Pollution surrounding environment

WATER POLLUTION

Settlements. The most well-known source of water pollution and the one that has traditionally received the most attention is domestic wastewater. Soap, synthetic washing powders, disinfectants, bleaches and other household chemicals are present in dissolved form in wastewater. Paper waste comes from residential buildings, including toilet paper and baby diapers, waste from plant and animal food. Rain and melt water flows from the streets into the sewer system, often with sand or salt used to accelerate the melting of snow and ice on the roadways and sidewalks.

Agriculture. The second main consumer of water is agriculture, which uses it to irrigate fields. The water flowing from them is saturated with salt solutions and soil particles, as well as chemical residues that help increase productivity. These include insecticides; fungicides that are sprayed over orchards and crops; herbicides, a famous weed control agent; and other pesticides, as well as organic and inorganic fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other chemical elements.

Soil pollution

Residential buildings and public utilities.

Pollutants in this category of sources are dominated by household waste, food waste, construction waste, etc. All this is collected and taken to landfills. Burning garbage in city landfills is accompanied by the release of toxic substances that settle on the surface of the soil and are difficult to wash off with rain.

Man's desire to take more and more from the soil leads to irrational use of land, and often to the complete disappearance of its fertility. Excessive application of mineral fertilizers and chemicals to protect plants from weeds and pests into the soil leads to its pollution. Heavy metals (for example, mercury) and radioactive substances emitted by some industrial enterprises accumulate in the soil. From the soil, these toxic substances enter living organisms, which can cause irreversible changes.

Agriculture Soil pollution in agriculture occurs due to the introduction of huge quantities of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. It is known that some pesticides contain mercury.

Air pollution

The main cause of air pollution is the ingress of uncharacteristic physical, chemical and biological substances into it, as well as a change in their natural concentration.

This occurs as a result of both natural processes and human activity. Moreover, it is humans who play an increasingly important role in air pollution. The cause of most chemical and physical pollution is the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels during the production of electrical energy and during the operation of vehicle engines.

Global problems of our time are
a set of socio-natural problems, from
decisions on which social progress depends
humanity and the preservation of civilization in
in general.

At the moment, the world is distinguished
the following global problems:
1) global warming;
2) terrorism;
3) drug addiction;
4) the problem of cancer and
AIDS;
5) ozone holes;
6) catastrophic environmental pollution
environment;
7) decrease in biodiversity, etc.

1. Global
warming is a process
gradual increase in average annual
temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and
World ocean.

Causes of global warming:
loss of tropical forests;
air pollution;
ozone layer destruction;
increase in greenhouse gas concentrations.

2. Terrorism is an achievement
political goals through sabotage,
blackmail with the lives of hostages and
instilling fear in society.

To combat terrorism, allocate
the following strategies:
conservative - this strategy implies
partial concessions to terrorist demands
(payment of ransom, territorial and
moral concessions);
progressive-strategy means
unconditional destruction of terrorists and their
supporters.

3. Drug addiction is a painful attraction or
addiction to drugs,
consumed in various ways
(swallowing, inhalation, intravenous injection) with
the purpose of achieving a stupefying state or
relieve pain.

Types of narcotic drugs:
opiates;
cannabis preparations;
amphetamines;
cocaine;
hallucinogens;
sleeping pills;
inhalants.

Drug addiction treatment is methods aimed at
to deliver a drug addict from physical and
psychological craving for drugs, as well as
reducing the doses taken by the drug addict.

4. Oncological
diseases.
Oncology is a branch of medicine that studies
tumors, their etymology and pathogenesis,
mechanisms and patterns of occurrence and
development, methods of prevention and treatment.

Types of cancer:
sarcoma;
carcinoid;
malignant tumor of the thyroid gland;
malignant pancreatic tumors
glands;
cancer diseases, etc.

AIDS (Acquired Immune Disease Syndrome)
deficiency) is a condition that develops against the background
HIV infection and characterized by decline
number of CD4+ lymphocytes, multiple
opportunistic infections,
non-infectious and tumor diseases.

Symptoms of AIDS:
enlarged lymph nodes;
influenza-like illnesses;
temperature;
loss of appetite;
body aches;
chronic fatigue;
dark red swelling
formations on the skin, in the cavity
mouth and nose;
respiratory infections.

