From ancient times to modern times, onions have been used by various peoples of the world - in Europe, Asia, Africa and America. It has universal properties - it is a vegetable, a spice, spices, and medicine... In the old days, onions were considered a talisman “against the black eye” and a cult plant.

As a cultivated plant, onions have served humans since cave times. Mentions of types of onions are already found in cuneiform texts of ancient Sumerians and Egyptian papyri. Numerous literary documents and works of Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome testify to the popularity of the bow. It was used not only as a food or medicinal plant, but as an attribute of religious rites, rituals, magical actions and mummification. This is evidenced by inscriptions in temples, on statues and tombstones. According to ancient evidence, large bulbs were given during banquets in honor of the gods, and were presented as wedding gifts.

The most common type today is garden onion. It came to Europe with the help of merchants, although its homeland is unknown. It is only known that for the builders of the Egyptian pyramids, onions were one of the main foodstuffs. It was the main food for the population of Central, Asia Minor and Mediterranean countries. The image of garden onions next to meat, bread, grapes, figs and wine was preserved by ancient Greek masters. In written documents 260-80 BC. already contains recommendations for growing onions and information about different varieties. The Roman commander Xenophon introduced onion into the daily diet of his soldiers, because it was credited with the ability to restore strength and energy. Even the Romans valued onions as a means of driving away the souls of the dead, although other peoples considered onions dangerous for humans because its unpleasant smell attracts evil spirits.

No matter what they say about onions, it has spread everywhere: in France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, England, Russia...

In addition to garden onions, we also grow such species as leeks, shallots, multi-tiered, batun, rizankas, Kushchevka...

Leek was also used by the Egyptians, Romans, and Greeks. The areas where leeks were grown were called Dive. In our area, leeks don’t need to be dug up for the winter; they don’t freeze, so they serve all year round. The long lanceolate leaves of the leek are fanned out and form almost no bulbs. The edible part is the white, tender base of the false stem and young leaves.

Shallots were brought to Europe by the Crusaders. This species has a sharp taste from onions. The peculiarity of shallots is that the bulb is capable of breaking up into independent parts of 20-30 pieces. That's why they called her the forty-toothed one. Small onions are arranged in a fan-like manner, as if randomly strung on top of each other. Each bulb is further divided into smaller ones, tightly compressed and placed in pairs on top of each other. In the inflorescence, instead of individual flowers, tiny bulbs develop tightly pressed together. They are very similar to garlic cloves. Shallots reproduce with these baby bulbs and aerial bulbs. The reserve nutrient in this onion is the carbohydrate fructan.

Batun is a winter onion. It belongs to perennial plants because it is not afraid of frost. It grows to a height of 1.5 m, and the flower arrow is 2 cm in diameter. The green parts, i.e. the leaves, called feathers, are used for food. A peculiar feature of the batun is that the bulbs grow in nests. A cross-section of a batun bulb shows that it consists of fleshy thickenings of leaf bases that fit tightly to each other. Located at the top, determining the color of the bulbs: silver-white, light and dark brown, red and purple. The leaves are tubular and hollow, like those in garden onions.

In the old days, batun was considered a sacred plant. Persians, Jews and Egyptians used it in religious rituals. It was grown in China two thousand years ago and today it is an invaluable medicinal product for them.

Rizanka onion or tribulka was popular in Siberia, which is why it is considered a Siberian onion. It grows wild in Europe, Asia, and North America. Popular in Kamchatka too. Such a wide range is associated with unpretentiousness and good frost resistance. In Europe they began to cultivate in the 15th century. as a vegetable, medicinal and ornamental plant. Several varieties of onion are known: with round and flat leaves, with white and dark pink flowers. The peduncle is not hollow, the bulbs are small. Green leaves - “feathers” are often plucked, and new ones constantly grow. The most important thing is that tribulka is eaten only fresh. It tastes very delicate and is not noticeable at all. You cannot cook it, but use it only before eating the dish.

In nature, there is also a horned or multi-tiered onion, it is called both Egyptian and Canadian. This is a perennial frost-resistant plant. Biological properties significantly distinguish it from other types of onions. It has tubular leaves, 1.5-2 cm high. On the arrows it forms from two to four tiers of aerial bulbs with a pungent taste. It does not form seeds, but reproduces vegetatively. It is close to garden onions in that it is used as a seasoning for many dishes.

On the Mediterranean coast, mouse onion, or its other name, onion, grows wild, and residents also call it “death to mice,” as it is an effective means of fighting rodents. It grows well in all seasons, except hot summer, when it sheds its leaves to prevent moisture from evaporating. In autumn the leaves grow back. The flower stem is 70-80 cm high, the inflorescences are kititsepodibne with small greenish-white flowers. The seeds that are formed are quite large: 4 cm wide and 7 cm long. The bulbs themselves are also large, up to 20 cm in diameter, juicy, fleshy, pear-shaped. The leaves are smooth, broadly lanceolate, thick, 40-50 cm long. These rules attract attention. Old specimens of sea onions are especially attractive, the bulbs of which in some cases weigh 6-8 kg.

The famous sea onion dates back to Egyptian medicine and information from the Greek physician Hippocrates. A number of diseases have been described that this onion treated. Modern medicine warns against uncontrolled consumption of mouse onions, as they are quite poisonous to humans. It is better to fight rodents; for rats and mice it is a strong poison, from which they quickly die and do not decompose, but become mummified. Therefore, in ancient times, sea onions were used to embalm the dead.

