Ancient Rome

History lesson in 5th grade (FSES)

• Geographical location and natural conditions of the Apennine Peninsula.
• Peoples inhabiting the Apennine Peninsula.
• Legends about the founding of Rome.
• The city on seven hills and its inhabitants.
• Management system in Ancient Rome.

Geographical location and natural conditions of the Apennine Peninsula

Review the slide

• Describe the geographical location and natural conditions of the Apennine Peninsula?
• What do the Apennines (where the Roman state was located) and the Balkans, where Greece is located, have in common?

The Etruscans were among the first to process iron and make tools and weapons from it.

Scientists find iron Etruscan battle armor in burials dating back to the 7th century. BC.

The Etruscan army was the strongest in the Apennines in the 7th century. BC. they subjugated almost the entire peninsula.

• The originality of the Etruscans was manifested in everything, but what is most striking is their burials, which had a bizarre shape.

Education of Rome

The legend of the founding of Rome is considered by most modern historians to be fiction.

Carefully read the text of the legend (p. 204 - 206) and answer the questions.

Education of Rome

Vestals

Education of Rome

Mars is the god of war.

Vesta is the goddess of family and guardian of the hearth.

Vestal Virgin is a priestess of the goddess Vesta.

Lictors were warrior-guards who accompanied the king.

Rome at the beginning of its history

753 BC – date of foundation of Rome

Physical education minute

We decided and wrote,

Together we quietly stood up.

One, two - stretched,

Three, four - smiled,

Five, six - everyone shook themselves,

Seven, eight - turned around.

They sat down, stood up, stood up, sat down,

And they didn’t hurt each other.

Hands up! Wider your shoulders!

One two Three! Breathe more smoothly!

Exercise will make you stronger

You will become stronger and stronger!

Rome at the beginning of its history

The legendary date of the founding of Rome is 753 BC.

However, settlements on the site of Rome existed long before this date.

On the left bank of the Tiber, on the elevated hills, there were settlements that were later united into one city.

Rome at the beginning of its history

The ancient Romans lived in primitive houses made of willow twigs coated with clay.

Nearby there was a garden and a vegetable garden, and outside the city there were fields and pastures.

As a result of constant wars with neighboring cities, the Romans expanded their subject territory.

Rome at the beginning of its history

The Romans were engaged in agriculture and grew:

wheat,

barley,

grape,

Animal husbandry developed in Rome; the Romans bred:

cows and pigs,

horses and donkeys.

Rome at the beginning of its history

The inhabitants of Rome were skilled artisans - blacksmiths, weavers, potters.

Bread baking reached a huge scale - mills and bread ovens were scattered throughout Latinia.

Several of the oldest mills are still in working order.

Consolidation

Questions:

1.God of war among the Romans (Mars);

2. Council, in which the elders of the clans sat (Senate);

3. The river on the banks of which Rome arose (Tiber);

4.Legendary founder of Rome (Romulus);

5. A warrior from the king’s guard (lictor).

Homework

1.Study the material in paragraph 44.

2.Learn new words.

Prepared
Chernyakhovsk
2008
Smirnov Alexander,
8th grade student
Municipal educational institution "Lyceum No. 7" Ancient Rome, foundation
Political structure
Everyday life
Roman entertainment
Army of the Romans
Caesar
Dictionary
Information sources

Ancient Rome

Around the 10th century. BC e. on the hills near the Tiber River
The first Romans settled. By 264 BC. e. they already
controlled
all
territory
modern
Italy, and by 220 they had created a huge empire. They
were skilled engineers, built beautiful
cities and magnificent roads. The Roman Empire
controlled
extensive
territories
And
lasted until 476

Founding of Rome

Viminal
Quirinal
Capitol
Esquiline
Palatine
Aventine
Caelium
Legendary
date
the founding of Rome is
753 BC
However, settlements on
place of Rome existed
long before this date.
On the left bank of the Tiber on
sublime
hills
existed
settlements,
united
subsequently to one city.

Founding of Rome

Ancient
Romans
lived in primitive houses
from
willow
twigs
coated with clay.
Nearby were a garden and
garden, and outside
cities - fields and pastures.
As a result of constant
wars with neighboring cities
Romans
expanded
subject territory.

Founding of Rome

Romans
were engaged
agriculture
And
grown:
wheat,
barley, grapes, flax.
It developed in Rome
animal husbandry, Romans
raised cows and pigs,
horses and donkeys.

Founding of Rome

Residents
Rome
were
skilled craftsmen:
blacksmiths,
weavers,
potters.
Huge
scope
bread baking has reached - by
all
Latin
were
scattered
mills and
bread ovens.
Some
the most ancient
mills have survived to this day
still in working order.

Royal period of Roman history (753-509 BC)

Rome was ruled by seven kings:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Romulus
Numa Pompilius
Tullus Hostilius
Ankh Marcius
Tarquin the Ancient
Servius Thulius
Taquinius the Proud

Royal period of Roman history

Rome from a bird's eye view
During the reign
kings, Rome turned into
real
city.
IN
city
appeared
market
square
–
forum.
On
himself
precipitous
hill,
Capitols,
erected
fortress,
V
which
were
main
temples. To protect against
enemies surrounded the city
strong walls.

