>> Spelling

Spelling

1. What is spelling? What branches of the science of language is it related to?
2. What is a spelling pattern? Select the main groups of spellings.

3. Name the types of spelling patterns:
a) at the root of the word;
b) in consoles;
c) in suffixes;
d) at the end.

4. Tell us:
a) about the spelling of alternating vowels in the root of a word;
b) about writing vowels and consonants in prefixes;
c) about the spelling of suffixes of different parts of speech;
d) about writing n and nn in different parts of speech;
e) about the use of ъ and ь;
f) about the distinction between not and neither;
g) about continuous and separate writing, not and not with different parts of speech;
h) about writing -tsya and -tsya in verbs;
i) about the spelling of participles;
j) about the use of a hyphen (dash);

K) about combined and separate spelling of words;

M) about the use of capital letters.

5. How to check the spelling of endings:
a) nouns;
b) adjectives;
c) verbs?

In modern Russian orthography, there are three main principles that guide the establishment of spelling standards:
- morphological , which assumes a uniform spelling of morphemes (fake - sign, frost - frost, birch - maple, in a notebook - in the country);
- phonetic , in which the writer follows the sound of the morpheme in a given word (good-natured, restless, prehistory, although derived from the word history);
- traditional , according to which the choice of a letter - one of a number of possible ones - is determined not by some spelling rule, but by etymology and tradition.

The main principle of Russian orthography is morphological; When strictly examined, there are not so many phonetic spellings, although they predominated in Old Russian writing.

Learn to notice deviations from the morphological principle in favor of the phonetic (schedule - painting, black - blue - large, border - puddle) and under the influence of the traditional (swimmer, but swim; choose, but choose; grow, but grew).

In addition to the three main ones, some other principles are also valid in Russian spelling. So, when using a capital letter, it works semantic principle, taking into account the meaning of a word, phrase (when writing proper names) or syntactic (capital letter at the beginning of a sentence). When using continuous-hyphen-separate spellings, lexical, syntactic, and word-formation features are taken into account.

301*. Determine the principles of writing spellings named in their list at the beginning of the topic “Spelling” (points 4 and 5).

In Russian, the transfer of words is syllabic, according to the phonetic principle: do-mik, ro-di-na.

Basic transfer rules.

1. You cannot leave one letter of a word or consonants without a vowel on the previous line or transfer it to the next line.
2. The letters ъ, ь and й cannot be separated from the previous letter; can be translated like this: entrance, utility, war, district.
3. When transferring, you cannot tear off from the root the letter of the root that is at the junction with the suffix or prefix: beautiful, Moscow, sub-aspen.
4. When hyphenating words with double consonants, one letter is left on the line, the other is transferred: classes, but classy (we separate the suffix from the root).
5. When translating, compound words should be broken down into their component parts.

Some words consisting of two or three syllables cannot be broken by hyphenation: autumn, aria, foyer, melt, pour, arrange, etc.

302*. What principle of Russian spelling is mentioned in the above statement by Academician J. Grot (who was the first to create a systematized and scientifically based set of spelling rules of the Russian language) from the preface to his book “Russian Spelling” (1885)? How should we understand the expression “keep to an established custom”? What did the author mean by “the typefaces are incorrect or too inconsistent”? What “inscriptions” after the publication of Grot’s works were recognized as correct and consistent in Russian spelling, and what principle was established in spelling in connection with this?

In many cases, our spelling has been established for a long time, although not always correctly: changing it in such cases did not seem convenient, because such changes could only shake the existing agreement and cause new discrepancies in our writing.

Therefore, it was accepted as a rule to adhere to the established custom as much as possible, deviating from it only when the commonly used styles turned out to be positively incorrect or too inconsistent.

1. What words and phrases in J. Grot’s text do you consider archaic (outdated), although they convey the essence of the matter well?
2. How did Ya. Grot feel about spelling changes?

303. Write down N. Gogol’s statement using spelling rules. Determine the principle of writing each of the missing spellings.
...Our poets (s, h) have done d..bro already 1 by spreading the good..sound (before) so (n..)experienced. (N..) I know in what other literature poetry.. creators have shown such an endless variety of (?) sounds, which (of) partly, of course (?) was contributed by our poetic language itself. Each has its own verse and its own special(?) ringing. This metallic bronze verse of Derzhavin, which our ears still cannot forget, this thick like resin or a stream of hundred-year-old tokay (a type of Hungarian dessert wine) verse of Pushkin, this shining festive(?) verse of Yazykov, flying in like a ray( ?) into the soul, all woven(?) of light, this verse of Batyushkov, drenched in the ar..mats of (half) day, sweet(?) like honey from a mountain gorge1 this light.. airy verse of Zhukovsky, fluttering like (n..) the clear sound of an aeolian harp, this thick...thick, as if...dragging along the ground, Vyazemsky’s verse, permeated at...an hour with a caustic, soft...Russian sadness, all of them, as if different..ringing(?) to The ..l..k..la or countless(?) keys of one magnificent..sculpted organ carried the good..sound across the Russian(?) land.

1. Find comparisons and metaphors in the text. What is their role?

2. Convey in your own words the main thoughts of N. Gogol, using only some of his most capacious and expressive phrases.

304. Read and copy an excerpt from I. Shmelev’s novel “Wolf Roll”. Add the missing punctuation marks.

The (f..l)brown stubble brushes looked bare and cold in the twilight, only the black thistle forcibly settled on the m..flies with the (black..r) yellow buttons..kami of rusty wild r..binki. Already (n..) there were swifts shooting in the area.. only a black tick.. was making noise in the cold.. active.. sky, circling.. over the huts shouting.. that autumn was coming . In the gray rows stood lushly decorated(?) rowan trees, like edged...kaftan(?) guards tucked into the gray body of a man..kov. Flocks of f..roaring..x geese trumpeted loudly as they moved towards the night(?)beds and in their cry one could hear the cold..l..yes. Black scarecrows stared out their hands in the stale, empty gardens - where is everyone?
(N..) I saw the comfort and coldness of everything (from, h) here, and (n). I wanted to go.

1. Name the vowels and consonants of speech in the highlighted words; Underline hard consonants with one line, soft ones with two lines.
2. Find words in the text in which the consonants: a) do not indicate sounds; b) indicate consonant sounds that do not correspond to their spelling.
3. Indicate words with different ways of indicating the softness of consonant sounds in them.
4. What function does the soft sign perform in the words stubble, jackdaw?

305. Write it off. Explain the spelling of “verifiable and unverifiable consonants at the root of a word.”

And autumn(?)y, clear, (n..)much..to cold..cold, in the morning a frosty day, when the cut, like a fairytale..tree, is all g..l.. melting, draws (?) beautifully on the (pale) blue sky.. when nothing (?) is already (n..) warming, but shines brighter than the summer.., (not) big the entire aspen grove sparkles (at) through(z, s), as if it is fun and easy..to stand naked, drizzle, s) still shines at the bottom of the length, and the fresh..wind quietly..sh..v..liths and drives away fallen warped(?)leaves - when the blue waves are joyfully(?) rushing(?) along the river, rhythmically raising the dis(?)sea (?) geese and ducks; in the distance the mill knocks, (semi) closed..i by willows, and, flowing in the bright air.., pigeons circle(?) above it. (I. Turgenev.)

1. What other spelling rules did you use when writing this text?
2. Compare the speech sounds in the words frost and drizzle. Do these words have different meanings? Make up sentences with them in which the semantic difference between these words would be visible.

3. Indicate the expressive means of language in this text. Give their characteristics.

The fucking city of Mirgorod! There are no buildings in it! And under a s..broken(?) roof, and under a delineated, even under a d..r..withered(?) roof; (on) the right street, (on) the left street, in..here is a red (?) fence; hops float across it, pots hang on it, because of it the sunflower shows its handsome head, the poppy turns red, and thick pumpkins flash. Luxury(?)! The wattle fence is always decorated with objects that make it even more lifelike:
wearing a blanket, or a shirt, or trousers. In Mirgorod, there is no (n..) theft, (n..) fraud (?) and therefore everyone hangs whatever he wants (?) If you approach the square... then, of course, stop for a while and admire the view: there is a puddle on it, an amazing puddle! the only(?) one you have ever seen! She occupies almost the entire area. What a beautiful(?) puddle! Houses and small houses, which...from a distance can be mistaken for haystacks, having surrounded around, they marvel at the beauty., her.

1. Determine the principle of writing spellings in the first three sentences, give an explanation for each of them.

2. Determine what speech sounds distinguish pairs of words: Mirgorod - in Mirgorod, live - life, drive - drive, hatch - lay down.

307. Write down the phrases. Explain how the keknya feature of Russian stress helps to cope with spelling difficulties when writing unstressed vowels in a word.

Modern..men(?)iki of Pushkin, confidential conversation..thief, swan..song, sleep..sew d..mine, voter associations, play to the tune, green d..reviews, g..l..v..dizzy with success, g..l..tye k..l..k..la, b..mouth lights.

308. When writing a word, change it or select a related one in such a way that the stress moves first to one, then to another syllable of the root. Indicate the emphasis in all cases. Select the roots. Find complex words, indicate connecting vowels.

St..r..na, p..l..sa, m..l..giving, g..l..give, z..l..net, hl..- p..throw, n ..b..sa, v..d..khr..nilishche, in..smich..owl, d..m..- owner..businessman, g..l..sa, time..pr ..pr..in..waiting, m..l..livy, r..clear..brown, pl..m..on.

309. Write down phrases, replacing the highlighted words with synonymous words, the roots of which will be unpronounceable consonants.

Sad song, bad weather, famous artist, unfamiliar passerby nearby sat down, beautiful young woman, charming child, funny Human, New Year pie, wonderful event, Kind Human.

310. Change the word or select a related one in order to check the spelling of the missing consonant. Highlight the consonant in both cases.
No pot..lock, close..other.., install r..cor.., port handle..chik, side..ka l..snika, forest plantings..ki, gi. .ky cable(?)nick.

311. Next to these forms of nouns, write down their initial form. Specify the gender of the nouns. Make up phrases with them.

Paragraphs, ensembles, diseases, news, things, authorities, algae, garages, nails, guests, rooks, bunches, pennies, rudeness, daughters, fractions, poles, executions, bones, blades, swords, thoughts, balls, misfortunes, knives, nights, regions, dangers, ovens, joys, speeches, rubles, nets, battles, sweets, performances, shipyards, canes, queens, jaws.

The soft sign indicates the softness of the consonants (crumbles) at the end of the word and in the middle of the word:
lantern, fight, wedding, nanny, earlier, take it. The soft sign is preserved even when the form of the word changes: struggle - in the struggle, wedding - at the wedding, nanny - nannies, eighth - eight.

Softness [l "] before consonants is always indicated by a soft sign: driller, soapbox.
Not written in combinations:
chk: barrel nsch: mason
chn: night light rshch: debater
LF: cum schn: assistant

312. From these phrases, form phrases in which the highlighted words would become nouns with ь in the middle of the word. Watch for cases of dependent words.

Fight with competitors, cut hay, write an essay that is good for health, ask for support, cut with a saw, shoot with a bow, live in someone else's house, wash your hair, family council, wedding feast, thresh bread, pray for help.

313. Choose words with combinations cht, chn, schn, nch, rshch, nsch, chk. Formulate a rule for writing these combinations.

314. Rewrite the words, inserting the missing letter where necessary. Highlight the suffixes of the nouns -chik, -schik, -ik; Explain the spelling of the spellings you have encountered.

Artel(?)schik, ban(?)schik, zone(?)tik, more(?)she, eternal(?)-ny, vin(?)tik, vskol(?)z, gon(?)schik, den (?)shchik, woman(?)-shchina, initiator(?)shchik, of course(?)but, roofing(?)shchik, tin(?)-shchina, chalk(?)nitsa, chalk(?)che, power (?)ny, nel(?)zya, nyan(?)chit, vegetable(?)noy, drank(?)schik, assistant(?)nik, donut(?)chik, hand(?)ka, sat down(?) )d, boring(?)ny, shift(?) worker, urgent(?) but, tone(?)she, exactly(?) - ka, predator(?) nickname, h(?) to be, nail(?) wild, mortal(?)chat, wrinkled(?)shrink, nocturnal(?)noy, bird(?)nitsa, endless(?)ny, oriental(?)ny, drummer(?)schik, day(?) box, closet(?)chick.

315. Read an excerpt from L. Tolstoy’s story “The Raid” and write it down. Title the text.

At ten o'clock in the evening the troops were to set out. At half past eight I got on my horse and rode to the city. streets., right..in.. he took the horse to the fence and sat down on the rubble... so that as soon as he rode out.. he decided to drive him away.

