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Presentation - Types of architecture

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Topic: Types of architecture
Municipal budgetary educational institution Sadovskaya secondary school branch of the village of Lozovoye, Amur region, Tambov district, village of Lozovoye
MHC. Grade 9 Compiled by teacher of Russian language and literature Efimova N.V.

Checking homework. What do we mean by the word “style”? Why is architecture called the stone chronicle of the world? Each style expresses the struggle between the spiritual and the material. Which styles are characterized by a spiritual principle, and which by a material one? Which style do you like best?

Perhaps the most difficult and at the same time the most essential thing in architectural creativity is simplicity. Alexey Shchusev
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. Russia. 1165

Architecture, or architecture, is a system of buildings and structures that form the spatial environment for the life and activities of people. These are individual buildings and their ensembles, squares and avenues, parks and stadiums, towns and entire cities.

Each of the buildings has a specific purpose: for life or work, recreation or study, trade or transport, etc. These structures and buildings also have other important properties: beauty, the ability to evoke certain feelings and moods in viewers.

Great civilizations are remembered not only by wars or trade, but, above all, by the architectural monuments they left behind.

Architecture organizes space. Architects create buildings, structures, entire villages and cities that are purposeful, comfortable for life, beautiful and have an emotional impact on people. In other words, functional, constructive and aesthetic qualities (usefulness, strength and beauty) in architecture are interconnected.

Types of architecture

landscape architecture
Urban planning
Industrial
There are three main types of architecture.
Small forms
Residential
Public
Garden and park

Architecture of volumetric structures
Public architecture. Temples, palaces, castles, administrative buildings. Entertainment and exhibition facilities. Stadiums and sports complexes. Shops and supermarkets. Train stations and airports.
Massandra Palace
Soldiers Field Olympic Stadium
Greenhouse of the Moscow Zoo

Blagoveshchensk railway station
Store "Nadezhda" in the village of Lozovoy

Residential architecture. The most ancient houses of man Residential buildings of various peoples of the world. Modern Habitats of Humanity
Houses of the people of Ancient Greece
Insula - the first multi-storey buildings in the architecture of Ancient Rome
Houses of the Peoples of Africa

Modern Habitats of Humanity
Bill Gates House, 21st Century Home
Casa Batllo. Arch. A. Gaudi
Chicago skyscrapers

Bridge in Vladivostok on Russky Island
Refinery
Car tunnel in Crimea
Industrial architecture. Factories, factories, power plants; Bridges, tunnels.
Confectionery factory "Dominik"

Landscape architecture is associated with the organization of garden and park space. These are city squares, boulevards and parks with “small” architecture - gazebos, bridges, fountains, stairs.
Landscape and park architecture.

Landscape art Gardens, boulevards and squares Parks of big cities
Central Park New York
Gardens of China
Parks of Versailles in France

Architecture of small forms - pavilions, gazebos, fountains, bridges, grottoes

Urban planning covers the creation of new cities and towns and the reconstruction of old urban areas.
Urban planning

The city planner must select a territory, outline where residential, public and industrial zones and the transport routes connecting them will be located, and provide for the possibility of expanding the city. I must think about the beauty of the future city, about the preservation of monuments, about the place of new urban ensembles.

Cities - museums
Suzdal
Venice
Paris

Largest metropolises in the world
Moscow
Sao Paulo
Tokyo

Cities - ensembles
Jaipur. India

Reconstruction of old districts and cities
Excavations and restoration of ancient Pompeii. Italy
Reconstruction of Moscow

"Life is short - art is eternal." Architectural structures stand on a par with the greatest books and paintings, sculptures and symphonies. Architecture has achieved this position in the world of art thanks to the harmony and musical coherence of its parts.

