Transcript

1 1 Means of connecting sentences in the text Answers to tasks are a word, phrase, number or sequence of words, numbers. Write your answer without spaces, commas or other additional characters. third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down. 1. Since 2. Although 3. If 4. Hardly 5. Therefore 1 (1) Artists illustrating epics face certain difficulties. (2) They need to take into account that the epic contains not only fiction, but also some historical facts, and even, one might say, describes real events in a fairy-tale form. (3) illustrators must know what household items, costumes and weapons of that time looked like, and depict them reliably because 2. maybe, 3. even 4. in other words, 5. firstly, 2 (1) The enormous merit of Archimedes All humanity is faced with the development of mathematical methods for solving many technical problems. (2) But he himself, like many other scientists of that time, believed that the practical application of the theoretical solutions he obtained did not deserve the same attention as scientific developments. (3) And of all the works of Archimedes, only the only one is devoted to the description of one of his technical inventions. 3 third (3) sentence of the text? 1. but 2. although 3. since 4. because 5. even 3 (1) Various external forces are involved in the destruction of mountains. (2) During the day, the sun’s rays heat the rock, the stones expand, but at night, when they cool down, they contract again, and the stone cannot withstand it and cracks, after which water begins its destructive work, which gets into the cracks: when it freezes, it expands and the cracks grow; The roots of plants penetrate them, sucking out together with moisture the substances they need for nutrition, and gradually corrode the surface of the rock, which is also accompanied by the work of bacteria that process the destroyed rocks and turn them into soil. (3) All these processes are called weathering; the wind does not take a direct part in them. ID_3971 1/24 neznaika.pro

2 4 1. Really 2. On the contrary, 3. Despite everything 4. Therefore 5. Hardly 4 5 (1) In the 14th century, balls and dance masquerades became a popular form of entertainment for rich people. (2) The main focus of these events was the discussion of costumes and the display of decorations. (3) dances at balls were slow, solemn and consisted of a varied movement of columns of dancers around the hall. third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down. 1. After all 2. A 3. In addition, 4. Although 5. Fortunately, 5 6 (1) In the mushroom kingdom, the white mushroom belongs to the nobility, although it itself is not white at all. (2) Its cap has a variety of shades from golden bronze to dark brown, the leg is thick and dense. (3) it was nicknamed “white” because, unlike many other mushrooms, its white flesh retains its color both dried and boiled. Which of the following words should appear in the blank in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down. 1. Although 2. If 3. However 4. Still 5. Therefore 6 (1) The most common and most recognized clothing for businessmen today is a suit. (2) A suit is the business card of a business person: the first impression remains in the memory of the people we meet for a long time. (3) neglecting your appearance is an unforgivable mistake. 7 fifth (5) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words). 1. Since 2. For example, 3. However 7 4. It is known that ID_3971 2/24 neznaika.pro

3 5. Despite this 8 1) The main center of blacksmith production in medieval Moscow was Zayauzye, or rather, that part of it that extended along the coastal heights from the mouth of the Yauza River to Taganka. 2) blacksmiths lived here, as well as craftsmen who produced cauldrons and other metal utensils - “boilermakers”. 3) Now the name Kotelnicheskaya Embankment reminds us of this. 4) Taganka got its name from the tagan - a large cauldron on a metal stand. 5)(...) such tagans were made by local craftsmen, which became entrenched in Moscow toponymy. o 1. for example, 2. and 3. on the contrary, 4. if 5. firstly, 8 (1) Hydrodynamics specialists, accustomed to dealing with an “ideal fluid,” often experience great difficulties when constructing hydrodynamic models of the World Ocean, because that the ocean is filled with liquid that is by no means ideal. (2) The ocean is not only water, it is salts dissolved in it, suspended mineral particles, gases, organic substances, all components are in a complex interaction. (3) It is difficult even for oceanologists to study this multicomponent system as a whole: it is too complex. 9 Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the second (2) sentence of the text? Write down the word. 1. Since 2. However 3. Therefore 4. Precisely 5. Thus, 9 (1) Sulfur dioxide, or carbon dioxide, formed during the combustion, fermentation or decay of organic compounds, is necessary for breathing, as it excites the respiratory center and provides automaticity of breathing. (2) carbon dioxide can become dangerous if its content in the air exceeds a few percent. (3) This gas is one and a half times heavier than air and therefore can accumulate in wells, caves, closed reservoirs, unventilated vegetable stores, lowlands near burning peat bogs and other places. 10 Which of the following words should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down. 1. Although 2. However 3. Therefore 4. Exactly 5. Only 10 ID_3971 3/24 neznaika.pro

4 Objectivity is an important feature of the scientific style of speech. (2) Texts that belong to the scientific style reflect not the personal subjective opinion of the author, but theories and laws, scientific facts and phenomena, and all this requires quantitative and qualitative characteristics, objective and reliable. (3) exclamatory sentences in a scientific style are used very rarely Even 2. Naturally 3. Despite that 4. Moreover 5. Firstly 11 Geological processes that shape the appearance and internal structure of our planet proceed extremely slowly and cannot be directly observed. (2) The only exception is volcanic activity, a grandiose and impressive phenomenon: during volcanic eruptions, the appearance of certain parts of the Earth can change beyond recognition in a matter of days (and sometimes hours and even minutes). (3) that this alone and the possibility of direct contact with the “inner content” of the planet make scientists take a special interest in the process of volcanism. 12 first (1) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words). 1. only 2. how much 3. however 4. as 5. and perhaps, (1) The history of hats in Russia goes back 300 years and is full of incredible events that testify not so much to the fads of fashion, but to the special role of the hat. (2) For a long time, the headdress was endowed with special properties and interpreted as a kind of “replacement” of the head. (3) The complex history of the relationship between a person and his headdress allows us to consider a hat not just as an element of a costume, but as a unique cultural and artistic phenomenon. third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down. 1. hardly 2. but 3. apparently, 4. therefore 5. although 13 (1) The Sargasso Sea is one of the saltiest places in the Atlantic. (2)3here surface and deep waters mix well, and heated water from the surface drops 400 m, warming the depths to +17 C. (H) Salinity and high temperature interfere with the development of phytoplankton, zooplankton feeding organisms ID_3971 4/24 neznaika.pro

5 single-celled algae are also scarce here, and the waters of the Sargasso Sea are exceptionally clear. 14 about the second (2) sentence of the text? Write this word down. 1. therefore 2. even 3. seemingly 4. practically 5. while 14 (1) An artist engaged in monumental art uses completely different techniques and techniques than the creator of paintings. (2) And the reason is not the size of the work: monumental painting lives the same life as the building; it freezes with it, gets rained on, and roasts in the sun. (3) Therefore, the artist uses techniques that ensure the strength and durability of the painting surface. 15 about 1. despite this, 2. thirdly, 3. despite this, 4. that is, 5. although 15 (1) Unlike animals, man does not act instinctively, but consciously. (2) He determines the goal in advance, considers the method and means of achieving it, selects the necessary material, outlines the sequence of operations, develops a project for what he needs, and design is already creativity, the conscious creation of something that has not yet existed in nature. (3) No animal is capable of such actions However 2. Apparently, 3. Therefore 4. Of course 5. As a rule (1) For all coral polyps, the purity and transparency of the water are extremely important. (2) This is the main condition of their life. (3) near river mouths, as well as in places where the water is polluted by industrial waste, corals never settle and build their castles. In fact, ID_3971 5/24 neznaika.pro

6 2. Probably, 3. Fortunately, 4. For now 5. Although 18 (1) “When you sow an action, you reap a habit; sow a habit and reap a character; sow character, reap destiny.” (2) This is what the ancients said, and this phrase has a deep meaning. (3) the state of the body, human health, its performance, and ultimately its fate depend on many little things that surround us at home and at work, in the family and in the production team. 1. although 2. on the contrary, 3. and therefore 4. even 5. firstly, 18 (1) A car radiator is a closed system, which causes difficulties in winter. (2) At temperatures below zero, ordinary water freezes and blocks the radiator pipes, causing the engine to overheat, and, even worse, the frozen water expands and can explode the pipes. (3) Therefore, water for the radiator is mixed with antifreeze, a sugar-containing liquid that prevents the water from turning into ice at sub-zero temperatures. Only 2. Of course, 3. But 4. Hardly 5. Thus, (1) The northern part of the Indian Ocean is called the “ocean” warmed waters." (2) Thanks to the warm equatorial current, this is a paradise for corals, countless species of coral fish and tuna fisheries. (3) in the south, in waters close to Antarctica, you can often find giant icebergs slowly swaying in the waves of the Western winds. 1. First of all 2. Probably 3. Despite that 4. Due to that 5. Fortunately 20 (1)Creating a well-protected computer system is impossible without careful ID_3971 6/24 neznaika.pro