AIDS prevention:
do not have sexual contact with strangers
acquaintances;
study of social conditions;
compliance with sterility rules;
cessation of drug use.

5. Ozone
holes are a local drop
ozone concentrations in the Earth's ozone layer.

Causes of ozone holes:
environmental pollution;
release of freons into the atmosphere;
a sharp drop or rise in temperature;
emissions of volcanic gases;
change in the area of ​​polar holes.

6. Pollution is
introduction into the environment or
the emergence of new ones in it, usually not
characteristic physical, chemical,
informational or biological agents, and
as well as their natural long-term average
levels in various environments, leading to
negative influences.

Types of pollution:
microbiological;
mechanical;
chemical;
aerosol;
thermal;
light;
noise;
electromagnetic;
radioactive.

7. Decline in biodiversity.
Biodiversity is the variety of life
in all its manifestations.

Reasons for the decline in biodiversity:
increased migration of people, increased trade and
tourism;
nature pollution;
insufficient attention to long-term
consequences of actions that exploit
Natural resources;
inability to estimate true value
biological diversity and its losses;
rapid population and economic growth
developments that are making huge changes in
living conditions of all organisms.

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Yes, we can perhaps say that the purpose of man is, as it were, to destroy his race, having first made the globe uninhabitable. J.-B. Lamarck

Global problems of humanity

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Concept of global problems

Global problems of humanity are problems affecting all of humanity. They affect the relationship between countries of the world community, the relationship between society and nature, and issues of joint solutions to resource availability. Global issues require global answers – broad international cooperation to solve them.

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Diversity of global problems

The problem of disarmament and maintaining peace on Earth. An environmental problem associated with the destruction of the natural environment. A demographic problem caused by rapid population growth in developing countries. A food problem associated with chronic malnutrition of millions of people and famine in many underdeveloped countries. Energy and raw materials problems caused by the limited mineral, raw materials and other natural resources of the planet. The problem of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries, which, unfortunately, not only does not disappear, but also manifests itself in certain regions of the world even more clearly. The problem of the World Ocean associated with a decrease in its biological productivity and pollution.

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Consequences of wars...

Scientists have calculated that over the past 5.5 thousand years there have been 15 thousand wars on our planet. In the 20th century alone, more than 100 million people died in two world and local wars. In the second half of the same century, nuclear weapons appeared and a real possibility arose of the destruction of entire countries and even continents, that is, almost the entire modern civilization.

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Deadly weapon...

For every inhabitant of the planet there is a quantity of explosives that is enough to destroy all life more than once. The arms race annually robs humanity of about 1 trillion. dollars, which is comparable to the national income of a country like Japan. The armies of the world's states employ 26 million people separated from productive labor, and this is equal to the entire economically active population of a country like Germany. Global arms trade

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The result of global detente

The change in the political situation in the world, which began in the mid-1970s. (dubbed "détente"), and the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s. gradually led to the end of the struggle between the two systems, which kept the whole world in fear for almost forty years after the end of the Second World War.

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Contradictory consequences...

In many developed countries, and especially in the former Soviet republics, the process of conversion of military production is actively underway. The global confrontation has given way to an intensification and increase in the number of various types of local conflicts over territorial, ethnic, religious differences that threaten to turn into regional or global conflicts with the corresponding involvement of new participants.

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International terrorism - the scourge of the twentieth century

The problem of international terrorism, which can provoke various conflicts up to and including nuclear blackmail and a global nuclear conflict, also poses a great danger these days (some researchers identify international terrorism as a new global problem).

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Ways to solve...

The program “International cooperation for peace, solving global security problems, disarmament and conflict resolution” is designed to support and develop relations between international non-governmental organizations, authorities and society in the field of improving international security.

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Why do you think the problem of maintaining peace and preventing nuclear war is considered a priority among global problems? Explain why the improvement of relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, and then with Russia, is traditionally associated with a “warming” in international relations in general? Using media data, show specific recent steps in establishing cooperation and mutual understanding among peoples in solving the problem of maintaining peace on Earth. Imagine yourself for a moment as the head of a “world government.” For what needs of humanity would you spend the 1 trillion saved on the arms race? dollars?

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The essence of the problem...