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CONTENTS ROCOCO EMPIRE ARCHETECTURE BAROQUE REVIVAL (RENAISSANCE) GOTHIC ROMAN STYLE FOR CHAPTER II PHOTO OF THE “ROCOCO” STYLE PHOTO OF THE EMPIRE ARCHETECTURE PHOTO OF THE BAROQUE STYLE PHOTO OF THE RENAISSANCE STYLE PHOTO OF THE GOTHIC STYLE PHOTO “RO” MANY STYLE" EXIT

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ROCOCO Rococo is a style of art and architecture that originated in France in the early 18th century and spread throughout Europe. He was distinguished by his grace, lightness, and intimate and flirtatious character. Having replaced the ponderous Baroque, Rococo was both the logical result of its development and its artistic antipode. Rococo is united with the Baroque style by the desire for completeness of forms, but if Baroque gravitates toward monumental solemnity, Rococo prefers grace and lightness. Darker colors and lush, heavy gilding of baroque decor are replaced by light tones - pink, blue, green, with a lot of white details. Rococo has a mainly ornamental orientation; the name itself comes from a combination of two words: “baroque” and “rocaille” (an ornamental motif, intricate decorative decoration of grottoes and fountains with pebbles and shells). Painting, sculpture and graphics are characterized by erotic, erotic-mythological and pastoral (pastoral) subjects. The first significant master of painting in the Rococo style was Watteau, and he received further development in the work of such artists as Boucher and Fragonard. The most prominent representative of this style in French sculpture is, perhaps, Falconet, although his work was dominated by reliefs and statues intended for decorating interiors, busts, including those made of terracotta. By the way, Falconet himself was the manager of the famous Sevres porcelain manufactory. (The factories in Chelsea and Meissen were also famous for their wonderful porcelain products). In architecture, this style found its most vivid expression in the decorative decoration of interiors. The most complex asymmetrical carved and stucco patterns, intricate curls of the interior decoration contrasted with the relatively austere appearance of the buildings, for example, the Petit Trianon, built in Versailles by the architect Gabriel (1763-1769). Originating in France, the Rococo style quickly spread to other countries thanks to French artists working abroad and the publication of designs by French architects. Outside of France, Rococo reached its greatest flowering in Germany and Austria, where it absorbed traditional Baroque elements. In the architecture of churches, such as the church in Vierzenheiligen (1743-1772) (architect Neumann), spatial structures and the solemnity of Baroque are perfectly combined with the exquisite sculptural and picturesque interior decoration characteristic of Rococo, creating the impression of lightness and fabulous abundance. A supporter of Rococo in Italy, the architect Tiepolo, contributed to its spread in Spain. As for England, here Rococo influenced mainly the applied arts, for example, furniture inlay and the production of silverware, and partly on the work of such masters as Hogarth or Gainsborough, whose sophistication of images and artistic style of painting are fully consistent with the spirit of Rococo. The Rococo style was very popular in Central Europe until the end of the 18th century, while in France and other Western countries interest in it waned already in the 1860s. By this time, it was perceived as a symbol of lightness and was supplanted by neoclassicism. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I PHOTO OF THE “ROCOCO” STYLE

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Empire Architecture The name comes from the French empire - imperial. A style that arose in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. It is the organic completion of the long development of European classicism. The main feature of this style is the combination of massive simple geometric shapes with military emblems. Its source is Roman sculpture, from which A. inherited the solemn severity and clarity of the composition. Ampir. originally developed in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. during the era of the Great French Revolution and was distinguished by a pronounced civic pathos. During the Napoleonic Empire, art was supposed to glorify the military successes and virtues of the ruler. This is where the passion for building various kinds of triumphal arches, memorial columns, and obelisks comes from. Porticoes become important elements of the decorative decoration of buildings. Bronze casting, painting of lampshades and alcoves are often used in interior decoration. Ampir. sought to get closer to antiquity more than classicism. In the 18th century The architect B. Vignon built the La Madeleine church on the model of the Roman peripterus, using the Corinthian order. The interpretation of forms was characterized by dryness and emphasized rationalism. The same features characterize the Arc de Triomphe (Arch of the Star) on Place des Stars in Paris (architect Chalgrin). The memorial Column Vendôme (Column of the Grande Armée), erected by Leper and Gondoin, is covered with sheets of bronze cast from Austrian guns. The spiraling bas-relief depicts the events of the victorious war. Empire style. did not develop for long, it was replaced by the time of eclecticism. CONTENTS PHOTO OF AMPERA ARCHITECTURE