Over the centuries-old existence of onions, more than 500 of its species are known. But not all are cultivated. For example, on the steep cliffs in the Sayan Mountains there grows stone onion, which freezes in winter, and in the spring, when it freezes, remains quite fresh; In Central Asia, golden onions grow - a favorite delicacy for horses. The plant has such a sharp suffocating smell, at a great distance from it it already burns in the throat and tears flow.

So, representatives of the onion genus are extremely diverse:

Onion-shaped;

By bulb density;

According to the color of the scales;

By the type of leaves;

By flower size;

By the color of the flowers;

By the nature of growth;

According to the ability to divide;

For the formation of baby bulbs...

Thus, today it is already difficult for us to imagine our garden plot, our table and our life without onions.

Golden bulb

Round, cast.

She has one secret -

She will save us from troubles:

Can cure illness

Delicious and fragrant onions!

Of course, you know what an onion looks like. We call onions small, golden-yellow, round-shaped bulbs. If you cut the onion with a knife, you will notice thick, juicy white scales - these are onion leaves.

The golden film covering them on top does not allow water to pass through and protects the leaves from drying out. Succulent scaly leaves emerge from a pyramid-shaped stem. At the bottom of this stem, small dried roots are visible. Between the scales, buds are visible - the embryos of future bulbs.

If you sow an onion seed, a root and stem will grow from it, which forms a loop on the surface of the earth, somewhat reminiscent in shape of a stretched bow. Maybe that’s why this vegetable began to be called onions.

After some time, green tubular onion leaves, called feathers, appear in the garden bed. Green onion feathers resemble sharp arrows, they are very fragrant and contain many useful vitamins. They are put in salads, vinaigrettes and soups, and eaten with black bread and salt.

Small golden bulbs form in the ground. By autumn they become large and juicy. They are stored all winter, and in the spring they are planted in beds to obtain seeds.

A tall, dense stem rises from the bulbs, decorated with small umbrella-shaped inflorescences. Collected all together, they form a small ball. Each flower in this inflorescence resembles a tiny lily, which is why onions belong to the lily family.

Other plants also have underground bulbs: tulips, daffodils, lilies, garlic, goose onions.

In the first year of life, the onion stores nutrients in its shortened stem - the bulb, and in the second year it uses them for growth and flowering.

From what lands did onions come to us?

Wild onions are found in Eastern and Western Siberia, the Far East, the Caucasus, Afghanistan and China. In this country there are mountains completely overgrown with wild onions. That's what they call them - onion mountains.

Afghanistan and Central Asia are considered the birthplace of onions.

About 6 - 7 thousand years ago, onions began to be cultivated in China, and then in India and Egypt. Archaeologists find images of bulbs on the walls of ancient Egyptian tombs.

In Ancient Greece, onions were considered a sacred plant. It was presented as a gift to the gods. On festival days, everyone tried to bring the largest onion to the temple, and the one who succeeded received an honorary gift.

From Ancient Greece, onions came to the Romans. In Ancient Rome, this vegetable was universally loved. Every Roman ate his portion of onions every year. It was believed that this vegetable gives energy and protects against disease.

In the army of Ancient Rome, they put a lot of onions in soldiers' food to give the soldiers strength and courage.

And in medieval Europe, people attributed miraculous properties to onions. Knights wore it as a talisman that protected them from arrows and swords. When they wanted to praise or exalt a person, he was compared to an onion. Maybe that’s why one of the onion varieties is called “victorious onion.”

Among the Slavic peoples, onions appeared in the 12th-13th centuries. In Rus', the following sayings were made about him: “Onions, bread and water are good food”; “The onion is good both in battle and in cabbage soup.”

Why do you think?

Right! Because onions make a person stronger, healthier, stronger!

Onions are one of the main products, it is considered a universal remedy that protects and cures all diseases.

Russian peasants said: “He who eats onions is freed from torment”; “Onion and bath rule everything.” The healing properties of onions are explained by the fact that they contain special substances - phytoncides, which have a detrimental effect on pathogenic bacteria. When a saucer with finely chopped onions is placed at the bedside of a patient, he recovers faster. Onion juice diluted with water can cure a runny nose if it is dropped into the nose.

In addition, onions contain minerals and vitamins.

People came up with the following riddle about onions: “Grandfather is sitting, wearing a hundred fur coats. Whoever undresses him sheds tears.” In fact, when you peel and cut onions, tears flow naturally from your eyes. This happens because the onion begins to release volatile substances that irritate the mucous membrane of the nose and eyes.

Usually we cry when we or our loved ones have trouble or grief. But here we can cry simply from the pain in our eyes. In a figurative sense, by “onion grief” we mean minor sorrows, troubles or disappointments that do not deserve tears. “Onion grief” is also called an unlucky person for whom everything goes wrong.

What dishes are prepared with onions?

Fresh onions are added to vinaigrettes and salads. Onions fried in a frying pan until golden brown are added to soups and stews.

Listen to the poems.

Acrid onion

If you chop the onion finely,

On the board with a knife: “knock-knock!”

It will sting our eyes -

A tear will come to them.

Tears will flow in a stream,

We'll pay. But about what?

We will not cry from pain,

Not out of grief, especially.

It was not the illness that caused the tears,

And the usual caustic onion!

Onion burnt

They offended Vanechka -

They didn't give him gingerbread.

Our Vanyushka rubs his eyes,

Sheds tears in vain.

