Geography of Chuvashia

Chuvashia is located on the East European Plain, in the middle reaches of the Volga.

Most of the territory (54%) is represented by agricultural land, of which 80% are under arable land, others under meadows and pastures. Forests in the republic cover 33%, of which 94% are owned by state forestry management bodies, and the rest (6%) are owned by agricultural enterprises and organizations. Forests perform mainly water protection, sanitary, hygienic and protective functions, but they are also quite important as a source of wood.

The main river flowing through the republic is the Volga (length in Chuvashia is 127 km), into which many large and small rivers flow (2356). There are 754 lakes in Chuvashia, of which about 600 are floodplain, the rest are karst, and in the Volga region they are interdune.

The role of the Volga River in the economic development of the Czech Republic

The Volga crosses our republic on a 140-kilometer stretch in its northern part. Its waters are used for domestic and industrial needs by cities and towns adjacent to its banks.

In recent years, the sanitary condition of water bodies in Chuvashia has stabilized. In terms of pollution levels, large and small rivers belong to classes 3-6. The main pollutants were petroleum products, compounds of iron, copper and zinc. According to experts, the water of the Cheboksary Reservoir is moderately polluted: swimming is possible, but drinking is not recommended.

To put an end to the poisoning of rivers, lakes and reservoirs in the republic, the “Program of state monitoring of surface water bodies of state monitoring of water management systems and structures on the territory of the Chuvash Republic” was launched. Rains are not so harmless; powerful torrential flows of them fall into rivers and reservoirs. On their way, they wash away fuels, lubricants and other environmental pollutants from roads, sidewalks, asphalt areas. Stormwater runoff has become the main poisoner of water bodies. In Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk, it is necessary to build city-wide storm sewer treatment facilities. The series of structural “reforms” of housing and communal services that took place in Cheboksary temporarily postponed the “certification” of storm drains from capital enterprises of all forms of ownership. This is not to say that the city authorities are still doing nothing. Storm drainage along Afanasyev Street and Egersky Boulevard, the mine sewer of the Universitetsky 1-2 microdistrict, the wastewater treatment facilities of the Vozhsky-2 microdistrict - this is an incomplete list of projects that are moving from the approval stage to implementation. OJSC Promtractor built an oil trap at the fuel and lubricants warehouse. It is a pity that the construction of a settling tank for the city-wide wastewater treatment plant, where storm water from all districts of the capital will be directed, has been temporarily frozen. In Novocheboksarsk, a rainwater drainage project for the city embankment is ready for implementation. In the city of chemists, where the RGUP Biological Treatment Plants is located, the republican authorities spent about 10 million rubles on the reconstruction of the mechanical dewatering workshop and aeration systems. At JSC Khimprom, all new equipment is installed taking into account the environmental safety of the environment.

All of the above factors seriously affect the ecological condition of fishery water bodies and the replenishment of fish stocks. The point is not at all in the “assortment” of prey that local amateur fishermen catch. As Valentin Karimov, senior inspector of the Cheboksary Fishery Protection Agency, told MK in Cheboksary, his colleagues are observing positive progress in the implementation of the state policy “For Clean Water”. The list of fish that breed in the reservoirs and rivers of our republic has noticeably expanded. Many of the valuable species are very finicky and survive only where man has provided clean air and water to God’s creatures. REFERENCE "MK" IN CHEBOKSARY."

Fishing has not yet been established in the economy of Chuvashia, but thanks to the project “For Clean Water”, the list of fish has noticeably expanded and, with the fishing industry well established, it can become one of the main sources of income in the Chuvash Republic.

The Volga River plays a significant role in the economy of Chuvashia thanks to the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station, which provides electricity to all regions of the Chuvash Republic.

But the presence of hydroelectric power stations is associated with poor navigation conditions on the strategically important waterway connecting the north and south of our country.