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CLASSICISM A style in European art of the 17th and early 19th centuries, which turned to the ancient heritage as the norm and ideal model. The name of the style comes from the Latin classicus - exemplary. Usually there are two periods in the development of culture. It took shape in the 17th century. in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. The 18th century is considered a new stage in its development, since at that time it reflected other civic ideals based on the ideas of the philosophical rationalism of the Enlightenment. What unites both periods is the idea of a reasonable pattern of the world, of a beautiful, ennobled nature, the desire to express great social content, sublime heroic and moral ideals. Kazakh architecture is characterized by rigor of form, clarity of spatial design, geometric interiors, soft colors, and laconicism of the exterior and interior decoration of buildings. Unlike Baroque buildings, K.'s masters never created spatial illusions that distorted the proportions of the building. And in park architecture, the so-called regular style is emerging, where all lawns and flower beds have the correct shape, and green spaces are placed strictly in a straight line and carefully trimmed. (Garden and park ensemble of Versailles.) CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I PHOTO OF THE STYLE “CLASSICISM”

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BAROQUE A style in art that developed in European countries in the 16th-17th centuries (in some countries - until the middle of the 18th century). The name comes from the Italian barocco - bizarre, strange. There is another explanation for the origin of this term: this is what Dutch sailors called rejected pearls. For a long time, baroque tin carried a negative assessment. In the 19th century. the attitude towards the Baroque changed, which was facilitated by the work of the German scientist Wölfflin. If during the Renaissance art glorified the power and beauty of man, then at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries these ideas gave way to reflections on the complexity and imperfection of social relations, thoughts about the disunity of people. Therefore, the main task of art has become to reflect the inner world of a person, to reveal his feelings and experiences. This is how the main features of B. were determined - dramatic pathos, a tendency towards sharp contrasts, dynamism, expression, and a tendency towards pomp and decorativeness. All these features are also characteristic of the architecture of B. The buildings were necessarily decorated with fancy facades, the shape of which was hidden behind the decorations. The ceremonial interiors also acquired a variety of forms, the whimsicality of which was emphasized by sculpture, modeling, and various ornaments. Rooms often lost their usual rectangular shape. Mirrors and paintings expanded the true dimensions of the rooms, and colorful lampshades created the illusion of the absence of a roof. B.'s architects paid attention to the street, which began to be viewed as an integral architectural organism, as one of the forms of the ensemble. The beginning and end of the street were marked by squares or spectacular architectural or sculptural accents. A curved line becomes dominant in the composition of the building, volutes return, and elliptical surfaces appear. PHOTO OF THE BAROQUE STYLE CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I

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REVIVAL (RENAISSANCE) At the beginning of the 15th century. In Florence, a new architectural style was created - the Renaissance (from the French revival) based on the ideologies of rationalism and extreme individualism characteristic of its ideologies. In the era of R., the personality of the architect in the modern sense of the word took shape for the first time, as opposed to the dependence of the medieval architect on the mason guild. There are early and high R.; the first developed in Florence, the center of the second was Rome. The architects of Italy creatively rethought the ancient order system, which introduced proportionality, clarity of composition and convenience into the appearance of the building. The first architect of R. was Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446). His work most clearly reflected the main achievements of this era. He was the first to create a palace (palazzo), which formed the basis for all subsequent architecture, including ours. The main achievement of the Renaissance palace is the final design of the floor as a horizontal spatial layer intended for human life and activity. The wall is interpreted for the first time in the modern sense of the word, i.e. as a geometrically correct partition of constant thickness between the internal architectural space and the space outside the building. The windows are interpreted as the eyes of the building, the façade as the face of the building; those. the outside expresses the interior architectural space. High R. is associated in architecture with the name of Bramante (1444-1514). His Tempietto, of all R.'s buildings, is closer to ancient architecture in its organic fullness of forms and harmonious completeness, based on the golden section of proportions. The main achievement of R. architecture is the humanization of the proportions of buildings. PHOTO OF THE REVIVAL STYLE CONTENTS

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GOTHIC From the Italian gotico - Gothic, barbaric. Style in Western European art of the 12th-15th centuries, which completed its development in the medieval period. The term was introduced by Renaissance humanists who wanted to emphasize the “barbaric” character of all medieval art; in reality, the Gothic style had nothing in common with the Goths and represented a natural development and modification of the principles of Romanesque art. Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strong influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But Gothic art developed under new conditions, the main one of which was the strengthening of cities. Therefore, the leading type of Gothic architecture became the city cathedral, directed upward, with pointed arches, with walls turned into stone lace / which was made possible thanks to a system of flying buttresses that transfer the pressure of the vault to external pillars - buttresses /. The Gothic cathedral symbolized the rush to heaven; Its rich decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained glass windows - should have served the same purpose. PHOTO OF THE “GOTHIC” STYLE CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I

