1 . Hidalgo y Costilla (Hidalgo y Costilla), Miguel (8.V.1753 - 31.VII.1811) - head of the bunk. uprising (1810-11), which grew into a national liberation. Mexican war against Spain hero of Mexico. Genus. in Corralejo. He graduated from the seminary in Valladolid (now Morelia), where he later was a teacher and then rector. Demoted to parish priest for spreading the ideas of the French. encyclopedists, I. continued to advocate for the independence of the country and the improvement of economic. and the legal status of the Indian population. 16 Sept. 1810 in the city of Dolores I. addressed the people with a call to rise to free. war ("Cry Dolores") and at the head of the revolution. army, which consisted of arr. from Indian peasants, mine workers, peons, opposed the Spaniards. Revolutionary headed by him. government in the city of Guadalajara proclaimed the abolition of slavery, published a law on the return of communal lands to the Indians and on tax cuts. Jan 17 1811 revolution. the army was defeated. In March of the same year, I. was captured and put on trial. Shot in the city of Chihuahua. Lit .: Essays on the modern and recent history of Mexico, 1810-1945. (Under the editorship of M. S. Alperovich and N. M. Lavrov), M., 1960; Mancisidor J., Miguel Hidalgo Constructor de una patria, M?xico, 1944; Castillo Led?n L., Hidalgo, La vida del Heroe, Bd 1, M?xico, 1948; Al'perovic M. S., Hidalgo und der Volksaufstand in M?xico, in: Lateinamerika zwischen Emanzipation und Imperialismus, 1810-1960, V., 1961. 2 . representatives of the petty and middle nobility in Spain in the 12th-17th centuries. The term "I." (originally hijo d´algo - the son of someone who has something) arose in con. 12th c. and finally took root to refer to all persons of the knightly class in the 13th and 14th centuries. I. were an important military. force in the Reconquista. The ruin and impoverishment of India began at the final stage of the Reconquista (in the 15th century). In the 16th century half-impoverished hidalgia, in search of sources of profit, rushed across the ocean and took an active part in the conquest of the newly discovered Amer. lands. The presence of a mass of impoverished I., but retaining the class prejudices inherent in chivalry - salient feature societies. feudal life. Spain of the era of its decline (late 16-17 centuries). Type I. of this time was represented by the famous Don Quixote. Use I. correspond to Portuguese. fidalgo. Lit .: Altamira i Crevea R., History of Spain, trans. from Spanish, vol. 1-2, M., 1951.

Recently I watched the movie “Hidalgo. Desert chase. The wonderful acting duet of Viggo Mortensen and the horse TJ, who played Hidalgo, immerse the audience for two hours in the world of American mustangs and Indians, whose existence in this world is inextricably linked with each other. The film is about friendship, fidelity, courage, self-knowledge, about the indestructible willpower of a man and a horse, overcoming all seemingly insurmountable obstacles. I got so interested main character pictures that I have been looking for at least some information about him for several days. The synopsis for the film said that the script was based on real events, and this turned out to be true.

Frank T. Hopkins (1865-1951) is indeed a real person and his recent life story is also the story of a unique horse - the American Mustang. One of the most famous equestrians of his time, Frank was half Indian, born just after graduating civil war in the cab of a logging truck at Fort Laramie, Wyoming. His father was an army scout, his mother, presumably, the daughter of the leader of the Lakota Sioux tribe. The whole life of this man was connected with mustangs: as a child, he, together with the Indians, hunted for them, traveled around them. As a teenager, Frank delivered dispatches for Generals Miles and Crook, later he was a buffalo hunter and racer. All his life he rode mustangs and was an outstanding specialist in everything related to this breed of horses. He performed in the Ringling Brothers Circus, in the Buffalo Bill show "Wild West". In the 40s, his book "Vermont Horse and Trail Bulletin" was published in America. Frank Hopkins died in 1951.
According to the US Remount Service Journal for 1936, Frank "took part in almost 400 riding competitions and won most of them. He won his loudest victory in Arabia, where he defeated thoroughbred Arabian horses in a race of 3,000 miles. on his mustang named Hidalgo." Later, the story of Frank Hopkins' victory in the race across the Arabian desert was described in Anthony Emarel's book "Frank Hopkins... The Hardest Rider?" (Amaral, Anthony. "Frank Hopkins... Best of Endurance Riders?" Western Horseman Magazine. 1969). This book served as the basis for the script for the film “Hidalgo. Desert Chase, which was released in 2004.