Director of the Cheboksary Hydroelectric Power Plant V. Lagutin believes that solving this enormous task should be approached in a comprehensive manner. Suppose the ships pass through the Nizhny Novgorod section, loaded to capacity, and should they be unloaded near our locks? After all, the Cheboksary hydroelectric complex allows ships that are 30 percent lighter. In the current dry and low-water year, they could only pass along the upper Volga when water was being released from the Rybinsk Reservoir. They were lined up in a caravan, water was dumped and they were escorted on a wave to the Gorky Sea. They also sent to Cheboksary. This caused the level in the Rybinsk Reservoir to drop so much that the hydroelectric power station had to be shut down. This became possible due to the fact that three neighbors - Nizhny Novgorod, Chuvash and Mari - for 24 years could not agree on raising the level in the upper pool of the Cheboksary hydroelectric station to 65 meters.

The transport complex of the Chuvash Republic includes road, urban electric, air, river and railway transport. The main highways run through the republic, which provide transport access to the northern, eastern, southern and central regions of the country and beyond. More than 20% of cargo is transported by river transport.

During the 2007 navigation period, 2236.5 thousand tons of cargo were sent by inland water transport of the republic, which is 3.4% more than the volume sent by river vessels during the 2006 navigation period.

The Chuvash region has been rich in healing natural resources since ancient times. A striking example of this is the balneoclimatic sanatorium "Chuvashia", located on the banks of the Volga River, opposite the capital of the Chuvash Republic, Cheboksary, in a picturesque pine forest.

The natural complex of the Chuvashia sanatorium has all the features of a resort area. According to the medical and climatic conclusion, the territory of the sanatorium is an environmentally friendly facility. The temperate climate of central Russia creates favorable conditions for proper rest and treatment.

There are numerous beaches and recreation centers on the banks of the Volga River. One of the priority sectors of the economy is the development of tourism in the Czech Republic. A special program for the development of tourism in the Czech Republic has been created.

Chapter II. State policy and state regulation in the field of tourism

Article 3. State policy in the field of tourism

The Chuvash Republic, recognizing tourism as one of the priority sectors of the economy:

promotes tourism activities and creates favorable conditions for its development;

forms an idea of ​​the Chuvash Republic as a region favorable for tourism;

develops an effective economic mechanism that promotes the development of the tourism industry, stimulates an increase in tourist flows and attracts investment in the tourism sector;

provides equal conditions for the implementation of tourism activities by individuals and legal entities and public associations, promotes the development of competition;

ensures increased potential of the national tourism complex;

creates a regulatory framework in the field of tourism in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

promotes the development of international cooperation in the field of tourism.

The coordination of tourism activities in the Chuvash Republic is carried out by the authorized executive body of the Chuvash Republic in the field of tourism in accordance with its competence established by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic.

The Chuvash Republic has significant natural water reserves. Within the republic, 2,356 rivers and streams with a total length of 8,650 km flow in whole or in part. All of them belong to the Volga basin.

The largest part of them (93.1%) has a length of less than 10 km, that is, they are classified as the smallest. There are 119 (5%) rivers with a length of 10-25 km, 5 (0.2%) from 101 to 500 km, and 2 (0.1%) over 500 km (Table 1).

Table 1

Number and length of rivers on the territory of the Chuvash Republic

The density of the republic's river network is 0.48 km/km 2 . The highest values ​​of river network density (up to 1.2 km/km 2) are confined to the elevated northern part of Chuvashia, which is distinguished by a complex geological and tectonic structure with developed microfolding and numerous aquifers. The southern part of the republic is characterized by weaker development of the river network.

The water regime of small rivers is characterized by stable, but low water content during low water periods and high water content during high water periods. Their stable low-water period is formed mainly by underground recharge waters. Low intensity of underground recharge is characterized for the central and south-eastern parts of the republic. The area of ​​medium intensity underground recharge occupies the southwestern part of the republic along the right bank of the Sura River, as well as the Trans-Volga region. Average long-term water flows according to data from passports of small rivers are: Bolshoy Tsivil river - 21.2 m 3 /sec, Maly Tsivil river - 5.77 m 3 /sec, Anish river - 3.3 m 3 /sec, river Kubnya - 7.6 m 3 /sec, Bula River - 4.56 m 3 /sec. Water flow rates during low-water periods, as a rule, do not exceed 1.0 m 3 /sec. Only in the middle reaches of the Bolshoy Tsivil and Kubnya, as well as in the lower reaches of the Abyss and Kiri, 1-3 m 3 /sec flows. Under domestic conditions, more than 80% of the annual flow on small rivers passes during the spring flood.

