abstract images to create chess pieces contributed to a change in the perception of chess - they were no longer perceived as a symbol of war, but began to be associated with everyday vicissitudes, opening a new page in the history of chess.

During the early Middle Ages, the Arabs, as a result of the conquest of Spain, moved shatranj to Spain. After which this game began to spread in Western Europe, where further transformation of the rules continued, which ultimately turned Shatranj into modern chess. Chess acquired its modern appearance only in the 15th century. Around 820, the Arabic shatranj under the Central Asian name “chess” appeared in Rus', in the Russian language acquiring the name “chess” already known to all of us.

However, throughout the history of chess, the Christian Church has taken a sharply negative position, equating it with gambling and drunkenness. But, despite church prohibitions, chess spread both in Europe and in Russia, and among the clergy the passion for the game was no less than among other classes. And already in 1393 in Europe, the Council of Regenburg removed chess from the list of prohibited games. Ivan the Terrible played chess. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, chess was common among courtiers, and the ability to play it was common among diplomats. Documents from that time have been preserved in Europe, which say that Russian envoys were familiar with chess and played it very well. Princess Sophia was fond of chess. Under Peter I, assemblies were held with the obligatory chess games.

In the XIV-XV centuries. the traditions of oriental chess were lost in Europe, and in the 15th-16th centuries. a departure from them became obvious after a number of changes in the rules for the moves of pawns, bishops and queens. But by the 15th and 16th centuries, the rules of chess had been largely established, thanks to which the development of systematic chess theory began. In 1561, the priest Ruy Lopez - the author of the popular opening "Spanish game" - published the first complete chess textbook, which covered the now distinguished stages of the game - opening, middlegame and endgame. He was the first to describe the characteristic type of opening “gambit”, in which an advantage in development is achieved by sacrificing material.

In 1886, the first official world championship match in the history of chess took place in the United States. The struggle unfolded between Steinitz and Zukertort. By winning this match, Steinitz became the first world champion. He was not only the strongest chess player, but also the creator of the school of positional play. The importance of the positional school for the development and spread of chess cannot be overestimated. Instead of a game based only on a specific calculation, a purely scientific method was proposed, based on an objective assessment of the pros and cons of a position.

At the beginning of the 20th century, such a trend as “hypermodernism” or “neo-romanticism” arose in chess. Hypermodernists criticized a number of positions of the positional school. They, for example, believed that the positional school overestimated the role of the pawn center and developed the concept of a piece-pawn center, when control over the central squares is exercised not only by pawns, but also by pieces. This led to the emergence of a number of new openings: the Reti Opening for White, the Nimzowitsch Defense, the Grunfeld Defense, the New Indian and King's Indian Defenses, and the Alekhine Defense for Black. The main achievement of the hypermodernists, which had the greatest influence on the further history of chess, was that they made chess interesting again, and brought back a tactical game full of sacrifices and combinations.

In 1927, having won the match against Capablanca, the Russian Alexander Alekhine () became the fourth world champion. In 1935, Alekhine lost to the Dutchman Max Euwe, who became the fifth world champion, in a match held in various cities of Holland, but in 1937 he regained the title of champion, winning in a rematch. However, the chess Olympus was still dominated by representatives of the positional school, and in 1921 Cuban Jose Raul Capablanca () became the third world champion. For his understanding of position and the technique of positional play, he was called a “chess machine” and was considered invincible.

After the end of the Second World War, the USSR joined the chess federation - FIDE, and Soviet chess players began to dominate the world chess arena. Of the eight chess players who were crowned world chess champions in the post-war years, seven grandmasters represented the USSR: Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov, Mikhail Tal, Tigran Petrosyan, Boris Spassky, Anatoly Karpov, Garry Kasparov. Soviet chess players Lyudmila Rudenko, Elizaveta Bykova, Olga Rubtsova, Nona Gaprindashvili, Maya Chiburdanidze became world champions among women. General computerization and the Internet of the late 20th - early 21st centuries. greatly influenced the development of chess. In 1997, the computer (Deep Blue) already wins the match against the world champion. Thus, we have entered the 21st century - the century of computer chess programs.

Subject: Birth, history of development of chess.

Goals:

To introduce the game, the history of its origin, the geographical map of the world, the names of other countries, the country of origin of chess - India, the traditions of the peoples of India;

Contribute to the formation of basic ideas about other countries;

Give an initial idea of ​​chess pieces;

To instill in the child perseverance, endurance, will, calmness, self-confidence and persistent character.

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MBDOU "Alekseevsky kindergarten No. 6 "Bee"

Alekseevsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan

Lesson summary of the chess club "White Rook" on the topic

"Birth, history of the development of chess"

Valeeva Fanuza Ranifovna, director

village Alekseevskoe

2016

Subject: Birth, history of development of chess.