Let's calm down Vanechka -

Let's give him some gingerbread.

- This is your grief -

Onion grief!

This place is empty

Not worth a tear!

Listen to a fairy tale.

Magic bulb

In the morning, Nastya was sitting at the kitchen table and was about to drink sweet tea and a pie. The pie was incredibly delicious! Yesterday my grandmother baked a whole dish of these - with meat, cabbage, rice and jam.

In the evening, the parents returned home tired, hungry and instantly devoured the delicious pies. There was only one left on the dish - with meat. This is where the girl was going to have breakfast. No such luck! As soon as Nastya brought the pie to her mouth and was about to take a bite, the phone rang. The girl dropped the pie on the floor in surprise. I must tell you that at that time the puppy Roller was sleeping under the table on the rug. He didn’t ask Nastya for a handout, but still hoped that maybe he would get something too. When the puppy saw that a pie appeared right under his nose, out of nowhere, he immediately, without a moment’s hesitation, swallowed it!

- A-ah-ah! - Nastya roared loudly, and tears, round as peas, flowed from her eyes. “I dropped the pie, and Roller ate it.” What will I drink tea with now? — the girl muttered sobbing.

In the kitchen, a large wicker basket full of golden onions hung on a nail. One, the largest, Bulb heard Nastya crying and quietly asked the girl:

- What happened, baby? Why are you crying?

“I, I...” Nastya was stunned for a moment from surprise. - I’m crying because... Who are you? she asked.

- I am a magic onion. If you want to get a better look at me, go to the basket with onions and you will immediately notice me,” said the Onion.

Nastya immediately stopped crying, climbed onto the stool and looked into the basket.

The girl recognized the Magic Onion immediately: she was completely round, wearing a golden cloak pinned with an emerald hairpin, and with a cheerful, smiling face. The girl took the Bulb in her hand and felt how warm it was.

- Well, why were you crying? - Onion asked again.

Nastya explained to her.

- Nonsense! — the magic Onion said importantly. - Is it worth being upset about such little things? And shedding tears in vain! Your grief is not real, but an onion one! Believe me, the old Onion Sorceress!

— Why “onion grief”? - Nastya was surprised. She had never heard such an expression.

- Yes, because when onions are cut, people’s tears flow. Not from grief, sadness, sadness, but simply from the smell of onions. So they say - onion grief, which means it is trivial, nonsense, unreal. Instead of crying, be glad that Roller got a tasty morsel!

“Yes, I’m happy,” the girl said hesitantly.

And the magic Onion continued:

— Make yourself a cheese sandwich, drink some tea and go for a walk. And put me in my place, in the basket with onions. I'll still be useful to you!

Answer the questions

Who baked delicious pies?

Who ate the last pie?

Why did Nastya cry?

What did the magic Onion that was lying in the basket tell her?

How do you understand the expression “onion grief”?

Listen to the poem.

Onion braid

Red girls

Knit onions into braids.

The braid will come out golden,

Very thick, thick.

We'll hang onions in the kitchen -

He will drive away flies.

As soon as the bird cherry is enveloped in a white cloud of petals, the cuckoo crows in the forest, it’s time to sow onions.

Onions are harvested in September. It is braided and stored all winter until spring. No wonder they say: “It’s bare, bare, but there’s an onion in the cabbage soup.”

Answer the questions

What does an onion look like?

Where do onions come from?

Why were onions valued in ancient times?

Why do onions have healing properties?

What beneficial substances are contained in onions?

What dishes are prepared with onions?

What day is popularly called “Onion Day”?

Project work

All about onions

Completed:

1A class students

MKOU "Zalininskaya Secondary School".

Project Manager:

primary school teacher

Davydova N.A.

2016

Content

Preparatory stage.

Identifying the problem. Setting goals and objectives.

Relevance

Planned result.

Main stages of work:

Main stage. (research)

Basic information about onions.

1. Where did he come to us from?onion

Variety of onions

Medicinal properties of onions

About the onion.

Proverbs, sayings, riddles, poems, fairy tales.

The final stage.

Conclusion. Summarizing.

Bibliography.

Application.

Presentation

Folder "Onion dishes."

Folder “Medicines from onions”

I .1.Identification of the problem. Setting goals and objectives.

In winter and spring, people often suffer from colds. In February of this year, we had a quarantine at school: our class did not study for more than a week due to the fact that most of the children got sick. How could this have been avoided? Prevention could be done, for example, eating green onions.

This winter we wanted to grow green onions in our classroom. For our work, we chose a goal: to try to grow green onions ourselves, to learn and collect information about this plant, to collect interesting facts, proverbs, sayings and much more about onions. We took the bulbs and planted them in boxes filled with sawdust. The boxes were placed closer to daylight. The very next day, small green feathers began to appear. They have grown up. This is how we managed to grow green onions in our class for the first time.

We became interested in the benefits of onions and why people love them so much. To answer these questions, we looked for information on the Internet and encyclopedias, and asked adults. We have compiled thiswork plan .

Collect information about the origin of onions and their diversity.

Learn about the healing properties of onions.

Collect riddles, proverbs, sayings, poems, and tales about onions.

Collect recipes for onion dishes.

Find out what diseases and how can be cured with onions.