The main rivers flowing through the territory of the republic are the Volga and Sura. The most significant of the small rivers are the Bolshoy Tsivil, Maly Tsivil, Anish, Kubnya and Bula (Table 2).

table 2

Main rivers on the territory of the Chuvash Republic

Lakes

Located in the northeastern part of the Volga Upland, characterized by a pronounced erosional relief, the Chuvash Republic is characterized by a weak saturation of lake forms. There are no large lakes in the republic. There are 754 lakes in total. Over 85% of the total number of lakes does not exceed an area of ​​5 hectares. The largest lakes in terms of water surface area are: Chernoye - 40 hectares, Bolshoye Lebedinoye - 30 hectares, Beloe - 18 hectares, Kulhiri - 14 hectares, Svetloye - 13 hectares. The vast majority of lakes have shallow depths of up to - 2.5 m. Only 7 lakes have a maximum depth of more than 10 m (Table 3).

Table 3

Lakes on the territory of the Chuvash Republic

The distribution of lakes in Chuvashia is uneven. Most of the lakes are located in the floodplains of the Sura and Tsivil rivers. There are 113 of them in the watershed areas. According to the origin, the lakes are karst, suffosion, karst-suffosion, interdune or floodplain.

Despite their small size, the lakes are of great importance for the densely populated republic. Their waters are widely used by the population and in the national economy. In a number of rural settlements they are the only source of domestic water supply. Sapropel is extracted from Lake Kogoyar and is used in medicine.

There has been no systematic study of the chemical composition of lake water. According to sporadic studies, they are fresh or slightly mineralized, predominantly hydrocarbonate-sulfate-calcium.

Swamps

The good drainage of the main part of the territory of Chuvashia due to its deep and strong dissection excludes conditions for the formation of swamps. In the republic, swamps are common on floodplains and above-floodplain river terraces.

Relatively large swamps are confined to the Trans-Volga part of the republic on the second and third above-floodplain terraces of the Volga River - “White Lipsha” (6.5 thousand hectares), “Dryannoye” (14.2 thousand hectares), as well as to the floodplain of the Sura River and its above-floodplain terraces - “Bolshoye Lesnoye” (11.3 thousand hectares), “Zasypino-Suslovskoye” (4.2 thousand hectares), “Kovyrlovo” (5.2 thousand hectares) and “Novo-Goreloye” ( 6.1 thousand hectares).

By origin, the swamps are predominantly lowland, some are transitional, and only a few small upland swamps. The thickness of peat deposits reaches 5-8 m. The average ash content of peat is about 20-25%. It is rich in minerals, as a result of which the extracted peat is mainly used as fertilizer (Table 4).

The resources and quality of bog waters have not been studied.

Table 4

Swamps on the territory of the Chuvash Republic

2,356 rivers and streams flow in whole or in part with a total length of 8,650 km. All of them belong to the Volga basin. The largest part of them (93.1%) has a length of less than 10 km, that is, they are classified as the smallest (streams).
There are 119 (5%) rivers with a length of 10-25 km, 5 (0.2%) from 101 to 500 km and 2 (0.1%) over 500 km.

Average long-term water flows according to data from passports of small rivers are: r. Big Civil - 18.2 m3/sec, river. Maly Tsivil - 4.62 m3/sec, river. Anish - 1.26 m3/sec, river Kubnya - 3.57 m3/sec, river. Bula - 4.56 m3/sec.

The main rivers flowing through the territory of the republic are the Volga and Sura. The most significant of the small rivers are the Big Tsivil, the Small Tsivil, the Anish, the Kubnya and the Bula.

The Volga River flows in the northern part of Chuvashia practically from west to east, its length within the Republic is 140 km.
Rivers of Chuvashia (rafting, fishing)
Within the Volga River there is the Cheboksary Hydroelectric Power Station, above the dam site of which there is the Cheboksary Reservoir, below - the Kuibyshevskoye Reservoir. The first is the source of drinking water supply to the large cities of Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk, where over 600 thousand people live.