The sun's..heat and shine have already been replaced by the cool..cold night..and (n..)bright light of the young month which, forming around itself a pale luminous (semi) circle on the dark blue..ve stars (?) The sky was beginning to descend(?)... The slender rows of gardens, in..day..sitting on the horizon from (behind) the whitewashed(?)lit..now..moon-lit ..blanks with reeds the roofs seemed even higher and blacker.

The long(?) shadows of treehouses and fences lay beautifully along the light dusty roads.. .<...>
I (n..) will tell you what I was thinking about (first), because I was ashamed (?) but admitted (?) to the gloomy thoughts that (n..) suddenly came running in my soul while all around me I put only gaiety and joy and (secondly) because it (n..) fits my story. I was so lost in thought that I even (n..) noticed how the bell struck one (?) ten and the g..n.. walked with his retinue.. drove past me.

Hastily mounting my horse, I set off to recruit the detachment. Ar(?)ergar... the fortress was still at the gates... I (forcibly) walked across the bridge between the crowded guns, boxes, company carts and noisily amazed officers. Having left the gate, I trotted around (?) a little (n..) (a) mile away, silently moving... in the darkness of the army and caught up with the general.

In the first two sentences, find words in which: a) there are fewer sounds than letters; b) there are more sounds than letters; c) the process of deafening and voicing of consonants occurs; determine their sound composition.

316. Group words according to spelling patterns (in writing). Formulate a spelling rule for each group of words.

Request, malleable, winch, cart, order, departed, cart, pond, hail, at the cinema, forget-me-not, smile, treasure, slippery, poor thing, snowfall, for the first time, spoon, health, threesome, subtext, run in, stars, nail, guest , give, blow, threshing, descend, low, pasture, feeling, insatiable, burn, bake, bend, gigantic, silent.

317. Copy the text from the story by A. Pushkin. Remember what it's called. Find words that are used in a form that is unusual for the modern reader. How do you understand the meaning of the word leprosy? Find synonyms for it.

Z..rya shone to the east., and w..l..ty rows of clouds seemed to..wait from(?) the king, like a king..palaces..await the city..sir: clear morning sky( ?) the freshness..ness of the river..t..rock and the singing of birds..k filled Lisa’s heart(?) with infantile(?)cheerfulness, afraid of some (any) familiar meeting, she seemed (n.. ) walked and flew.

Approaching the grove, standing on the rub..f.. of the father..of..the property, Lisa walked more quietly. (C, 3) here she should have waited for Alexei. Her heart (?) was beating strongly, knowing (no..) why, but the fear that accompanies our young pranks is also their main charm. Lisa entered the darkness of the groves... A dull rolling noise greeted the girl. In..the village was silent. Little by little she began to eat..at some point(?) She was thinking... but is it possible to accurately(?) determine what this seven(?)11-year-old young lady is thinking about, alone in the grove, at the six..hundredth hour of the spring(?) morning? So, she walked, lost in thought, along the road, shaded on both sides by tall trees... as if suddenly... a beautiful lying... bakka barked at her. Lisa got scared and screamed.

318. Is it possible to write these words correctly out of context? What are their names? Make up and write down word combinations with these pairs of words that confirm the correct spelling.

Approx..ryat - approx..ryat, st..born - st..born, drizzle, dh) - drizzle(s, dh), crying(?) - crying(?), interspersed - alternately..ku, contempt - pr..vision, s..children - s..children, (L, l)love - (L, l)love, (R, r)oman - (R, r)oman.

319*. Copy the text, determine the origin of the highlighted words. What work is this passage taken from? Name the author.

Now I must introduce the kindly reader to Gavrilo Afanasyevich Rzhevsky. He came from an ancient boyar family, owned a huge estate, had bread... salt, loved falconry (?) hunting, his servants were numerous. In a word, he was a native(?) Russian(?) gentleman, as he put it (could not) tolerate the German spirit and tried to preserve the custom of his beloved countryside in his home life.

His daughter was seventeen years old. She lost her mother when she was still a child. She was raised (in) the old (?) way, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and old (?) girls. She was rich in gold and (did not) know how to read and write; her father (in)despite his disgust..from everything from the sea (could not) resist(?)her desire to learn(?) German dances from a captive(?) Swedish officer living..go in their home. This honored(?) dance master was about fifty years old, his right leg was shot(?) near Narva and (therefore) was (not) very capable of minuets and chimes (for) his left leg with an amazing performance (?)with your bite and ease I performed the most difficult steps. The teacher did honor to her efforts.

Natalya Gavrilovna was famous at the assemblies as the best dancer, which was (in) partly the reason for Korsakov’s misdemeanor, who the next day came to apologize (?) to Gavrilo Afanasyevich; but the agility and panache of the young dandy (did not) please the proud nobleman who nicknamed him the witty French(?) monkey.

1. Select synonyms for the words indigenous and overseas and create phrases with them.
2. Find words and expressions that are not typical in their form for the modern Russian language.

3. Indicate the introductory word and introductory phrase (phrase).

320*. Write down the words; highlight the prefixes, determine their origin, write the meaning in brackets.

Immoral, anti..social, arch..rogue, be..order, be..right, (vice)pr..sident, (g..per)sound, d..z..nformats..i, dem ..b..lization, di..harmony, (pre)historical, ir(?)ac..nal, (counter)intelligence, (over)head..dexterity, (best)-best(?)shiest, ( chief) prosecutor, o..brilliance, stepson..k, pr..t..type, (pseudo)realism, ra..kr..savitsa, reorganization, (co)author, (trans)Siberian, (ultra) fashionable, (extra)class, (ex)ch..mpion.

321*. Read the statements of A. Tolstoy (I), N. Gogol (II) and N. Karamzin (III) about the Russian language. Based on the statements below and other statements you know about the Russian language, make your generalizations and present them in the form of a short essay-reasoning.

I. Russian language! For millennia, the people have created this flexible, lush, (n..) inexhaustibly rich, intelligent, poetic and laboring instrument of their social life, their thoughts, their feelings (?) their hopes ..d, your anger, your great future..go.

II. ...(N..)ordinary(?)language is still a secret. It contains all the tones and shades, all the transitions of sounds from the hardest to the most gentle and soft; it is infinite and can, as life as life, enrich itself every..minute, drawing, on the one hand, lofty words from the language of the church and biblical, and on the other hand, choosing a choice of apt names from without...numerous of their dialects, scattered (?) across our provinces, thus having the opportunity in one and the same speech to...descend to a height (n..) accessible to any other language, and descend (?) to simplicity, palpable touch (n..) of the most understanding person - a language that in itself is already a poet.

III. May there be honor and glory to our language, which in its own... native richness, almost without any foreign admixture, flows like a proud, majestic(?) river - makes noise and thunders - and suddenly, if necessary, softens, murmurs like a gentle stream and sweet(?) but flows into the soul, forming all the measures that lie only in the fall and rise of the human voice!
Using your knowledge of the word, conduct a full lexical analysis of these texts.

322*. Read the phraseological units. How could they have arisen? Write down phraseological units in groups depending on their origin (those about whose history you know something or can guess).

P.. fell like chickens into cabbage soup; be., year n..week; o..repairing the embossing (not) worth it; talk teeth; play the first fiddle; in sound mind and strong memory; and the chest... was simple, opened; and...child of hell; what is allowed (?) about Jupit..ru, is (not) allowed to the bull; to be or not to be; seek..those and find..those; goof; in the image and likeness; (barely) barely a soul in a body..; bl..wives, who (s) was young..d; t..you wished, sha..ka M..n..makha; at least a count on the g..l..ve of amusements; three (?) twenty pieces of silver; in..Vilonian st..lp..creation; and Vaska listens and eats; the Moor (s, h) did his job, the Moor can..t succeed (?)sya; alpha and..mega; S..house and G..morra; ahil(?)esova p..ta; (at) the time it is; years to a hundred years old..sti us be., old age; exalted herself; without a steering wheel and without a .. tril.

Among the phraseological turns, find bookish ones. If you remember the author and the title of the work. If you have any difficulties, refer to phraseological and explanatory dictionaries.

323. Label the root, graphically explain the spelling of the alternating vowel in the root.

Adjective, application, assumption, grow..s, grow..ti, nurtured, grow, grow, grow, runoff, to..sleep, to..sit, m..kat, r..flare up, vent..gat, prophesy..become, z..rnitsa, touch..contact, collapse, sunburn, tangent, exchange.. whip, zag..ret, unapproachable, app..gay, grown..schen, ot..sti, sl..gat, ot..sl, prom..roll.

324. Form diminutive forms from nouns with the suffixes -ek, -ik. Write down the genitive singular form next to it. Highlight the suffixes and explain the peculiarities of their spelling.

Envelope, cross, tail, gingerbread, roll, peas, leaf, nut, box, grandson, bag, horn, gift, crystal, bell, hut, friend, color, bridge, mouth, scarf.

After sibilants under stress at the root of the word it is written:
е - if you can find a test word (yellow - turn yellow);
o - if you can’t find a test word (gooseberry, glutton).
In borrowed words it is always written about (shorts, hood, chocolate).

In suffixes and endings of nouns and adjectives it is written:
o - under stress (piglet, candle, hedgehog, big);
e - without stress (ravine, cloud, pear, good).

325. Write down the following words, choosing the desired spelling; form, if possible, words with the same root.

Bee..lik, g..heart, sh..pt, g..fly, black..net, ras..ska, heavy..ly, silky, f..people, cheap.. vyy, black..hearty, black..rta, goose..nik, sh..v, hood..n, sh..fer, sh..se, sh..colade, w..ngler, black , sh..vinism, sh..rts, sh..kirovat, sh..rokh, sh..rokhovaty, sh..mpol, Sh..tland.

In Old Russian, the consonant [ts] was soft.
Like the hissing [zh], [sh], the sound [ts] became hard over time.

The letter and after ц does not indicate softness of sound.

After c it is written:

s- 1) in endings and suffixes (cucumbers, short, poultry);
2) in the words gypsy, chicken, tsyts, tsiknut, tiptoe-,
And- in other cases (digit, etc.).

326. Write the words in the plural.

Skv..rets, well done, father, round-faced..th, knitting needle, dem..n-strats..ya, well..ts, ts..films, ts..circle, pl..vets, ts..ganka , digital, rehearsal, nationality, forest(?)nitsa, tank.

327. Check the spelling of the vowel where possible. Explain the “hidden” spellings.

(Un)bearable s..land, made..from silk..silk, watch..at the borders.., pass..through the ch..schu on skis..x, calculate..sh..t roads..ki, delicious pies..ki, cat on the iron roof.., came..l to our..dacha.., came..l evening..rum, warm(? )sya on so(?)nts.., visiting the capital.., it's time to drink a broch(?), new rings.., young daredevils.., near station..i, tax police, Ancient Greece..i , a pale-faced young man, a patterned lattice, an impenetrable thicket, vital moisture, a pale-faced girl, a pale-faced young man, a new power plant, according to ancient tradition, the state Turkey..me, at the yellow ts..film, on the front line..and, on the steep stairs.., golden knitting needles.., with cheerful faces..mi, at the young tits.., bird feeder. ., on the wing of tits...

In endings and suffixes of nouns and adjectives, after sibilants and c it is written:
under the stress o, without the stress e: face, but a towel; exemplary, but calico; boundary, but a roof; a bug, but a pebble.

328. Indicate the stem and ending in these words. Explain spellings.

Ray..m, hut..m, between..th, noodles..th, cloud..th, grove..th, puddle..th, raincoat..m, burden..th, sheep..th, birds..th, tree..m, chick..m, special..vka, red..vaty, penny..wy, hedgehog..wy, pear..wy, lead..wy, baked..noe ( apple), dried, burnt, baked, melted (in a mortar), hand, soul, returned, stew, stew ..ny.

329. Form words with the prefixes s- and raz- (ras-). Label the prefixes.

Blow, twist, pour, reap, carry, ask, cut, pour, shake, shape, cling, clean, sew, stir, saw.

330. Write down the words, indicate the prefixes, explain their spelling.

I. Without..head, without..people, without..wings, helplessness, without..tail, without..road, without..honor, without..cloudy, without..tasty, without..taste, uninterrupted , familyless, limitless.

II. Ra..removed, ra..dust, paint..paint, painted..painted, ra..assure, ra..learn, beautiful, neither..overthrow, nor..fall, dispossess, ra..let go, ra ..to say, to run away, to..spread, to..climb, to..kick, to..your, to..worry.

You probably remember, in order not to make mistakes in writing the prefixes pre- and pri-, it is necessary to determine their meaning.
Console at- means:

1) approximation, accession, addition: to arrive, to attach, to attribute;
2) location near something: suburb, school;
3) incompleteness of action: cover, open.

Console pre- has two main meanings:

1) very close to the meaning of the word: kind, wise;
2) close to the meaning of the prefix re-: interrupt, block.