2.Relevance

The project is aimed at expanding and generalizing knowledge about cultivated garden plants, how to care for plants, and awareness of the importance of vegetables in human life. Every year, many children see their parents plant onions, harvest them in the fall, and use them for various purposes. But have you ever thought about how onions grow, what conditions are necessary for their growth? And how is it useful? When carrying out a joint activity - planting onions, all the children showed a desire to help and plant them themselves. The idea arose to implement the “All About Onions” project and invite the children, together with the teacher, to plant an onion and observe how and how quickly it grows into a feather.

3. Planned result.

1.Children will learn to plant and care for onions and get acquainted with the conditions for their cultivation, learn about the benefits of onions.

2.Children will get acquainted with literary works about onions, how onions are used in cooking and medicine.

4.Main stages of work:

STAGE 1 – preparatory.

Plant onions in containers. Collect riddles, proverbs, sayings, poems, and tales about onions. Collect culinary and medical recipes with onions.

STAGE 2 – main (research).

Observe the growth of onions and conduct experiments. Establish connections: plants - earth, plants - water, plants - people. In the process of research, introduce children to fiction about onions: sayings, poems, fairy tales, riddles. Conduct classes and conversations.

STAGE 3 – final.

Analyze and summarize the results obtained in the process of children's research activities.

Organize an exhibition of drawings about onions and crafts made from onions.

II .Main stage. (research)

1. Basic information about onions.

Onion- And herbaceous plants belonging to the subfamily . The scientific Latin name was given , comes from the Latin name , and this, in turn, is probably related to the Celtic word- burning ; another version - comes fromLatin word-smell .

There are more than 900 species in the genus , which grow in . Representatives of the genus grow in meadows, steppes, and forests.

Representatives of the genus have a large oblate-spherical structure, covered with reddish, white or purple shells. Perennial (cultivated species, sometimes biennial), bulbous or herbaceous plants with almost undeveloped bulbs, have a pungent onion (or garlic) smell and taste

Blooms in June-August.

The seeds are angular or round. Fruits in August-September.

Chemical composition.

Bulbs contain nitrogenous substances (up to 2.5%), various(10-11%) ( , , , ), , , and its , , various , salts and , , and , A (3.75 mg%), (60 mg%), (50 mg%), (0. 20 mg%), (10.5-33 mg%), and with a pungent odor that is irritating and nose. The main constituents of essential oil are disulfide and other sulfides, the main part of which is en C 6 H 12 S 2, contains a lot.

2. Where did it come to us from? onion

Onion - one of the most ancient vegetable plants. It has been cultivated for five thousand years. Onions are known all over the world, and they came to us from Asia, where ordinary shepherds were the first to eat onions. At first it was believed that only green shoots could be eaten, but over time they began to eat the bulbs of the vegetable.Onion cultivation began in ancient China and then moved to India. At that time, trade was actively developing, so onions migrated to Egypt, where they became simply a cult plant, as evidenced by numerous frescoes and sculptures.Archaeologists found remains of onions inEgyptian pyramids, and on sarcophagi and walls of buildings - various images of it. Since ancient times, onions have found their way to Greece, where they are considered a means of getting rid of all diseases. Warriors of Ancient Greece smeared their muscles with onions before important competitions, believing that the onion would become their reliable assistant. In Rome, onions were actively used for intestinal problems.

Onions have long been grown and cultivated in Rus'.Old Russian cuisine widely used onions for preparing dishes and seasonings from them. Foreign travelers and diplomats who visited Rus' noted that most Rusyns eat dishes so spicy that they are impossible to eat. Onions became the staple food of common people in Rus'. Bread and kvass, and raw onions - these are the main foodstuffs of peasants, artisans, and soldiers. People, naturally, could not know in those days about the phytoncidal properties of onions, which have a beneficial effect on increasing the body’s immunity and its resistance to diseases. In one old Russian herbalist there is the following description of the healing properties of onions: “It softens the womb pleasantly, but it induces thirst and destroys the stinking spirit from the mouth... when used internally, it has an excellent effect on a weak stomach and poor digestion, convulsions of hysterical women, mucous and convulsive shortness of breath, water and stone disease. During prevailing infectious diseases, it is very useful to add onions to breakfast food, to make onion soups with the addition of salt, pepper, and a little vinegar.”

3. Variety of onions.

and red onions are great to use in

salads.

SHALLOT

Shallot has a delicate sweetish aroma and

is a source of the same vitamins as onion

onion.

GARLIC

Garlic heads have a white, almost papery appearance.

husk, sometimes with a pinkish or purple tint.

LEEK

Leek has a more delicate taste thanonion

and garlic

GREEN ONION

Green onions or salad onions are unripe onion

onion with an underdeveloped bulb, it is harvested when

the green feathers are still quite fresh.

SCHNITT-BOW

Chives or chives are an aromatic herb with

tiny bulbs, eaten only

green feathers. Their purple-pink flowers too

They are edible and decorate salads nicely.

4.Healing properties of onions

Onions have long been considered a powerful remedy against diseases.In Ancient Greece, according to the ancient Roman physician Pedanius Dioscorides, onions were recommended to stimulate the appetite and “as a cleanser.” The Romans and Greeks attributed to onions the ability to stimulate inexhaustible vitality, energy, courage, and used them in large quantities to feed warriors.

The healing properties of onions were also known in the countries of the Ancient East., where they said: “Luk, in your arms every illness passes.” Ancient Slavsthey used it for many diseases, and during the years of severe epidemics, they hung bunches of onions in the huts. “The onion cures seven diseases,” said the Russian proverb.