Goals:

To introduce the game, the history of its origin, the geographical map of the world, the names of other countries, the country of origin of chess - India, the traditions of the peoples of India;

Contribute to the formation of basic ideas about other countries;

Give an initial idea of ​​chess pieces;

- to cultivate in the child perseverance, endurance, will, calmness, self-confidence and persistent character.

Progress of the lesson

1. Organizational moment.

2. Update.

Teacher: Guys, do you like to solve riddles? Try to guess mine.

The kids were bored
Early morning in the yard.

“I know one game,” Petya told the guys. -

Wherever I am and everywhere

Children play it.
In that game there is a rook and a queen,
Bishop, knight and pawns in a row,
And the king leads everyone -
The squad is keeping it.
I want to give you a task:
Game name guess!

What game was the poem talking about?(Children: About chess).

Right. Tell me, what is chess?(Children's answers)

3. Watching a cartoon“The Hedgehog the Chess Player” from the series “Wise Tales of Aunt Owl.”

Let's watch a cartoon in which Aunt Owl will talk about chess, and we will resolve all disputes.

What is chess? Just a game?(Children: This is a sports game).

But in sports there must be an element of competition.

What do chess players compete in? In force? In speed?(Children: In wit, resourcefulness, quickness of mind.....)

How many of you already know how to play chess? Who would like to learn?

4. Origin of chess.

Who came up with such an interesting game? There are many legends about the origin of chess. Here is one of them.

A long time ago, 2000 years ago, in a beautiful country called India, there lived one very powerful, strong and rich Shah Sheran-Shikhran.

The Shah had many palaces, fortresses and a huge army of CHATURANGA, with which he raided his enemy neighbors. Soon he defeated and conquered all his opponents, because in his army there were one hundred thousand foot soldiers, thirteen thousand armored horses and horsemen, fast and powerful chariots, and most importantly, invincible elephants. Previously, when there were no tanks and missiles, elephants were considered the most formidable weapon in the world! No one could stop them: neither a person, nor an impenetrable forest, nor a wall! They could overcome everything, destroy everything along the way.

And so, when there was no one to fight with, the great sovereign became bored. Now you can go to the cinema, play an interesting computer game. But at that time there were no televisions, no tape recorders, or any other equipment. The royal hunt briefly relieved our Shah's boredom. Very soon all the elephants and hippos were caught, all the terrible tigers and crocodiles were chained. No war, no hunting!

The Padishah sat on the throne and on the stove for a week or two and shouted out of boredom in a terrible voice: “Boring! Give me here all the great sages and sorcerers! The frightened wise men came running:

“What do you need, Tsar-Sovereign?” “Cheer me up! Come up with some royal fun so that I don’t feel sad. If you please, I’ll order you to pour out as much gold as you can carry, but if not, my sword is your head off your shoulders!” - This is how it used to be with kings.

The wise men became sad, became sad and went to think about how to please the formidable Shah-Padishah. The king gave only three days and three nights for all his thoughts. The wise men began to wrinkle their foreheads and scratch their heads. The appointed time passes, the formidable ruler calls them to him. “Well, have you figured it out?” - asks.

One sorcerer takes out gold cubes and silver chains. The king played with the chains and threw the dice. Did not like! "Out of sight!" - he shouted. It’s good that he didn’t order execution. The second sage took out emerald balls and marble skittles.

The ruler rolled the balls and was also not happy about this “childish” fun. Soon all the sages were expelled, only one, the most famous, remained.

“Well, what kind of toy do you have?” - asks the formidable king.

The oldest sage takes a wooden box out of the bag and opens it, and there are wooden figures. The king shouted and stamped his feet: “What is this?!” Others brought me gold and diamonds, but what did you bring!”

“All that glitters is not gold!” - the sage answers.

The king looked more carefully and recognized his entire army in the wooden figures: horses, infantry, fortresses and his generals, and in one figure he even recognized himself.

The sage took out a chessboard and lined up the army of the white king on one edge, and on the contrary, on the other edge of the board, the black army. The padishah asks with a grin: “Do you think that I, a great warrior, the conqueror of all nations, having the most powerful army in the world, cannot cope with a small detachment of wooden toys?”

The sage said: “Come on, lord, let’s try!” - explained the rules of the game to the Shah, and they began the battle. And soon the great commander saw that it was much more difficult to control a small detachment of chess pieces than an entire army. He liked the game so much that he spent all his days and nights playing it. And he taught his children to play

And he ordered to reward the sage well.

When the king got to the opponent’s chess king, he, according to his former military habit, called out to the enemy: “Hey, check!” (because the check is the king). And when the enemy king fell slain, the great padishah said with sadness: “Shahu MAT!” (checkmate meant “death”) The battle ended there. And the king loved to fight so much. Translated into Russian, the king's words meant that the king was dead.

Since then, the game began to be called CHESS.