An environmental problem is a problem of the relationship between society and nature, and the preservation of the environment. It became especially acute in the second half of the 20th century, when the load on the environment increased sharply. As a result of a sharp increase in population, intensive industrialization and urbanization of our planet, economic pressures began to everywhere exceed the ability of ecological systems to self-purify and regenerate. As a result, the natural cycle of substances in the biosphere was disrupted, and the health of the current and future generations of people was under threat.

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Main aspects of the problem

Problems of the state of natural resources and the environment. Water and air pollution. Changes in soil, forests, wildlife.

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The scale of the problem...

Local: contamination of groundwater with toxic substances. Regional: forest damage and lake degradation as a result of atmospheric deposition of pollutants. Global: possible climate changes due to an increase in the content of carbon dioxide and other gaseous substances in the atmosphere, depletion of the ozone layer.

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Ecology of developed countries

Awareness of the environmental problem has led to the greening of economic development in industrialized countries. Firstly, this was reflected in the fact that the costs of the state and monopolies for environmental protection have increased sharply. Secondly, the production of cleaning equipment has been established - an “eco-industry” and “eco-business” have emerged - an international market for environmentally friendly equipment and environmentally friendly products. Thirdly, a system of laws and organizations for environmental protection (relevant ministries and departments) was formed. Environmental development programs for individual countries and regions were developed. Fourth, international coordination in the field of environmental protection has increased.

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Ecology of developing countries

The center of gravity of the global problems of our time is increasingly moving to the world of developing countries. Here, environmental pressure is also increasing, since along with “pre-industrial” pollution (desertification and massive deforestation), new pollution is increasingly emerging, associated with the invasion of transnational corporations (TNCs), with the “export” of polluting industries to the “third world”. Modern "industrial" pollution in developing countries is caused by the transfer of many polluting industries to the "third world", primarily the construction of metallurgical and chemical plants. The concentration of population in the largest agglomerations is growing. “New” pollution in developing countries is also determined by the chemicalization of agriculture. So, all new models of environmental development, all new technologies are so far the lot of the developed world, which accounts for about 20% of the Earth's population.

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Climate change caused by the strengthening of the greenhouse effect can lead to a shift in the boundaries of natural zones towards the poles. How will this affect landscapes, forests, and environmental systems? According to scientists' forecasts, the level of the World Ocean as a result of an increase in the average global temperature of surface air layers by 1.5 - 4.5˚C may rise by 20 - 165 cm. What adverse consequences of this phenomenon can humanity expect? For every inhabitant of the planet, about 20 tons of mineral raw materials are mined annually, 97 - 98% of it then enters the soil, water, and air in the form of waste. Currently, the mass of waste and pollutants has reached 40 billion tons. How can I pause this process? Every year, 11 million hectares of tropical forests disappear from the face of the Earth, which is 10 times the scale of reforestation. Name the factors influencing changes in forest area. At the same time, the desertification process is underway. It annually withdraws about 6 million hectares of land from agricultural production. Name the areas in which the process of desertification is particularly pronounced. Many countries of the world are faced with serious water resource problems, which consist not only of quantitative water shortages, but also of clean fresh water. Name the most polluted rivers and lakes in the world.

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Resolution to save the planet from global warming

I, …………………, undertake, together with my family, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 1 ton in 1 year. To do this, I can do the following: - replace a 100 W incandescent light bulb with a 27 W fluorescent light bulb, which will prevent 80 kg of carbon from entering the Earth's atmosphere per light bulb; - replace a 75 W incandescent light bulb with an 18 W fluorescent light bulb, which will prevent 60 kg of carbon per light bulb from entering the Earth's atmosphere; turning off indoor lights when not needed, which will prevent 60 kg of carbon per room from entering the Earth's atmosphere; - seal the windows for the winter, which will prevent 800 kg of carbon from entering the Earth's atmosphere with electric heating and 350 kg with gas heating; -hand over waste paper (1 newspaper per day), which will prevent 25 kg of carbon from entering the Earth’s atmosphere.

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A "reasonable" person...

Homo sapiens - Homo sapiens as a species of living beings, the pinnacle of the creation of life forms on Earth - has existed on the planet for about 100 thousand years, but only about 8 thousand years ago there were about 10 million people on Earth. The number of earthlings increased very slowly while they lived by hunting and gathering, leading the lifestyle of nomads, but with the transition to settled agriculture, to new forms of production, especially industrial, the number of people began to increase rapidly. Since the middle of the 20th century, there has been an unprecedented increase in the world population in the history of mankind.