7 analysis of potential threats to its safety. (2) Specialists have compiled a list of actions that need to be carried out in each specific case in order to present scenarios for possible attacks on a computer system. (3) that when analyzing potential threats to the security of a computer system, the expert put himself in the place of an attacker trying to penetrate this system, that is, the specialist needed to understand what an attacker is, from whom he nevertheless needs to protect himself 2. on the contrary 3. contrary to this 4. in one word 5. in other words (1) A striking example proving the existence of a driving form of natural selection in nature is the so-called industrial melanism. (2) The development of industry and the associated pollution of tree trunks and the death of lichens living on their bark have led to a sharp increase in the frequency of occurrence of black (melanic) butterflies. (3) The fact is that on darkened tree trunks, white butterflies became easy prey for birds, and black butterflies became less noticeable. o 1. firstly, 2. on the contrary, 3. unfortunately, 4. in other words, 5. at least 22 (1) In order for our eye to see any object, the light must first hit this object, and only then on the retina of the eye. (2) We see objects because they reflect light, and this reflected light, passing through the pupil and lens, hits the retina; Naturally, the eye cannot see the light absorbed by an object: soot, for example, absorbs almost all the radiation and appears black to us, and snow evenly reflects almost all the light falling on it and therefore looks white. (3) If sunlight falls on a wall painted blue, only blue rays will be reflected from it, and the rest will be absorbed, which is why we perceive the color of the wall as blue, because the absorbed rays simply do not have a chance to hit the retina. 23 first (1) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words). 1. that 2. although 3. because 4. however 5. so 23 (1) World experience shows that at the present stage of development of nanotechnology, one of the key places is the deposition of thin films in a vacuum. (2) Varying ID_3971 7/24 neznaika.pro

8 thickness and number of layers in such films, it is possible, regardless of the chemical composition, to obtain dielectric or semiconductor properties in metals and achieve higher strength and hardness. (3)Using multicomponent and multilayer films, it is possible to form nanocomposite materials with a very wide range of purposes Despite this, 2. Therefore 3. Despite this, 4. Maybe 5. On the contrary, 24 (1)All marine animals are directly or indirectly dependent from plant plankton, which forms the basis of the food chain, and plant plankton can exist only where sufficient sunlight penetrates into the water column for photosynthesis. (2) Below this layer, life quickly becomes scarcer, since deep-sea organisms are entirely dependent on the remains of plants and animals coming from above. (3) it is enough to pollute only a small part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to die as soon as 2. also 3. because 4. if only 5. although 25 (1) Based on the analysis of empirical and experimental data, scientists have made convincing conclusions that that a person whose main source of information is the Internet changes his perception significantly. (2) Researchers have identified obvious changes in the ability to concentrate attention and remember information: this ability tends to decrease. (3) The “nature” of reading has changed: the attention of the reading person has become superficial, “fluttering.” 26 Which of the following words (combinations of words) should stand in place of the gap in 1. However 2. Just then 3. Although 4. Of course, 5. Therefore, 26 (1) Mentions of a sea completely covered with a carpet of algae are found in European geographers since the 5th century AD. (2) But the real discoverer of the Sargasso Sea was Christopher Columbus. During his first voyage across the Atlantic, the ships of the brave Genoese found themselves among such a dense mass of algae that they could hardly move for several days. (3) Spanish sailors from team ID_3971 8/24 neznaika.pro

9 27 Columbus gave the name to the algae, and at the same time to the sea. o 1. so that 2. on the contrary 3. even 4. and 5. in spite of this, 27 (1) Interethnic communication occurs everywhere: in everyday life, in the world of art, on the pages of literary works. (2) And of course, this communication took place, in addition to knowing the language, you need to know and respect the culture and customs of speakers of different languages. (3) Only in this case will intercultural communication take place, the goal of which is mutual understanding of different peoples. 28 Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down. 1. Nevertheless 2. Exactly 3. Only 4. Although 5. Thus, 28 (1) Foreigners note that the mood of a Russian person talking to them can suddenly change from complacent to offended, and then suddenly his face will become friendly. (2) This behavior is explained by the fact that a Russian person does not hide his true emotion behind a smile or a politely restrained mask, as is customary in Western communication. (3) this is simply a direct emotional reaction to the content of the conversation But 2. Since then 3. Only 4. Barely 5. Because (1) Until recently, the inner world of a person occupied psychiatrists, philosophers, poets, but was of little interest to linguists. (2) The situation began to change with the emergence of modern linguistic semantics in the 60s of the 20th century, when the first experiments in describing emotional vocabulary in dictionaries appeared. (3) interest in words denoting emotions is continuously increasing. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in 1. Therefore, However, ID_3971 9/24 neznaika.pro

10 3. Thus, 4. If 5. Really 31 (1) Biographers of Marco Polo claim that he was a capable, energetic, patient and observant person, a good but passionate storyteller. (2) Some scholars question the facts presented in his “Book of the Diversity of the World,” and express the opinion that it was only a talented retelling of the impressions of Persian merchants about their travels in the East. (3) the discovered inaccuracies could have appeared during numerous translations; moreover, Marco Polo dictated his memoirs from memory. Which of the following words or combinations of words should be missing in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down. 1. Thus, 2. Despite this, 3. But 4. Only 5. However 31 (1) Man not only adapts to his natural environment, but also actively changes it as a result of economic activity. (2) Modern society would not be able to live surrounded by the nature that existed before the advent of man: without huge tracts of plowed land, drained swamps, irrigated fields, minerals, shipping canals, automobile roads, factories, etc. (3) society adapts nature to its needs, changes it as it considers necessary In all cases 2. In any case 3. In any case 4. In this case 5. Otherwise (1) The decision taken by the court in a specific case must be executed, for example, a decision to evict people from an apartment who occupied it without permission, a decision to confiscate property, etc. (2) But people who are obliged to do something by a court decision do not always fulfill this obligation voluntarily. (3) execution of judicial acts is carried out compulsorily and is entrusted to the bailiff service. 1. On the contrary, 2. Despite this, 3. But 4. However 5. For example, 33 ID_ /24 neznaika.pro

11 (1) Diamonds, rare, but at the same time quite widespread minerals, extremely hard stones. (2) Therefore, they are often used not only for the production of diamonds, but also for the manufacture of cutting and sharpening discs, wheels and other tools. (3) the familiar dental bur is coated with diamond chips. 34 third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down. 1. On the contrary, 2. As a result of 3. Firstly, 4. In spite of this 5. Precisely 34 (1)Rice requires slightly less fertilizer compared to other crops. (2) This is explained by the fact that specific nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in the root zone of rice plants. (3) Even without the application of nitrogen fertilizers, a rice plantation can maintain yield for a long time. 35 Which of the following words should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down. 1. of course, 2. sometimes 3. apparently, 4. still 5. although (1) The opinion has long been established that the heat of the equatorial regions of the planet, especially direct sunlight, is completely unbearable for Europeans. (2) The British, who colonized the vast territories lying between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn in the century before last, were firmly convinced that it was under no circumstances possible to be outdoors during the day without a protective pith helmet. (3) Meanwhile, a huge number of animals have managed to adapt to the conditions of the tropics and feel quite well in these parts. about the second (2) sentence of the text? Write this word down. 1. Fortunately, 2. But 3. Maybe, 4. Although 5. Of course, 36 (1) Among the many genres of art, landscape can be called perhaps the most popular. (2) it is always interesting to look at paintings with a plot, worrying about the heroes of the work, but when we look at canvases that capture the beauty of living nature, we truly relax our souls. (3) Note: when decorating their home, it is rare that a person will hang on the wall a work that tells about great events of the past or the everyday life of strangers. ID_ /24 neznaika.pro