Distinguish between words that are pronounced the same, but have completely different meanings: to remain (in ignorance) - to arrive (at the station).

331. Write down the words, highlight the prefixes, determine the meaning of the prefixes. If the prefix no longer stands out in a word, explain why.

Pr..fasten (belts), pr..wisdom, pr..school (site), pr..slides, pr..cut (lawlessness), transform (door), block (path), pr..red, pr ..sit down, pr..stop, pr..close, pr..put up, pr..think, stay (somewhere), define..divide, pr..vision, pr..serve, not ..suitable, pursue, pr..bautka, pr..rotate, pr..fight, advantage, pr..vision, pr..underworld, pr..bor, pr..cooking, pr..fastidious, pr. .cooking, preparation, preparation, preparation, preparation, preparation, preparation, preparation, preparation of vision (orphans).

After consonant prefixes, a hard separating sign is written before the letters e, e, yu, i, and a soft sign is written in other parts of the word.

332. Write down the words, inserting ъ or ь where appropriate.

Family(?)me, s(?)go, s(?)save, l(?)yu, hug(?) hug, s(?) huddle, salt(?) water in a glass, drive up(?) , under (?) it, in (?) south, leaf (?) I, nightingale (?) and, from (?) iron, before (?) anniversary, fox (?) and traces, wolf (?) and, monkey(?)y, sparrow(?)other, wrist(?)e.

If the first part of a compound word has a suffix, then it is written with a hyphen: fruit and berry. If there is no suffix in the first part of a compound word, we write it together: fruit and vegetable.

333. Select five or six complex words written together, and the same number written with a hyphen.

334. How do you understand these complex words? Write them down, mark the roots where they are. Give an interpretation of the words (in writing).

VAZ, UAZ, new building, code lock, intercom, purchase and sale, speed reading, super memory, intercollege, typewriting, radio electronics, television equipment.

Learn to distinguish between endings -в, - and in nouns of different declensions.
The ending is written:

1) at birth n.: near the factory, from the desert;
2) in noun. 3rd class: on a horse, to furniture;
3) if before the end - and (except for name and vin. p.): to the station, at the competition;
4) in noun. on -mya: about the name (name), on the banner (banner).

In other cases - -e.

335. Copy and explain the spelling of case endings -e, -i.

On a sandbank..; from the birch grove..; in my notebook..; title of an interesting book..; in a large building.. conservatory..; call by name..; was in the library..; served in the army..; wore an overcoat...; ras(?)kaz..val about ra..vedk..; new building..; approached the main square..d..; on the cover.. notebook..; on the first page., books..; on the lower branch.. of a green spruce..; on the lower deck..; fell from a branch..; participated in the competition..vani.., in the championship.. .
You can check the spelling of the endings of nouns with words of the same declension, with an emphasis on the ending: to cherry.. - cherry - earth - to earth - to cherry; in the notebook.. - notebook - steppe - in the steppe -> in the notebook.

Masculine and neuter nouns have the same case endings: in a dress.. - dress - window - in the window in a dress; into the ocean.. - ocean - dream (or window) - in a dream (in the window) -> in the ocean.

Before -i, as well as in nouns ending in -mya in all cases except nominative and accusative, the ending -i is written.

336. Write down, checking the endings of nouns by analogy - substituting a noun of the same declension with a stressed ending.

I was in school.., in the theater.., on the streets..; walked in the wild.., in the city..; I was in the planetarium..; flew into the sky..; swam in the sea ..; needed bread..., salt..., food..., food...; forgot about sadness..., hostility..., sad news...; from weeks.. to weeks..; strength in unity..; all in pose..lot..; on the native side ..; was on a tree..; stood at the banner..; told about the captain.., about his bitterness..; lay on the deck..; drew from pictures..; beside myself with joy ..; was in Romania..; love for Motherland...

337. Check the spelling of noun endings in two ways (see above).

1. The word flows... from the heart(?) pierces... into the heart(?)c.. . 2. In a smart b..sed., gain(?) your mind in a stupid..th your..shatter. 3. Kind silence is better than bad grumbling...3. 4. In words, at least get enough sleep, but in deeds, and don’t lose your head.. - clone..sh. 5. Where there are many weeds there is little bread, where there are many words there is little wisdom..3. 6. Swearing is not tar, but soot.. (c) relatives: it doesn’t cling so much. 7. The wound from the saber.. stings.. and the wound from the tongue.. bleeds.
Before the suffix -k- after a consonant (except for th and hissing), a fluent vowel o (low - low) appears, in other cases - e (clear - clear). The adjectives sharp, cunning, strong, smart must be remembered, as well as adjectives without fluent vowels: brave, kind, cheerful, generous, wise, fast, dark, etc.

The -enen form is formed by adjectives with the stressed suffix - yonn(y): modern - modern. It should, however, be remembered: the timely is timely and, conversely, the blessed is blessed.

338. Form their short form from the indicated adjectives. Group adjectives according to how they form their short form. Conclude: can all adjectives be short?

Good, bright, hot, smart, friendly, clear, wise, red, flying, cunning, ringing, boring, angry, interesting, friendly, sharp, powerful, strong, blessed, red, smart, small, ordinary, timid, lilac, mysterious, majestic, dun, thief, instant, cheerful, soft, useful, unchanging, ancient, dear.

The spelling of adjective endings is checked using a question: you need to find the noun on which it depends, and ask a question about the adjective from this noun. The ending of the question will indicate the ending of the adjective:

K a k i m? - -ym(s)

(in, about) which one? - -om(s)

Which one? - -th (-his)

For masculine adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases, the unstressed ending is written -th.

339. Check with questions the endings of full adjectives and participles; if the question is what? - determine the gender. Underline the participles as parts of the sentence.

Not the puny cricket behind the stove,

I don’t drink... in the wet... darkness -

I would like a transparent river

Run through your native land.

The morning will ring with sedge.

The earthly form will spread out.

I would like a mountain high...

Stand in the border area.

Surrounded by a colorful expanse,

Blessed..grateful..th human love,

I would like a wheat field

To the horizon..umbrella pr..mouth cheek...
(S. Ostrovoy.)

NN is written for adjectives:
1) formed from nouns using the suffixes -enn-, -onn-: cranberry, artificial, pension;
2) formed from adjectives using the suffix -enn-: tall, hefty;
3) formed from nouns with a stem in n + + suffix -n-: length + n - long, truth + n - true;
4) formed from nouns ending in -mya: time - temporary, flame - fiery (from flame-i);
5) formed from prefixed verbs: worn coat, accelerated pace.

N is written for adjectives:

1) formed from nouns using the suffixes -in, -an, -yan,: passerine, leather, oil.
2) without a suffix: young, ruddy.

Adjectives with the suffix -sk-, formed from the names of months, are written with a soft sign before the suffix (except for the word January).
For adjectives formed from other nouns, a soft sign before the suffix -sk- is written only after the letter l: ambassador - ambassadorial.

340. Form adjectives, indicate suffixes in them; explain the spelling. Make up phrases with the highlighted words; make a morphological analysis of adjectives.

October, November, December, January, Siberia, Tver, Tsar, June, July, Kazan, Barnaul, February, September, Pskov, Smolensk, Tula, April, Chuvash, Kazakh, chief, lab..rant , monastery, Tatar, field(?) huntsman, beast, savage, Perm, Latvian, Suzdal, Ural, ambassador, sailor, brother, Volga.

Negative pronouns with the prefixes ne- and ni- are written together.
It is not written under stress, nor - without stress: there is no one - no one.
If there is a preposition between not- (ni) and a pronoun, then they are written in three words: no one, no one.

Check the unstressed personal endings of the verb with the indefinite form: for verbs ending in -it and exception verbs, write in the endings and, a (я); the remaining verbs have e, y (yu).

Remember the quatrain with exception verbs:

Hear, see, hate,

And depend, and offend,

Drive, hold, endure, turn,

And also breathe, look.

341. I. Put the verbs in the plural (without changing the person).

I will wash it out, I will remove it, I will dispel it, I will console it, I will change it; blockage..sh, pass, dress up..sh, crown..sh, comfort..sh; (he) nourishes..t, consults, consoles..t, listens..t, hears..t, looks..t, examines..t, drives..t, drives..t.

II. Write the verbs in the indefinite form and in the singular (without changing the person).

Know..those, kin..those, timidly..those, sit..those, sit down..those, walk..those, hope..those, chase..those, ch..those, fight.. grow, build, wash, grow, (they) hate, depend, offend, drive, drive, hold, endure. t, turn..t, turn..t, listen..those, breathe..t, look..t, click..t, manage..t, hear..those, look back, see..those, know ..te, count..t, knock..te, floor..te, ro..te.

1. Check the spelling of -tsya, -tsya in verbs with a question. If the question is what (s) to do? - we write; if the question is what (s) does it do? - - tsya.
2. In a verb that depends on another verb or on words such as possible, necessary, impossible, must, time, began and some others, it is always written -tsya.
342. Write down the following phrases using one of the spelling check techniques mentioned above.

The house is being built(?)sya, began to be built(?)sya, must be built(?)sya, will soon humble(?)sya, they are surprised(?)sya, ready to be surprised(?)sya, they are crowding(?)sya, he is crowding( ?)sya, no need to squeeze(?)sya, break, break(?)sya, confess(?)sya, admits(?)sya, digs(?)sya, digs(?)sya, time to wash(?)sya , wash(?) himself, he will stand up, stand up(?) for someone, I want to go for a ride(?), he will take(?) for a ride, I need to study(?) for him, he studies(?) well.

343. Write down proverbs and sayings, grouping them by topic; Title the topics. Underline the main members of the sentence, indicate how they are expressed. Tell us about the features

Constructing sentences in proverbs. Determine the verb conjugation.

1. The truth goes straight with it, you won’t warm up(?) it. 2. The language of the kingdoms..mi vorocha..t. 3. The truth (does not) burn in fire and does not (not) tone in water..t. 4. Without z..shafts and the song (n..)sings(?)sya. 5. Language of the banner, squad of water...t. 6. Everyone trumpets the truth and (n..) everyone loves the truth. 7. Having fired a bullet (n..)grab..sh and the word sk..zav (n..)catch..sh. 8. Says white and acts black. 9. Follow your tongue (n..) barefoot. 10. He who leaves his anger alone is strong. 11. He who talks a lot...does little...i.e. 12. Who storms with his tongue..t (n..) a lot of war..t. 13. (N..) kill..eat with a word and disgrace..sh. 14. (N.^who does not believe..t and he himself chalk..t. 15. From a small..spark (cheese) boron will ignite(?) 16. Truth is not afraid of judgment(?) 17. The truth (n..) re-argued..sh 18. What does he know..t say everything..t and what (n..)knows..t say that..t.

344. Form past tense forms from the indicated verbs. Specify the verb conjugation.

Chill, fade, disappear, cool down, bewitch, bewitch, lead away, nod, jump, dry out, boil, boil.

Carefully study the table of formation of participles.

Formulate a rule and try to remember it.

345. Form (if possible) active and passive participles of the present and past tenses.

Carry, bring, lead, write, write, read, count, walk, walk, think.

From which verbs can we form participles of both present and past tense, active and passive, and from which cannot we form certain forms? Why?

346. Make five sentences with non-isolated participial phrases and five with isolated ones, using the following nouns and participles.

A laughing child, blossoming lilies of the valley, twinkling stars, a singing starling, a gardener pruning the bushes, sparkling eyes, a flying airplane, mashed apples, spilled milk, fading roses, a disheveled kitten, a published book, a talking parrot, cold food, a picture seen.

The suffix -enn- or -vn.- is written if the participle:
1) has a prefix (except not): mowed grass;
2) has dependent words: oven-fried chicken;
3) perfect form: solved problem;
4) formed from verbs with the suffixes -ova-, -eva- (-irova-): pickled honey mushrooms.

347. Form passive past participles.

Chop, cut down, don’t chop, bake on coals, bake potatoes, buy, sell, stew, ferment, premium, granulate, comprehend, read, specify, press, convert, sort, attack, cement, interfere, wound, injure.

348. Form passive past participles, write them in the plural, in full and short form.

Organize, repair, cut off, complete, attach, find out, attract, set fire to, decide, sell, collect, give away, unload, mark.
349. First write down phrases with adjectives, then with participles.

Baked(?) potatoes, baked(?) pancakes, autumn(?) day, chopped(?) bush, mouse(?) tail, concrete area, bottomless(?) barrel, straw(?) bull, revolutionary(?) movement, seasoned(?) athlete, leather..n(?) briefcase, oil..n(?) fountain, nightingale(?) trill, boiled(?) potatoes, cooked(?) soup, absent-minded(?) person, s..n(?)in spring, simultaneous game session, newborn child, loaded(?) to the top, overloaded..n(?) car, cleaned(?) to a shine, long-uncleaned(?)s, polished..n(?)shoes.