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ROMAN STYLE The word comes from the Latin romanus - Roman. The British call this style "Norman". R.S. developed in Western European art of the 10th-11th centuries. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration. The building always carefully blended into the surrounding nature and therefore looked especially durable and solid. This was facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-recessed portals. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the choice, monastery or castle, becomes the tower - the donjon. Around it were located the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The main distinctive element of the building's roof is the semicircular arch. PHOTO OF THE “ROMAN STYLE” CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I

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CONTENTS STYLE "ECLECTIC" STYLE "HIGH-TECH" STYLE "FUNCTIONALISM" STYLE "ORGANIC" STYLE "NEOCLASSICISM" STYLE "MODERN" TO CHAPTER I PHOTO OF THE STYLE "ECLECTIC" PHOTO OF THE STYLE "HIGH-TECH" PHOTO OF THE STYLE "FUNCTIONALISM" PHOTO OF THE STYLE ORGANICS" PHOTO OF THE STYLE “NEOCASSICISM” PHOTO OF THE STYLE “MODERN” AUTHOR EXIT

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Eclecticism Eclecticism is not a separate architectural style. This is a combination of several, earlier styles of architecture, from which only some elements are taken, with their subsequent harmonization due to texture and color. Eclecticism has become a completely natural phenomenon in some countries. After all, the Empire style, so beloved by some monarchs and in which entire cities were built, caused quite understandable protest, which is not surprising. After all, the Empire style is a ceremonial style. Cities built in this style were faceless, without their own unique architectural monuments. N.V. Gogol, who, by the way, had a very good understanding of architecture, harshly criticized the Empire style. All the houses built in this style resembled, in his words, barns, or barracks, and were so similar to each other that they merged into one solid wall. In eclecticism, the style and shape of buildings were almost directly determined by its practical function. For example, the style of K.A. Tona was recognized as official for the construction of temples, but was almost never used in the design of private mansions. In addition, the main difference from the Empire style, which dictated the conditions for the construction of a building of any type, eclecticism offered a choice. That is, the final appearance of the building was dictated by the selected styles, its functional purpose, as well as the desire of the customer. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF THE “ECLECTIC” STYLE

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High Tech in Architecture Technological progress in the 70s of the 20th century began to have a fairly significant impact on architecture. He personified the entry into the age of high technology. Although high-tech resulted in a separate architectural style, it differed from them only in the methods of architectural design and materials used. Constructivism was distinguished by the use of structures based on glass and reinforced concrete. And high-tech uses various combinations of metal and glass, suggesting the use of engineering and technical structures of a building for decorative purposes. The use of different colors for painting pipelines and ventilation shafts allows them to look like structural and decorative elements of the building, which complement it functionally and aesthetically. By the 90s of the 20th century, one of the directions became dominant. There is a very noticeable departure from the complex compositions characteristic of the high-tech style of the 70s. One of the most striking examples of a high-tech composition is the building that now houses the European Court of Human Rights (Strasbourg). CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF “HI-TECH” STYLE

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Functionalism At the beginning of the 20th century, the architectural style of functionalism began to develop rapidly. Architects who designed in this genre used the thesis “form must correspond to purpose.” It was considered tasteless to install any decorations if they had no practical use. A significant contribution to the development of functionalism was made by Charles Edouard Jeanneret, also known as Le Corbusier. He formed five basic principles for designing buildings in the functionalist style. In addition, he found various functional and aesthetic solutions that have been widely used in building design for several decades. And some of his solutions are still used today when designing buildings in the functionalist style. In addition, some of the principles of functionalism could be used in almost any country, adapting them to national characteristics. So, for example, in England the city center was built up with multi-storey buildings, and cottages were preserved on the outskirts, while in Berlin and Paris they preferred to build multi-storey buildings on the outskirts of these cities. Several other architectural movements developed in parallel with functionalism, but they did not have any significant impact on the development of architecture as a whole. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO STYLE “FUNCTIONALISM”