12 37 1. However 2. Despite this 3. That’s why 4. Despite this, 5. Firstly, 37 (1)Have you ever thought about why a cat doesn’t get wet when it rains and easily crawls into narrow passages and moves quickly in the grass, dense bush? (2) The fact is that nature made sure that when running and jumping this animal experiences the least air resistance. (3) the hairs that form the cat’s “fur” are arranged according to the rules of optimal flow: they are laid back and on top of each other, forming a smooth surface even 2. only 3. therefore, 4. not only 5. exactly 38 (1) At a certain stage of development civilization on Earth, the exchange of information between people has become the main engine of progress. (2) Over time, the understanding came that it was important not only for the message to reach the addressee, but also for this to happen as quickly as possible, and thanks to the genius of engineers, the telegraph, telephone and radio became available to humanity. (3) And the modern generation has witnessed such a means of communication as e-mail, with which you can send a message to anywhere in the world so that in a matter of seconds the addressee receives it After all 2. Since 3. Therefore 4. Because 5. But 39 (1)The popularity of the car as a means of transport has serious consequences for the environment. (2) The fact is that cars driven by internal combustion engines emit gases, and this is a very serious problem, especially in large cities where the number of cars is increasing. (3) the creation of cars that pollute the environment less, so-called ecological cars that run on less harmful fuel, has become a new challenge for the automotive industry ID_ /24 neznaika.pro

13 1. exactly 2. of course 3. firstly, 4. although 5. even (1) The human desire to rise into airspace and move around in it as an idea has existed for a long time. (2) The main role in the emergence of such a desire and in the first attempts to realize it was played by the existence of birds and flying insects on Earth. (3) The ability to rise into the air, the ability to move in the ocean of air without a foothold on the ground, seemed feasible to a person only if he mastered the same devices for flight that a bird has. And indeed, 2. Fortunately, 3. However 4. At the same time 5. If 41 (1)The debate about when and why bird flights arose is still ongoing. (2) Some scientists believe that it’s all about the ice age: the advancing glacier drove the birds out of their usual habitats, and when the glacier retreated, the descendants of the fugitives returned home. (3) after all, almost none of the migratory birds build nests and raise chicks in wintering areas. 42 about the second (2) sentence of the text? Write this word down. 1. If 2. And how 3. Of course, 4. Despite this 5. Probably 42 (1) Everyone is familiar with the proverb “They meet you by their clothes, they see you off by their mind.” (2) any proverb, it contains a deeper meaning than what lies on the surface. (3) The proverb does not just mean clothes as such, but many external qualities, features of a person, the totality of which creates a certain impression about him and constitutes the content of what we call external appearance. 43 third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down. 1. isn’t it 2. isn’t it 43 ID_ /24 neznaika.pro

14 3. like 4. already 5. from this (1) Pike-perch provide invaluable services to bodies of water: the voracious pike-perch cannot swallow large fish; its throat is narrow. (2) So he is forced to be content with small fish like roach, ruff and perch. (3) Larger and more valuable species of fish only benefit; the pike perch clears a place for them, destroying numerous and more hardy low-value fish perhaps 2. fortunately 3. as a rule 4. certainly 5. however (1) In ancient times and the Middle Ages, travelers rarely undertook long sea and land expeditions. (2) The evidence of their routes and impressions that has survived to this day is often inaccurate and inconsistent. (3) However, the significance of their discoveries of previously unknown lands and peoples is great and priceless. o 1. although 2. if only 3. despite this, 4. for example, 5. secondly, 45 (1) Genetic engineering is a branch of modern science that is based on the transfer of the necessary genes from living organisms of one species to organisms of another species , often very distant in origin. (2) Thus, it was possible to integrate genes encoding such an important protein as interferon into the genotype of a bacterial cell. (3) Interferon is formed in human blood leukocytes in response to a viral infection and provides protection to the human body from viruses But 2. Thanks to this 3. Firstly, 4. Also 5. Since then 46 (1) Many objects that surround us , made from one or more natural materials. (2) Since ancient times, people have used these materials: they made fabrics from natural fibers, built houses from reeds and wood, ID_ /24 neznaika.pro

15 processed stones and metals, creating various objects. (3) a modern person who uses natural materials today must think that their reserves are not unlimited. 47 o 1. In spite of 2. In addition to 3. In view of 4. Thanks to 5. So, 47 (1) A significant amount of impurities has appeared in the air of many populated areas with developed industry. (2) gaseous pollutants; a significant amount of solid particles of dust, smoke, and soot enters the atmosphere from enterprises in various industries. (3) All these air pollutants cause heavy damage not only to human health, but also to the environment. 48 o 1. Vice versa 2. Despite this 3. Thus 4. Despite this 5. Firstly 48 (1)Radar is used to detect objects that are at a great distance or out of sight. (2), a modern radar is a device that emits electromagnetic waves using an antenna, which propagate over a very long distance, and if any object gets in their way, they are reflected from it and return back to the point of radiation, that is, to the antenna radar (3) The radar perceives reflected waves, it determines from them at what distance the object is located, and marks this distance on a special screen. 49 o 1. However 2. In particular, 3. Consequently, 4. Contrary to this, 5. Although 49 (1) Fats, in addition to performing an energy function, are involved in the mechanisms of water metabolism. (2) during their oxidation, metabolic water is released, which partially satisfies the body’s fluid needs. (3) Thus, fats turn out to be one of the most important components of nutrition in tropical deserts ID_ /24 neznaika.pro

16 on the contrary, and also so that although because (1) The metaphysical worldview as a system of human views on the world around us has been formed since ancient times. (2) It is based on the idea of ​​the constancy and original purposefulness of living nature. (3) People’s idea of ​​the original purposefulness of living nature is based on the conviction that each type of organism was created for a specific purpose: to live in certain conditions, to perform certain functions. 51 o 1. Apparently, 2. By the way, 3. So, 4. Perhaps 5. And (1) On “seagulls”, light and high-speed boats, warriors of Kievan Rus, and later Cossacks from the lower reaches of the Dnieper, crossed the Black Sea and appeared at walls of Constantinople and the shores of Asia Minor, causing panic among the Byzantines and Turks. (2) the name of these little boats has nothing to do with seabirds. (3) The word “kaika”, transformed among the Slavs into “seagull”, in all languages ​​of Turkic origin means “boat, rook”. o 1. On the contrary, 2. Others 3. Even 4. These 5. Contrary to this, 52 (1) All substances that we encounter in the world around us are either liquid, or solid, or gaseous. (2) the states of substances are called their states of aggregation. (3) Many substances, when cooled or heated, can be transferred from one state of aggregation to another, and at the same time they unexpectedly acquire completely different properties. 53 Which of the following words (combinations of words) should stand in place of the gap in 1. And also 2. Fortunately, 3. In other words, 53 ID_ /24 neznaika.pro

17 4. Is it 5. However 54 (1) For many millennia, the standard of speed for a person was a wildly racing horse, so the invention of the chariot could not help but please (speeds up to 40 kilometers per hour!) the vanity of our ancestors. (2) now, when astronauts fly around the Earth at a speed of 30 thousand kilometers per hour, the enormous speeds will no longer surprise anyone. (3) Something else is worthy of surprise: not the physical speed of movement of things and people, but the pace of changes taking place on the planet, a pace that is clearly incommensurate with human nature, with the standards customary to him. What word (combination of words) should be in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words). 1. but 2. not only 3. only 4. even 5. although 54 (1) When we look at a colored object, we see not its own color, but the color of the light that is reflected from this object. (2) Most of the sunlight (which is a mixture of all colors) falling on an object is absorbed and remains inside. (3) And the reflected light enters our eyes, and we perceive it as the color of the object, however 2. maybe, 3. for example, 4. although 5. on the contrary, 55 (1) According to scientists, the verb ranks second after the noun in frequency of use in speech. (2) But in texts of different styles, the verb plays a different role: for example, in the official business style there are approximately 6% of verbs, in the scientific style about 10%, while in artistic texts verbs are used much more often, because with their help writers and poets can vividly and figuratively describe the action. (3) Thus, imperative forms of the verb serve as a means of creating emotionally vivid incentive constructions although 2. because 3. and 4. despite the fact that 5. due to which 56 ID_ /24 neznaika.pro