The word "mustang" comes from the Spanish word "mesteno" or "monstenco", meaning "wild", "untamed", "no man's". This term accurately characterizes the wild horses of the United States. The earliest individuals inhabited North America and have been known since ancient times. Unfortunately, all of them are already considered extinct about 10 thousand years ago. Perhaps this happened due to climate change or because of the active hunting for them. The horses returned to the prairies when the explorers Cortés and Di Soto appeared riding magnificent Barbary and Andalusian horses. These were the horses that changed the lives of the American Indians who inhabited the Great Plains and their environs. The Pueblo Indians learned to ride and passed the skills on to other tribes. Many years passed, Spanish horses mixed with other breeds, acclimatized and became an integral part of the North American ecosystem.

Frank T. Hopkins considered mustangs to be the most significant animal on the American continent. He said that these horses are able to move day and night without any support, they do not need to be urged on and each of them can win a race, whether it is according to the rules or not. During Frank's service with General Crook, he drew his attention to the fact that if the soldiers are not able to defeat the Indians in a couple of hours, then it is not worth continuing. Asked by Hopkins to explain why, the general replied that Indian ponies can run 90 miles without food or drink, and can endure what cavalry horses are not capable of. Cavalry officers were also more than once convinced of the amazing qualities inherent in mustangs: these horses were distinguished by intelligence, energy, obedience and incredible endurance. In addition to incredible endurance, Frank Hopkins noted the intelligence and economy of this horse breed. But there was another opinion. John Richard Young, a famous trainer, said this about mustangs: “Not only must we let mustangs disappear, we must do everything possible to exterminate them, because we simply cannot breed better horses than thoroughbred mustangs. Now a good horse, after special training and grain feed, is able to show miracles of endurance, but any good mustang will easily surpass it.”

Frank's time in racing was closely intertwined with a line of horses she called "White-Y". It began with a small white mare, which he bought from the army for three silver dollars, after it was confiscated from one of the leaders of the Pine Ridge reservation named White Calf, a childhood friend of Hopkins. Later, Frank bought a pinto stallion from the Apaches. As a result of crossing these horses, the "white-eyed" line appeared.

Actually, that's why Hopkins made his first runs on a mustang named Joe, which he got from Buffalo Jones. He bought it along with a herd of other horses. It must be said that Joe was a rather grumpy character, but in two months of work, Frank managed to win his trust and he began to go hunting for bulls on it.

In the summer of 1886, a run was announced from Galveston, Texas to Rutland, Vermont. The length of this route was 1799 miles.

Buffalo Jones, a mustang aficionado like Hopkins, offered to fund his participation in this race, as they decided to prove that mustangs can beat any horse in the races. According to the conditions of the race, only one horse was allowed for each rider and the time of the day's race should not be more than 10 hours. Judges were placed along the way, who were supposed to monitor the implementation of the rules.

Frank prepared Joe for the race, as well as all his horses. At first, he slowly accustomed the horse to the road. She had to prepare herself for the route both mentally and physically. Generally speaking, mental development horses were something Franka knew better than many other riders. Hopkins worked with the horse, gradually increasing the daily distance to 50 miles, so that the horse would then be able to move on if necessary. Moreover, when the horse was able to perform this work, and at the same time, showed the mood to continue the route - Frank believed that the horse was in good condition. Before the start of the race, Hopkins rode the route in the opposite direction to introduce his horse to him. And on September 13, the race began. “The next day,” Frank wrote, “I left 12 tired horses behind me. Joe felt good. When I unsaddled him at the end of the day, he turned his head and walked towards me. On the 17th day, Joe left the last horse and rider behind him. We were in the Mississippi Valley, where it rained heavily and yellow mud stuck to Joe's feet. Our route was marked with red paint on trees, fences, stones, and it was easy to move along it. On this run I weighed 152 lbs, gear 34 lbs, Joe 800 lbs.