Roman Republic:

2 consuls
SENATE
1. Declared war and
made peace;
2. Led
everyday
state policy;
In 509 BC.
there was an expulsion from
Rome's last king.
Established in Rome
republican system
– i.e. state
governed by the elected
on
their
posts
officials.

Roman Republic:

Supreme body
consisted of men
MEETING
PATRICIA
SENATE
GENUS
FAMILIES
FAMILIES
PATRICIA
Council of Elders
childbirth
In the case when the state
threatened
emergency
danger, senate and consuls
appointed
on
six months
dictator, vested with
this period is unlimited
power.

Dictator - leader of the people

Dictatorship
–
emergency
job title
in Ancient Rome,
introduced into critical
For
states moments – during
wars or civil unrest. This
the word comes from Latin
verb
dictare
(repeat,
prescribe). At first
dictator ("leader of the people")
were elected from the patricians, but in 356
BC. became a dictator for the first time
plebeian.

Supreme power

The Romans called the highest authority in
state
empire.
This
term
is happening
from
verb
imperare
–
"manage", "rule" and literally
means
"order",
"punishment".
Initially
empire
ordered
tsar. With the fall of tsarist power and
establishing
republics
at
Romans
there was an idea that the supreme
the bearer of the empire is the Roman himself
people. It is curious that within
any citizen of his own household
Rome had a "domestic empire", then
has absolute power over all members
families.

Patricians and plebeians

PATRICIA
Plebeians
Descendants
ancient
residents of Rome
Migrants from other
regions of Italy
2 folk
tribune
By 287 BC
plebeians
got
equal rights with
patricians.

Ancient Roman people

Roman
society
shared
on
some
social
classes.
Only
men could gain status
citizen.
IN
period
republican
board
citizens were divided into patricians
(know)
And
plebeians
(lower
classes). Women were engaged
home and family, but some
there were certain noble ladies
power
And
influence.
Fate
the Roman slave was entirely dependent
from the will of the owner, but for the faithful
service the slave could be freed.

Daily life of the Romans

Many Romans lived in
cities.
On
large
forums,
which
used as markets
Also
passed
political
meetings.
Moreover, the Romans often
attended the theater and races. So
How
places
was
few,
the poor lived in apartments in
tall and narrow houses.

Roman forum

IN
center
everyone
Roman city was
square,
called
"forum".
On
big
forum in Rome was
basilica - a building in which
the Senate was meeting. Were nearby
temples, shops and market. On
in the forum there were statues and
triumphant
arches,
erected in honor of the glorious
acts of the emperor. In that
the place the Romans appointed
meetings, listened to speakers and
accepted
important
public decisions.

IN
Rome
all
power
belonged to men.
Man
was
head
families,
had
right
be present
on
meetings and participate in
management
city.
The women stayed at home and
brought up
children.
The boys went to school
and the girls stayed at home,
learned to weave and spin,
run a household. All children
considered adults from 14
years.

Trade in Ancient Rome

The Romans understood everything
importance
trade.
Thanks to
to her
empire
flourished.
Craftsmen
sold
their
products
merchants and townspeople. And I'm going
could be purchased at
numerous markets in
snack bars
And
little ones
shops. Were in use
coins minted
controlled
myself
emperor With this money
paid
salary
soldiers, they had
walking throughout the empire,
which made trading easier.

Roman baths

Only for rich city dwellers
were
homemade
baths
Majority
Romans
enjoyed
public baths and thermal baths. After the hall for
people were undressing
through a series of rooms, in
each of which was
hotter than the previous one.
People were sweating, all the dirt
"was melted out"
from
body,
A
then
scraped off with metal
or a bone instrument,
called
"sheepshearer".
Ablution
completed
diving into the pool with
cold water.

Roman aqueduct

Romans
learned
deliver water to their cities
through aqueducts - stone
bridges with closed gutters,
with running water
was carried out through deep
valleys and gorges. Roman
engineers had rich experience
in the construction of arches and bridges,
which allowed them to build
powerful and elegant aqueducts.
Some of them have survived
until now.

Roman fashion

Most Romans wore clothing made from
flax and wool. Many Roman women did
it themselves: they spun wool and twisted flax,
weaved on a loom. Mostly Romans
They wore simple tunics. Roman citizens
had the right to wear a toga - spacious
robe that was worn over
tunics Togas were almost always white,
But
could
have
colored
border,
indicating the status of the owner. Only
the Roman emperor could wear purple
toga Roman women wore it over their tunic
loose dresses. Usually they were
white, but often decorated
pattern or embroidery.

Great Circus

One
from
loved ones
entertainment of the ancient Romans
there were chariot races.
The largest platform
there was a big one for the competition
circus (Circus Maximus) in Rome.
It was calculated approximately
for 250,000 spectators. In
12 chariot race time
seven had to go
circles Chariot drivers, in
mostly
slaves,
were
separated
on
four
teams,
at
each
from
which had their own colors: white, blue, red and
green.

Roman Coliseum

In order to purchase
popularity
V
people,
the emperors arranged for
Roman games and festivals. IN
72 Emperor Vespasian
ordered the construction of a huge
amphitheater - Colosseum. Crowds
the Romans came to see
to gladiator fights with each other
friend and with wild animals.
And sometimes the central arena
flooded to represent
sea ​​battle.