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Organics The use of organics in architecture, at first, causes confusion. What does this science have to do with building construction? The most direct. Whereas a building typically consists of finished blocks, a building designed based on organic architecture consists of many different blocks that are completed only as part of the building. In addition, organic architecture implies a rejection of strict geometric shapes. When designing each building, the type of surrounding area and its purpose are taken into account. In addition, in such a building everything is subordinated to harmony. The bedroom here will be the bedroom and the living room will be the living room. Each room has its own purpose, which can be guessed at first glance. If you want to understand the difference between organic architecture and any other, just compare an ordinary multi-story building and, say, the hobbit hut in the movie "The Lord of the Rings", although only the external design is used there. The ideas of organic architecture have found extraordinary popularity recently. Partly due to the availability of new construction materials that allow the creation of the most bizarre architectural forms. Another reason that gave impetus to the development of organic architecture was the feeling of unity with nature that such a building gives. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF THE “ORGANIC” STYLE

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Neoclassicism This architectural style was popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It clearly shows an attempt to return to some “eternal” values, contrasting them with an alarming reality. Ancient Greek buildings, which had not been studied by anyone until then, were chosen as a starting point in the architecture of neoclassicism. Despite the fact that different architects studied the same buildings, they came to quite different conclusions, which led to the different development of neoclassicism in different countries. Thus, in France, the neoclassical style was used mainly in the construction of public buildings. Such a building, for example, was the Petit Trianon in Versailles, which was considered the most perfect creation of Jacques Ange Gabriel. The British, on the contrary, saw in neoclassicism a return to light, openwork forms. In accordance with these ideas, houses and private estates were built. Neoclassicism was practically not used for public buildings. The most famous English architects of the neoclassical style were William Chambers and Robert Adam, who played very important roles in the development of English neoclassicism. The ideas of neoclassicism influenced various countries for a long time, such as Russia (and later the Soviet Union), Scandinavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, etc. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO STYLE “NEOCASSICISM”

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Art Nouveau The desire to create equally aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings at the beginning of the 19th century led to the emergence of the Art Nouveau architectural style. It contrasts sharply with other architectural styles. The most prominent representatives of this style were Victor Horta, a Belgian by nationality, and the Frenchman Hector Guimard. But Antonia Gaudí stands out the most. The buildings erected according to his designs are so perfect and fit so organically into the surrounding landscape that it seems as if nature created such a masterpiece. Distinctive features of the Art Nouveau style are the patterned cladding of building facades, the use of stained glass, as well as various decorative details made of wrought iron. Windows and doorways are characterized by complex geometric shapes that contribute to the creation of a holistic style that is functional and beautiful at the same time. In the Art Nouveau style, dachas, country villas, expensive high-rise buildings and city mansions are built and decorated. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF THE “ROCOCO” STYLE

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WORK COMPLETED BY: STUDENT OF MOUGYMNASIUM No. 2 Kirill Orekhov Slideshow on the topic “architecture styles” EXIT TO THE VERY BEGINNING TO CHAPTER I TO CHAPTER II

Architecture styles

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Architecture. Style in architecture. Types of architecture. Architecture of large disputes. Landscape architecture. Places. Romanesque style. Place de España. Gothic style. Cathedral in Reims. Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris France. St. Peter's Basilica. Renaissance. St. Peter's Square. Baroque. St. Paul's Cathedral in London . Classicism. Louvre. Paris. Rococo. Empire. Arch of the Star in Paris. Church of La Madeleine in Paris. - Architecture styles.ppt

Architecture and style

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Architectural styles. Saratov. Roman style. Gothic. Baroque. Rococo. Empire style Classicism. Modern. Constructivism. High tech. - Architecture and style.ppt

Styles in architecture

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Lesson topic: “Figuratively - the stylistic language of the architecture of the past.” Purpose: Image is a form of reflection of reality in art using characteristic techniques. Style is a set of features that characterize the art of a certain time and direction. Art of Ancient Egypt. Architecture of Ancient Greece. Architecture of Japan. Architecture of Ancient Rus'. Architectural styles. Independent activity of students in groups. Roman style. Monastery of Maria Lach. Germany. Church of Notre-Dame Grande. France. Romanesque castles. Victoria and Albert Museum. London. Pisa Cathedral. Italy. XI-XII centuries - Styles in architecture.ppt