Over time, the rules of the game changed. Now the king cannot be killed, because he is the most important figure, a commander who never leaves his army and the battlefield. Slide 2

The country of origin of chess is India National flag National coat of arms

Shah Sheran-Shihan

Chaturanga Army

Ancient chess

Shah plays chess

Modern chess

I want to tell you one of these legends. To understand it, you don’t need to know how to play chess at all: it’s enough to know that the game takes place on a board divided into 64 squares (alternately black and white). The game of chess was invented in India, and when the Hindu king Sheram met it, he was delighted with its wit and the variety of positions possible in it. Having learned that it was invented by one of his subjects, the king ordered to call him to personally reward him for his successful invention. The inventor, his name was Seth, came to the throne of the ruler. He was a modestly dressed scientist who received his livelihood from his students. “I wish to adequately reward you, Seth, for the wonderful game you came up with,” said the king. The sage bowed. “I am rich enough to fulfill your wildest wish,” the king continued. Name a reward that will satisfy you and you will receive it. Seta was silent. “Don’t be timid,” the king approved of him. Express your wish. I will spare nothing to fulfill it. Great is your kindness, lord. But give me time to think about your answer. Tomorrow, after mature reflection, I will tell you my request.

When the next day Seta again appeared at the steps of the throne, he surprised the king with the unprecedented modesty of his request. “Overlord,” said Seth, “order me to give one grain of wheat for the first square of the chessboard.” A simple grain of wheat? - the king was amazed. Yes, lord. Order 2 grains for the second cell, 4 for the third, 8 for the fourth, 16 for the fifth, 32 for the sixth... Enough,” the king interrupted him with irritation. You will receive your grains for all 64 squares of the board, according to your desire: for each one twice as much as the previous one. But know that your request is not worthy of my generosity. By asking such an insignificant reward, you disrespectfully disregard my mercy. Truly, as a teacher, you could set a better example of respect for the kindness of your sovereign. Go. My servants will bring you your bag of wheat. Seta smiled, left the hall and began to wait at the palace gates.

During dinner, the king remembered the inventor of chess and sent to find out whether the reckless Seth had already taken away his pitiful reward. “Overlord,” was the answer, “your order is being carried out.” Court mathematicians calculate the number of grains to follow. The king frowned. He was not used to his orders being carried out so slowly. In the evening, going to bed, the king once again inquired how long ago Seth and his bag of wheat had left the palace fence. “Lord,” they answered him, “your mathematicians are working tirelessly and hope to finish the calculation before dawn. Why are they delaying this matter? - the king exclaimed angrily. Tomorrow, before I wake up, every last grain must be given to Sethe. I don't order twice. In the morning, the king was informed that the chief of the court mathematicians was asking to listen to an important report. The king ordered him to be brought in. “Before you talk about your case,” Sheram announced, “I want to hear whether Sethe has finally been given that insignificant reward that he assigned to himself.” “It is for this reason that I dared to appear before you at such an early hour,” the old man answered. We have conscientiously calculated the entire amount of grains that Seth wants to receive. This number is so great... No matter how great it is, the king interrupted arrogantly, my granaries will not become scarce. The reward has been promised and must be given...

It is not in your power, lord, to fulfill such desires. In all your barns there is not such a number of grains as Seth demanded. It is not in the granaries of the entire state. There is not such a number of grains in the entire space of the Earth. And if you definitely want to give the promised reward, then order the earthly kingdoms to be turned into arable fields, order the seas and oceans to be drained, order the ice and snow covering the distant northern deserts to be melted. Let their entire space be completely sown with wheat. And order everything that is born in these fields to be given to Sethe. Then he will receive his reward. The king listened with amazement to the elder’s words. Tell me this monstrous number,” he said thoughtfully. 18 quintillion 446 quadrillion 744 trillion 73 billion 709 million 551 thousand 615, O lord. That is, grains.

Such is the legend. Whether what is told here really happened is unknown, but that the reward that legend speaks of should have been expressed in exactly this number, you yourself can be convinced of this by patient calculation. The Hindu king was not able to give such a reward. But he could easily, if he were good at mathematics, free himself from such a burdensome debt. To do this, it was only necessary to invite Sethe to count out all the wheat due to him, grain by grain.

In fact: if Seta, having started counting, had kept it continuously day and night, counting one grain per second, he would have counted only grains during the first 24 hours. To count a million grains, it would take at least 10 days of tireless counting. He would count one cubic meter of wheat as approximately half a year: this would give him only 5 quarters. Counting continuously for 10 years, he would count out no more than 100 quarters. You see that if Seta had devoted the rest of his life to counting, he would have received only a tiny fraction of the reward he demanded.

LITERATURE Sheinina O.S., Solovyova G.M. Mathematics. School club activities. 5-6 grades - M.: From “NC ENAS”, Perelman Ya.I. Live mathematics. M.: Publishing house “Science”, Worked on the presentation: Pylnov Igor. Mathematics teacher: L.I. Kunaeva. Class: 6 "B". School: GOU secondary school 511.