18 (1)Napoleon loved to read, which was quite unusual for a military man. (2) In each residence he had a library composed of the same books, and therefore the emperor could continue reading any book after moving from place to place. (3) He became addicted to reading as a child, at a military school: his relationships with his peers did not work out, books allowed him to forget about loneliness and everyday troubles although 2. exactly 3. however 4. because 5. but 57 (1) C From a geographic point of view, every place on the globe has its own address, indicated by latitude and longitude. (2) The first shows in angular values ​​the distance from the equator, the second the distance from the prime meridian, on which the Greenwich Observatory is located in the suburbs of London. (3) British astronomers proposed to draw an imaginary prime meridian in this place, dividing the globe into the Western and Eastern hemispheres, in 1884; since then it has been used as a basis for geographical measurements in all countries of the world. Contrary to this 2. Thus 3. On the contrary 4. Unfortunately 5. Firstly 58 (1) Technology is a set of knowledge and procedures that a person uses to improve his life and ensure the progressive movement of society forward, development (2) since prehistoric times, man has tried to transform the natural materials around him and substances and make from them objects necessary for the creation of material goods, which are called tools, and the methods of their use are called technology. (3), technology is a very broad concept that combines knowledge about how and what tools are made of, what these tools are needed for, and what energy is used when using them. 59 Which of the following words should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down. 1. Probably, 2. Therefore 3. Unlikely 4. If 5. Of course, 59 (1)Ancient scientists did not separate geography from history and philosophy. (2) It became an independent science only at the turn of the new era. (3) scientific ID_ /24 neznaika.pro

19 60 works of the ancients, which have survived to this day, are, as they would say now, complex: they include information from several fields of knowledge. o 1. Since 2. However 3. Fortunately, 4. It seems 5. Apparently, (1) Scientists and travelers of Antiquity were attracted to distant countries no less than our contemporaries. (2) they did not wander idly then; there were no tourists familiar to our time. (3) The Greeks and Romans set off on a journey to make pilgrimages to holy places, take part in sports competitions, and enroll in education; merchants sought to trade in distant countries, and military leaders and soldiers sought to conquer new lands. o 1. Therefore 2. In other words, 3. After all 4. However 5. That's why (1) When we are sad, the lacrimal glands above the eyeball produce a salty fluid, and tears flow from our eyes. (2) (...) tears arise not only when we are sad. (3) While we are awake, tears are produced continuously: they perform a very important function - they ensure that the sensitive cornea on the surface of the eyeball is constantly moisturized and never dries out. 1. On the contrary, 2. But 3. Although 4. Despite this, 5. Firstly, 62 (1)Currently, the business world has recognized the importance of solving the problem of protecting computer data. (2) High-profile processes associated with the penetration of corporate computer systems by attackers have attracted the close attention of not only specialists in the field of computer data processing, but also company directors. (3) company managers nevertheless realized that with the launch of each new computer system that has access to the global computer network Internet, they risk opening a window for various attackers through which they can easily penetrate the company’s secret materials and cause significant material damage damage. 63 about ID_ /24 neznaika.pro 63

20 1. Because 2. For example, 3. However 4. Therefore 5. Despite this 64 (1) Domestic culture flourished in the estates near Moscow. (2) (...) they were called “Russian Parnassus”. (3) The history of Russian fine art will forever include, for example, Abramtsevo and Muranovo with their picturesque surroundings, which glorified Vasnetsov and Korovin, Vrubel and Ostroukhov, Polenov and Nesterov, Levitan and Yakunchikova. o 1. Firstly, 2. However 3. Thus, 4. But 5. Since (1) Tolerance is tolerance towards different opinions, actions of people holding different political, moral, religious, cultural positions. (2) this does not mean complete indifference: one cannot tolerate violence, injustice, terror, oppression, etc. (3) Tolerance is manifested in the ability to listen to another point of view, respect other people’s opinions, and give up trying to find one correct position. Which of the following words should appear in the blank in the second (2) sentence of the text? Write this word down. 1. Unfortunately, 2. However 3. If 4. Perhaps, 5. While (1) Many dialect words refer to specific rural realities (objects of the world around us), which are associated with agriculture, village household life, and the structure of a peasant house. (2) not all dialect words denote any special rural realities. (3) There are much more of those that serve as local names for very ordinary, ubiquitous objects, phenomena, actions, concepts. 1. Because 2. Since 3. Therefore 4. However 5. Even 66 ID_ /24 neznaika.pro

21 (1) Landscape architecture is one of the areas of architecture that aesthetically organizes the living environment. (2) In modern cities, the presence of gardens and parks is necessary to maintain the urban ecology and the health of its inhabitants, to create places for recreation and communication with nature. (3) the architect, trying to create the impression of naturalness of “pristine” nature, can change the existing landscape or, on the contrary, create a completely new landscape. 67 o 1. On the contrary, 2. And although 3. A 4. Even if 5. Then so that 67 (1) The famous psychologist L. S. Vygotsky set the task for psychology to learn to explain all the most complex manifestations of the human psyche. (2) an explanation for these manifestations must be sought in social relations, in the interaction of the organism with the environment. (3) He, for example, liked to repeat: those who hope to find the source of higher mental processes inside an individual make the same mistake as a monkey trying to find its reflection behind a mirror. 68 about 1. However 2. In other words 3. Even 4. For example 5. Firstly 68 (1) Art, like science, studies the world around us. (2), unlike a scientist who strives to discover and explore the objective laws of nature and society that do not depend on his will, the artist, by reproducing the forms and phenomena of the visible world, expresses, first of all, his attitude and state of mind. (3) And in a work of art, unlike a scientific work, each person sees something of his own and becomes a co-author. ID_ /24 neznaika.pro

22 Answers 1 therefore 2 because 3 although 4 therefore 5 A 6 therefore 7 it is known that Based on the context, the phrase \"it is known that \" should be in place of the gap in the fifth sentence. The remaining words will distort the meaning of the sentence. 8 and the words \"for example\", \"on the contrary\", \"if\", \"firstly\" do not fit the context, completely distorting the meaning of the sentence. 9 however 10 therefore 11 naturally 12 how many Homogeneous members \"quirks\" and \"roles\" are connected by a paired union not so much...as. 13 therefore 14 even 15 that is 16 therefore In the place of the gap we insert the word \"therefore\", since the thought expressed in sentence 3 is a consequence of sentence 1 and indeed Sentence 3 explains sentences 1 and 2 from the text, therefore in the place of the gap there should be the phrase \"indeed\". 18 even 19 but Sentences 2 and 3 are opposed in meaning, therefore the word “but” should appear in the place of the gap. 20 probably 21 on the contrary 22 on the contrary 23 that 24 therefore 25 also ID_ /24 neznaika.pro

23 26 exactly then The word \"just then \" should take the place of the gap, based on the context. 27 so that 28 thus 29 stekhpor In place of the gap in the third sentence there should be a combination of words \"since \", since all other words distort the meaning. 30 however Based on the context, the word \"however\" must be inserted into sentence 3. The words \"therefore\" and \"thus\" are not suitable, since they require a comma, which is not in the text. The word "if" will distort the meaning of the sentence. The word "really" requires a question mark at the end of the sentence, which is not there. 31 thus 32 in this case Based on the context, the combination of words \"in that case \" should be in place of the gap in the third sentence. 33 for example 34 as a result 35 apparently Based on the context, the word “apparently” should appear in the gap in the 3rd sentence of the text. 36 of course 37 that's why 38 only 39 That's why<или>therefore 40 of course 41 and indeed 42 and how Based on the context, the combination of words \"and indeed \" should be in place of the gap. 43 therefore 44 unconditionally Based on the context, the word “unconditionally” should be in place of the gap in the third sentence. 45 for example 46 but 47 in addition to 48 so 49 in particular ID_ /24 neznaika.pro

24 50 and also 51 by the way 52 these The meaning of sentence number 3 indicates that in the place of the gap in the second sentence there should be a combination of words \"by the way\". 53 however The content of sentence 2 is opposed to the content of sentence 1, so we put the word “however” in the gap. 54 only 55 for example 56 and 57 exactly 58 thus<или>thus 59 therefore Sentence 3 is a continuation of sentence 2. therefore, the word \"therefore\" should appear in the gap. 60 however From the context it is clear that the gap should be filled with the word \"however\", since sentence 3 reveals the meaning of the sentence however 62 but Sentence 2 is opposed to sentence 1 from the text, therefore the word \"however" should be in the gap in the second sentence \". 63 therefore Sentence 2 is a corollary of Sentence 1, so the word “therefore” should appear in the gap. 64 however Based on the context, the word “however” should appear in the gap in the second sentence. All other words distort the meaning. 65 However, Propositions 1 and 2 are opposed to each other, so the word “however” should appear in the gap. 66 therefore 67 a Based on the context, only the word \"a\" can appear in the place of the gap. 68 however, please write about any inaccuracies by email (indicating the topic and wording of the assignment): Source: ID_ /24 neznaika.pro

1 Information processing of texts Answers to tasks are a word, phrase, number or sequence of words, numbers. Write your answer without spaces, commas or other additional characters. 1.