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How many of us...

If this growth continues for at least another couple of centuries, the entire earth's surface will be filled with residents with the population density of today's Moscow. And in six centuries, there will be only 1 square meter left for every inhabitant of the planet. m. of land. According to UN experts, by 2025 the world population will reach 8.3 billion people. Currently, more than 130 million people are born on the globe each year, and 50 million die; Thus, the population growth is approximately 80 million people.

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Population policy

Countries around the world have realized the need to regulate population numbers. Developing countries are trying to reduce it through certain bans. Thus, the government of the most populous country, the PRC, set out to limit the birth rate by prohibiting families from having more than one child. Developed countries are creating conditions to increase its numbers by improving reproductive health, promoting a healthy lifestyle, moral encouragement of responsible parenthood, reducing maternal mortality, providing targeted support for low-income families with children and certain categories of the population in need of special social protection.

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It is known that the population census is a reflection of the demographic process occurring on the planet. How objective is the information she provides? Aggravated in the 90s. In the 20th century in Russia, depopulation processes are often explained by the economic crisis and the low level of well-being of citizens. How, in this case, can one explain the high birth rate in countries with an even less prosperous economic situation than in Russia? Modern demographic science offers a regime of population reproduction in which the demographic situation in the world can stabilize. What mode do you think this is? How many children should every woman in the world have on average? Currently, developing countries are pursuing policies to reduce the birth rate. Which countries have not yet been covered by this process? Why?

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Geography of the problem...

There is a clear gap between major food producing and consuming areas and areas suffering from hunger and malnutrition: the United States, Canada and Western Europe have food surpluses, while developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America have food shortages. In recent years, this problem has worsened in countries formerly the USSR due to the disruption of previous economic ties and the imperfection of existing agrarian relations

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The extensive path, which consists of further expansion of arable, pasture and fishing grounds. An intensive path associated with a direct increase in food production associated with the intensification of the agricultural use of the territory through mechanization, chemicalization, irrigation, increased energy availability, the use of higher-yielding and disease-resistant varieties and the most productive breeds of livestock.

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Why are many developing countries forced to import food, although agriculture occupies a leading place in their economy? Is there a direct relationship between food exports and countries' good supply of land? What socio-economic indicators need to be considered to analyze the food situation in the country? Why are there fewer hungry people in the Sahel countries in bad years than in good years?

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The energy and raw materials problem is that: proven reserves of oil, natural gas and other types of fuel and raw materials are limited, mining and chemical production conditions are deteriorating, the territorial gap between production and consumption areas is increasing, production areas are shifting to new development areas with extreme natural conditions.

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Figures and facts...

Scientists have calculated that coal will last for 600 years, oil for 90, natural gas for 50 uranium for 27 years, and all types of fuel in all categories will be burned in 800 years. By 2010, the demand for mineral raw materials in the world will increase 3 times compared to today's level. Annual energy consumption in the world is approaching 10 billion tons of standard fuel, and by 2010 it will reach, according to expert forecasts, 20-27 billion tons. If energy production grows at today's pace, then all types of fuel currently used will be used up in 130 years, that is, at the beginning of the 22nd century.

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The reality of life...

Reducing production volumes is very problematic, because The modern world needs more and more raw materials and energy, and their reduction will certainly result in a global crisis. Increasing efficiency is also unpromising, because its implementation requires large capital investments, in addition, raw material reserves are not unlimited. As a result, priority is given to alternative energy sources.

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Alternative energy sources

River energy Solar energy Nuclear energy Wind energy Earth energy Ocean energy

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Give examples that prove that mineral reserves are limited. Are the forecasts for the rapid depletion of oil, gas and coal resources correct? Give arguments that may indicate either the imminence of the decline of the “nuclear era” in the energy sector due to the technical imperfections of nuclear power plants, or that push back this “sunset” indefinitely. Should we set limits to global energy growth? Give arguments for and against. Why is the energy dependence of developed countries on third world countries not decreasing, but increasing?

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The main region of the problem...