350. Write down, grouping words by parts of speech. Explain the spelling of words, highlight the morphemes in them, determine the method of formation.

Boiled(?)y, cooked(?)yy, cooked(?)yy, boiled(?)yy in the oven, distant(?)yy, weathered(?)yy, windy(?)yy, given(?)yy, leather(?)y, goose(?)yy, pig(?)yy, blue(?)yy, spring(?)yy, youthful(?)yy, young(?)yst, early(?)oh, early( ?)yy, gostin(?)yy, gostiny(?)yy, gostiny(?)yy, silver(?)yy.

351. Rewrite the phrases, next to each write down the phrase in which the given participle would be written with not separately. Give a complete morphological description of participles.

An unfinished house, an unprotected girl, an unfinished book, an unburnt fire, an untamed beast, unused time, an unpainted picture, an unfinished story, an unopened window.

Particles not with gerunds are written separately.
352. Read an excerpt from the novel “The Golden Chain” by A. Green. Underline the adverbial participles and separate the adverbial phrases with commas.

The doctor walked between us, taking Hanover's hand.

One more minute of memories,” he said, “then tomorrow is ruined.” Go away, please!
Duroc slapped his knee with his hand and stood up. Everyone approached the girls.. - cheerful or sad? - it was difficult to understand, she was so yearning for the instant(?) brightening of a smile or her suddenly...distracted(?)moving face. When I said goodbye I said:
- Molly, if you need me, count on me! ..m.

Not written together:
1) with words that are not used without;
2) with nouns, adjectives, adverbs ending in -о, -е, if they can be replaced by synonyms without no opposition;
3) with negative and indefinite pronouns without a preposition;
4) with a full participle without dependent words.
In other cases - most often separately.

353. Write down the phrases. Explain the combined and separate spelling of no.

I (un)accidentally broke a vase; said (in)accurately; (not) stupid; (in)destructible; (not) rarely cried; did (not) well; (not) beautiful beret; evil (not) friend; (not) anyone to meet; (nothing to do; (not) who knocked; (not) what he brought; (unopened briefcase; (not) cooked borscht; (not) talking parrot; (not) immediately visible landscape; (not) good mushroom; far (not) good mushroom; cried (not) rarely, but often; not at all (not) rarely ; (not) a friend, but an enemy; (not) anyone to ask; (not) who to ask; (not) what to expect; (not) what to refuse; (not) who to tell; (not) to )who to go; learned (not) what is good; grab (not) what; (not) open umbrella; umbrella (not) open; umbrella I (not) opened; (not) opened umbrella by me; not yet (not) talking parrot; (in)visible; (in)visible world.

After hissing adverbs at the end, it is written under the stress o, without the stress e: hot, fresh, melodious, clumsy. At the end of adverbs after sh and h and in the word wide open it is written ь.
In adverbs with the prefixes from-, to-, with-, a is written at the end: from afar, to the dry, to the left; with the prefixes in-, on-, it will be written about: left, again, right (like the noun window with similar prepositions: from the window, from the window, into the window, onto the window, behind the window).

354. Distribute the words in the table in accordance with the rule of writing ъ after sibilants in different parts of speech.

Lie down(?), hot oven(?), night(?), sword(?), penny(?), go(?), knife(?), completely(?), breach(?), youth(?) , hedgehog(?), reading(?), thinking(?)sya, not crying(?), children's crying(?), not crying(?) those, goods(?), extracted(?), power( ?), horsetail(?), ray(?), many clouds(?), one hundred thousand(?), cut(?) those, fresh(?), eat(?), can you(?), hush( ?), crush(?), mouse(?), sterech(?), watchman(?), other(?), appoint(?) those, speech(?), unbearable(?), many pears(?), penny(?), odorous(?), stove(?), stove(?), stove(?), buckshot(?), material(?), powerful(?), supine(?), burning( ?), trifle(?), wilderness(?), chush(?), hundred souls(?), lily of the valley(?), lish(?), wide open(?), cut(?), married(?) , case(?), harness(?), line(?), drawing(?), come(?), laugh(?)sya, case(?).

355. Write down the adverbs, orally determining in what way they are formed: if suffix-prefix (using a suffix and prefix at the same time), then the above rule applies, if suffixal, then using the suffix -o: from afar (from distant), but fairly (from fair).

Amazed.., occasionally.., initially.., red-hot.., thoroughly.., dry.., voluntary.., restrained.., rash.., from the left.., calm.., long ago.. , recently.., often.., suppressed.., completely clean.., completely clean.., white.., whitened.., left.., again.., again.., first.., right.., direction .., satiated.., for a long time.., long.., again.., repeatedly.., independent.. .

356. Form adverbs with the suffixes -ski, -tski, -ich, -mu (-em), -ykh (-their); where necessary, add a prefix.

Friend, brother, artist, romantic, fact, theory, beast, predator, mother, master, criticism, king, new, first, friend, autumn.

The prepositions thanks to, according to, contrary to, in front of - L"^i cor, towards are used with the dative case: contrary to opinion, thanks to the good weather.

In the prepositions during, in continuation, as a result, e is written at the end. Do not confuse them with the nouns current, continuation, consequence, in which i is written in the prepositional case: in the course of the river, etc.

357. Rewrite by opening the brackets and inserting the missing letters.

(In)for..two hours, (in)consequence..fatigue, (in)continuing..all summer, (in)due to stormy weather, according to plan., evacuation, (in)despite (not)weather , (in) relation.. to a friend, (for) the purpose of improving health.

Distinguish between not and neither:

1) does not convey the negation, nor strengthens the negation (no one came);
2) in negative pronouns and adverbs in unstressed position it is written neither (nothing - nothing);
3) it cannot strengthen the affirmative meaning of the subordinate clause (Wherever I look, forests are green); cannot be used in interrogative and exclamatory sentences that do not have a negative meaning (Where has he been!), in the subordinate tense with the conjunction while (We will wait until the rain stops);
4) in a predicate with the words could not, double negation cannot be used - the sentence acquires an affirmative meaning (I can’t help but note = must note).

358. Make no mistake! Explain not and neither in these sentences and phrases.

1. (N..)what to do, (n..)what (n..)does, (n..) what to strive for, (n..) what (n..) strives for, (n..) who came, (n..) who (n..) came. 2. Where has he (n..) been! 3. Everywhere he (n..) visited, good memories remained about him. 4. How (I..) be cunning, but life (n..) outwitted. 5. Until (n..) conditions mature, our market (n..) will become civilized. 6. (N..) can (n..) admit my mistakes. 7. Whatever you (n..) look for, you (n..) will find. 8. No matter what (n..) happens, where (n..) it comes from, how much (n..) does it all (n..) remain (n..) (with) what, (n..) that (n.) .)this, (n..)fish (n..)meat.

359. Prepare to take dictation. Explain the spelling of not and nor, and the placement of missing punctuation marks. Make graphic diagrams of sentences with homogeneous members; indicate how homogeneous members are connected and what they are in the sentence.

K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

This life was a fiery 5 feat. (In) amazement you stop before the (n..) incalculable enormity of what Timiryazev did.
(N..) Ukrainian fighter, scientist-citizen educator, who raised (n..) many generations of wonderful researchers, exp.. r.. mentor, who broke new paths in laboratory practice, “patriarch of Russian agronomy” full and honorary member of four dozen academies of universities and scientific societies around the world...

Work filled this life to the brim.

But those who personally knew Timiryazev have preserved for us the image of a (n..) pedant deepened (?) in his microscopes in his books, but a man open to all the living joys of the world. He passionately(?) loved nature, traveling and long excursions. I was (n..) separated from him (?) but the camera and lens (?) were directed most often by the (n..) hand of a nerd.. but the hand is in love (?) with a person’s life.

There was a tightness in him 2 that had been twisted in his parents' house, and remained throughout his life as (n..Envy of all external and internal licentiousness (?) and (n..) slovenliness. .as respect for work and ability to work.

The passionate(?) yearning of this life.. (n..Stopped (n..) for a day. But it was an internal(?) boiling of which the strictest discipline of the will (n.. ) allowed to break through(?) to the outside.Gentlemanly, correct, speaking in exactly (n..)hastily coined phrases, this is how Timiryazev was remembered by those who knew him.

In Timiryazev, (there was) exactly (n..) nothing from the “scientific eccentric”. He (n..) suffered from (n..) absent-mindedness (n.. Forgetfulness. On the contrary, he was punctually accurate in everything down to the smallest detail.

In argument, he (n..) when (n..) shouted and never spoke rudely. But he knew how to destroy the enemy so much that until the end of his days he was already (n..)forgetting the “reprimand” taught to him by Timiryazev.

He portrayed science (n..) as a (not) any (n..) accessible temple in which priests, endowed with (?) miraculous all.. knowledge, perform mysterious (?) rites pr.. discovering only the Yes..to the veils for (n..) dedicated (?)s. 4 No Timiryazev (n..) got tired of repeating (N, n) science is a workshop, learn to work, you will find (?) a place in it! (V. Safonov.)

360. Remember and apply the rules for using a hyphen.

I. Someone (that), something, somewhere, (something) how.
II. (Dark) blue, (bright) red, (bluish) green, (pale) pink, (red) yellow, (Russian) Japanese.
III. Slightly (slightly), barely (barely), somehow (not at all), firmly (firmly).
IV. (North)east, (south)west, (half)Moscow, (half)Europe, (half)apple, (ex)champion, (vice)president, (rear)admiral, general (major).
V. Moscow (river), river (Moscow).
VI. (Firstly), (secondly), (in) Russian, (still) as before, (apparently).

361. Prepare to record proverbs from dictation. Apply the rules: about combined and separate spelling of words; about the spelling of adverb suffixes.

1. Whose righteous deed is he who speaks boldly... 2. Know how to speak at the right time and remain silent at the right time. 3. It’s better.. (n..) to negotiate than to negotiate. 4. Duty.. race(?)wait and quickly, do. 5. Much.. talk.. but3 yes small., said.. but. 6. He speaks (to) the right.. and looks (to) the left. 7. Lash...the shadow of today...is your day.

Formulate the general theme of the proverbs and come up with a title for them. Select and write down a few more proverbs on the same topic.
362. Remember the rules for writing not and nor with different parts of speech. Write down words and phrases using parentheses.

(N..) fall in love, (n..) get wet, (n..) say hello, (n.. say hello, (n..) adversity, (n..) touch (?) xya, (n..) respect, (n..)painted(?), (n..)painted(?), (n..)painted, (n..)painted(?) this year, (n..) .) by whom (n..) recognized (?), (n..) recognized, (n..) learned, (n..) story, (n..) luck, (n..) lepica, ( n..) good, (n..) really, (n..) when (n..) you find out, (n..) how much (n..) it’s a pity, (n..) a lot (n..) .) little, (n..) by whom (n..) recognized (?), (n.. pledge, (n..) whimsical, (n..) impossible, (n..) transitive verb, ( n..) filling, completely (n..) (for) what, (n..) will reach (?) the shelf, (n..) pleasant to the taste, (n..) (for) what in the world , (n..) moving from a place, (n..) looking at a friend, (n..) few roads traveled, (unopened book, (n..) correctly solved (?) problem.

363. Read the passage carefully and copy it down. What work is it from, who is the author?

But how (n..) the men fought and (n..) resisted, and in their party.. it was completely (n..) of the same order as in the women’s. Everything they had was somehow (n..) handsome (n..) well-heeled (?) about (n..) okay (n..) good (n..) slender (n..) good, cool in the head .. hustle and bustle..ka confusion (n..) neatness 5 in thoughts..x, - in a word, this is how the empty nature of a man emerged in everything, the nature of a rude so.. ..to the heart..convictions - of little faith, lazy, filled(?) with un..continuous doubts and eternal..fear... They said that all this was nonsense, that the governor’s daughter had been kidnapped.. more it’s a hussars thing.. rather than a civil one.. that Chichikov (n..) will do this, that the women are lying, that the woman is a sack: what they put in, it carries, that the main thing that needs to be paid attention to.. there are dead souls which, however, h.. his mouth knows what they mean but they contain... but nevertheless (g) very bad (n..) good.
Explain spelling not and not with different parts of speech.

Vlasenkov A. I. Russian language. Grades 10-11: textbook. for general education institutions: basic level / A.I. Vlasenkov, L.M. Rybchenkova. - M.: Education, 2009. - 287 p.

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A word, as a unit of a word-formation system, has a certain structure, that is, it consists of morphemes. The concept of morpheme was proposed by Russian scientists at the end of the 19th century. It is found in the works of I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, O. S. Krushevsky, V. A. Bogoroditsky and other linguists.