Joe and Frank won the run and $3,000. They covered it in 31 days, averaging 57.7 miles a day. The next participant arrived in Rutland 13 days later. Frank wrote that the horse of the second participant came in a broken spirit, and the third - a complete wreck.

The phenomenal victory brought Frank and his horse great fame. William Frederick Cody, owner of Buffalo Bill in the West, sent him a telegram inviting him to join his show. Hopkins joined the troupe and, in later years, met many riders through an organization known as the World Riders' Congress. In 1889, Frank was at the World Exhibition in Paris. A huge number of breeders, mostly cavalrymen, came to put their horses in the show. Rau Rasmussen, an Arab businessman, heard about Frank and his mustangs. In addition, he heard about the Indians leaving on their horses from the American cavalry. Therefore, wanting to push mustangs and Arabian horses, he spoke about the annual Arabian event - a 3000-mile run, in which only Arabian horses had previously won.

Most likely, Frank was worried about how his horse would be received in Arabia. His uncertainty was based, among other things, on financial reasons. The next day, Nathan Salisbury, one of the World Riders' Congress officials, and Rau Rasmussen visited Hopkins to discuss the matter again. Salisbury informed Frank that if he wished to ride the race, the World Riders' Congress would fund the trip.

As a result, Hopkins brought three of his mustangs to Arabian Aden. His favorite was a pinto stallion named Hidalgo. The remaining two stallions were half-brothers from the Frankish “white-eyed” line. Hidalgo was eight years old. “He looked the way you look for. I've ridden it in some of the toughest runs and I know what it can do when asked.”

Just over a hundred horses started the race from Aden in 1890. A huge caravan of experienced riders took their best horses. Even in the vast mass of horses, Hopkins' mustangs stood out among the single-colored Arabian horses.

The run moved along the Syrian Gulf, then inland, along the border of the two countries. Most of the run, according to one of Frank's letters, was through a limestone valley. The only food available was the so-called vacha (calamus calamus), a plant that proved to be very nutritious. Camels accompanied the riders and carried barley for the horses. Water was not enough at one time, and it happened that horses went without water for up to two days. Sandstorms interfered with the riders, and when they intensified, the run was stopped.

In the second week, Frank tried to get ahead. As always, he began slowly, so that the horse would get used to the road. By this time, the harsh conditions of the run, poor feeding, nullified the outstanding abilities of the Arabian horses. Day by day the line of horsemen was reduced. Every day Hopkins urged Hidalgo to speed up and eventually they took the lead. A camel caravan stretched along the route to feed the horses.

On the sixty-eighth day, Frank and Hidalgo reached the finish line of this three thousand mile race. Hidalgo lost a lot of weight, but he and Frank ate well and rested while they waited for the next pair, who finished 33 hours later. In addition to them, only three more riders technically completed the race. Arabian riders warmly thanked Hidalgo for this achievement.

However, there is another opinion that the story of Frank Hopkins and his victories is nothing more than a myth created by Frank himself and his biographer Charles B. Roth. In particular, The Long Riders "Guild (Guild of riders specializing in long distances) calls the biography of Frank Hopkins "a web of lies" and himself "the greatest liar of the Old West". Guild specialists have dug through a mountain of archival documents and have collected evidence that, in the opinion of the Guild, can completely debunk the Hopkins myth. More information about this can be found on the Guild website, section "The Hopkins Hoax".

No matter how historians decide, but the great horseman Frank T. Hopkins became a legend, and the result of his interesting biography are still living on American soil free horses - mustangs.