The Colosseum means “huge” in Roman. The Flavian Amphitheater was built under Emperor Vespasian. The amphitheater in ancient times was 5

Coliseum
V
translation
With
Roman
–
means
"huge". Flavian Amphitheater
was erected under the emperor
Vespasians.
Amphitheater
V
ancient times was 500 meters in
circumference and height up to 50
meters.
Tribunes
Colosseum
accommodated up to 50 thousand spectators. IN
bad weather under the arena, with the help
special
mechanism,
stretched
canvas
roof.
Floor
arenas
gave
opportunity to see underground
cameras,
in which they were kept
wild
animals.
Hungry,
brought
before
rage
animals were pushed out
up
With
with help
lifting
mechanisms.

Coliseum
was
practically
fully
mechanized building.
Thanks to ingenious devices
islands “grew” out of nowhere,
between which water splashed, and from
niche,
arranged under the spectators
in tiers
warships were sailing.
All efforts of the technicians were directed
on
That
to
amuse
compatriots with a bloody spectacle.
To the arena
released
approximately
equal
By
strength
warriors who
said the traditional greeting
to the emperor: “Coming
on
death
Hail you, Caesar!
Not
all gladiators
found
death
on
arena.
Some
were freed from slavery and became
freedmen
opened
own
schools
fighters.
Among
Spartak was one of them.
Today the Colosseum is considered
the most
majestic
antique
construction.

This is roughly what the Colosseum looked like in the distant past.
Colosseum: reconstruction of the exterior.

The Colosseum played a large role in the life of the Romans,
that’s why it was even depicted on coins.
Colosseum on an ancient Roman coin from 80

The Colosseum is the symbol of Rome
The Colosseum today (exterior)

Roman numbering
There is no reliable information about the origin of Roman numerals. IN
Roman numbering clearly shows traces of the fivefold
number systems. There are no traces in the language of the Romans
There is no fivefold system. So these numbers were borrowed
Romans from another people (most likely the Etruscans). Such
numbering prevailed in Italy until the 13th century, and in other countries
Western Europe - until the 16th century.
This is probably the most famous numbering, after Arabic. With her
we encounter quite often in everyday life. This
numbers of chapters in books, indication of the century, numbers on a watch dial,
etc.
This numbering originated in ancient Rome. It was used for
additive alphabetic number system
I - 1, V - 5, X - 10, L - 50, C - 100, D - 500, M -1,000
Previously, the sign M was represented by the sign F, which is why 500 became
depict the sign D as “half” F. The pairs L and
C, X and V.

Roman numbering
Numerical designations in Ancient Rome resembled
the first method of Greek numbering. The Romans had
special notations not only for numbers 1, 10, 100 and
1000, but also for the numbers 5, 50 and 500. Roman numerals had
this type: 1 - I, 5 - V, 10 - X, 50 - L, 100 - C, 500 - D and 1000 M. Perhaps the sign V meant an open hand, and X - two
such hands. But there is another explanation. When the count was ticking
in tens, then, having drawn 9 sticks, the tenth of them
crossed out. And in order not to write too many sticks,
They crossed out one stick and wrote ten like this: . from here
and the Roman numeral X turned out. And the number 5 turned out
simply by cutting the number 10 in half.

Roman numbering
An interesting system of fractions was in the Ancient
Rome. It was based on division by 12
fraction of a unit of weight, which was called ass.
The twelfth part of an ace was called an ounce. A
path, time and other quantities were compared with
a visual thing - weight. For example,
a Roman could say that he walked seven
ounces of travel or read five ounces of a book. At
this, of course, was not about weighing
paths or books. It meant that it was passed
7/12 of the way or 5/12 of the book read.
Due to the fact that in the duodecimal system
there are no fractions with denominators of 10 or 100,
The Romans found it difficult to divide by 10, 100, etc.
d. When dividing 1001 assa by 100, one Roman
the mathematician first received 10 aces, then
crushed the ace into ounces, etc. But from the remainder
he didn't get rid of it. To avoid having to deal with
like this
calculations,
Romans
become
use percentages.
Since the words "a hundred" sounded in Latin "about
centum", then the hundredth part was called
percentage.

Roman warfare

Roman conquests

Rome

Roman conquests

TIME
Who did you fight with?
Romans
What happened
annexed
Consequences
VI-IV centuries BC.
Etruscans, Italian
tribes (Samnites,
Latins, etc.), Greeks
from the colonies to
Italian territory
Apennine
peninsula
(Italy)
Rome joins the fight for
dominance in
Mediterranean
III – II centuries. BC.
Carthage,
Macedonia, Greece,
Syria
north Africa,
Spain, Greece,
Macedonia, Malaya
Asia, southern Gaul
Rome became the largest
power
Mediterranean
I century BC.
Celts of Gaul,
Pontic and
Egyptian kingdom,
Germans
Gaul, Egypt,
Syria, Thrace,
banks of the Rhine
The influence of Rome spread to all developed
regions of Europe and Middle
East
I – II centuries. AD
Parthians, Dacians,
celts of britain,
Germans, etc.
"barbarians"
lands south of
Danube, Judea,
Dacia, Britannia,
Armenia
Rome went on the defensive
its borders along the Rhine,
Danube and Euphrates. Empire
"I've eaten too much"

Roman
states
often
were at enmity.
Every
free
the citizen was a soldier
and studied from childhood
military
art.
Army
consisted
from
hoplite infantry,
led by
strategists
(commanders).
Troops
entered the battlefield
dense
in parts
phalanges.