Architectural styles

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Architectural styles. Modern style. At the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries, a new artistic style appeared, which in Russia received the name Art Nouveau (from the French moderne - modern). The most famous monument of the Art Nouveau style was the Metropol Hotel. Art Nouveau loves capriciously curved, fluid lines and planes. Art Nouveau masters sought to create an artistically attractive living environment around humans. Women of the early 20th century wore dresses and jewelry in the Art Nouveau style, including those made by the Faberge jewelry company. Furniture, dishes, lamps and other utensils in the Art Nouveau style appeared in the houses. - Architectural styles.ppt

Styles and types of architecture

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Types of architecture. Styles and means of expression. Architecture. Architecture styles. Primitive architecture Antique architecture. VIII century BC e. - V century n. e. Roman style. X-XII centuries Gothic. XII-XV centuries Revival. Beginning XV - beginning XVII century Baroque. Con. XVI century - end. XVIII century Rococo. XVIII - con. Classicism. XVIII-XIX centuries Eclecticism. Modern. Modernism. Constructivism. 1920s - early Postmodernism. From ser. XX century High-tech S con. Deconstructivism. From the end Dynamic architecture. From the beginning 21st century. Roman style. Gothic. All style elements emphasize verticality. Renaissance architecture. - Styles and types of architecture.ppt

Styles in art and architecture

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Architectural style. Empire style style of late (high) classicism in architecture and applied arts. Arch of Carrousel, Paris. Triumphal Gate (Moscow). Baroque. Carlo Maderna Church of Saint Susanna, Rome. Church of souls in purgatory in the city of Ragusa. Gothic. Gothic cathedral in Coutances, France. Fragment of a stained glass window. Cathedral in Reims, France. Notre Dame Cathedral. Gothic in Russia. Brandenburg Gate in Kaliningrad. The main hall of the Bishop's Chamber. Neo-Gothic. artistic style of the 18th and 19th centuries, borrowing the forms and traditions of Gothic. British Museum of Natural History. - Styles in art and architecture.ppt

Styles of architectural structures

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Development of styles in architecture and clothing. Classic styles. Antique style. Use of fabric. The image of a "Greek column". Roman style. Cathedral in Pisa. Romanesque buildings. Men's suit. Leeds Castle. Carsteil Castle. Conwy. Gothic style. Medieval European style. Character of the dress. St. Vitus Cathedral. Cathedral of St. Peter and Mary. Burgos Cathedral. Gargoyle. Milan Cathedral. View of St. Vitus Cathedral. Renaissance style. Character traits. Renaissance style. Renaissance style. Church of San Pietro. Baroque style. Saint Paul's Cathedral. Baroque buildings. Stiffness. Baroque fashion. - Styles of architectural structures.pptx

Varieties of architecture styles

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Varieties of architecture styles. Briefly about the concept of architecture. Main components of architecture. Are all architectural buildings alike? Architectural similarities. Representatives of various architectural styles. Various architectural styles. Architectural style. Famous proverb. What architectural styles do you know? Baroque. Examples of buildings built in the Baroque style. Classicism. Examples of buildings built in the classicist style. Renaissance. Examples of buildings built in the Renaissance style. Modern. Examples of buildings built in the Art Nouveau style. Architecture in Russia. - Varieties of architecture styles.ppt

Eclecticism

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Eclecticism. Direction in architecture. Baroque. Features of eclecticism. New designs. Eclecticism in Russia. Baltiysky railway station in St. Petersburg. Passage. Nevsky Avenue. Historical Museum. Nizhny Novgorod fair. Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Mariinsky Palace. Eclecticism in Europe. Casino and Opera of Monte Carlo. Church of St. Charles. Observatory of Nice. Royal Pavilion. Palace of Westminster. Royal Library. Bode Museum. -

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As is known, architecture, along with the quality and manufacture of tools, painting and plastic arts, is the oldest of human skills. It is believed that the beginnings of architecture as an art arose during the period of primitive society. It was during the Neolithic era that man began to build the first dwellings using natural materials. As a field of art, architecture took shape in the cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt, and as an original art, it took shape by the 5th century. BC. in ancient Greece.

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Until the middle of the 12th century, being in synthesis with painting, sculpture, decorative arts and occupying a dominant position among them, architecture determined the style, and its development proceeded from the “style of the era”, uniform for all types of art and for all its time, aesthetically subjugating science, worldview, philosophy, life and much more, to great styles and, finally, individual author's styles. The “style of the era” (Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance) arises mainly in those historical periods when the perception of works of art is characterized by comparative inflexibility, when it still easily adapts to changes in style.