During the Middle Ages, the bow was so popular and people believed in its healing and protective powers that they used it as a talisman capable of protecting against the evil eye, the spell of a witch, being hit by arrows, and being wounded by a sword, spear, or halberd. Knights, clad in impenetrable metal armor, wore an onion on their chest.In the Middle Ages, people believed in the ability of the bow to protect against arrows and swords. Medieval knights wore a simple onion on their chest as a talisman.

Nowadays, scientists have discovered that volatile substances in onions - phytoncides - destructive for many pathogenic and putrefactive bacteria.The discovery of phytoncides belongs to the famous researcher Academician B. N. Tokin. It was he who first noticed that the volatile substances of mashed onions have a detrimental effect on yeast cells. Many scientists are now working to develop a type of onion that does not cause tears. But the fact is that this special taste and smell of onions has a beneficial effect on the human body. So onions that do not cause tears will have a completely different taste and smell. It has been noticed that people who work in greenhouses where green onions are grown all year round rarely get colds and flu, even during the most severe epidemics.

It is known that chewing an onion for three minutes is enough to kill all bacteria in the mouth. It is also recommended to eat raw onions for vitamin deficiencies and to prevent influenza. Green onions contain many useful substances, especially vitamin C. 100 g of green onions will satisfy a person’s daily need for this vitamin. Fresh onions improve digestion and promote better absorption of nutrients. Two centuries ago, onions were used to treat typhoid, flu, scurvy, decreased vision, impotence and other diseases, as well as wounds, burns, and hair loss.

5. about onions.

Onion (Allium) is a genus of biennial and perennial plants belonging to the subfamily

Onion.

The Latin scientific name - allium - was given by Carl Linnaeus and comes from the Latin name for garlic, and it, in turn, according to one version, is associated with the Celtic word all - burning; another version derives the name from the Latin halare - to smell.

There are more than 900 species in the Onion genus that grow in the Northern Hemisphere.

Representatives of the genus grow in the steppe, meadows, and forests.

228 types of onions are vegetable crops.

It is difficult to establish the homeland of onions. Most researchers believe that onions

comes from southwest Asia.

There is very ancient - from the Bronze Age - evidence of the use of onions in Europe.

In the Babylonian collection at Yale University are three small clay tablets that are the first cookbooks known to us. They describe a “culinary tradition of astounding richness, elegance and skill,” with many aromas and flavors still familiar to us today. It turned out that in Ancient Mesopotamia the entire onion family was simply adored. Mesopotamians widely used not only regular onions, but also leeks, garlic and shallots.

The onions and garlic were known as early as 3000 BC. e. The historian Herodotus, who lived in Ancient Greece 2,500 years ago, noted that there was an inscription on how much garlic and onions were consumed by workers as food. It read: “1600 talents of silver were spent on onions and food for slaves.”

Scientists archaeologists discovered an image of a bow on the tomb of Tutankhamun, dating back to 1352 BC. e.

It is known that 5000 years ago onions were grown in,.

Onions were necessarily included in the provisions of noble knights in the Middle Ages, during the Crusades. The French exchanged their captured compatriots with the Saracens, paying eight onions per person.

Onions came to America thanks to the expedition of Christopher Columbus; first they were planted on the island of Isabella, and then spread throughout the continent.

If we calculate onion consumption per capita, Libya becomes the world champion, where, according to the UN, the average citizen eats more than 33 kg of onions per year. “We add onions to everything,” say the Libyans. In second place is Senegal, whose residents on average consume about 22 kg of onions per year. Residents eat somewhere around 9.3 kg per person per year. But the residents, whom the British traditionally consider “onion eaters,” actually get by on a modest 5.6 kg per person.

In India, not a single meal is complete without onions. Fluctuations in the cost of onions are noticeable to every common person. The political weight of onions comes from the fact that this vegetable is an integral part of life in almost every Indian home. Perhaps the most significant case of this kind was in 1998, when analysts attributed the defeat of the ruling BJP party in the Delhi elections to the rise in onion prices.

The widespread onion got its name from its external resemblance to.

The leek is one of the national symbols of Wales. In the 6th century, according to legend, the bishop and educator David of Wales, during the battle against the Saxons, which took place in an onion field, called on his soldiers to attach a leek to their helmet to distinguish their comrades from their enemies. Therefore, on March 1 every year, the people of Wales celebrate a national holiday - St. David's Day.

Onions contain more natural sugar than apples and pears. Onion slices contain 6% sugar. When fried, when the caustic substances evaporate, the onion becomes sweet.

Onions are an excellent fat burner. There is even a special onion diet, during which you need to consume onion soup.

People say that onions cure seven ailments. It has been noticed that people working in the greenhouse where green onions are grown do not get the flu even during the most severe epidemics.

Onions serve as a pain reliever for bites, and. To do this, you need to immediately rub onion juice into the bite site.

It has been scientifically proven that substances that cause the taste, smell and tears from onion processing can fight cancer cells.

Riddle: “The grandfather is sitting, dressed in a hundred fur coats, whoever undresses him sheds tears.” The reason for such tear-producing onions lies in a special substance - lachrymator (from the Latin lacrima - tear). When the bulb is cut, the lachrymator is released and dissolves in water and, in particular, in human tears. This produces sulfuric acid, which irritates the mucous membrane of the eye. And now it is clear why onions are peeled by wetting it or a knife with water - the lachrymator dissolves in water and is practically not released into the air. If onions are frozen before peeling, the activity of the lachrymator also decreases sharply.