ARMY ORGANIZATION

During the early republic, any
Roman aged 17 to 46
years owning property,
could be drafted into the army.
The service life was 20-25 years.
Entering the service as a recruit
swore an oath of allegiance.
Every day the warriors trained
in swimming, running, jumping, throwing
javelin and fencing.
Three times a month the army made
forced marches of 30 km. The warriors walked
at a fast pace at a speed of 6-8
km/hour
Legionnaires learned to build and
dismantle a military camp.
Guilty
subjected
corporal punishment.
Legion
behind
disobedience
reduced diet.
Decimation - execution by lot
every 10th warrior.

ARMY ORGANIZATION

Rich citizens could
acquire
horses,
And
that's why they served in
cavalry.
The Romans fought more victoriously
V
on foot
I'm building
united in squads and
armed
swords,
spears,
with daggers
And
shields.
The poorest
citizens
fought at the very beginning and
end of the battle. Their weapons are
stones and agricultural implements.

The structure of the Roman army of the V-II centuries BC.

Consul
ARMY
Legate
LEGION
Chief of Cavalry
HORSE TOURS
Legate
LEGION
military tribune
SIEGE AND THROWING MACHINES
military tribune
Sappers and convoy
centurions
PRINCIPLES
first centurions
GASTATE MANIPLES
first
MANIPLES
centurions
CENTURIES OF GASTATES
centurions
CENTURIES OF PRINCIPLES
decurions
Jumping
decurions
Jumping
first centurions
TRIARIAN MANIPULAS
centurions
CENTURIES OF TRIARIES

Weapons and equipment

Helmet, shield and sword
(gladius)
Roman warrior
Roman warrior figure
Hiking equipment:
pick,
shovel,
bowler,
rolled up
tent, bag with dry
rations, flask

ARMAMENT OF THE ROMANS

SEVEROITAL.
HELMET
SHIELD
KLEPIUS
DAGGERS
ETRUSCAN
HELMET
ARMOR
MOUNTAIN
ITALIANS
SHEAR
SWORDS
SPEARS
BOOTS
CALCEI

The Roman infantry was divided into several units. The basis of the army was the legion, usually consisting of five thousand soldiers. The legion was divided into 10 cohorts,

Roman legion
The Roman infantry was divided into several units. The basis of the army was
legion, usually consisting of five thousand soldiers. Legion divided by 10
cohorts, approximately 500 people each, and the cohort consisted of six
centuries. In the century there were from 80 to 100 legionnaires, who
The centurion commanded.
Armament
Roman
legionnaire
consisted
from
melee weapons pugio (dagger) and gladius
(short sword). One
time
legionnaires
armed with spears, but
later this weapon was
replaced
on
pilum
(dart).
Abandoned
with a skillful hand, pilum could
break through a strong shield. In
time of siege legionnaires
used ballistae and
catapults
siege
cars,
With
with help
who threw stones,
arrows, logs, etc.

Roman military camp

Roman legionaries built
camps
By
standard
plan
V
form
quadrangle.
Camp
consisted of a headquarters
stables
And
barracks,
V
which
behind
each
century
was consolidated
a certain place. Camp
was
fenced
high
wall
with
sentinels
towers
And
strong
gate.
U
legionnaires
were
hiking
camps,
which
Can
was
put at a halt, and
then quickly assemble.

Army on the march

Usually during a campaign the army was on the way along 7
hours a day, walking up to 30 km. The soldiers were forced
carry all your property and weapons on yourself.
Scouts walked ahead, obliged to examine
terrain, collect information about the enemy, choose a place
for the camp. Then came the vanguard (vanguard),
consisting of cavalry and light infantry; they followed him
the main forces of the army. They walked in one column, behind each
legion
followed
belonged to
to him
convoy,
And
lightly armed troops formed the rearguard.
If the enemy was close, the main forces of the army
moved in battle formation, with the entire convoy following
behind and part of the army served as cover (rearguard).
During the retreat, the convoy was sent forward with a detachment
troops, and the rest followed them.

Tactics. The Art of the Commander

To the management
army
on
field
battle
Romans
paid a lot of attention
important
meaning. Not
accidentally
talented
military leaders
(Sulla, Caesar, Vespasian, Trajan, etc.)
sought supreme power in Rome, becoming
dictators and emperors.

Legion in battle

During the Republic, the legion
built for battle in three
lines
By
maniple.
Each maniple was built
V
form
square,
With
equal
at intervals
between line neighbors.
In front of the legion were archers, slingers, and javelin throwers. IN
the first line of formation was the hastati, the second - the principles, the third -
triarii. The cavalry was located on the flanks. Legion fast
approached the enemy, showering him with spears. The outcome of the battle was usually decided
melee.
From the 1st century BC. the legion began to be built in larger cohorts,
formed into three lines in a checkerboard pattern.

Assault and siege of fortresses

Attack (assault)
Legion Ballista
Ram
Siege tower
Fortress
took:
with a sudden attack
out of the way, tried to
break down shields
gates.
In case of impossibility
attack began the siege
fortified
item:
surrounding him on all sides
army. If this is the place
was too fortified and in
abundance
supplied
provisions, then they took it
attack
With
with help
siege
structures
And
battering machines.