Having three times more population than highly developed countries, young African states produce 6 times less industrial output, and per capita 15 - 16 times less; they still use wood for heating; electricity consumption per capita is thousands of times less; every third person under the age of 15 and older here is illiterate; The average life expectancy is about 40 years. This problem is aggravated by the fact that its geography coincides with the geography of demographic and food problems.

Careful study and use of the experience of the European Union in the formation of programs and mechanisms for bringing up backward countries, China, and India. Using the experience of some Latin American countries in overcoming economic and technological backwardness. Develop a concept and long-term global program for overcoming poverty and backwardness and adopt it at a world conference within the UN. Creation of global and intra-civilizational funds for the implementation of this program by establishing international control over the activities of TNCs, withdrawing for these purposes part of the natural rent appropriated by them, environmental anti-rent, as well as funds allocated by developed countries for economic and technical assistance to poor countries. Creation of a special UN body to implement this global program.

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A special working group of the UN Development Planning Committee has developed the “Backwardness Scale”. In it, the group used three main criteria: 1) GDP per capita - below $100 per year; 2) the share of manufacturing industry in GNP – up to 10%; 3) literacy rate of the population over the age of 15 – up to 20%. What are the pros and cons of this approach to identifying backward countries? Give examples of differences in backwardness between Asian, African and Latin American countries. Give examples of states that were able to change the status of developing to developed status. What contributed to such a metamorphosis?

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The importance of the World Ocean for all life on Earth is enormous: but life originated in it, it ensures its further development due to its role as a temperature regulator and oxygen producer; The transport, mineral, and bioresource use of the Ocean is growing. The problem of the World Ocean is that more than 1 million tons of oil, industrial and urban waste, including heavy metals and radioactive waste in containers, enter it annually, which ultimately leads to a reduction in its fish productivity and a decrease in the recreational opportunities of the coasts.

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Scientific and technological revolution opens up enormous opportunities for solving the problem of the World Ocean. The solution to such issues as: more complete extraction of minerals from the bowels of the Earth, reduction of energy and material intensity of production, discovery of new and development of previously inaccessible deposits, involvement of inexhaustible energy resources in economic circulation, progress in the field of nuclear and hydrogen energy, MHD depends on it -generators, fuel cells and much more.

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More than 1 million tons of oil, industrial and urban waste, including, enter the World Ocean annually. heavy metals and even radioactive waste in containers. At the same time, we should not forget about the pollution of the World Ocean with household waste and garbage. Which parts of the World Ocean are the most polluted and why? In the mid-twentieth century, aquaculture accounted for an insignificant part (a few percent) of the used biomass of the world's oceans. Can aquaculture today be considered one of the general directions in the development of the modern world economy? Why? What is the profitability of extracting gold from sea water, if it is known that the content of this metal in 1 km³ of the continental crust is 5 tons, and in sea water of average salinity - 0.1 tons?

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1. What general impression did you get from everything you saw? Why? 2. Indicate two or three regions of the world with the most pressing social and natural global problems. 3. Do these regions coincide and why? 4. Which region of the world, in your opinion, is relatively prosperous from the point of view of global problems? 5. Would you like to change anything in the surrounding reality, if so, what?

What are the global problems of humanity? Recent decades have confronted the peoples of the world with many acute and complex problems that have come to be called global. They have become the focus of attention of scientists, politicians, and the general public, and are studied in many sciences. What are global problems? Global are problems that cover the whole world, all of humanity, pose a threat to the present and the future and require united efforts and joint actions of all states and peoples to be solved.

Causes of HPG. Development of productive forces; Scientific and technological revolution; Rapid growth of the planet's population; Increasing mutual influence of states. - Sharp and not always justified use of natural resources; -Negative impact of productive activities on the natural environment, deterioration of the environmental living conditions of people; - creation of weapons of mass destruction that threaten the existence of human civilization. Consequences.

Ecological problem. Essence: environmental degradation and increasing environmental threats as a result of human activity. Causes of occurrence: Irrational use of natural resources, environmental pollution with waste. Solutions: Organization of production and non-production activities that would ensure normal “eco-development”; preservation and transformation of the environment in the interests of all humanity and every person.

Demographic problem Essence: “demographic explosion” in the countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America, which leads to overpopulation of the Earth. Causes of occurrence: continued high birth rate due to traditions of large families; living in conditions of socio-economic backwardness; influence of religion. Solutions: implementing demographic policy and improving people's lives.