Onions improve appetite, food absorption, and increase the body's resistance to infectious diseases.

Onions have bactericidal and antiseptic properties, fight viruses and accumulate the life-giving energy of the earth.

Onions can be used to treat bites. To do this, simply apply chopped onion to the bite site. It will draw out the poison, reduce swelling and speed up the healing of the skin.

Onion juice is a highly effective cough syrup, but it is quite unpleasant to consume in this form. Therefore, when you cough, it is better to put a piece of onion in your ear. This way, the onion juice will enter the bloodstream and relieve an unpleasant cough.

Onions bring down the temperature. If your child has a high fever, cut the onion into rings and soak it in apple cider vinegar. Then, using socks, we apply the bow to the feet. It is worth putting pieces of onion in your ears. The fever from this medicine subsides very quickly.

6. Proverbs and sayings about onions

III .The final stage

1. Conclusion.

Our experiment showed that green onions grow well in a bright and warm place from small bulbs. The children enjoyed growing green onions. This is a useful and exciting activity. Several children continued to grow green onions at home in order to make tasty, healthy dishes with them and not get sick.

The children got acquainted with the history of onions, their diversity, and what significance they have for people. We learned how to plant onions “on greens” and care for them. Using a microscope, we examined onion cells and found out why onions make your eyes water. We collected proverbs, sayings, and riddles about onions. We found out that there are many fairy tales about this vegetable.

Green onions help fight winter and spring ailments: colds and flu, and other diseases. If you use onions constantly, and especially in the cold season, you will not be afraid of any diseases!

The work was completed

students of class 1 A of MKOU Zalininskaya secondary school:

Agarkov Vladislav

Agarkova Ksenia

Biryukova Angelina

Biryukov Rodion

Grebennikov Ivan

Drozdov David

Evglevsky Ian

Karnaukhova Anastasia

Kolenchukov Daniil

Lebedko Arseniy

Mishin Alexander

Pashkova Anna

Bad Arina

Bad Olga

Sadirova Jasmina

Simonenkova Sofia

Sogachev Dmitry

Sogachev Ilya

Timokhin Ivan

Tkachuk Ekaterina

Project Manager : primary school teacher

Davydova Natalya Alexandrovna.

Onions can perhaps be considered the most versatile vegetable in any kitchen. It is always at hand, is often found in recipes, and you can easily grow it yourself. I will tell you about the beneficial and medicinal properties of this vegetable, as well as the possible harmful effects on our body.

I'll start with what vitamins and nutrients are contained in onions. The composition of this popular vegetable includes: fructose, sucrose, maltose, B vitamins, minerals sodium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, vitamin C, malic acid, citric acid, essential oil, pectin.

Medicinal properties of onions

Surely everyone cried while peeling or slicing onions. This is due to phytoncides - volatile substances with medicinal properties. The healing effect of this vegetable on our body is expressed in the following properties:

• able to remove germs and bacteria;
• has antiseptic properties;
• fights viruses;
• useful for intestinal and stomach disorders, atherosclerosis;
• promotes sexual activity;
• serves as a good remedy against worms and scurvy;
• drinking onion juice helps with insomnia;
• alcohol tinctures are used as a diuretic;
• good wound healing agent;
• agent for the prevention of prostate cancer;
• relieves headaches;
• onion gruel prevents the formation of blisters at the burn site;
• By lightly rubbing the gums with onion, you can get rid of toothache;
• fried onions in butter or boiled in milk softens coughs and serves as an expectorant.

I’ll tell you why onions are useful and harmful, in addition to their medicinal properties.

The benefits and harms of onions

In addition to the healing effect that this vegetable has, there are also other beneficial properties:

• improved appetite;
• helps increase the secretion of digestive juices;
• accelerates menstruation;
• improves food absorption;
• anti-itch remedy for mosquito bites;
• onion juice relieves pain from snake, wasp or bee bites;
• serves as a good remedy for hair loss;
• helps in removing calluses and warts;
• has rejuvenating properties;
• improves blood clotting;
• strengthens the skeletal system;
• prevention of cancer;
• By rubbing your face with an onion slice, you can get rid of age spots.

However, it is always worth considering contraindications for the use of a particular product. For example, onions will do more harm than good in the following cases:

• onion tincture is harmful for people with heart and liver diseases;
• onions increase blood pressure;
• may cause an asthma attack;
• increases acidity, which causes irritation to the digestive organs.

What to cook from onions

The whole onion is used: both the leaves and the bulb itself. It is added as a flavoring ingredient to soup, various sauces and gravies, minced meat, meat and vegetable dishes, salads, mushroom dishes, as well as for canning, sausage products.

I often cook dishes with onions (red, white or regular). To find these recipes on the website, you can follow the link.

Onions are usually fried until golden brown or eaten raw.

Frying onions

Pre-fried onions can be served with scrambled eggs, porridge (unsweetened), potatoes, meat dishes or pasta. It is interesting that onions are fried differently in different countries. Russians traditionally cut onions into rings and roll them in flour, which gives them a beautiful crust that has a loud crunch. In France, it is customary to additionally dip chopped onions in milk to give it special tenderness. And in China, a golden crust is not in demand; there they chop the onion, put it in a frying pan, greased with oil, alternately salt and pepper, add a little honey and apple cider vinegar (it can be replaced with lemon juice), stir for a few minutes over low heat. Basil is sometimes added for a special flavor.