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The great styles - Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, classicism, empire (a variation of late classicism) - are usually recognized as equal and equivalent. In fact, great styles cover sometimes a larger or sometimes smaller area of culture, sometimes they are limited to individual arts, sometimes they subjugate all the arts or even all the main aspects of culture - they are reflected in science, theology, and everyday life. They can be determined either by a wider or less broad social environment, or by a more significant or less significant ideology. At the same time, none of the great styles completely determined the cultural face of the era and country.

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The development of styles is asymmetrical, which is externally expressed in the fact that each style gradually changes from simple to complex, but from complex to simple it returns only as a result of some leap. Therefore, changes in styles occur in different ways: slowly - from simple to complex and abruptly - from complex to simple. The Romanesque style was replaced by the Gothic for more than a hundred years - from the middle of the 12th century. until the middle of the 13th century. The simple forms of Romanesque architecture gradually transform into a complex Gothic style. The Romanesque and Gothic styles are closely related in their development, and the most creative period in the development of these styles is the first. It was in the Romanesque period that technical inventions were created and the connection with philosophy and theology was clear, i.e. ideological basis of style. Gothic is much less ideologically defined. Her aspiration upward can express the religiosity of Catholicism and heresies.

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Within the Gothic, the Renaissance then matures. Elements of the liberation of the individual, so far within the limits of religion, are already evident in Gothic, especially late. And, nevertheless, Gothic and Revival are sharply different styles. What matured in Gothic then required a sharp change in the entire system of style. New content exploded the old form and brought to life a new style - Renaissance (or revival). With the advent of the Renaissance, a period of ideological quest begins again, the emergence of an integral system of worldview. And at the same time, the process of gradual complication and disintegration of the simple begins again. The Renaissance becomes more complex, and behind it is the Baroque. Baroque, in turn, becoming more complex, turns into rococo in some types of art (architecture, painting, applied art, literature). Then again there is a return to the simple and, as a result of the leap, classicism comes to replace Baroque, the development of which in some countries was completed by the Empire style.

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ROCOCO The name of the style, which developed mainly in France in the 18th century, is taken from the German language. The French name comes from the word rocaille - shell, since the most noticeable external manifestation of this style was the decorative motifs in the form of a shell. R. arose mainly as a decorative style associated with court festivities and entertainment of the aristocracy. The sphere of distribution of art was narrow; it had no folk roots and could not become a truly national style. Playfulness, light entertainment, and whimsical grace are traits characteristic of R. and especially reflected in the ornamental and decorative interpretation of architecture and applied arts. The ornamentation consisted of intricately intertwined garlands of shells, flowers, and curls. Manly curved lines mask the construction of knowledge. Basically, R. manifested itself in the design of the interiors of buildings rather than their exteriors. R. is characterized by a tendency towards asymmetry of compositions, as well as fine detailing of form, a rich and at the same time balanced structure of decor in interiors, a combination of bright and pure tones of color with white and gold, and a contrast between the severity of the external appearance of buildings and the delicacy of their interior decoration. The art of R. is dominated by a graceful, whimsical, ornamental rhythm. The R. style, which became widespread at the court of Louis XV (the work of the architects J.M. Oppenort, J.O Meyssonnier, and G.J. Boffrand), until the middle. XIX. called the "Louis XV style".

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EMPIRE The name comes from the French empire - imperial. A style that arose in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. It is the organic completion of the long development of European classicism. The main feature of this style is the combination of massive simple geometric shapes with military emblems. Its source is Roman sculpture, from which A. inherited the solemn severity and clarity of the composition. A. originally developed in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. during the era of the Great French Revolution and was distinguished by a pronounced civic pathos. During the Napoleonic Empire, art was supposed to glorify the military successes and virtues of the ruler. This is where the passion for building various kinds of triumphal arches, memorial columns, and obelisks comes from. Porticoes become important elements of the decorative decoration of buildings. Bronze casting, painting of lampshades and alcoves are often used in interior decoration. A. sought to get closer to antiquity more than classicism. In the 18th century The architect B. Vignon built the La Madeleine church on the model of the Roman peripterus, using the Corinthian order. The interpretation of forms was characterized by dryness and emphasized rationalism. The same features characterize the Arc de Triomphe (Arch of the Star) on Place des Stars in Paris (architect Chalgrin). The memorial Column Vendôme (Column of the Grande Armée), erected by Leper and Gondoin, is covered with sheets of bronze cast from Austrian guns. The spiraling bas-relief depicts the events of the victorious war. A.'s style did not develop for long; it was replaced by the time of eclecticism.