Food problem Essence: insufficient food supply for some part of the world's population. Reasons for occurrence: population explosion, irrational use of natural resources. Ways to solve: increasing the biological productivity of agricultural land in combination with increasing their area.

The problem of peace and disarmament. Essence: the emergence of a real threat of destruction of countries and continents. Reasons for occurrence: the creation of nuclear weapons in combination with ballistic missiles. Solutions: creation of a comprehensive security system, phased elimination of nuclear arsenals, reduction of arms trade, disarmament, peace treaties.

Energy and raw materials problem. Essence: insufficient provision of production and consumption with fuel and raw materials. Causes of occurrence: rapid growth in the production of limited reserves of raw materials; deterioration of mining and geological conditions for the extraction of raw materials; increasing territorial gap between production and consumption areas; promotion of production to areas with extreme conditions; growing resource consumption; environmental problems associated with mining. Ways to solve: Using the achievements of scientific and technological revolution; Rational use of resources; Use of non-traditional energy sources; Exploration and development of new deposits.

The problem of using the World Ocean Essence: increasing use of the resources of the World Ocean and their depletion. Causes of occurrence: worsening raw materials and energy problems; worsening food problem; increase in maritime transport. Ways to solve: rational oceanic environmental management, a balanced, integrated approach to its wealth, based on the combined efforts of the entire world community.

The problem of peaceful space exploration. Essence: depletion of the ozone layer, the occurrence of the greenhouse effect, the accumulation of space debris. Causes of occurrence: entry into outer space of many countries. Solutions: abandonment of military programs, transition to waste-free technologies, use of solar energy.

Overcoming the backwardness of developing countries. Essence: a large number of problems in the poorest countries of the world. Reasons for occurrence: low standard of living (poverty, hunger, disease) Solutions: carrying out socio-economic reforms based on scientific and technological progress and international cooperation.

Global forecasts Pessimistic approach: In the middle of the 21st century, the Earth's natural resources will be completely depleted and crises will occur: resource, environmental, food; Environmental pollution will reach catastrophic levels, in a word - “horses of light”; The planet's population will begin to die out. Optimistic approach: Scientists warn of serious crises, but at the same time they proceed from the fact that the depths of the Earth and the World Ocean still harbor many undiscovered riches and new resources will replace traditional ones; scientific and technological revolution will help improve the ecological balance between society and nature. The main way to solve global problems is in the social progress of mankind in combination with scientific and technical progress, in the warming of the world political climate and disarmament for development.

Global hypotheses. Greenhouse effect hypothesis; Hypothesis of stabilization of the Earth's population; The hypothesis of Oikumenopolis (or world city), which will arise as a result of the merger of megacities. Hypothesis is an assumption based on a natural cause of the connection between phenomena

“Food problem” - Quality of human nutrition. Energy saturation. Power supplies. Difficult food situation. Lack of food. The real nutritional situation of the population. Hunger and human health. Global problem. Boundaries of regional food types. Causes of hunger. Food shortage. Humanity.

“Modern global problems of humanity” - Humanity has already entered a transition period. Limited reserves of organic and mineral resources. The essence of the food problem. Basic moments. Basic moments. Consequences. Population dynamics by region in the 20th and early 21st centuries. The mechanism of ozone hole formation. Man and environment, history of interaction.

"The World's Food Problem" - Children affected by famine in Africa. The global nature of the problem is also manifested from another side. The hand of a hungry boy in the palm of a European. The above does not mean that the food issue has been resolved in developed countries. Insufficient and unbalanced nutrition is also the cause of high mortality, especially among children.

“Solving global problems of our time” - Solving the food problem. Role in solving global problems. Geologists. Components of the environmental crisis. Causes of global problems. Solution. The process of globalization. Atlantic coast of the United States. Disarmament issues. The problem of war and peace. Destruction of the ozone layer.

“World Problems” - The population explosion around the world has already begun to wane. The problem of human health. Ecological problem. This is why the food problem should be considered global. But AIDS poses a special threat to all humanity. The problem of using the World Ocean. Demographic problem.

“Modern problems of humanity” - The problem of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries lies in the existence of a huge gap in the level of per capita income. Deadly weapon. Ecological problem. Geography. Energy and raw material problems. Agriculture. The reality of life. International terrorism. Retardation scale.

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