Morpheme is the smallest significant part of a word, a unit of word formation. For example, prefix once- - morpheme with the meaning of a high degree of quality ( once daring, races beautiful) or with a disconnect value ( once lead, races drag).

All morphemes of the modern Russian language are differentiated depending on their role in the word form and in the word. On this basis, they are divided into root and auxiliary, or affix. Based on their location in relation to the root, word-forming affixes are divided into prefixes (or prefixes), suffixes, and postfixes. In this work we want to focus on prefixes.

Prefix

A prefix or prefix is ​​a significant part of a word that is located before a root or other prefix and is used to form new words or different forms of the same word.

With the help of prefixes, new words are usually formed within the same part of speech:

• author - with author
• wear - You wear
• outside - from outside

Prefixes in the Russian language are most often used to form verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

To form different forms of the same word, prefixes are used less actively than suffixes. However, they can also be formative:

• do - With do
• turn pale - By turn pale
• go blind - O go blind

Russian prefixes can be attached to words of different parts of speech. Prefixes are not typically assigned to certain parts of speech due to the high degree of abstraction and universality of the meanings they express. Yes, prefix with- , expressing the meaning of “compatibility”, is possible in the composition

• - nouns:

• with comrade
• with participant

• - verbs:

• with exist
• with worry

• - adjectives:

• with sonorous
• with ultimate

Attaching prefixes to the stems of different words does not fundamentally change their meaning. Prefixes give this meaning new shades of meaning. Yes, verbs at run, at run essentially means the same action as the verb run.

Prefixes only show different directions of this action. Adverb pre excellent and adjective pre cute denote the same features as the words excellent and pretty, but the prefix pre- gives the meaning of these characteristics a shade of the highest degree of quality.

There are several dozen prefixes in the Russian language. Most of the prefixes in the Russian language have meanings similar to those discussed. Therefore, prefixes are attached primarily to words denoting actions (verbs) and attributes (adjectives and adverbs). For these parts of speech, it is important to determine the direction of the action, the time of its occurrence, the measure or degree of the attribute. The connection with prefixes is not so typical, although among nouns there are often words formed by adding a prefix:

• particle - anti particle
• chapter - under chapter
• express - super express

However, the number of such words, in comparison with nouns that do not include prefixes, is not so large. In nouns, as well as in adjectives, adverbs and verbs, prefixes often add additional indications of measure or degree:

• rogue - archi rogue
• cup - super cup

or temporary instructions:

• language - great language
• memory - great memory
• story - before history
• Human - before Human

The isolation of prefixes as part of a word is supported by another feature of them. They may have side stress as part of a word: Anti democratic, against air, against firefighter, сО employer, inside cellular, Anti neutrality.

The presence of special stress and structural independence in the composition of the word lead to the fact that positional changes in vowels, which extend to all morphemes of the word, may not affect prefixes. For example, prefix with- with the meaning of compatibility in unstressed syllables, a word can retain [o], without undergoing reduction and without changing into [ъ] or [а]: with employer, with guardian, with managers.

The universality of the meaning of prefixes, the closeness of their semantics to the semantics of particles and adverbs, their structural independence in the composition of a word lead to the fact that prefixes for the most part are very productive morphemes. Their use is less regulated by restrictions related to the semantics of the stem.

The main meaning of most prefixes is to indicate the direction or nature of the action:

• V walk - You walk
• at walk - at walk
• under walk - from walk
• behind sing , at open, under aquatic, on earthly

Console without- indicates the absence of what is indicated by the root: without land, demon helpful, demon noisy and the console Not-, joining a word, gives it the opposite meaning: Not friend (enemy), Not cheerful (sad). In very rare cases, prefixes have a purely grammatical meaning and are used to form word forms.

The same prefix can be used in different meanings, for example, prefix behind- indicates:

1. to extend the effect beyond a certain limit: behind flew over the line;
2. to bring the action to the extreme: behind feed , behind praise ;
3. for incidental action: behind go to a friend;
4. at the beginning of the action: behind sing , behind dance.

Some prefixes occur in a large number of words and are easily used to form new words, for example: V- , on- , behind- , others occur in relatively few words and are almost never used to produce new words, for example:

• pa- :

• pa vodka
• pa son
• pa daughter

• great- :

• great grandfather
• great grandmother

• su- :

• su darkness
• su glinka

Noun prefixes

In the morphological composition and word formation of nouns, prefixes play a much smaller role than suffixes. In a number of cases, nouns with prefixes clearly reveal their origin from those with the same prefixes (as well as from the stems of adjectives). But some types of prefix formations are typical for nouns, although some of them are similar to the formations of adjectives and verbs. Console Not- is part of a number of nouns, some of them uncommon without this prefix: Not hearing, Not verie, Not affection, partly existing independently: Not buddy , Not Friend , Not weather, Not happiness , Not will

Console O- (about- ) in verbal formations serves to designate the remains after some action, usually something spoiled, devalued as a result of the action: about soap, O trigger, about measures, about socks , about jerk, O files

Console between-, not used with verbs, denotes the space between two identical objects: between speech, between ryadye, between way .

Console re- names an object surrounded by a foreign environment, sometimes being a connecting link or boundary between the main parts of the object: re necks, re forest, re nose

Console about- has a meaning close to the prefix re- and similar to the verb prefix about- , denoting movement inward and through: about vein, about puff pastry, about walls, about village

Console behind- indicates the position on the other side of the object: behind speech, behind mountain, behind swamp, behind bridge

Console before- indicates the position in front of the object: before bridge, before mountain, before shoulder, before thunderstorm, before winter

Console at- denotes being near an object: at seaside, at city ​​, at weight, at baked

Console under- denotes being below an object: under goatee, under forest, under window, under frame, under knife

Console By- means a terrain located on the surface and within something: By coast, By Volzhye, By Dnieper.

Console on- indicates the position on the surface of an object: on earpiece, on shoulder, on sleeve, on abdomen, on end, on mountain.

Adjective prefixes

Derived adjectives include prefixes. One group of prefixes is used for education, the other group for education.

Among the prefixes of qualitative adjectives, there is a group of those that are close in meaning to evaluation suffixes and denote a greater measure of quality.

Yes, prefix pre- (Old Slavic origin) is close in meaning to very, extremely, and in new formations it often creates a connotation of colloquial speech: pre funny, pre Cute , pre funny , pre diligent, pre cunning , pre fat, pre sunrise, pre red .

Console nai-, attached to the superlative degree, expresses expressive intensification and gives the word a somewhat archaic, bookish character: nai most important, nai shortest, nai kindest.

Console once- similar in meaning to the prefix pre-, but is characteristic of colloquial speech and has a connotation of rudeness, and sometimes such formations are associated with folk poetic works: once funny , once unhappy, once kind, once bumpy.

A group of prefixes expresses negation and absence of a known attribute.

Console without- indicates a sign consisting in the absence of a known object. Particularly characteristic are prefix formations that do not have a suffix, formed from a limited number of names of body parts and some parts of plants and objects: without handy, without legged, demon fallen, without mustache, without bearded, without toothy, without hairy

Console Not- unlike the particle not, which expresses only negation, it forms antonyms for adjectives without this prefix: Not brave (timid) - brave, Not big (small) - big, Not rare (frequent), Not good bad), Not difficult (easy).

Console A- (Greek), used in words of Greek and Latin origin, close in meaning to prefixes without- , Not- : A moral, A logical, A rhythmic, A symmetric. Console A- is not productive, but due to relationships with the corresponding unprefixed adjectives ( A moral - moral) in some cases clearly stands out.

Complex console not without- (heaven- ), representing a combination of prefixes Not- And without- , expresses denial of the absence of a known characteristic and, on the basis of this, indicates a small measure of quality: not without harmful, heaven useful, not without famous.

Prefixes of relative adjectives are divided into several groups according to their meaning; they give indications of place, time, and mutual relations between persons and objects. These prefixes are always used together with suffixes; these include prefixes that often form pairs of antonyms: on- , above- , under- , at- , inside- .

Console on- indicates position on the surface: on capital, on earthly, on mountain, on body, on chest, on abdominal

Console on d - indicates a position above the object: above brow, above earthly, above vorny, above star, above sepulchral

Console under- indicates a position below the object, being the antonym of the prefix above- , Sometimes on- : under aquatic, under earthly, under cutaneous, under mountain

Console at- denotes a position near an object, a connection with it: at maritime, at river, at road, at estate.

Console outside- indicates a position outside of something, often used with non-spatial meaning: outside European, outside official, outside school.

Prefixes denoting time include before- , before- , By- , after- .

Console before- indicates a previous time in relation to a known event, era, period of time: before revolutionary, before military

Console before- for the nearest previous time and this differs from before- : before revolutionary, before October, before military, before elective.

Console By- unproductive, it indicates a subsequent tense and is the antonym of the prefix before- : By reform, By mortal

Console after- unambiguous with By- and is productive: after military, after October, after operating.

Console inter- (Latin), synonymous with the prefix between- : inter National, inter vocal.

Console against- indicates a purpose to destroy something, to fight something: against military, against alcoholic.

Console anti- (Greek) means “hostile to something, directed against something”, as well as “deprived of something”: anti fascist, anti folk.

Verb prefixes

A typical means of forming verbs from other verbs is prefixes. Most of the prefixes have a common origin and a common sound composition with the sentence, as a result of which they, to a certain extent, perform a similar role. The commonality of the functions of prefixes and prepositions is manifested in the parallelism of the use of identical prefixes and prepositions in one syntactic construction, for example: V carry into the house, under put under the plate, oto go from the board. This is observed primarily when expressing spatial relations, and figuratively in other cases: V bring improvements V machine design, oto go from letters of the law. But prefixes also have meanings that are not expressed by prepositions. This is, for example, the meaning that prefixed verbs receive if it is not paralyzed by a suffix.

Prefixes usually have ramified meanings, and in some cases the connection of some meanings with others is quite clear, the emergence of secondary meanings from the primary ones is caught without difficulty, in others the meanings have diverged and become isolated, and reducing them to a common original meaning encounters serious difficulties. Differences in the meaning of prefixes are largely due to differences in the lexical meaning of verbs.

The most primary meanings of prefixes are various kinds of indications of the origin of actions in space; they specify the action, establishing the direction and spread of the action, limit it by indicating the starting and ending points, the space covered, the limit, and the movement of objects in, out, up, down. This is most clearly observed in verbs of motion. In one way or another, these meanings are accompanied by indications of the beginning and end of an action, the achievement of a result, the insignificance, intensification, completeness, intensity of the action and a number of more frequent meanings characteristic of individual prefixes. In the future, the main meanings of prefixes will be highlighted.

First of all, cases in which prefixes have a clear meaning that ensures their productivity will be considered. In this case, the source material for analysis will be those formations in which the prefixed verb is opposed to the unprefixed verb, without any other differences: You throw - throw. A special group of formations consists of verbs that differ from non-prefixed ones not only by the presence of a prefix, but also by the particle -sya; consideration of these cases refers to the end of the review of the meanings of individual prefixes.

To find out the meaning of prefixes, it is of great help to determine whether the verb has controlled words and which (without or with a preposition) it controls. In the following review, examples will be given with controlled words.

A considerable number of prefixed verbs, especially among long-existing words, have received a meaning that does not follow from their morphological composition; they have become isolated from the corresponding unprefixed verbs, and in them the meanings of the prefixes are obscured, or the prefix can only be distinguished etymologically: give - about give, be - at be , With be , behind be . Such formations remain outside the limits of living types of verbal word formation, and therefore isolated examples of them are given only to demonstrate their difference from prefixes of a productive nature.

Also, a special position in word formation is occupied by prefixed verbs, next to which there are no unprefixed verbs with the same stem. They got the name verbs with bound stems, examples of these are derived verbs:

• A). remove, lift, accept;
• b). say, order, refuse, order;
• V). fold, put, lay, put aside;
• G). get used to, get used to, get used to.

Verbs with associated stems overwhelmingly represent a legacy of the past, and their morphological composition is often obscured; individual verbs with far removed meanings have even become completely isolated from their root group and have lost their articulation (understand, take, take away), only in rare cases do prefixes retain their meaning. In this regard, they will usually appear in the review among formations with a darkened meaning of the prefixes.

A characteristic feature of verbal prefixes is that among them there are widely represented pairs of antonym prefixes: V carry - You carry , at put - from put, etc. Comparison of such prefixes helps to understand their meanings, but due to the polysemy of prefixes, their opposite meaning covers only some cases of their use.

Console V- (in- ) indicates the direction of action inward, which is especially clearly reflected in verbs of movement that control the accusative case with the preposition in; unprefixed verbs do not indicate the direction of movement: go - V go to town, carry - V carry to the dining room, glue - V glue a page into a book.