Stew and bake onions

Here are a couple of recipes where stewed onions are not a flavoring additive, but the basis of the dish. 1) Cut the onion into half rings, add the same amount of plums, cut in half (pitted), salt, a little sugar, pepper and water. Close the lid tightly and simmer for several minutes. 2) Place the lightly fried onion in a baking dish at the very bottom, greased with oil and sprinkled with breadcrumbs. Mix sour cream and eggs, pour everything into the mold. Sprinkle grated cheese evenly on top and place in the oven for a few minutes.

Stuffing onions

You won’t surprise anyone with stuffed poultry, fish, or zucchini. What about onions? Stuff the onions with mushrooms like this: cook whole onions for 3-5 minutes, carefully remove the core, leaving only the outer wall intact. And then a flight of fancy: you can stuff it with mushrooms with cream, chicken fillet with olives and cheese, etc.

Pickling onions

Leave the onion in vinegar, add salt, pepper and let sit. This side dish will come in handy as a side dish for meat dishes. Pickled onions are also used in salads, for example.

Onion dessert

We're talking about soufflé. Take 2 large onions, chop and sauté in a spoon of butter and a little water for 10 minutes over low heat. At the same time, mix half a glass of cream, a spoonful of butter, and 2 tablespoons of flour and boil everything for about 5 minutes, stirring constantly. Add 2 yolks to this sauce, after beating well, mix and let cool. Then add a little salt and pepper to the resulting mixture, add the beaten egg white, pour into the mold and bake for about half an hour.

Onion jam

However, such jam is served only with poultry dishes and vegetable side dishes. 7 or 8 onions are cut into half rings and lightly fried. Add 2.5 cups of sugar (brown is best used). Bring the mixture to a boil and stir over low heat for 45 minutes. Finally, add 1/4 cup white wine vinegar 15 minutes before the end of the time.

It is worth noting that onions are still more useful in their raw form than after processing. But if you diversify the cooking methods, then the first place in preserving the benefits, taste and aroma remains with baking.

Rauza Khairullina
Project “What do we know about onions?”

District children's competition projects for preschoolers

"My first discoveries"

Project

"What we we know about onions?»

Nomination: "I am a researcher"

Completed:

Pupils of the joint venture

"Kindergarten "Sun"

GBOU secondary school s. New Mansurkino

Achilova Gelnaz

Sadreev Linar

Rakhimova Albina

Educators:

Khairullina R. G.

Nurutdinova L. M.

Introduction

During the game, we noticed that there were few children in the group. When asked why there are no children, teachers answered: "They get sick". And then we remembered how our parents, cooks, and our grandmothers constantly told us talked: “Eat onions, the more often you eat them, the less you will get sick.” But we don't love onion: it is bitter and tasteless, but at the same time we don’t want to get sick. How to make yourself love onions...

What's happened "onion" We we know, since we live in a village and have a good idea of ​​how vegetables are grown. We see how parents plant onions, harvest them in the fall, and use them for various purposes, but have we ever thought about how onions grow, where they come from, what conditions are necessary for their growth? And how is it useful? The teachers suggested that we solve the problem using the example of growing onions, as this would give us the opportunity to learn about Luka everything, love it, eat it and get sick less.

We were interested in this problem, it seemed interesting to us, and we decided to engage in research activities.

This is how the topic of our research arose - "What we we know about onions?»

Problem:

We are few we know about onions and their benefits.

Justification of relevance Topics:

Onion is a vegetable that helps our health.

We have put forward a hypothesis

1. Onions need light, heat and water to grow.

2. Onions are a healthy vegetable.

In connection with the hypothesis put forward, the goal was determined research:

To study the influence of the environment on the germination and development of onions from seeds.

Show the importance of onions in human life to all the children in our group.

Research objectives:

1. Study information material about growing onions from seeds and the benefits of onions

2. Conduct several experiments with onion seeds

3. Observe the plant under study

4. Observe how onions affect our health.

Research methods

1. Search and analysis of literature on the problem.

2. Conversation with adults and work on the Internet.

3. Watching TV

4. Observation

5. Comparison

6. Generalization of the obtained data.

Object of study: black onion.

Subject of study: features of sprouting onions, the effect of onions on health

The research work is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part, together with parents and teachers, we found the necessary information on the Internet and processed it.

In the practical part, we used experimental research methods, based on the results of which we drew the appropriate conclusions

I. THEORETICAL PART

1.1 The comprehensive meaning of the bow.

1.2 Onions as a vegetable crop.

Onion is a truly amazing plant. Almost no housewife can do without it. Onions are included in the recipes of many dishes; they are added to salads, first courses, and second courses. Both green feathers and the bulbs themselves are used. We are so accustomed to onions that we sometimes forget that at any time of the year we have at our fingertips a cheap means of combating many diseases.

1.3 Onion in folk medicine

No plant is used in folk medicine as widely as onions.

1. Fresh onion juice diluted with water treats inflammation of the oral cavity.

2. Grated onion mixed with honey helps get rid of cough

3. Onion gruel is one of the remedies against hair loss.

4. Fresh juice removes warts and acne

5. Cut onions applied to the temples help relieve headaches.

II. Practical part

2.1 Research methods:

We carried out a series of experiments.

For observation, we used the seeds of the onion plant Stuttgarter Riesen

(Appendix No. 1-No. 8. Observation calendar, p. 12)

The purpose of the experiment is to find out how the condition of the seed affects seed germination

2.2. Influence of seed condition on germination.

Equipment: onion seeds, wet gauze, two containers with soil and trays.