1 Means of connecting sentences in the text Answers to tasks are a word, phrase, number or sequence of words, numbers. Write your answer without spaces, commas or other additional characters.

1 Information processing of texts Answers to tasks are a word, phrase, number or sequence of words, numbers. Write your answer without spaces, commas or other additional characters. 1.

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The essay is written according to a specific plan: 1. Introduction 2. Statement of the problem 3. Commentary on the problem 4. Author’s position 5. Your position 6. Literary argument 7. Any other argument 8. Conclusion

Option 1.

1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

(1) Archimedes’s great service to all humanity is the development of mathematical methods for solving many technical problems. (2) But he himself, like many other scientists of that time, believed that the practical application of the theoretical solutions he obtained did not deserve the same attention as scientific developments. (3)A<...>Of all the works of Archimedes, only the only one is devoted to the description of one of his technical inventions.

1) In all the works of Archimedes there is a description of his technical inventions.

2) Archimedes’s great service to all humanity is the description of mathematical methods and his technical inventions.

3) Archimedes, like many other scientists of that time, considered scientific developments important first of all, and paid much less attention to the practical application of the theoretical solutions he obtained.

4) Archimedes developed mathematical methods for solving many technical problems, but described only one of his inventions, since he valued scientific developments above all.

5) Archimedes, who developed mathematical methods for solving many technical problems, and many scientists of that time paid considerable attention to the practical benefits of the discoveries they made.

2. Choose your own adverb that should fill the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down this adverb.

Answer: ___________________________.

3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word LABOR. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

WORK , -a, m.

1) Purposeful human activity aimed at creating material and spiritual values ​​with the help of production tools.Mental t. Physical t. Scientific organization of work. Labor productivity. Right to T. Working people(workers; high).Social division of labor. Occupational Safety and Health.

2) Work, occupation.Heavy work. Day labor. Pay for the work.

3) Effort aimed at achieving something.Take over t. do what n. Didn't give myself the trouble to think(didn’t want to think).It was difficult to persuade someone. You can't catch a fish from a pond without difficulty(ate.).

4) The result of an activity, work, work.T. all life. Scientific volume. List of printed works.

5) Instilling skills and abilities in some. professional, economic activity as a subject of school teaching.Labor lessons. Labor teacher.

4. In which word is there an error in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound is highlighted incorrectly? Write this word down.

adolescence

speed up

sent

lived

busy

5. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the mistake and write this word correctly.

Nastya came to the club in some expressionless WEEKDAY dress made of cotton fabric.

Barber Leonard was a SKILLED shave and perm artist.

The territory of the estate was fenced with a fence, and birch trees were planted near this fence.

Somewhere behind him there was a warlike cry of the ataman and the rhythmic clatter of hooves.

Something was cooking on the hearth in a small CLAY pot.

6. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error,excluding unnecessary word. Write this word down.

The play is still a great success, despite the fact that it has been in the repertoire for more than one year: the first premiere of the play took place in the fall of 2000.

7. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

pair of SHOES

STRAIGHTEN the text

several TOWELS

old PROFESSOR

new ELECTIONS

8. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

9. Indicate the answer options in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing in all words of one row. Write down the answer numbers

1) wade..break, warm up, grind..find

2) or..sit, grow..sli, utter..give

3) freeze, blissful, complication

4) tv..rets, prompt..pushka

5) tilts, water, incendiary

10. Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in all words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.

1) un..memorable, great..homeland, great..fathers;

2) two..tier, inter..er, can..on;

3) pr..privilege, pr..sea, without pr..beauty;

4) pre..history, pre..historical, up..mother;

5) be..honest, and..draw, not..burnable.

11. Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in both words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.

1) mastering, prolonging, writing

2) zirconium..w, bean..w, hardy..w

3) stove..nka, korch..vka, river..vka

4) quick..nice, armchair..tse, cheerful..nice

5) aluminum, rul..howl, gutta-percha..wy

12. Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in both words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.

1) (it) wedges..is, grows..sh, sways..is

2) (he) visited.. t, soared.. those, (she) splashed.. splashing

3) sign... build, build, invent...

4) chirping... thinking... stabbing, stabbing...

5) changed..my, unacceptable..my, seen..

13. Determine the sentence in which NOT is spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.

The Don at the crossing point is far (not) wide, only about forty meters.

The rain continued, but (not) heavy like in the morning, but light, drizzling.

The mountains, still (not) illuminated by the sun, stood out against the brightening sky.

It was (not) purchased, but my own gooseberry.

Friends have left, and there is no one to invite to visit.

14. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

WHATEVER they say ABOUT freedom, I am convinced: the main thing is the inner freedom of a person.

To know and to be able to do so is (AT) ALL not the same thing.

(F)LONG the sea boat never showed up, although they continued to wait for it, (NOT) LOOKING at the bad weather.

I (NOT) WAS HEALTHY, FOR (THAT) my friend was cheerful and cheerful.

The workers removed the soil to make it easier to roll the stone (UP) THE MOUNTAIN.

15. Indicate all the numbers replaced by one N.

All the walls of the office are decorated with (1) carved wood (2) panels, gilded (3) ornaments and mirrors in silver (4) frames, which expand the space, giving it uncertainty (5) and mystery (6).

16. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1) Cranes flew low in the gloomy sky and cooed loudly and protractedly.

2) Styopushka sits there, gnawing on a radish, or drags a bucket of water somewhere, grunts, and taps a piece of wood in his closet.

3) Somewhere nearby the “shading” of finches and the short trill of a bunting could be heard.

4) His old and grumpy wife did not leave the stove all day, grumbling and scolding incessantly.

5) The underground passage was closed and this immediately confronted Dmitry Olegovich with an insoluble problem.

17. Place all punctuation marks:

The builders of the Resurrection Cathedral in Istra (1) repeating the plan, topography and size of the temple in Jerusalem (2) and (3) making exact copies of the interiors (4) erected in the Moscow region (5) an architectural monument of the 17th century, distinguished by its special beauty and originality (6).

18 . Add all missing punctuation marks:indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Judge how (1) still (2) is offensive and bitter: why (3) for example (4) life is given to a person only once, but for others (5) nevertheless (6) it passes without benefit?

19 . Place all punctuation marks:indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

The foundations of a unified religious system (1) were laid, an important part (2) of which (3) was the debunking of pagan cults (4) that were widespread among the population.

20. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Ancient people had a very superficial understanding of the laws of the universe (1) and (2) when something inexplicable happened in nature (3) they were inclined to believe (4) that this was the result of the influence of supernatural forces on the world (5) and (6) that nothing could be changed .

21. Find sentences in which a dash is placed in accordance with the same punctuation rule. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

(1) He entered this room (the fourth in order), cramped and crowded with people - people dressed somewhat cleaner than in those rooms. (2) He felt a terrible disorder in everything. (3) He tried to cling to something and think about something - he did not succeed at all.

(4) Celebrationself-preservation, salvation from pressing danger— This is what filled his entire being at that moment. (5)It was a moment of complete, immediate, purely animal joy—such joy had recently visited him. (6) But at that very moment something like thunder and lightning happened in the office. (7) The lieutenant - the assistant to the quarterly overseer - all flaming and, obviously, wanting to support his damaged ambition, attacked with all his might the unfortunate “voluptuous lady” who had been looking at him since he entered with the stupidest smile.

Read the text and complete tasks 22-27.

(1) Music, melody, the beauty of musical sounds are an important means of moral and mental education of a person, a source of nobility of heart and purity of soul. (2) Music opens people’s eyes to the beauty of nature, moral relations, and work. (3) Thanks to music, a person awakens an idea of ​​the sublime, majestic, and beautiful, not only in the world around him, but also in himself.

(4) On winter days, when all our paths were covered with snow, we sat in the school room, listening to the melodies of P. Tchaikovsky, E. Grieg, F. Schubert, R. Schumann.

(5) If in early childhood the beauty of a musical work is conveyed to the heart, if the child feels the multifaceted shades of human feelings in sounds, he will rise to a level of culture that cannot be achieved by any other means.

(6) By developing a child’s sensitivity to music, we ennoble his thoughts and aspirations. (7) The task is for the musical melody to open a life-giving spring of human feelings in every heart. (8) But melody - this language of human feelings - conveys to the child’s soul not only the beauty of the world: it reveals human greatness and dignity to people.