Roman fleet

Roman warship (bireme) from the end of the 2nd century. BC.)
Battle tower
"Raven" (boarding
bridge)
Ram
Steering oar

Roman ships

To make your own ships
faster, Romans
used both sail and
oars. On some ships
there were several rowing
rows. In order to
the ship was sailing at maximum
speed,
rowers
positioned so that they
could row at the same time.
Ship with two rows
the oar was called birema, with
three - trireme.

QUINQUEREMA (PENTERA) - warship
Carthaginians and Romans
During the first Punic War, the need arose
fast
construction of a navy. The Romans found
a warship abandoned by the Carthaginians and in 60 days
built 100 exact copies of it. Soon their fleet numbered
already over 200 vessels.

Battle tactics

Crew – 300 rowers; there were 120 warriors on deck;
Ship speed – 19 km/h;
Throw bridge - the corvus (raven) was thrown onto the enemy's
ship;
Some ships had underwater rams;

FILM FRAGMENT

Caesar
Guy
Julius
Caesar
was
outstanding state
and politician
commander and writer.
Compelled
at
Sulle
go to Asia Minor, he
returned to Rome after death
this emperor in 78 BC.
e. and immediately got involved
political struggle.
After
graduation
deadline
Caesar achieved consulate
appointments
on
job title
governor of Cisalpine,
and then Narbonne Gaul.
During the Gallic campaigns of 5851. BC e. he conquered everything
transalpine
Gaul
from
Belgians to Aquitaine.

Caesar introduced changes in the organization of the Roman army and in the methods
conducting military operations.
Each legion included siege engines: light
ballistas, as well as onagers and catapults that threw heavy stones.
Light auxiliary archery troops began to play an important role
and slingers
The cavalry of Roman citizens was replaced by mercenaries: Germans,
Spaniards, Numidians.
Caesar's troops moved very quickly, and this greatly
largely determined their success.
In battles, Caesar preferred to attack the enemy first. His
the legions walked towards the enemy at an even pace, which then turned into a run.
First they used spears, and then
swords, the warriors tried
push back the enemy in hand-to-hand combat. Completed the defeat of the enemy
cavalry.
Caesar's army took fortified points by siege or assault. At
During the siege, field fortifications were erected around the enemy fortress:
ramparts, ditches, wolf pits, redoubts, etc. Siege weapons were widely used
towers, and excavations were made under the wall.
Caesar was considered a great commander by A. Suvorov and Napoleon. His
military art was studied in military academies until the 19th century

Dictionary

Legion is a large unit of the Roman army (from 4.5 to
7 thousand people). Legionnaire - a warrior of the legion.
Centuria - a detachment of one hundred (from the 1st century BC - 80) legionnaires
Centurion - junior officer of the Roman army, commander
centuries or maniples
Maniple - a detachment that includes 2-3 centuries. Until the 1st century.
BC. The Roman army was built in 3 rows along maniples
Cohort - from the 1st century. BC. main unit of the legion from
6 (less often 10) centuries. Commanded the cohort by a military tribune
Ballista - a throwing weapon in the form of a large
horizontal bow, reinforced with a pair of vertical
twisted strands. Throwing arrows, stones, metal
balls. Used on ships and during the siege of fortresses.

Dictionary

Hastati (spearmen) - young warriors who fought in
the first line of formation of the legion. They started the battle by throwing
spear the enemy from a long distance and then attacked
with swords in hands.
Principles - experienced warriors of the second line of formation
legion. They entered the battle at the most decisive moment,
deciding its outcome.
Triarii - warriors of the third line of formation
legion,
veterans. They entered into battle only in the most extreme cases.
Concubernius - a group of warriors (8-10 people) living in
one tent and cooking food together during
rest in the camp. It was headed by a foreman (decurion).
Legate - assistant consul, commander of the legion.

INFORMATION SOURCES

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius
Encyclopedia "1001 questions and answers"
Encyclopedia “What, how and when it happened”
Great children's encyclopedia
http://ancientrome.ru/

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Ancient Rome as a separate state entity arose on the territory of the Apennine Peninsula, surrounded by four seas: Ligurian, Tyrrhenian, Ionian, Adriatic.

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Rome was founded in 753 BC. e. and only in the IV-III centuries. BC e. Some data on architectural construction appears. Even later - about painting and sculpture. Only from the last centuries of the existence of the republic did Roman art take on any specific forms.

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During the transition of Roman society from the Republic to the Empire, a rapid flowering of the creative powers of artists began, whose creations made Roman art no less great than Greek. The art of Ancient Rome completed the era of antiquity and the art of antiquity in general.

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The culture of Rome did not develop on its own; it was greatly influenced by the highly artistic cultures of Greece and Etruria.

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The name “Italy” itself means “fire island” (possibly due to the volcanoes) and is of Greek origin. The Greeks inhabited the south of the Apennine Peninsula since the 8th century. BC e. They colonized the rich and fertile lands of Southern Italy and Sicily. They even called the south of Italy “Greater Greece.”

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But perhaps the Etruscans had an equally strong influence on Rome and its entire culture.

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Who are the ETRUSIANS? What influence did the Etruscans have on the culture and art of the Roman Empire???