1. Some of the onion seeds were placed in gauze soaked in water for several days.

2. Sow dry and germinated onion seeds in two containers with soil.

3. Place the containers with the sown seeds in a warm place.

4. Water the plants in both containers with the same amount of water.

5. We compared how long it would take for the plants to sprout.

2.3. Research results:

6. Seed condition Date

sowing date

shoot What we see

Dry 08.10. Through

week Grow well

Germinated 08.10 On the second

day Grow well

dry seeds sprouted seeds

Based on observations we made conclusion:

seeds soaked in water and germinated germinate faster than dry seeds.

2.4 The influence of soil temperature on the rate of seed germination.

The purpose of the experiment is to find out how soil temperature affects seed germination.

Equipment: onion seeds, 2 containers

1. Soaked onion seeds.

2. Several germinated seeds were placed in warm soil, and a few in cooler soil.

3. The rate of seed germination was observed for several days.

2.5 Research results

Soil temperature Sowing date Germination date What we observe

warm 08.10. A week later, shoots appeared on the seventh day. Upon further observation, development is normal, the leaves are green. The plant is developing well

cold 08.10 On the 10th day Shoots appeared on the tenth day.

The plant is developing normally.

warm soil cold soil

Conclusion: Soil temperature affects the rate of seed germination. Seeds sown in warm soil germinate much faster than seeds sown in cooler soil.

The purpose of the experiment is to find out how light affects seed germination and seedling development.

2.6. The effect of light on plant growth.

Equipment

1. Sow onion seeds in two containers with soil.

2. Place the containers with the sown seeds in a warm place place: one - in a well-lit place, the other - in a dark place (closet).

3. Water the plants in both containers with the same amount of water.

4. After 1-3 weeks they were compared.

2.7. Research results

Where the plant was located Date of sowing Date of germination What we observe

On the windowsill 08.10. A week later, shoots appeared on the seventh day. Upon further observation, development is normal, leaves are green.

In the closet 08.10 On the second day Shoots appeared on the seventh day. Upon further observation, the plant is pale and weak. long, leaves frail.

in the closet in the light

Conclusion: light is of great importance for plants, because only in light can plants grow well, develop and form a special green substance, chlorophyll.

2.8 The influence of water on plant growth.

The purpose of the experiment is to find out how water affects seed germination and seedling development.

Equipment: onion seeds, two containers with soil and trays.

1. Onion seeds were sown in containers with soil.

2. Place the containers with the seeds sown in them in a warm, bright place.

3. The first container was watered, the second was not watered.

4. The development and growth of plants was observed for 1-3 weeks.

2.9 Research results.

The effect of water on plant growth

Watering Date of sowing Date of germination What we observe

Moderate 08.10. A week later, shoots appeared on the seventh day. Upon further observation, development is normal, the leaves are green. The plant is developing well

We do not water 08.10 The seed did not germinate in the soil

Conclusion: Water affects the growth and development of plants. When watered, the plant develops quickly. And if there is no watering, the plants do not develop at all.

didn't water, watered

3.1 Research activities

3.2 Onion treatment: folk recipes (Appendix No. 10, p. 12)

September.

We posted information on the stand with folk recipes for using onions. We asked parents to use them and then tell us about the results. This is what happened.

Experiment No. 1

Diamond's mom:

“Almaz fell ill with the flu, I cut an onion in half, applied it to his nasal passages and asked him to inhale deeply for 2-3 minutes. The procedure was carried out 3-4 times a day. The disease passed faster.”

Experiment No. 2

Ilnar:

“During physical education classes, I fell and the injury area hurt. At home, my mother grated 1 onion for me, laid it in an even layer on gauze, applied it to the bruise and held it there for 25-30 minutes. The pain subsided. The next day, as usual, I went to kindergarten.”

Experiment No. 3

“Many in the group do not eat well, they have a clear lack of appetite, we suggested that the cooks serve us onion salads for lunch (my parents prepared recipes for making onion salads and gave them to the cooks. (Appendix No. 9, page 13)

At first we didn’t want to eat onions, but we tried a little each time and finally fell in love with them. We gained an appetite and began to eat better.

Experiment No. 4

Dasha's mom:

“When my daughter caught a cold and started coughing badly, I started using fresh onion juice mixed with honey. Dasha took 1 tbsp. spoon 3-4 times a day. It helped. The cough began to decrease.

Experiment No. 5

Linara's mom:

“My son had a bad toothache. I took an onion, cut it in half and put the cut side on my left hand on the elbow, since the tooth hurt on the left. I secured the bulb with a bandage on my hand. After 10-15 minutes the pain went away and the bulb was removed.”

conclusions:

Indeed, onions have healing and medicinal properties. This is proven by our observations during research.

This vegetable maintains good spirits and a cheerful mood. In three months of eating onions, we have all changed. They became cheerful, sociable, and most importantly, they began to get sick less often. Our advice everyone: “Use onions more often!”

Conclusion

We are satisfied with our work. Observing the development and growth of the vegetable crop - onions, working with the literature, we came to the following conclusions:

1. To grow, a plant requires light, warmth, watering, and good care.

2. At home, you can grow almost any plant yourself, creating favorable conditions for it.

3. Onions are a cheap and effective means of combating many diseases.

Thus, our hypothesis was confirmed.

Finishing our project, we want say:

So let's, friends, take care of our health.

On project This was discussed today.

We will love onions

And we can surprise everyone with our health!