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Architecture – the stone chronicle of the world

1. Classic style

Classicism (exemplary) artistic style and aesthetic direction in European art of the 17th-19th centuries.

Parthenon

Triumphal Arch of Constantine

The main feature of classicism architecture is the appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, and rigor.

Classicism architecture - Clarity of volumetric form - Symmetrical axial compositions. restraint of decoration

2. Romanesque style

Romanesque (Roman) artistic style that dominated Western Europe in the 9th-12th centuries. It became one of the most important stages in the development of medieval European art.

Cathedral of Notre-Dame la Grande, Poitiers

Notre-Dame la Grande. West wing

Royal Alcazar Palace

"More classically" this style will spread in the art of Germany and France. This medieval architecture was created for the needs of the church and chivalry, and churches, monasteries, and castles became the leading types of buildings.

Norman fortress, X-XI centuries. France

The combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration - the building has always blended harmoniously with the surrounding nature. This was facilitated by massive walls with narrow window openings and stepped-recessed portals. Such walls had a defensive purpose. -The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of a monastery or castle is the tower. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. It is typical for Romanesque buildings

3. Gothic style

Gothic is the only style that created a completely unique system of forms and a new understanding of the organization of space and volumetric composition. 12-15th century

Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris

The characteristic features of the Gothic style are the verticality of the composition, pointed brightness, a complex frame system of supports and a ribbed vault.

View of Notre Dame from the Ile Saint-Louis

Gothic cathedral in Coutances, France

4. Baroque

Contrast, tension, dynamism of images, the desire for grandeur and splendor, for the combination of reality and illusion - for the fusion of arts (city and palace and park ensembles of the Baroque are characteristic

The Baroque style appeared in the 16th-17th centuries in Italian cities: Rome, Venice, Florence. Baroque is characterized by contrast, tension, dynamism of images, the desire for grandeur and splendor, for combining reality and illusion, for the fusion of arts (city and palace and park ensembles of Baroque (“prone to excess”)

Catherine Palace

Tsarskoye Selo

active use of sculptural and architectural and decorative motifs; - creating a rich play of chiaroscuro and color contrasts

Church building of the Grand Palace

Rococo (crushed stone, decorative shell, shell) 18th century.

Interiors of the Winter Palace

Malachite Hall

Jordan staircase

Rococo is characterized by a decorative shell, fragments of stones, a shell-ornament, decoration in the form of a combination of natural stones with shells and plant leaves. - smooth curved stems, whimsical lines of the ornament fit into all the details of the interior, forming a single decorative background.

Field Marshal's Hall

St. George's Hall

Empire (“imperial style”) The Empire style is the final stage of classicism, which arose in the second half of the 19th century.

Arch of the General Staff

The Empire style is characterized by the presence of columns, pilasters, molded cornices and other classical elements, as well as motifs that reproduce almost unchanged ancient examples of sculpture, such as griffins, sphinxes, and lion paws. These elements are arranged in an orderly manner in the Empire style, maintaining balance and symmetry.

Palace Square

The main decorative motifs of the Empire style were precisely the attributes of Roman military history: massive porticos decorated with bas-reliefs, legionary badges with eagles, lions, bundles of spears, shields.

Art Nouveau (modern) Artistic direction in art in the 2nd half of the 19th century - the present 20th century.

Ryabushinsky's mansion

Distinctive features - Refusal of straight lines and angles - Interest in new technologies - Great attention was paid not only to the appearance of the buildings, but also to the interior, which was carefully worked out. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies were artistically processed.

Casa Batlló (1906, architect Antoni Gaudi)

8. High-tech

Guggenheim Museum

Hi-tech (high technology) is a style in architecture and design that originated in the 1970s and found widespread use in the 1980s.

Main features -Use of high technologies in the design, construction and engineering of buildings and structures. -Use of straight lines and shapes.

Widespread use of silver metallic color. -Wide application of glass, plastic, metal. -Use of functional elements: elevators, stairs, ventilation systems.

Guggenheim Museum (project)