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MYSTERIOUS PEOPLE The culture of the Etruscans has much in common with the cultures of the Ancient East, but still the Etruscan problem has not yet been completely resolved and they continue to be considered a mysterious people. Although it is known, for example, that Etruria was a powerful maritime power. “Peoples of the Sea” - this is what the Etruscans were called in ancient times, because they brought terror and awe to Mediterranean traders and sailors.

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Apparently, it is no coincidence that the two seas washing the shores of Italy bear Etruscan names: one is the Adriatic, associated with the name of the Etruscan city of Adria, the other is the Tyrrhenian, and the Tyrrhenians is another name for the Etruscans. Even the Tiber River, on which Rome stands, even during the Empire, retained the Etruscan name “Ruma”, perhaps it gave the name to the city of Rome itself,

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ART OF THE ETRUSCANS The Etruscans firmly believed that they had only ten centuries to live. Be that as it may, the time period of the existence of Etruria, known to historians, occupies the time from the 8th to the 1st centuries BC. e. Scientists do not know when exactly the Etruscans appeared in the Apennines. Perhaps they came from Asia Minor, perhaps from Lydia, but this is just a guess. What race the Etruscans belong to is also unknown.

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Many Etruscan monuments are known, but the content of the myths that are embodied in them is unknown. There are many Etruscan inscriptions, but they are very difficult to read, although the Etruscans used the Greek alphabet. They wrote from right to left and without spaces between words. The Etruscan gods are similar to the Greek ones, and the names of the gods, in all likelihood, were eventually used by the Romans to call their own, for example: Uni - Juno, Menva - Minerva. The functions of these gods are completely special and also not fully understood.

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It is also known for sure that the Romans borrowed from the Etruscans gladiator fights and baiting of animals, stage games and sacrificial rituals, fortune telling and belief in good and evil spirits. Thus, the Romans acquired penates and laras - good spirits of the home.

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The Etruscans, like the Egyptians, believed in life after death, so the main monuments preserved after the Etruscans are associated with burial. The cult of ancestors and the veneration of the dead contributed to the development of a special type of tomb among the Etruscans, which were more like dwellings with richly furnished chambers. The only thing that reminded us of the purpose of these structures were the funeral urns in the shape of a human figure or monumental sarcophagi with sculptural images of the dead on the lids. Therefore, the history of Etruscan art begins and ends with tombs.

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Architecture The Etruscans left behind entire “cities of the dead” - necropolises: the impression was created that life took place here, maybe another, otherworldly, but life. The Etruscan tombs were magnificently decorated, painted with colorful frescoes, furnished with furniture and rich utensils, and they contained many luxurious funeral gifts, even carts. And the dead were showered with gold jewelry.

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The Etruscan tombs had geometric shapes, and this is no coincidence. In ancient times, the shape of objects carried a deep meaning. For example, a square was a symbol of the earth, and a circle was a symbol of the sky. If the deceased was buried in a round tomb, it means that in the eyes of the living he was already an inhabitant of the sky, that is, a god.

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But time has not preserved the Etruscan cities where people lived. But it is known for sure that the Etruscans were the first to use a regular layout when building a city. They were not only sea robbers, but also excellent engineers. It was from them that the Romans learned to build bridges and arches, pave roads and drain swamps.

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Unfortunately, not a single Etruscan temple has reached us, since they built everything from raw brick and wood. It is known that the temple was square in plan, decorated with columns on three sides, stood on a high base and had a deep portico that opened into three rooms at once into the depths of the temple. The Etruscans worshiped the gods in triads - triplets. The main triad was Tinia, Uni and Menrwa. The Etruscan temple hid all its secrets within itself. The will of the gods could be interpreted and conveyed to people only by priests and soothsayers who mastered the art of divination by the flights of birds, by lightning, and by the entrails of animals.

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Sculpture Like the Greek temple, the Etruscan temple had sculptural decoration. The pediments of the temples were filled with figures of deities, but made not in stone, but in clay (terracotta). The edges of the roof were decorated with terracotta masks of the Gorgon Medusa; satyrs, sileni and maenads, constant companions of the god Fufluns (Dionysus). They were brightly colored and were intended to protect the interior of the temple from the invasion of evil gods and demons.

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The Etruscans not only created the main temple, they determined the emblem of Rome - the she-wolf (beginning of the 5th century BC), but the legend that nurtured its future founders, the twins Romulus and Remus. The Capitoline Wolf, made by an unknown artist in bronze, is significant not only as a symbol of Ancient Rome, but also as a highly artistic work. The Etruscan master managed to embody in this image both a formidable animal and a merciful mother who fed human cubs. But most importantly, he showed the spiritual power of wild nature, which nurtured the courage and belligerence of the Romans. The time when the Etruscans built the temple on the Capitol and cast the legendary she-wolf was the end of their “golden age.” (The Capitol is one of the seven hills on which the city of Rome is built).

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The Romans were increasingly gaining strength, both military and state, which helped strengthen their influence in the Apennines. And the Etruscans, on the contrary, having lost their former power and the formidable glory of sailors, were heading towards their decline. Therefore, the Etruscan sculpture that has come down to us reflects two periods: the joyful and bright period of the heyday and power of Etruria and the period of deep pessimism, when the Etruscans began to lose their independence.