Console You- has several widely divergent meanings. In the first group, the initial designation of the direction of action is “outward”; in these cases You- acts as an antonym of the prefix V- - designation of an object from within which the action is directed, expressed in the genitive case with the prepositions from, with: to go - You go out of town, carry - You carry from the dining room, You pour from a bottle, You drag from the water, You load from the car.

The original meaning of the prefix behind- is moving away from the observer and moving beyond an obstacle, an object. In these cases, the verb controls the accusative case with the preposition for: to go - behind go behind the house, go - behind go over the mountain.

Console from- only in rare cases does movement outward matter, in accordance with the preposition from: to drive - from drive out of the country, from draw from the eye.

Console from- expresses movements that begin with separation from any limit. This meaning is clearly expressed in the presence of a noun with the preposition from: to go - from drive away from the village, fly - from fly from the airport.

Console under- denotes a movement aimed at placing an object below an object or directing an action (y) under an object. In this case, the verb controls the accusative case with the preposition under: put - under put under the typewriter, drive - under drive under the bridge.

Console at- has the meaning of movement from the object until complete removal, as well as completion of the action. Deletion is clearly expressed in verbs of motion, the starting point is indicated by the genitive case with the prepositions from, from, with: at travel from the Caucasus, at leave the theater, u swim from the shore, at leak from a bucket.

Console on- indicates restriction of movement in contact with an obstructing object, primarily with its surface, in this case the verb controls the accusative case with the preposition: to go - on go to the stand, on fly to the pole.

Console With-, on the one hand, denotes downward movement and separation, on the other, counter movement and unification. Thus, the downward movement is especially clearly reflected when accompanied by the controlled genitive case with the preposition s: With drive down the mountain, With throw from the roof.

Adjacent to this value is the value of removal from the surface, to the side or without specifying a direction: with kick off the carpet, With dust off.

Complex console under- has the meaning of incompleteness of action, it is opposed to the prefix re- : under work (re work), under execute (re execute).

Complex console without- (obes- ) forms verbs from nouns and indicates the deprivation of that object or property that is denoted by nouns: without become crowded, without arm, without lead, obes silet, obes value .

Adverb prefixes

Also carried out through consoles. But in adverbs they interact closely with suffixes.

Console By- and suffix – And- form adverbs: By-paternal And , By-bratsk And , By-Czech And , By-bird And , By-lis And .

Console By- and suffix – wow- (-to him- ) form adverbs from relative, qualitative adjectives and pronouns: By-year old to him , By-winter to him , By-rich wow , By-new wow .

Cases of forming adverbs from other adverbs by adding prefixes are unproductive: always - on always, now - from now, tomorrow - after Tomorrow.

The definition of a prefix in Russian is as follows: a significant part of a word that can both change and complement the meaning of the word. This definition, although brief, is extremely accurate: the prefix in the Russian language is indeed very, very significant, and it is subject to a complete change in the meaning of the word. Compare: understand e backwards (which means incorrect), etc. And gatekeeper (standing at the gate).

There is an opinion that the poorer and simpler the language, the more primitive and weaker the mind of the people who speak it. If you believe this opinion, then we can conclude that the Russian people are one of the most developed peoples in the world. What are the morphemes alone worth in our language! It’s difficult to count all the prefixes in the Russian language, let alone remember them. And new prefixes keep coming to Russian from foreign languages, with their own meaning.

Remembering the correct spelling of a prefix in Russian is quite simple, at least when it comes to native Russian prefixes. They are divided into only three groups. The first group is prefixes, the spelling of which does not change under any circumstances. Among them is the prefix s-. It should be remembered that in words starting with the letters “s” and “z”, only the letter “s” can be a prefix, and “z” is included in the root of the word.

The second group is prefixes with changing consonants: -raz - -ras. The following should be remembered about this group: the letter “z” (-raz) is written before voiced consonants (as in the word “running up”) and vowels (as in the word “dressed up”), the letter “s” (-ras) is written before voiceless consonants (dawn).

This group also includes prefixes with a changing vowel: -ras - -ros. To know the spelling of these prefixes, you need to remember only one rule: the letter “o” is written with an accent (as in the word “draw”), and the letter “a” is written without an accent (as in the word “cut”).

The third group is the prefixes pre- and pre-. The rules for writing them are also extremely simple. The prefix is ​​prefixed if the meaning “very” is intended, or if it can be replaced by the prefix re- (as in the words “excellent”, “interrupt”). The prefix is ​​assigned if it is necessary to indicate the incompleteness of an action (stand up), approach to something (run), joining (sew), proximity to something (coastal).

The use of a foreign prefix in Russian is somewhat more complicated, since here you cannot be guided by any general rules, but you need to remember the spelling and meaning of each prefix. Here are some examples of the most commonly used foreign prefixes.

Thus, the prefix of Latin origin a- denotes the absence of a characteristic (immorality, amenorrhea).

The prefix of Latin origin de- denotes the reverse action, removal, cessation (defecation).

The prefixes hypo- and hyper- denote, respectively, a decrease and an increase in the norm (hypotension, hyperactivity).

The Greek prefixes anti- and archi- denote, respectively, the opposite and superdegree (unsanitary, archbishop).

The French prefix des- denotes the removal or absence of something (disinfection).

The Latin prefix re- denotes the reverse process (regeneration).

The Latin prefixes ultra- and ex- denote, respectively, extreme, extreme quality (ultrasound) and movement from within or something former (export, ex-spouse).

In addition to the role of consoles, the history of the console is also interesting. It is known for certain that initially there was no such prefix in the Russian language; the absence of something was denoted by the prefix “without”. However, after 1917, the communists who came to power decided to replace the last letter. What caused this change - the cacophony of many words (such as dishonesty, ingloriousness) or a simple mockery of the fears of believers (after all, the devil is called a demon) - is unknown.

One way or another, from then on the prefix is ​​not used only in words in which the prefix is ​​followed by a vowel or a voiced consonant. And words with the prefix “bes-” are still ridiculed by many people to this day: “glorious”, “honest”, “heartless”...

The meaning of the prefix co-? Words with what meaning are formed by the prefix co-?

What does the prefix co- mean when forming nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs?

What lexical meaning does the prefix co- bring to the formation of words?

Console "So" In nouns and adjectives, it denotes the presence of some relationship and joint action of several objects.

For example, Co + Fellowship = Fellowship, Co + Authorship = Co-authorship, Co + Suffering = Compassion.

Regarding the use of the console "So" in verbs, it can mean:

1) The compatibility of several actions, that is, it is shown that the actions of several people or living beings are united:

Co + Experience = Empathize.

Co + Feel = Feel.

Co + Suffer = Compassion.

2) Complete removal, destruction of something or bringing any action to completion:

Co + Cut = Cut.

Co + Take = Collect.

Co + Warm = Warm.

The prefix с (с) is used in word formation in the formation of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs.

The meaning of the prefix с (с) in the formation of nouns and adjectives:

• Interconnection, togetherness, some kind of community. For example: community, consonance.
• A state or phenomenon that is characterized by the combination of identical objects. For example: inflorescence.

The meaning of the prefix с (с) when forming verbs:

• Joint action, help, feelings. For example: have compassion.
• Removal from the surface, from the place. For example: cut off, scrape off.
• Connection, bringing together, fastening something. For example: connect, touch, make up.
• Bringing an action to some limit. For example: crush.

Meaning of the prefix с (с) in adverbs, which have meanings of manner of action, place, time. For example: together, blindly, conscientiously.

Price-list

The prefix со(с) is one of the oldest Slavic prefixes, denoting a joint action or an action divided in half between two people or many people. This prefix seems to have an additional philosophical meaning:

co-experience, agreement, s-elastic, co-residence, state, accomplish, co-suffering, co-cook, s-death - (the last word is a little controversial, but shows a state when the day is not perfect died)

What is the meaning of the prefix for-? Examples of words with the prefix for-?

The meaning of the prefix for-?

Console "Behind" has several meanings. It could mean:

1) Beginning of action: speak (that is, begin to speak), sparkle (that is, begin to shine).

2) Location outside of any object: suburban (located outside the city), transcendental (located behind the clouds).

3) Complete the action completely: conquer, braid, capture.

4) Completing an action in advance (that is, the action is aimed at the future): prepare (that is, prepare some supplies).

5) An action that is carried out as if along the way: bring.

6) A certain development of the action, while it is clearly visible when it will end: spend the night (the action takes place only during the night), winter (the action takes place only during the winter).

Firstly, the presence of this prefix means the completion of a certain action - shoot, complete, close. And, then, this prefix denotes the presence of something behind the object - a curtain (behind a canopy), beyond (beyond the limit), etc. Among other things, this prefix (as

and all others) serve to form new words.

Values ​​of the immutable prefix for-:

1. The beginning of the action is to start singing, to think, etc.
2. Completion of action - protect, record, etc.
3. Finding further than something, behind something, behind (as a rule, in nouns and their derivatives) - zarechye (beyond the river), zarechensky.

What does the prefix “a” mean, what words are there with the prefix “a-”?

Foreign language prefix a- in the morphemic composition of words in the Russian language expresses negation, the absence of any quality, for example:

moral - A moral;

logical - A logical;

social - A social;

typical - A typical.

The adjective “illogical” means “contrary to logic,” that is, illogical.

Amoral means “devoid of morality,” that is, immoral.

As you can see, the meaning of the foreign prefix a- is synonymous with the Russian prefixes not-, without-.

88Summertime88

The prefix "a" is a prefix of foreign language origin. Just like the prefixes “super”, “hyper”, “pseudo”, “des” and many others.

The meaning of the prefix is ​​“absence”.

A synonymous prefix is ​​the prefix "not".

For example:

symmetrical - asymmetrical is the same as asymmetrical.

moral - immoral,

logical - illogical (illogical).

One more point: the prefix “a” is used only in borrowed words.

Zvyonka

The foreign prefix "a-" is called a derivational prefix. What does it mean? The fact is that if there is any word without a prefix, but add the prefix " to it on the left A-", you get a completely different word, often with the opposite meaning.

Thus, if you get creative with the terms, you can call “a-” an “antonym-forming prefix.” This prefix, appearing in words, begins to deny a certain quality or indicate the absence of this quality, which is present in the semantics of the original word.

For example:

All you have to do is add “a-” to the adjective “synchronous” to get “asynchronous” (that is, not synchronous).

Jar-ohty

The prefix a- means negation in Greek, as well as in some other Indo-European languages ​​(in particular, Sanskrit). In the same meaning, it was borrowed into the Russian language (the source was the Greek language) and is usually used in words with Greek roots, but in the process of language play this rule is often violated.. Before vowels it has the form an-.

Examples of words are anarchy, apathy, illogical.

-Irinka-

In our rich language there can sometimes be words “borrowed” from other peoples. foreign language prefixes. As a rule, they are of Greek and Latin origin.

Such attachments include prefix "a-".

What is the meaning of this prefix?

Using the prefix "a–" - words are formed that have negative meaning, as well as with a lack of quality. The prefix a- in Greek means negation.

Examples include:

• social - asocial;
• logical - illogical;
• moral - immoral.

The prefix "A" is borrowed, according to most linguists, from the Greek language.

It is used to form words with the meaning of negation, the absence of any properties or characteristics.

For example, Symmetrical -> lack of this quality: A+Symmetrical.

Another example: lack of involvement in politics: A+Political.

Magicluxor

All Russian language prefixes starting with A are of Greek origin.

A very archaic Slavic prefix a- (in Russian - ya-, for example, sycamore). A possible etymology is from the prefix o-, which began to be pronounced as a- under the influence of the prefix za-, because a similar meaning was conveyed (hypothetically): wrap - wrap - turn around, go in - go around - it.

A- is a conjunction that has grown together with other words and therefore has become, as it were, a prefix: see the words anyhow, even.

International prefixes actively used in the Russian language:

A- / an- - of Greek origin (conveys negation). An analogue of the Russian prefixes “ne-”, “without-”.

Anti- - Greek origin (gr. "against"). An analogue of the Russian root prefix "anti-". It can also be attached to Russian roots.

Khalitdinov Rustam

Everyone knows from childhood that prefixes are a part of a word that stands before the root and serves to form new words and forms. Among the consoles there are Russian and foreign languages. There are many Russian prefixes, they are known to everyone: and others. There are prefixes that arose from full-valued words: For example:

Foreign language prefixes in Russian are predominantly of Greek and Latin origin

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Khalitdinov R.I.

Foreign language prefixes in Russian.

Everyone knows from childhood that prefixes are a part of a word that stands before the root and serves to form new words and forms. Among the consoles there are Russian and foreign languages. There are many Russian prefixes, they are known to everyone:in-, on-, for-, on-, pro-, re-, from-, over-and others. There are prefixes that arose from full-valued words:Near-, between-, counter-, over-, after-. For example: international, confrontation, superconductivity, afterword.