(9) The spontaneous, unorganized influence of music on children does not contribute, but rather harms, correct aesthetic education: the child finds himself hostage to musical noise, he is overwhelmed by the heap of sounds, he is not able to distinguish beauty from ugliness. (10) So he will go out into the world, confused, unsure of himself.

(11) You can’t just sit a child down and force him to listen to music, no, the child must have a Teacher who will help him with musical education. (12) I selected melodies to listen to that conveyed in vivid images, understandable to children, the sounds that they hear around them: the charming chirping of birds, the rustling of leaves, the rumble of thunder, the murmuring of a stream, the howling of the wind. (13) I used no more than two melodies a month, but before introducing each melody I did a lot of educational work, the goal of which was to awaken in children the desire to listen to music again and again, to ensure that each time the children discovered new beauty in the work.

(14) In early autumn, when every sound is clearly heard in the transparent air, I suggested listening to the melody “Flight of the Bumblebee” from the opera “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” by N. Rimsky-Korsakov. (15) The music found an emotional response in the children. (16) The kids said: (17) “The bumblebee comes closer and then moves away. (18) You can hear the chirping of little birds...” (19) Let’s listen to the melody again. (20) Then we go to the blooming honey grass.

(21) Children hear a bee harp and the buzz of a bumblebee. (22) And he, big, shaggy, now rises above the flower, then falls. (23) The children are delighted: after all, this is almost the same melody as the recorded one, but there is some kind of unique beauty in the musical work, which the composer overheard in nature and passed on to us. (24) Children want to hear the recorded melody again.

(25) In what until now seemed ordinary to them, beauty was revealed - such is the power of music.

(according to V. A. Sukhomlinsky*)

*Vasily Aleksandrovich Sukhomlinsky (1918−1970) - an outstanding innovative teacher.

22. Which statements contradict the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) If a person learns to perceive the beauty of music in early childhood, he will rise in his development to a new cultural level.

2) You don’t need a teacher to develop a child’s sensitivity to music.

3) It is important that children themselves want to return to a piece of music in order to discover its beauty.

4) The spontaneous effect of music on a child is also a means of aesthetic education.

5) Developing a feeling for music ennobles the child’s thoughts and aspirations.

23. Which of the following statements are incorrect? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Sentences 1-3 contain reasoning.

2) Sentences 9−10 present a narrative.

3) Sentences 16-18 contain an explanation of what is said in sentence 15.

4) Proposition 21 is contrasted in content to proposal 22.

5) Sentences 21−22 present the reasoning.

24. Write antonyms from sentences 20−23.

25. Among sentences 20−25, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a conjunction and a personal pronoun. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

26. Read an excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“Text by V.A. Sukhomlinsky is particularly poetic. Talking about the role of music in the life of a child, the author uses a trope such as (A)_____: “melody opened in every heart... a spring of human feelings” (sentence 7). The reader seems to hear the sounds of nature, thanks to such a phonetic means of expression as (B)_____ (sentence 12). The imagery of the text is also created by (B)_____ (for example, “charming chirping” in sentence 12). The syntactic device - (G)_____ - allows the author to more accurately express his thoughts (for example, in sentences 3, 4, 12).”

List of terms:

1) series of homogeneous members

2) epithets

3) extended metaphor

4) alliteration

5) dialect words

6) parcellation

7) anaphora

8) rhetorical appeal

9) comparative turnover

27. Write an essay based on the text you read. Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text. Comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid excessive quoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic connection between them. Formulate the position of the author (storyteller). Express your attitude to the author’s position on the problem of the source text (agreement or disagreement) and justify it. The volume of the essay is at least 150 words. Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or a complete rewrite of the original text without any comments, then such work is graded 0 points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

References

Lidia Nikolaevna Belaya

Preparation for the Unified State Exam.

TASK No. 1. Information processing of written texts of various styles and genres. Basic and secondary information in the text.

EXERCISE. Read the text and complete tasks 1–3.

1.Indicate two sentences that correctly conveyHOME

1) The basis of natural selection is hereditary variability, and the selecting factor is human activity.

2) In the process of natural selection, those animals that are more adapted to specific living conditions survive and leave full-fledged offspring.

3) Animals that are better adapted to specific living conditions are more likely to survive as a result of natural selection and leave behind full-fledged offspring.

4) In the process of the ongoing struggle for existence, traits useful for humans gradually accumulate in the offspring of animals from generation to generation.

5) Due to the incessant struggle for existence, only those animals with a hereditary trait survive and leave offspring which are useful for humans.

Answer : ___________

NEED TO KNOW

Particular attention should be paid to the second and third sentences:

in them (argument and conclusion)and contains basic information;

Therefore, among the answer options, you should look for one that combines the information of the 2nd and 3rd sentences.

Remember the main information is given only in its literal meaning. (EXACTLY and SPECIFICALLY)

ALGORITHM FOR COMPLETING THE TASK:

1. Highlight in each sentence the key words that are important for understanding the issue addressed in this text; pay attention to the main part of complex sentences.

2. Determine the cause-and-effect relationships between sentences in the text by analyzing conjunctions, allied words, and introductory constructions.

3. Shorten the text by deleting secondary information (various types of explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).

4. Convey in one sentence the main information contained in the text.

5. Correlate your version of text compression (your sentence conveying its main idea) with the answer options.

TASKS

1) Zeno’s reasoning in the “Arrow” aporia leads to deliberately false conclusions and is easily refuted by a simple indication of the fact of the existence of movement.

2) From the argument about the immobility of a flying arrow in every

at a certain point in time, the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno made

conclusion about the absence of movement as such.

3) In Zeno’s aporia “Arrow” we come to a false conclusion,

guided by impeccable logical reasoning that

indicates the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world

through logic.

4) The essence of Zeno’s aporia “Arrow” is not the denial of the existence of movement in nature, but the fact that the possibilities of logical thinking are limited.

5) Zeno’s aporia is paradoxical, but true: it clearly demonstrates the limitations of our logical thinking as a tool for understanding reality.

1) Among the Slavs there were many skilled artisans and craftsmen, but

the main occupation of these peoples for centuries remained

agriculture.

2) Rus' was famous for its skilled artisans and craftsmen, excellent hunters and brave fishermen, brilliant architects, icon painters, and musicians; warriors, wise statesmen, but the main occupation of the Slavs was agriculture, and therefore ancient Russian culture reflected the worldview of the farmer.

3) In Rus' there have always been many skilled artisans and craftsmen,

excellent hunters and brave fishermen, brilliant architects,

icon painters, musicians.

4) Ancient Russian culture as a whole reflected the worldview of the farmer,

since the main occupation of the Eastern Slavs for many years

There has been agriculture for centuries.

5) Ancient Russian culture as a whole reflected the worldview of ordinary people

people - farmers and artisans.

3. Read the text and complete task 1.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

1) Pushkin’s poetry, thanks to the expansion of the range of use of sound writing, has reached perfection: it has unified form and content, it has merged image and sound.

2) Pushkin expanded the range of use of sound writing, including all the lexical wealth of the Russian language.

3) In the pre-Pushkin era, sound painting was a sophisticated stylistic device and was used to describe “lofty images” and feelings.

4) A real poet always watches only for the euphony of his poetry.

5) Pushkin in his work achieved the unity of word and image, expanding the range of artistic use of sound writing by including the entire lexical wealth of the Russian language.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

1) The most important function of phraseological units is to express an attitude towards what is being said; they must be used skillfully to decorate and enrich speech.

2) Phraseologisms decorate speech and enrich the techniques of oratory, because they express an attitude towards what is being said.

3) Phraseologisms can influence the state of mind of the interlocutor during a public speech.

4) Phraseologisms do not denote this or that subject, but express an attitude towards what is being said, and this is their most important function.

5) In order for a public speech to be vivid and have an impact on listeners, it is necessary to know the meaning of phraseological expressions and life situations in which their use is appropriate.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

1) Diamonds are used to produce diamonds and dental equipment.

2) Diamond chips, due to their hardness, are used as the main component of dental burs.

3) Diamonds, which are particularly hard, are used for the production of diamonds and in the manufacture of cutting and sharpening tools.

4) The well-known dental bur, like many other cutting instruments, is coated with diamond chips.

5) Diamonds and cutting and sharpening tools are made using diamonds, which are particularly hard.