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Etruscan sculptors loved to work in bronze and clay. Their work often had a functional, that is, practical, significance. They decorated mirrors, tall figured lamps - candelabra, tripods - vessels, lamps, stands for anything with a base in the form of three legs. Sculpture was widespread, serving as architectural decoration. An example is the terracotta statue of the god Apollo that adorned the ridge - the upper corner of the roof - of the temple in Veii, which was presumably made by the master Vulca in 520-500. BC e. This is the only known name of an Etruscan sculptor that has come down to us.

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The statue of Apollo shows a man with an athletic build, which can be seen through thin clothes. The master managed to convey this rapid movement. Apollo's figure is full of strength, energy and youth, his facial expression is filled with bright joy, and a smile is frozen on his lips.

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The faces of the married couple shine with the same joy, which was created by an unknown Etruscan sculptor from Cervetere at the beginning of the 6th century. BC :x The terracotta group is a decoration on the lid of the sarcophagus, and, in all likelihood, bears a portrait resemblance to the dead. Hugging each other, they gesticulate cheerfully, discuss something heatedly, forgetting that their bed is a bed of death.

Rome

Slides: 12 Words: 467 Sounds: 0 Effects: 64

Ancient Rome. Lesson plan: 1.Education of Rome. 1.Foundation of Rome. 1. Founding of Rome. The ancient Romans lived in primitive houses made of willow twigs coated with clay. Nearby there was a garden and a vegetable garden, and outside the city there were fields and pastures. As a result of constant wars with neighboring cities, the Romans expanded their territory. The Romans were engaged in agriculture and grew: wheat, barley, grapes, flax. Animal husbandry developed in Rome; the Romans raised cows and pigs, horses and donkeys. The inhabitants of Rome were skilled artisans: blacksmiths, weavers, potters. Several of the oldest mills are still in working order. - Rome.ppt

History of Rome

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History of Ancient Rome. The beginning of Rome. Ordinary city life. It is generally accepted that in the 2nd century. n. e. The population has already exceeded one million people. Borders of the Roman Empire. Countries with an ancient and developed culture came under the rule of Rome. Roman culture. Coliseum. Gladiator battles took place in the Colosseum arena. Noisy and bloody spectacles were held for the amusement of the spectators. Rise of Spartacus. Decline of the Roman Empire. The civilizational heritage of Rome. Dozens of kingdoms arose on the territory of the former Roman Empire. Roman legal norms are reflected in the laws of many European states. Thus passes the glory of the world. - History of Rome.ppt

Rome in ancient times

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Ancient Rome. Map of ancient Rome. The state of Ancient Rome arose on the Apennine Peninsula. The Colosseum was like this. And he became like this. Trevi Fountain. Spanish Steps. Pantheon. Capitol. - Rome in antiquity.pptx

Ancient Rome lesson

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Repeating and generalizing lesson on the topic: “ANCIENT ROME”. ? Can Ancient Rome be considered one of the sources of modern European civilization? Lesson assignment: What is “CIVILIZATION”? Select the signs that reveal the concept of “CIVILIZATION”? Civilization. Territory. Related languages. High yield. Proximity to the sea. Religious community. Community of culture. Universal literacy. Similar lifestyle. Development of science. Organization of the economy. State structure. WHAT IS CIVILIZATION? Chronology of ancient Rome. Roman conquests. Remove warriors from territories not conquered by the Romans. - Ancient Rome lesson.PPT

History of Ancient Rome

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Ancient Rome. ? The ancient Roman state is called the successor to the traditions of Ancient Greece. 1.Geographical location and natural conditions of the Apennine Peninsula. 2. Etruscans. 3.Education of Rome. 4. Rome at the beginning of its history. The ancient Romans lived in primitive houses made of willow twigs coated with clay. Nearby there was a garden and a vegetable garden, and outside the city there were fields and pastures. The Romans were engaged in agriculture and grew: wheat, barley, grapes, flax. Animal husbandry developed in Rome; the Romans raised cows and pigs, horses and donkeys. Several of the oldest mills are still in working order. - History of Ancient Rome.PPT

Beginning of Roman history

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The beginning of Roman history. Country and population. Etruscans. The originality of the Etruscans. The legend of the founding of Rome. The founding date of Rome is 753 BC. Activities of the Romans. The Romans were engaged in agriculture. Residents of Rome. Management system in Ancient Rome. Formation of the Roman Republic. Senate. People's Tribunes. Dictator. People's Tribune. Concepts. Names. Founders of Rome. Dates. Founding of Rome. - The beginning of Roman history.PPT

"Ancient Rome" 10th grade

Slides: 19 Words: 3473 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Ancient Rome. Nature of the Apennine Peninsula. The emergence of the city of Rome. Legend about the founding of Rome. The growth of Rome in the first centuries of its existence. Roman army in the 1st century BC. Punic Wars. The defeat of the Syrian kingdom. Slavery in Rome. Rise of Spartacus. Caesar's seizure of power in Rome. The Roman army under Octavian Augustus and his successors. Culture of the Roman Empire. Water mills. Sculptors abandoned frontal compositions. The rise of literature. Culture. Decline and death of the Roman Empire. - “Ancient Rome” 10th grade.ppt