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Producer Producer Author
script In the main
cast Operator

Shelley Johnson

Composer Film company Country

USA USA

Year IMDb The release of the film "Hidalgo" (original title - Hidalgo) K: 2004 Movies

Plot

"Ocean of Fire" - grandiose races with a distance of 3000 miles across the barren Arabian desert in which for 1000 years the Arab Bedouins on the best Arabian horses. AT 1890 rich Arabic sheikh for the first time invited to participate in the traditional horse race foreigner. It turned out to be Frank T. Hopkins, whose father was white and his mother was a Native American from an Indian tribe. Lakota.

Also in 1890, Frank arrived in Arabia with his spotted mustang Hidalgo, whom he raised on a ranch in Wyoming. After the release of the film, the events shown in it were criticized by historians. The fact is that neither the origin of Hopkins, nor his victories in the races are confirmed by anything. There is no Arabian "Sea of ​​Fire" race.

Cast

Actor	Role
Viggo Mortensen	Frank Hopkins Frank Hopkins
Omar Sharif	Sheikh Riyadh Sheikh Riyadh
Zuleika Robinson	Jazeera Jazeera
Louise Lombard	Lady Ann Davenport Lady Ann Davenport
Malcolm McDowell	Lord Davenport Lord Davenport
Said Tagmawi	Prince Ben Al-Ree Prince Ben Al-Ree
Peter Mensah	Jafar, eunuch bodyguard Jafar, eunuch bodyguard
Christopher Thomas Howell	Preston Webb Preston Webb
Floyd "Red Raven" Westerman	Chief Eagle Horn Chief Eagle Horn
Adoni Maropis	Saqr Saqr

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An excerpt characterizing Hidalgo (film)

- Ha ha ha! ... Hussar then, hussar then! Like a boy, and legs!… I can’t see… – voices were heard.
Natasha, the favorite of the young Melyukovs, disappeared together with them into the back rooms, where a cork was demanded and various dressing gowns and men's dresses, which, through the open door, received bare girlish hands from the footman. Ten minutes later, all the youth of the Melyukov family joined the mummers.
Pelageya Danilovna, having disposed of the clearing of the place for the guests and treats for the gentlemen and servants, without taking off her glasses, with a suppressed smile, walked among the mummers, looking closely into their faces and not recognizing anyone. She did not recognize not only the Rostovs and Dimmler, but she could not recognize either her daughters or those husband's dressing gowns and uniforms that were on them.
- And whose is this? she said, turning to her governess and looking into the face of her daughter, who represented the Kazan Tatar. - It seems that someone from the Rostovs. Well, you, mister hussar, in which regiment do you serve? she asked Natasha. “Give the Turk some marshmallows,” she said to the bartender who was scolding, “this is not forbidden by their law.
Sometimes, looking at the strange but funny steps performed by the dancers, who decided once and for all that they were dressed up, that no one would recognize them and therefore were not embarrassed, Pelageya Danilovna covered herself with a scarf, and her whole fat body shook from the irrepressible kind, old woman's laughter . - Sachinet is mine, Sachinet is mine! she said.
After Russian dances and round dances, Pelageya Danilovna united all the servants and gentlemen together, in one large circle; they brought a ring, a rope and a ruble, and general games were arranged.
After an hour, all the costumes were wrinkled and upset. Cork mustaches and eyebrows smeared over sweaty, flushed, and cheerful faces. Pelageya Danilovna began to recognize the mummers, admired how well the costumes were made, how they went especially to the young ladies, and thanked everyone for having so amused her. The guests were invited to dine in the living room, and in the hall they ordered refreshments for the courtyards.
- No, guessing in the bathhouse, that's scary! said the old girl who lived with the Melyukovs at dinner.
- From what? – asked eldest daughter Melyukovs.
- Don't go, it takes courage...
"I'll go," Sonya said.
- Tell me, how was it with the young lady? - said the second Melyukova.
- Yes, just like that, one young lady went, - said the old girl, - she took a rooster, two appliances - as it should, she sat down. She sat, only hears, suddenly rides ... with bells, with bells, a sleigh drove up; hears, goes. Enters completely in the form of a human, as an officer, he came and sat down with her at the device.