INDEPENDENT WORK

1.Read the text and complete task 1.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

1) Performing an energy function and participating in the mechanism of water metabolism, fats turn out to be one of the most important components of nutrition in tropical deserts.

2) Fats perform an energy function, so they turn out to be one of the most important components of nutrition in tropical deserts.

3) During the oxidation of fats, metabolic water is released, which partially satisfies the body's fluid needs.

4) In tropical desert conditions, fats perform an energy function and also participate in water metabolism.

5) Fats are one of the most important components of nutrition in tropical deserts, because they perform an energy function and participate in the mechanisms of water metabolism.

2.Read the text and complete task 1.

1. Please provide two sentences in which the MAIN is correctly conveyed information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Among the Slavs there were many skilled artisans and craftsmen, but the main occupation of these peoples for centuries remained agriculture.

2) Rus' was famous for its skilled artisans and craftsmen, hunters and fishermen, brilliant architects, icon painters, musicians; warriors, wise statesmen, but the main occupation of the Slavs was agriculture, and therefore ancient Russian culture reflected the worldview of the farmer.

3) In Rus' there have always been many skilled artisans and craftsmen, excellent hunters and brave fishermen, brilliant architects, icon painters, and musicians.

4) Ancient Russian culture as a whole reflected the worldview of the farmer, since the main occupation of the Eastern Slavs for many centuries was agriculture.

5) Ancient Russian culture as a whole reflected the worldview of ordinary people - farmers and artisans.

3.Read the text and complete task 1.

(1) If the conditions of existence and the direction of action of natural selection are similar in animals of different groups, then in the process of evolution they sometimes acquire similar adaptations to the environment. (2) This process is called convergence of features (convergence). (3)....the front digging limbs of a mole and a mole cricket are very similar, although these animals belong to different types, cetaceans and fish strongly resemble each other in body shape, and the limbs of swimming animals belonging to different classes are similar.

1. Indicate two sentences that correctly conveyHOME information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

Similar conditions of existence and the direction of action of natural selection determine the similarity of the body shape of cetacean mammals and fish.

The similarity of the forelimbs of the mole and the mole cricket, which belong to different types, is explained by similar living conditions.

Convergence is the process of convergence of characteristics of closely related groups of animals, explained by similar living conditions.

Convergence - the convergence of characters in animals of different groups - is explained by the influence of similar living conditions on these animals and the general direction of natural selection in this case.

The process when, as a result of similar living conditions and the general direction of natural selection in this case, similar characteristics appear in animals of different groups, is called convergence.

4.Read the text and complete task 1.

1. Specifytwooffers,in which it is truetransferredHOME

information,containedVtext.Write it downnumbersthese

proposals.

1) During the construction of the pyramids, helping professional builders, peasants were engaged in transporting stone, because this work did not allow them to die of hunger and was carried out at a time convenient for them.

2) The construction of the pyramids was an unbearable burden for the poorest segments of the population.

3) The pyramids were built during the Nile flood, when agricultural work stopped.

4) Hard work in the quarries was paid, so the peasants considered such work a blessing: it did not allow them to die of hunger.

5) When the Nile flooded, the peasants had nothing to do, and in order not to die of hunger, they were forced, against their will, to go to the quarries and transport stone.

5.Read the text and complete task 1.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

1) Science denies what it cannot explain, trying to avoid dangerous paths.

2) At the beginningXIXcentury, the French Academy ruled not to consider works containing descriptions of stones falling from the sky.

3) The resolution of the French Academy on the refusal to study meteorites is just one example of how the denial of the incomprehensible hindered the development of science.

4) BXIXcenturyall descriptions of meteorites - “heavenly stones” - were considered a figment of fantasy.

5) Denial of what has not yet been explained has repeatedly hampered the development of science, which is confirmed by the decision of the French Academy on the refusal to study meteorites.

6.Read the text and complete task 1.

1. HOME information contained in the text?

1) Since plant plankton - the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to pollute only part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to die.

2) The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms in the ocean largely depends on plant plankton, which is found in the upper layer of water.

3) Pollution of only part of the deep layer of the ocean cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.

4) Pollution of only part of the upper layer of water entails the death of all life in the ocean, since it is in the upper layer of water that the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms exists - plant plankton.

5) Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in the upper layers.

7.Read the text and complete task 1.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

1) Even before starting to make an object, a person creates an image of this object in his thoughts, that is, he develops a project of what he needs.

2) Man, unlike animals, acts consciously, while demonstrating the ability to create creativity, which is characteristic only of humans.

3) Design is the conscious creation of something that has not yet existed in nature; it is a creative process.

4) The ability to act consciously, using a creative approach, distinguishes humans from animals.

5) To satisfy his needs, a person acts consciously, using tools.

8.Read the text and complete task 1.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys MAIN information contained in the text?

1) In all the works of Archimedes there is a description of his technical inventions.

2) Archimedes’s great service to all humanity is the description of mathematical methods and his technical inventions.

3) Archimedes, like many other scientists of that time, considered scientific developments important first of all, and paid much less attention to the practical application of the theoretical solutions he obtained.

4) Archimedes developed mathematical methods for solving many technical problems, but described only one of his inventions, since he valued scientific developments above all.

5) Archimedes, who developed mathematical methods for solving many technical problems, and many scientists of that time paid considerable attention to the practical benefits of the discoveries they made.

9.Read the text and complete task 1.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys MAIN information contained in the text?

1) The book, a spiritual testament from one generation to another, reflects to one degree or another all the teachings that have shocked the minds of mankind.

2) The book embodies the entire life of humanity, its world history, and has absorbed all the teachings and all the passions of people.

3) A book has long been considered a kind of document, a spiritual testament, which reflects the material life of humanity.

4) The book, which has absorbed all human teachings and passions, reflects the life of mankind.

5) The book reflects all the experiences of humanity; it is not for nothing that it is passed on from one generation to another.

10.Read the text and complete task 1.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

1) Only an artist is capable of understanding the world around him, while conveying and expressing his worldview and state of mind, leaving something unsolved in a work of art.

2) Science and art are similar in many ways; they require a person to perceive the world around him.

3) Unlike the author of a scientific work, who reveals the objective laws of the surrounding world, the author of a work of art conveys his own attitude and state of mind, and therefore each person sees something of his own in the artistic image, which makes the process of perceiving the work a process of co-creation.

4) Each era and each person perceives works of art in their own way, because only an artist is able to discover and explore the objective laws of nature that do not depend on his will.

5) A work of art, which conveys the author’s attitude and state of mind, differs from a scientific work that reveals the objective laws of the surrounding world; In an artistic image, each person sees something different, which makes the process of perceiving a work a process of co-creation.

Unified State Exam 2015 TASKS 1 -3. 1. INFORMATION PROCESSING OF WRITTEN TEXTS OF DIFFERENT STYLES AND GENRES 2. MEANS OF CONNECTING SENTENCES IN THE TEXT 3. LEXICAL MEANING OF A WORD

This is what this task looks like in the demo version 2015 (1) If you look at the map, you will see that Siberia is more than half of the territory of the Russian Federation, it is approximately equal to Europe, makes up almost a quarter of all Asia and one fifteenth of the entire landmass of the Earth. (2) But Siberia surprises us not only with its size, but also with the fact that it is the world’s largest treasury of forests, oil and gas reserves. (3) It is in Russia’s economic development plans that much attention is paid to Siberia. 1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text? 1) Siberia, which occupies two-fifths of Asia, receives great attention in Russia’s economic development plans. 2) Siberia surprises us not only with its size and uniqueness, but also with the fact that it is the world's largest treasury of minerals. 3) In Russia's economic development plans, much attention is paid to Siberia, since enormous natural resources are concentrated in this region. 4) Siberia occupies a special place in the development of the world economy, since this region occupies one fifteenth of the entire landmass of the Earth and enormous natural wealth is concentrated here. 5) Siberia, which has enormous natural resources, receives great attention in Russia’s economic development plans. Answer: 35

(1) If you look at the map, you will be convinced that Siberia is more than half of the territory of the Russian Federation, it is approximately equal to Europe, makes up almost a quarter of all Asia and one fifteenth of the entire landmass of the Earth. (2) But Siberia surprises us not only with its size, but also with the fact that it is the world’s largest treasury of forests, oil and gas reserves. (3) It is in Russia’s economic development plans that much attention is paid to Siberia. 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down. however therefore it is because although Answer: therefore