The Sura River, a right tributary of the Volga, flows in the west of the republic from south to north. The length of the river within Chuvashia is 280 km. The catchment area on the border with the Republic of Mari El is 65.5 thousand km2. The average annual water flow is 251.1 m3/sec, the average annual flow volume is 11.7 km3, the largest is 16.02 km3, the smallest is 3.91 km3. Water is abstracted from the Sura River for drinking needs for the cities of Alatyr (46.9 thousand people) and Shumerlya (41.0 thousand people). The river is navigable.

The river is of great importance for the republic. Bolshoy Tsivil is the right tributary of the Volga. A quarter of the territory of Chuvashia is located in its basin. Its length is 172 km, the drainage area is 4.69 thousand km2. The average annual water flow in the river is 21.2 m3/sec, the average annual flow volume is 0.92 km3, the largest is 1.2 km3, the smallest is 0.39 km3. The main tributaries of the river. Big Civil are Small Civil (134 km), Unga (65 km), Sorma (52 km), Ryksha (42 km).

In the basin of the Maly Tsivil River, water is withdrawn to provide drinking water to the village of Vurnary.

The Kubnya River, a left tributary of the Sviyaga, flows in the central part of the republic, in the upper reaches from west to east, then to the northeast. Its length is 194 km, of which 108 km are on the territory of the Chuvash Republic, the catchment area is 2.0 thousand km2. The average annual water flow is 7.6 m3/sec, the average annual flow volume is 0.34 km3, the largest is 0.44 km3, the smallest is 0.14 km3. All major tributaries of the Kubnya flow from the left - Khoma (33 km), Uryum (49 km), Uta (46 km).

The Bula River, a left tributary of the Sviyaga, flows in the southeast of the republic from west to east. Its total length is 128 km, within Chuvashia - 92 km. The catchment area is 1.22 thousand km2. The average annual water flow is 4.5 m3/sec, the average annual flow volume is 0.2 km3, the largest is 0.27 km3, the smallest is 0.08 km3. The largest tributaries are Malaya Bula (45 km), Toyabinka (16 km), Sherautka (17 km) and Yerykla (16 km).

RIVERS OF CHUVASHIA
The main river of the republic, flowing through the north. its border is the Volga (length in Chuvashia is 127 km), into which many large and small rivers flow. So-called small rivers in the republic 2356.
Of these, rivers with a stream length of more than 100 km account for 0.2%, and from 25 to 100 km - 2%. Of the more than 750 lakes, approx. 600 - floodplain, the rest in the main. karst, and in the Volga region - interdunes. (see Hydrographic network).

The water regime of the river is characterized by stable, but low water content during summer-autumn-winter low water and high water content during high water (begins in the first week of March - the first week of April).

Rivers of Chuvashia (rafting, fishing)

Main tributaries

14 km: Kukshum River

31 km: Ryksha River

53 km: Tozhanarka River

55 km: Maly Tsivil River

64 km: Unga River

80 km: Malaya Shatma River

92 km: Bolshaya Shatma River

106 km: Matsa River

112 km: Uslandyr River

113 km: Sorma River

130 km: Abasirma River

132 km: Ileborka River

135 km: Hirlep River

138 km: Middle Tsivil River

157 km: Esqueden River

The River basin is dominated by tributaries less than 10 km long. Their number reaches 638, and their total length is 1270 km. There are 42 tributaries longer than 10 km, their total length is 904 km. The density of the river network reaches 0.8 km/km2, there are tributaries of the sixth and seventh order. The main tributaries of the river. The Tsivils are Maly Tsivil (134 km), Unga (65 km), Sorma (52 km), Ryksha (42 km), Kukshum (36 km), Bolshaya Shatma (34 km) and Khirlep (30 km).

According to another version, the name of the Karla River comes from the Chuvash “khirla” (pine), because. along its entire length from its origins to the village. Karabay-Shemursha it flowed through pine forests. The river parallel to Karla is called Chirsla,” i.e. "charshalla" (spruce).

The source is 2.9 km northeast of the village of Khurama Tvar (Batyrevsky district of Chuvashia). The Karla flows into the Sviyaga on the left at a distance of 154 km from its mouth, on the territory of Tatarstan.