Foreign language prefixes in Russian are predominantly of Greek and Latin origin:

• Greek prefix a-(an-) synonymous with the Russian prefix Not - , has the meaning of negation or absence of any property, quality:asymmetry, arrhythmia, immoral;
• anti- , also Greek, corresponds to Russian against, used to form words with the meaning of opposition, hostility, opposition:antisocial, anti-fascist, anti-terror, anti-Semite, anti-Christ, antibiotic– these words are on everyone’s lips. An antipode is a person who is opposite in his beliefs, traits, and tastes to someone else. We read from Grigorovich: I am by nature the antipode of Pechorin and I hate ladies' men and philanderers>> ;
• arch- - this prefix denotes the highest degree of manifestation of something expressed by the second part of the word: archival - very important, arch-conservative- extremely conservative archplut – the word speaks for itself;
• hyper- and hypo- - two prefixes with opposite meanings ( hyper- “above, above”, hypo- “below, under” ) indicate a position above and below the required norm. Compare hypertension and hypotension – high and low blood pressure. Physical inactivity – in the era of technological progress, reduced mobility of the human body, leading to many diseases. Hypocenter – earthquake source deep in the earth’s crust ( hypo- -under, below the earth).

Latin prefixes de- and des- denote cancellation, deletion, negation and are synonymous with Russian prefixes from- , not- , times- :

• deskilling – loss of qualifications, disinfection - disinfection in Russian, disinformation – incorrect, false information, deactivation – a very relevant word in our atomic age, means the removal of radioactive contamination from the surface of various objects, from soil, water and other objects;
• deportation means expulsion, expulsion from a country or forcible relocation of individuals, groups, peoples. Example:deportation of Zakaev from England.

Latin prefix inter- is also known to everyone. Equivalent to the Russian prefix between - or word in the middle:

• Interbrigada, intervidio, interclub, international and even an intergirl.

Less commonly used prefix infra- corresponds to the meaning of the wordunder, below, next to: infrared rays –electromagnetic radiation invisible to the eye, infrasound - vibrations that are not perceived by the human ear. A word from political vocabulary is now in use - infrastructure, or substructure - sectors in the economy and social life that are subordinate and auxiliary in nature, for example:Industrial infrastructure includes roads, canals, bridges, ports, transportation, communications, and so on; The Belarusian side undertakes to provide the necessary infrastructure– premises, roads, electricity, as well as maintenance personnel(from newspapers)

We continue to talk about the meaning of Greek-Latin prefixes in the Russian language.

Here is the Latin prefix known to everyone counter-, contra-, or in Russian against , denotes opposition, opposition, the opposite of what is expressed in the second part of the word: counter revolution, counter attack, counter reconnaissance, counter strike, counter fact. In the word rear admiral , which is written with a hyphen, part counter- does not matter against: admiral is a word from the French language, into which it came from Arabic, and means a military rank or rank of senior officer in the navy. And consoles counter and vice indicate order of precedence.

Regarding the Latin prefix con- , synonymous with our prefix s- or co- and denoting connection, accompaniment, joint action, then in the dictionary of foreign words there are about 60 words with this prefix. In some words it stands out clearly, for example, in the words con federation, union, association of any organizations, states, con sensus (con- - co- and sensus in Latin feeling - literally sympathy or general agreement on a controversial issue, achieved as a result of discussion -Duma deputies came to a consensus), consolidation (unification, consolidation, strengthening).

So, the prefix con- means co- or s- . But in many words it has merged with the root and is no longer perceived as a prefix. These are words likecontext, design, conglomerate, consortiumand many others.

The next prefix is ​​also from Latin - fast- . It has the meaning of following, coming after something, after something: fast Impressionism is a movement in art. Latin expression fast factum - literally > , that is, after something has already happened, happened. Fast scriptum (literally >) – a postscript in a letter after a subscription, denoted by the letters P.S.

We know many words starting with the syllable re-: re construction, re vaccination, re organization, re broadcast and others. These words contain the Latin prefix re- , meaning resumption, repetition of action: revaccination - this is the repeated administration of a vaccine after a certain period of time to achieve immunity of the body to infection. The second meaning of this prefix is ​​the opposite action or reaction. Re evacuation – return from the place of initial stay or accommodation.

Sub-, or in Russian sub- , located below what is indicated by the stem of the word. Every military man, and even civilian, knows the word sub Ordination is a system of official subordination of juniors to seniors, based on the rules of official discipline. When they say: violated subordination, it means that he did not obey the boss. IN subordination was strictly observed in the department, and the assistant chief of staff did not dare read the newspaper before the chief of staff(Serafimovich).

In the words subtropics, subarctic This prefix denotes a location nearby, near something.

Super console used in the language of young people as a separate evaluative word, it means the highest manifestation of any attribute or action: Cinema is great! (indeclinable adjective) We had a rest - great! (adverb) . In individual words this prefix has the same meaning: super express, super fashionable. There is also the meaning of “main” or “located on top, next to something”: super market, super cover.

Next console the ex- in the names of persons it is written with a hyphen and means “former”: ex-champion, ex - the president. Another meaning of this prefix is ​​the Russian prefix from-, for example: ex humation (ex – from, humus in Latin "earth, soil"). Ex tradition (ex – from-, outside- and traditio – transfer) – extradition to a foreign state of a person who has violated the laws of that state.

Extra- synonymous with the prefix super- , denote “supreme, beyond the ordinary:extraordinary, extravagant– unusual, not corresponding to generally accepted norms, fashion. There is also an independent word extra , meaning “the best” when it comes to a type of product. In Russian it is an indeclinable noun.

With this, we will finish the conversation about foreign language prefixes and advise everyone to write prefixes correctly, and also to think more often about the meaning of not only the whole word, but also its parts, remembering the words of the great Pushkin: >.

• A-/an- >

• Anti->

• Archi->

• Hyper->

• Hypo- decrease against the norm >>

• De-/des- >

• Re->

• About - >

• Proto->

• Trans->

• Pan->

1. What is spelling? What branches of the science of language is it related to?

2. What is a spelling pattern? Select the main groups of spellings.

3. Name the types of spelling patterns:

a) at the root of the word;

b) in consoles;

c) in suffixes;

d) at the end.

4. Tell us:

a) about the spelling of alternating vowels in the root of a word;

b) about writing vowels and consonants in prefixes;

c) about the spelling of suffixes of different parts of speech;

d) about writing to and nn in different parts of speech;

d) about use ъ And b;

f) about distinction Not And neither;

g) about continuous and separate writing, not and not with different parts of speech;

h) about writing -tsya And -tsya in verbs;
i) about the spelling of participles;

j) about the use of a hyphen (dash);

k) about combined and separate spelling of words;

l) about the use of capital letters.

5. How to check the spelling of endings:

a) nouns;

b) adjectives;

c) verbs?

In modern Russian orthography, there are three main principles that guide the establishment of spelling standards:

- morphological, presupposing uniform spelling of morphemes (under do- under write, frost- frost, birch- maple, in a notebook- in the country);

- phonetic, in which the writer follows the sound of the morpheme in a given word (without angry, restless, background, although derived from the word history);

- traditional, according to which the choice of a letter - one of a number of possible ones - is determined not by some spelling rule, but by etymology and tradition.

The main principle of Russian orthography is morphological; When strictly examined, there are not so many phonetic spellings, although they predominated in Old Russian writing.

Learn to notice deviations from the morphological principle for the sake of the phonetic (races scripture- painted, black th - blue- big, between- puddles) and under the influence of traditional (pilaf ec, But float at; from take it, But from bir at; growth And, But grew up Lee).

In addition to the three main ones, some other principles are also valid in Russian spelling. Thus, when using a capital letter, a semantic principle operates, taking into account the meaning of a word, phrase (when writing proper names) or a syntactic principle (a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence). When using continuous-hyphen-separate spellings, lexical, syntactic, and word-formation features are taken into account.

301*. Determine the principles of writing spellings named in their list at the beginning of the topic “Spelling” (points 4 and 5).

In Russian, the transfer of words is syllabic, according to the phonetic principle: house, homeland.Basic transfer rules.

1. You cannot leave one letter of a word or consonants without a vowel on the previous line or transfer it to the next line.

2. Letters ъ, ъ And th cannot be separated from the preceding letter; You can transfer it like this: entrance, benefit, war, area.

3. When transferring, you cannot tear off the root letter from the root, which is at the junction with the suffix or prefix: beautiful, Moscow, aspen-like.

4. When hyphenating words with double consonants, one letter is left on the line, the other is transferred: classes, But cool(we separate the suffix from the root).

5. When translating, compound words should be broken down into their component parts.

Some words consisting of two or three syllables cannot be broken by hyphenation: autumn, aria, foyer, melt, pour, arrange and etc.

302*. What principle of Russian spelling is mentioned in the above statement by Academician J. Grot (who was the first to create a systematized and scientifically based set of spelling rules of the Russian language) from the preface to his book “Russian Spelling” (1885)? How should we understand the expression “keep to an established custom”? What did the author mean by “the typefaces are incorrect or too inconsistent”? What “inscriptions” after the publication of Grot’s works were recognized as correct and consistent in Russian spelling, and what principle was established in spelling in connection with this?

In many cases, our spelling has been established for a long time, although not always correctly: changing it in such cases did not seem convenient, because such changes could only shake the existing agreement and cause new discrepancies in our writing.

Therefore, it was accepted as a rule to adhere to the established custom as much as possible, deviating from it only when the commonly used styles turned out to be positively incorrect or too inconsistent.

1. What words and phrases in J. Grot’s text do you consider archaic (outdated), although they convey the essence of the matter well?

2. How did Ya. Grot feel about spelling changes?

303. Write down N. Gogol’s statement using spelling rules. Determine the principle of writing each of the missing spellings.

Our poets (s, h) did d..bro already 1 by spreading the good..sound (before) so (n..)experienced. (N..) I know in what other literature poetry.. creators showed such an infinite variety.. diversity of (?) sounds, which (of) partly, of course (?) contributed to our poetic language itself . Each has its own verse and its own special(?) ringing. This metal bronze verse of Derzhavin which is still

Our ears cannot yet forget this thick as resin or stream of a hundred-year-old tokay (a type of Hungarian dessert wine) verse of Pushkin, this shining festive(?) verse of Yazykov, flying like a ray(?) into the soul, all woven(?) out of the light, this verse of Batyushkov, drenched in the ar..mats of the (half) day, sweet(?) like honey from a mountain gorge 1 this light.. airy verse of Zhukovsky, fluttering like the (n..) clear sound of an aeolian harp this so.. Vyazemsky’s g..ly verse, as if dragging along the ground, imbued with.. an hour of caustic... pulpy.. Russian sadness, all of them, as if different.. ringing(?) s..l..k.. la or be..numerous(?) keys of one magnificent..sculpted organ, spread the good..sound across the Russian(?) land.

1. Find comparisons and metaphors in the text. What is their role?

2. Convey in your own words the main thoughts of N. Gogol, using only some of his most capacious and expressive phrases.

304. Read and copy an excerpt from I. Shmelev’s novel “Wolf Roll”. Add the missing punctuation marks.

(F..lto) brown brushes of stubble g..deli was bare and cold in the twilight only a black thistle forcibly settled on the fl..fs with the (black..red) yellow buttons..kami of a rusty wild r..binka. Already (n..) there were swifts shooting in the area.. only the black tick.. was making noise in the cold.. active.. sky, circle...lo over the huts they shouted that autumn was coming. In the gray rows stood lushly decorated(?) rowan trees, like edged...kaftan(?) guards tucked into the gray body of a man..kov. flocks f..revsh..x the geese trumpeted loudly as they moved towards the night(?) beds and in their cry they heard the cold..l..yes. Black scarecrows stared out their hands in the stale, empty gardens - where is everyone?

(N..) comfort and see the cold... All(s, h) here, and (n..) wanted to go.

1. Name the vowels and consonants of speech in the highlighted words; Underline hard consonants with one line, soft ones with two lines.

2. Find words in the text in which the consonants: a) do not indicate sounds; b) indicate consonant sounds that do not correspond to their spelling.

3. Indicate words with different ways of indicating the softness of consonant sounds in them.

4. What function does a soft sign perform in words? stubble, jackdaw!

305. Write it off. Explain the spellings “verifiable and unverifiable”
pronounced consonants at the root of the word.”

And autumn(?)y, clear, (n..)much..to cold..cold, in the morning a frosty day, when the cut, like a fairytale..tree, is all g..l.. melting, draws (?) beautifully on the (pale) blue sky.. when nothing (?) is already (n..) warming, but shines brighter than the summer.., (not) big the entire aspen grove sparkles (at) through(z, s), as if it is fun and easy..to stand naked, drizzle, s) still shines at the bottom of the length, and the fresh..wind quietly.. SH..V..LIT and drives away the fallen warped(?)leaves - when the blue waves are joyfully(?) rushing(?) along the river, rhythmically raising the dis(?) (?) geese and ducks; in the distance the mill knocks, (semi) closed..i by willows, and, flowing in the bright air.., pigeons circle(?) above it. (I. Turgenev.)