(1) If you look at the map, you will be convinced that Siberia is more than half of the territory of the Russian Federation, it is approximately equal to Europe, makes up almost a quarter of all Asia and one fifteenth of the entire landmass of the Earth. (2) But Siberia surprises us not only with its size, but also with the fact that it is the world’s largest treasury of forests, oil and gas reserves. (3) It is in Russia’s economic development plans that much attention is paid to Siberia. 3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word PLAN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry. PLAN, husband. 1) A drawing depicting something on a plane. area, building. P. city. P. of the building (image of it in a horizontal section). 2) A pre-planned system of activities, providing for the order, sequence and timing of work. Production point. Work according to plan. Strategic item Calendar item 3) The relative arrangement of parts, a brief program of some kind. presentation. P. report. 4) Place, location of something. subject in perspective. Front, rear p. Pull something out. to the first paragraph (also translated: to give something important, significant meaning). 5) The scale of the image of someone. Give faces in close-up (in a film or television frame: in the foreground, closer to the viewer). 6) The area of ​​manifestation of something. or a way of looking at something. , point of view (book). The action in the play develops on two levels. In theoretical terms. Answer: ____2______

(1) According to Plato (dialogue “The Republic”), the great thinker of Ancient Greece Socrates once said: “I only know that I know nothing,” and often the reader who encounters this phrase becomes confused because he does not understand Why does a philosopher belittle his knowledge so much? (2) The meaning of this phrase, however, becomes clearer if we turn to another work of Plato (“Apology”): Socrates, after a conversation with a man “who is reputed to be wise” and “not knowing, thinks, knows something,” comes to the conclusion that both of them actually do not understand anything perfectly, and remarks: “It seems to me that I will be wiser than he, since I, not knowing something, do not imagine that I know this thing.” (3) Socrates makes a distinction between imaginary and true wisdom: true wisdom is not ashamed of the limitations of its knowledge. 1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text? 1) Socrates, arguing that opponents “who are reputed to be wise” do not understand anything perfectly, thus points to the limitations of all knowledge. 2) The great philosopher of Ancient Greece, Socrates, claiming that “he knows only that he knows nothing,” deliberately belittles his knowledge and seeks to show his superiority over other philosophers. 3) By saying “I only know that I know nothing,” Socrates means that he is wiser than those who, without actually knowing anything, “think they know something,” since Socrates is not ashamed of his own ignorance and acknowledges him. 4) Faced with the famous statement of Socrates, the reader is perplexed by the fact that the great philosopher in this phrase groundlessly belittles his knowledge. 5) According to Plato, there is genuine and imaginary wisdom: genuine wisdom is not ashamed of the limitations of its knowledge. 35

(1) According to Plato (dialogue “The Republic”), the great thinker of Ancient Greece Socrates once said: “I only know that I know nothing,” and often the reader who encounters this phrase becomes confused because he does not understand Why does a philosopher belittle his knowledge so much? (2) The meaning of this phrase, however, becomes clearer if we turn to another work of Plato (“Apology”): Socrates, after a conversation with a man “who is reputed to be wise” and “not knowing, thinks, knows something,” comes to the conclusion that both of them actually do not understand anything perfectly, and remarks: “It seems to me that I will be wiser than he, since I, not knowing something, do not imagine that I know this thing.” (3) Socrates makes a distinction between imaginary and true wisdom: true wisdom is not ashamed of the limitations of its knowledge. 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words). However, of course, in this way, probably, although in this way

(1) According to Plato (dialogue “The Republic”), the great thinker of Ancient Greece Socrates once said: “I only know that I know nothing,” and often the reader who encounters this phrase becomes confused because he does not understand Why does a philosopher belittle his knowledge so much? 3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word CERTIFICATE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry. certificate -a, cf. 1) Testimony of a person who was a witness, eyewitness of something. , personally knowing smth. . Confirmation of smth. knowledgeable person. S. eyewitnesses 2) That which serves as confirmation, evidence of something. fact, event. Historical evidence 3) Giving evidence at trial. Witness testimony. 4) Presence at something. to officially certify the authenticity of something. Evidence of the signing of a peace treaty. 5) A document certifying something. ; ID. Issue a certificate of completion of the course. Leave certificate. Metric certificate. 6) A person’s right to smth. Certificate of authorship. 1

(1) Archimedes’s great service to all humanity is the development of mathematical methods for solving many technical problems. (2) But he himself, like many other scientists of that time, believed that the practical application of the theoretical solutions he obtained did not deserve the same attention as scientific developments. (3) of all the works of Archimedes, only the only one is devoted to the description of one of his technical inventions. 1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text? 1) Archimedes’ services to humanity are enormous due to the development of mathematical methods for solving many technical problems and attention to scientific developments. 2) Archimedes, like many other scientists of that time, considered important both scientific developments and the practical application of the theoretical solutions he obtained. 3) Archimedes’s great service to all humanity is the description of his technical inventions. 4) Archimedes developed mathematical methods for solving many technical problems, but described only one of his inventions, since he valued scientific developments above all. 5) Of all the works of Archimedes, only the only one is devoted to the description of one of his technical inventions. 14

(1) Archimedes’s great service to all humanity is the development of mathematical methods for solving many technical problems. (2) But he himself, like many other scientists of that time, believed that the practical application of the theoretical solutions he obtained did not deserve the same attention as scientific developments. (3) of all the works of Archimedes, only the only one is devoted to the description of one of his technical inventions. 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words). However And therefore Although Of course Therefore and therefore

(1) Archimedes’s great service to all humanity is the development of mathematical methods for solving many technical problems. (2) But he himself, like many other scientists of that time, believed that the practical application of the theoretical solutions he obtained did not deserve the same attention as scientific developments. (3) of all the works of Archimedes, only the only one is devoted to the description of one of his technical inventions. 3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word LABOR. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the THIRD (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry. LABOR, husband. 1. Purposeful human activity aimed at creating material and spiritual values ​​with the help of production tools. Mental t. Physical t. Scientific organization of work. Labor productivity. The right to so. People of labor (workers; high.). Social division of labor. Occupational Safety and Health. 2. Work, occupation. Heavy work. Day labor. Pay for the work. 3. Effort aimed at achieving something. Take upon yourself t. do something. I didn’t give myself the trouble to think (I didn’t want to think). It was difficult to persuade someone. You can’t even catch a fish from a pond without difficulty. 4. The result of an activity, work, work. T. all life. Scientific volume. List of printed works. 5. Instilling skills and abilities in some. professional, economic activity as a subject of school teaching. Labor lessons. Labor teacher. 4

“The Power of Archimedes” - Archimedes (287 - 212 BC). Bodies of the same volume (glass and steel) are lowered into water. The Archimedes force is equal to the product of the density of the liquid by the coefficient g and the volume of the body. Determine the Archimedean force acting on a cylinder immersed in water. Jubilant and excited by his discovery, Archimedes exclaimed: “Eureka!

"Archimedes 1" - Archimedes screw. The surviving works of Archimedes can be divided into three groups: Archimedes was famous for his many mechanical designs. Snub cube. The integrity of the product could not be compromised. Legends. Because of its long history, Archimedes' life is closely intertwined with legends. Archimedes' law is also true for gases.

"Archimedes" - During the 2nd Punic War, Archimedes organized the engineering defense of the city. Originally from Syracuse (Sicily). Archimedes. Archimedes' law is also true for gases. Mechanics. Life. Inventions of Archimedes. The basic principles of statics are formulated in the essay “On the Equilibrium of Plane Figures.” Biography. Creators of physical science.

"Archimedes' Law" - Water transport. Much water has passed under the bridge since then, but Archimedes’ law is remembered. Aeronautics. ARCHIMEDES (287 BC – 212 BC). “Here is the crown, Archimedes, is it gold or not?” Hydrostatic weighing. Ferries. Hydrometers, lactometers. Archimedes' law. Balloons. Rockets. Planes, helicopters. Submarines.

"Problems of Humanity" - Medical problem. 1. Uneven settlement. 2. Food problem. 3. Environmental problem. 4. Medical problem. Racial problems. The birth rate would be increased if it were like this: The demographic problem is another priority problem for the survival of humanity. Food problem.

“Humanity and its global problems” - Demographic problem. 3.Demographic problem. Ecological problem. The problem of disarmament. Food problem. Ways of solution Carrying out a well-thought-out demographic policy. 1. The problem of disarmament. 4. Food problem. 2.Environmental problem. 5.Fuel and raw materials problem. Environmental statistics of Russia.