The drainage area is 1005 km² (approximately equally distributed between the two republics), the length of the river is 91.5 km (37.7 km in Chuvashia, 53.8 km in Tatarstan).

The floodplain is two-sided, up to 350 m wide, covered with meadow vegetation. The valley is not clearly defined, the left bank is moderately steep, the right bank is moderately flat. 88.1% of the catchment area is covered by forest. The prevailing width of the channel is from 8 to 10 m. High floods occur from April to May.

The ice thickness is up to 76 cm. The food is predominantly snow (80%). According to B. D. Zaikov r. Karla belongs to the Eastern European type of intra-annual flow distribution: 69% of the flow occurs in spring.

Length 176 km, basin area 2480 km².

It begins in the Ibresinsky district of Chuvashia.

It flows along the northern edge of the Volga Upland.

The food is predominantly rain-fed.

The average flow rate 29 km from the mouth is 4.2 m³/sec. It freezes in the second half of November - December and opens in April. Rivers of Chuvashia (rafting, fishing)

On the left bank there is the village of Kubnya, and on the right is the railway. Shusherma platform.

BIG YUNGA RIVER

Yunga (mar. Yyngy)- a river in the Republic of Mari El (Russia), right tributary.

Length about 56 km.

The source of the river is located near the village of Nikasy (Chuvashia), the mouth is not far from (Volga).

Yunga is a river in Chuvashia (21 km) and Mari El (35 km), a right tributary of the Volga.

The river flows through the settlements: Yunga, Orgum, Yunga-Kusherga, Minyashkino, Elasy, Amanury, Pokrovskoye and ().

Rivers of Chuvashia (rafting, fishing)

Type of water body River

Name Big YUNGA

Location KAS/VOLGA/2029

Archaeological and natural monuments, such as Keremet ner, Siukhinskoe fortified settlement and others, keep many secrets and mysteries in their depths...

Siukhinsky settlement (1st millennium AD), which is located on a high cape on the right bank of the Bolshaya Yunga River, 1 km northwest of the village of Siukhino. The main function of this kind of “shelter settlements” was to temporarily protect the population. At the moment, work is underway on the territory of the Siukhinsky settlement to restore protective, residential and economic structures.

That is why it is held here every year, where historical reconstruction clubs present the costumes, weapons and life of the medieval peoples who inhabited these places.

Almost the entire current passes through the forest, only below the village of Altyshevo-Lyulsky it flows through a meadow.

18 km from the mouth, Orlik flows into the river on the right, and Karaksirma flows higher on the left.

Water register data
According to the State Water Register of Russia, it belongs to the Upper Volga Basin District, the water management section of the river is Sura from the mouth of the Alatyr River to the mouth, the river sub-basin of the river is Sura. The river basin is the (Upper) Volga to the Kuibyshev reservoir (without the Oka basin).

According to the geoinformation system for water management zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation, prepared by the Federal Agency for Water Resources:

The code of the water body in the state water register is 08010500412110000038862
Code for hydrological knowledge (HI) - 110003886
Pool code - 08.01.05.004
Volume number according to GI - 10
Issue according to GI - 0

- one of the reservoirs of the Volga-Kama cascade, located on the Volga River, in the territories of the Chuvash Republic, the Mari El Republic and the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Formed by the dam of the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station, (Chuvash Republic). Filled in 1980-1982.
Area 2190 km², length 341 km, greatest width 16 km, depth up to 35 m.

Large bays along the valleys of the Kerzhenets, Sura, and Vetluga rivers. On the Cheboksary reservoir are the cities of Nizhny Novgorod, Kozmodemyansk, Cheboksary. Motor tourist routes Moscow - Astrakhan, Moscow - Rostov-on-Don, Moscow - Perm, etc. pass through the reservoir.

map of the reservoir at the junction of Mari El and the Nizhny Novgorod region

The ancient Russian village of Korotni fell into the flood zone of the reservoir.