1. What other spelling rules did you use when writing this text?

2. Compare speech sounds in words frost And drizzle. Do these words have different meanings? Make up sentences with them in which the semantic difference between these words would be visible.

3. Indicate the expressive means of language in this text. Give their characteristics.

The fucking city of Mirgorod! There are no buildings in it! And under the s..lomen(?) roof, and under the outlined, even under the d..-r..withered(?) roof; (on) the right street, (on) the left street, in..here is a red (?) fence; hops float across it, pots hang on it, because of it the sunflower shows its handsome head, the poppy turns red, and thick pumpkins flash. Luxury(?)! The wattle fence is always decorated with objects that make it even more lifelike:

wearing a blanket, or a shirt, or trousers. In Mirgorod, there is no (n..) theft, (n..) fraud (?) and therefore everyone hangs whatever he wants (?) If you approach the square... then, of course, stop for a while and admire the view: there is a puddle on it, an amazing puddle! the only one you have ever seen! She takes up almost the entire area. What a beautiful(?) puddle! The houses and small houses that...were prayed to be mistaken for haystacks, surrounded around, are amazed at the beauty...of her.

1. Determine the principle of writing spellings in the first three sentences, give an explanation for each of them.

2. Determine what speech sounds distinguish pairs of words: Mirgorod- in Mirgorod, live- life, drive- drive, hatch- lay down.

307. Write down the phrases. Explain the feature
Russian accent helps to cope with spelling problems
difficulties when writing unstressed vowels in a word.

Modern..men(?)iki of Pushkin, confidential conversation..thief, swan..song, sleep..sew d..mine, voter associations, play to the tune, green d..reviews, g..l..v..dizzy with success, g..l..tye k..l..k..la, b..mouth lights.

308. When writing down a word, change it or choose a related one
him in such a way that the emphasis goes first to one,
then to another syllable of the root. In all cases, indicate the emphasis
those. Select the roots. Find complex words, indicate the connections
telial vowels.

St..r..na, p..l..sa, m..l..giving, g..l..give, z..l..net, hl..-p..throw, n ..b..sa, v..d..khr..nilishche, in..smich..owl, d..m..-owner..businessman, g..l..sa, time..pr ..pr..in..waiting, m..l..livid, varied, flat..m..on.

309. Write down word combinations, replacing the highlighted words with words
you-synonyms, the roots of which will be unpronounceable words
vowels.

Sad song, bad weather, famous artist, unknown passerby, nearby sat down, beautiful girl, charming child, cheerful person, New Year's pie, wonderful event, Kind Human.

310. Change the word or choose a related one so that
check the spelling of the missing consonant. I agree on both
highlight their cases.

No..no pot..lock, close..other.., install river..cor.., port handle..chik, side..ka l..snika, forest plantings..ki, gi..kiy cable(?)nick.

311. Next to these forms of nouns, write down
those of their initial form. Specify the gender of the nouns. Co
use phrases with them.

Paragraphs, ensembles, diseases, news, things, authorities, algae, garages, nails, guests, rooks, bunches, pennies, rudeness, daughters, fractions, poles, executions, bones, blades, swords, thoughts, balls, misfortunes, knives, nights, regions, dangers, ovens, joys, speeches, rubles, nets, battles, sweets, performances, shipyards, canes, queens, jaws.

The soft sign indicates the softness of consonants (except sibilants) at the end of a word and in the middle of a word: lantern, fight, wedding, nanny, earlier, take it. The soft sign is preserved even when the form of the word is changed: struggle- in wrestling, wedding- at the wedding, nanny - nanny, eighth- eight.

Softness [l "] before consonants is always indicated by a soft sign: driller, soapbox.

Not written in combinations:

chk: barrel nsch: mason

chn: night light rsch: debater

LF: finish schn: assistant

312. From these phrases, form phrases in which the highlighted words would become nouns with b in the middle of a word. Watch for cases of dependent words.

Fight with competitors, mow hay, write essay, useful for good health, ask about support, cut saw, fire from onion, live in someone else's house wash head, family advice, wedding feast, thresh bread, pray about help.

313. Match words with combinations th, chn, schn, nch, rsch, nsch, chk. Formulate a rule for writing these combinations.

314. Rewrite the words, inserting the missing letter where necessary. Highlight noun suffixes -chick, -schik, -ik; Explain the spelling of the spellings you have encountered.

Artel(?)schik, ban(?)schik, zone(?)tik, bol(?)she, eternal(?)-ny, vin(?)tik, vskol(?)z, gon(?)schik, den (?)schik, woman(?)-shchina, initiator(?)schik, of course(?) but, roofing(?)schik, tinker(?)-shchina, chalk(?)nitsa, chalk(?)che, powerful (?)ny, nel(?)zya, nyan(?)chit, vegetable(?)noy, drank(?)schik, assistant(?)nik, donut(?)chik, hand(?)ka, sat down(?) )d, boring(?)ny, shift(?) worker, urgent(?) but, tone(?)she, precise(?)-ka, predator(?)nik, h(?)to, nail(?) wild, mortal(?)chat, wrinkled(?)-shchitsya, nocturnal(?)noy, bird(?)nitsa, endless(?)ny, eastern(?)ny, drum(?)schik, day(?) )box, closet(?)chick.

315. Read an excerpt from L. Tolstoy’s story “The Raid” and for
write it. Title the text.

At ten o'clock in the evening the troops were to set out. At half past eight I got on my horse and rode to the city. streets., right..in.. he took the horse to the fence and sat down on the rubble... so that as soon as he rode out.. he decided to drive him away.

The sun's heat and brilliance have already been replaced by the cool..cold night..and the (n..)bright light of the young month, which, forming a pale luminous (semi) circle around itself on the dark blue..ve of the star(?) sky, began to descend (?)sya... Slender rows of gardens, in..day..seen on the horizon from (behind) the whitewashed (?) moon-lit..glades with reed roofs... seemed even taller and blacker.

The long(?) shadows of treehouses and fences lay beautifully along the light dusty roads.. .<...>

I (n..) will tell you what I was thinking about (first), because I was ashamed (?) but admitted (?) to the gloomy thoughts that (n..) suddenly came running in my soul while all around me I put only gaiety and joy and (secondly) because it (n..) fits my story. I was so lost in thought that I even (n..) noticed how the bell struck one (?) ten and the g..n.. walked with his retinue.. drove past me.

Hastily mounting my horse, I set off to recruit the detachment. Ar(?)ergar... the fortress was still at the gates... (Forcibly) I walked across the bridge between the crowded guns, boxes, company carts and noisy ... amazed officers. Having left the gate, I trotted around (?) a little (n..) (a) mile away, silently moving... in the darkness of the army and caught up with the general.

In the first two sentences, find words in which:

a) there are fewer sounds than letters; b) there are more sounds than letters; c) the process of deafening and voicing of consonants occurs; determine their sound composition.

316. Group words according to spelling patterns (in writing). Shape
Write a spelling rule for each group of words.

Request, malleable, winch, cart, order, departed, cart, pond, hail, at the cinema, forget-me-not, smile, treasure, slippery, poor thing, snowfall, for the first time, spoon, health, threesome, subtext, run in, stars, nail, guest , give, blow, threshing, descend, low, pasture, feeling, insatiable, burn, bake, bend, gigantic, silent.

317. Copy the text from the story by A. Pushkin. Remember how she
called. Find words that are used in unusual
for the modern reader form. How do you understand the meaning of the word
va leprosy? Find synonyms for it.

Z..rya shone to the east., and w..l..ty rows of clouds seemed to..wait from(?) the king, like a king..palaces..await the city..sir: clear morning sky( ?) the freshness..ness of the river in..t..rock and the singing of birds..k filled Lisa’s heart(?) with infantile(?)cheerfulness, afraid of some (any) familiar meeting, she seemed (n ..) walked and flew. Approaching the grove, standing on the rub..f.. of the father..of..the property, Lisa walked more quietly. (C, 3) here she should have waited for Alexei. Her heart (?) was beating strongly, knowing (no..) why, but the fear that accompanies our young pranks is also their main charm. Lisa entered the darkness of the groves... A dull rolling noise greeted the girl. In..the village was silent. Little by little she began to eat..at some point(?) She thought... but is it possible

determine with precision(?) what the seven(?)11-year-old young lady is thinking about, alone in the grove, at the hundredth hour of the spring(?) of his morning? So, she walked, lost in thought, along the road, shaded on both sides by tall trees... as if suddenly... a beautiful lying... bakka barked at her. Lisa got scared and screamed.

318. Is it possible to write these words correctly out of context? What are their names? Make up and write down word combinations with these pairs of words that confirm the correct spelling.

Approx..ryat - approx..ryat, st..born - st..born, drizzle, dh) - drizzle(s, dh), crying(?) - crying(?), interspersed - alternately..ku, contempt - pr..vision, s..children - s..children, (L, l)love - (L, l)love, (R, r)oman - (R, r)oman.

319*. Copy the text, determine the origin of the highlighted words. What work is this passage taken from? Name the author.

Now I must be a supportive reader introduce with Gavrilo Afanasyevich Rzhevsky. He came from an ancient boyar family, owned a huge estate, had bread...salt, loved falconry(?) hunting, his servants were numerous. In a word, he was a native(?) Russian(?) gentleman, as he put it (could not) tolerate the German spirit and tried to preserve the custom of his beloved countryside in his home life.

His daughter was seventeen years old. She lost her mother when she was still a child. She was brought up (in) the old (?) way, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and old (?) girls who were rich in gold and (did not) know how to read and write; her father (in)despite his disgust..from everything from the sea (could not) resist(?)her desire to learn(?) German dances from a captive(?) military officer living..go in their home. This honored(?) dance master was about fifty years old, his right leg was shot(?) and near Narva and (therefore) was (not) very capable to the minuets and chimes (for) the left one with amazing art (?) skill (?) and ease performed the most difficult pa. The teacher did honor to her efforts.

Natalya Gavrilovna was famous..at the assemblies as the best dancer..which was (partly) the reason for Korsakov’s misdeed..who arrived the next day excuse me(?) in front of Gavrilo Afanasyevich; but the agility and panache of the young dandy (did not) please the proud nobleman, who wittily nicknamed him the French(?) monkey.

1. Choose synonyms for the words root And overseas, make up phrases with them.

2. Find words and expressions that are not typical in their form for the modern Russian language.

3. Indicate the introductory word and introductory phrase (phrase).

320*. Write down the words; highlight the prefixes, determine their origin, write the meaning in brackets.

Immoral, anti..social, arch..rogue, disorder, be..right, (vice) pr..zident, (g..per) sound, d..z..nfor-mats..ya, dem. .b..lization, di..harmony, (pre)historical, ir(?)ac..nal, (counter)intelligence, (over)head..trick, (best)-best(?)shiest, (overall )prosecutor, o..brilliance, stepson..k, pr..t..type, (pseudo)realism, ra..kr..savitsa, reorganization, (co)author, (trans)Siberian, (ultra)fashionable , (extra) class, (ex)-

321*. Read the statements of A. Tolstoy (I), N. Gogol (II) and N. Karamzin (III) about the Russian language. Based on the statements below and other statements you know about the Russian language, make your generalizations and present them in the form of a short essay-reasoning.

I. Russian language! For thousands of years, the people have created this flexible, lush, (n..) inexhaustibly rich, intelligent, poetic and labor instrument of their social life, their thoughts, their feelings (?)s, their hopes..d, your anger, your great future.

II. ...(N..)ordinary(?)language is still a secret.
It contains all the tones and shades, all the transitions of sounds from the hardest to the most gentle and soft; it is limitless and maybe, as life as life, they will enrich themselves (?) every minute, drawing, on the one hand, lofty words from the language of the church and biblical, and on the other hand, choosing apt names from their countless dialects,
231

scattered across our provinces, thus having the opportunity in one and the same speech to... descend to a height (n..) accessible to any other language, and descend (?) to simplicity, perceptible to the touch (n..) .) the most understanding person - a language that in itself is already a poet.

III. May there be honor and glory to our language, which in its own... native richness, almost without any foreign admixture, flows like a proud, majestic(?) river - makes noise and thunders - and suddenly, if necessary, softens, murmurs like a gentle stream and sweet(?) but flows into the soul, forming all the measures that lie only in the fall and rise of the human voice!