Cheboksary Reservoir: fishing
The reservoir is attractive primarily for lovers of fishing, which is possible here all year round.
It’s interesting: what harms agriculture is of great help to fishermen. Rotting tree trunks and wetlands are a favorite habitat for some species of fish.
The Cheboksary Reservoir is a habitat for pike, asp, pike perch, perch, etc. They are readily caught with wobblers or unhooked baits. They are most convenient to use so as not to damage the gear on trees or collect debris during fishing.
The most successful places for fishing are the surroundings of the Makaryev Monastery, where there are a lot of predatory fish.
Perch and pike gather in large schools at the mouth of the Kerzhenets River and it is convenient to catch them there with a spinning rod. The right tributary of the Volga - the Sundovik River - is a favorite place for several species of pike. And fishing enthusiasts note that in these places you can catch the entire flock of these predators.

Tourism
There are several recreation centers on the territory of the reservoir, each of which offers a wide range of services for fishermen. This is a rental of space, gear and other equipment.
Also, each of the fishermen can prepare their own catch. The level of comfort in places of residence - from houses with amenities to simple places with tents and campsites.
Some recreation centers hold regular thematic lectures for fishing enthusiasts. The Cheboksary Reservoir is visited by a large number of people every year. -

According to the State Water Register of Russia, it belongs to the Upper Volga Basin District.
According to the geoinformation system for water management zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation, prepared by the Federal Agency for Water Resources:

The code of the water body in the state water register is 08010400312112100000019
Code for hydrological knowledge (HI) - 112100001
Pool code - 08.01.04.003
Volume number according to GI - 12
Issue according to GI - 1

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
Wikipedia website.
Surface water resources of the USSR: Hydrological knowledge. T. 10. Upper Volga region / Ed. V. P. Shaban. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1966. - 528 p.
http://ru.chuvash.org/
Tourist water encyclopedia
“Rivers of Chuvashia” - information about the object in the State Water Register
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.

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Civil River. The right tributary of the Volga is the river. Tsivil (Big Tsivil before its confluence with the Small Tsivil River) the largest of the small rivers of the republic originates 5 km west of the village. Tarkhany of the Shumerlinsky district and flows 1939 km from the mouth. Its length is 172 km, the drainage area is 4658 km2. The river basin is located within the Shumerlinsky, Vurnarsky, Alikovsky, Kanashsky, Ibresinsky, Krasnoarmeysky, Morgaushsky, Tsivilsky, Marposadsky and Cheboksary districts. The basin is dominated by tributaries less than 10 km long. Their number reaches 638, and their total length is 1270 km. There are 42 tributaries longer than 10 km, their total length is 904 km. The density of the river network reaches 0.8 km/km2, there are tributaries of the sixth and seventh order. The main tributaries of the river. The Tsivils are Maly Tsivil (134 km), Unga (65 km), Sorma (52 km), Ryksha (42 km), Kukshum (36 km), Bolshaya Shatma (34 km) and Khirlep (30 km). The water quality in the Tsivil River was most significantly affected by the discharge of untreated and insufficiently treated wastewater from industrial and agricultural enterprises in the Vurnarsky, Kanashsky, Krasnoarmeysky, Tsivilsky, Cheboksary districts and OJSC Khimprom in Novocheboksarsk. Small Civil River. The main tributary of the Tsivil River is the Little Tsivil. The sources of the river are located in the Vurnarsky district in the state forest fund. The length of the river is 134 km, the drainage area is 1442 km2, it flows into the river. Tsivil north of the city of Tsivilsk. The river, like all small rivers, is fed primarily by snow. The average long-term water flow at the mouth is 5.77 m3/sec. Up to 90% of the annual runoff occurs during spring floods. The water flow at the Shigali village post in 2004 was 5.41 m3/sec, with the maximum flow being on March 28 - 96.6 m3/sec. The river is polluted due to discharges from enterprises in the Vurnarsky, Ibresinsky, Kanashsky, and Tsivilsky districts. Middle Civil River. A small tributary, 20 km long, begins its flow in the state forest fund on the territory of the Shumerlinsky district and flows into the river. Tsivil near the village of Chalym-Kukshum, Vurnar district. The drainage area is 212 km2. The river is polluted due to discharges from agricultural enterprises in the Vurnar region.