Development of Ancient Rome

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Stages of development of Ancient Rome. The legendary foundation of Rome. The she-wolf feeds Romulus and Remus. The enraged Amulius ordered the babies to be put in a basket and thrown into the Tiber River. Then the brothers were picked up by the royal shepherd Faustul. A quarrel broke out, during which Romulus killed his brother. Ancient Roman god of war Mars and Rhea. Royal stage. Republican stage. Early Republic. Late Republic. The formation of ancient Roman civilization was strongly influenced by the cultures of the Etruscans, Latins and ancient Greeks. - Development of Ancient Rome.ppt

State of Ancient Rome

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Ancient Rome. Revival of Ancient Rome. Fights of Rome. Emperors of Rome. Yuri Caesar. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Emperors of Ancient Rome. Ancient Roman art. Ancient Rome and its empire. Rome is very unusual. Triumph. Travel through Ancient Rome. - State of Ancient Rome.pptx

Ancient Roman state

Slides: 60 Words: 1609 Sounds: 0 Effects: 43

Ancient Roman state. Text of an ancient book. Natural conditions and population of Italy. Natural conditions. Dependence between natural conditions and activities. Occupations of the population. Natural conditions of Italy. Population of Italy. Reasons for the expansion of Roman influence in Italy. Ancient Italy. Ancient Rome became the main city. Management in Ancient Rome. Estates of Rome. The advantages that the patricians had. Definitions of terms. The indigenous population of Rome. Plebeians. Management system in Rome. The need for a republic to emerge in Rome. Indicate the reason for the introduction of the position of people's tribune. - Ancient Roman state.ppt

Periods of the history of Ancient Rome

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History of Rome. Three stages. Features of the position. The Legend of Romulus and Remus. Founding of Rome. Capitol Hill. Inhabiting peoples. Inhabiting peoples. The beginning of Rome. Bride in Ancient Rome. Tsarist period. Romulus. Numa Pompilius. Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Marcius. Tarquin the Ancient. Servius Tullius. Tarquin the Proud. The fall of royal power. Stratification. Political structure. The struggle between plebeians and patricians. Domestic policy. Foreign policy. Etruscan offensive. Second Latin War. I Punic War. Hannibal's War. Hannibal Barca. Macedonian War. III Punic War. - Periods of the history of Ancient Rome.pptx

World History "Ancient Rome"

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Rome is a city on seven hills. Geographical location and natural and climatic conditions. Read the text of the legend carefully. Mars. Mars is the god of war. Legendary date of the founding of Rome. Rome and its inhabitants. The ancient Romans lived in primitive houses made of willow twigs. The Romans were engaged in agriculture. Residents of Rome. Management in Ancient Rome. Patricians are descendants of the original inhabitants of Rome. - World History “Ancient Rome”.PPT

Army of Ancient Rome

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Army and weapons in Rome in the era of the kings. The era of kings. Roman army. Centuries. Centurion. Legion. Late period. Eagle. The structure of the legion. Armament. Armor. Short dart. Warlike kings. Ankh Marcius. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. Lucius Tarquin the Proud. -

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Lesson Plan LESSON PLAN: Periodization of Ancient Roman History Roman Civic Community and the Early Republic Making Rome a World Power

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Age of Kings: 753 BC-510 BC (from the founding of Rome to the expulsion of the last of the kings) Early Republic: 510 BC. – mid 3rd century. BC. (from the expulsion of the kings to the Punic Wars) Late Republic, formation of the Roman state: mid-3rd century. BC. – 27 BC Early Empire, Principate: 27 BC – 3rd century AD Crisis – 3rd century. Late Empire, dominant: 4th century AD – 476 (fall of the Western Roman Empire

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The basis of the Roman people - the Romans, Sabines, Etruscans The Etruscans - a special influence on Roman history (borrowed: the practice of building cities, the architecture of temples, many crafts) Further development - the Romans, who subjugated the peoples of nearby regions, and then all of Italy. Language – Latin

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KING (ruler, judge, priest) People's Assembly Senate Council of elders of clans (patricians only) Patrician men, later plebeians 510 BC. – the uprising of the Romans, the overthrow of the last king, a new form of government R E S P U B L I C A

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Plebeians are descendants of indigenous people conquered by the Romans, aliens. Free people pay taxes, but do not have the right to serve in the army or participate in government. The main occupations are agriculture, crafts, and trade. The fight for civil rights. Patricians - at first a small group of men who came with Romulus, later formed the dominant group in Roman society, had full rights and responsibilities (landowners, service in the army, participation in government) Result of the struggle: Patriciate + plebeian elite = nobility

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The main features of the Roman civil community The combination of collective and private land ownership, in the presence of the supreme property of the community The connection between the concepts of “citizen”, “warrior”, “farmer” Equality of political and legal rights of citizens The power of the people’s assembly in all important issues The possibilities for the exploitation of fellow citizens as dependent workers, and even more so slaves Acceleration of the transformation of foreigners into slaves

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ROME - a world power 265 BC - the entire Apennine Peninsula was captured The struggle of Rome with Carthage - three Punic Wars (264 - 146 BC) The winner Rome captured Spain and North Africa RESULT: CARTHAGE is destroyed by the redivision of the world .

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SOLVE THE PROBLEM There is information that some Roman rich people at that time had up to 20 thousand slaves. Thus, the slave owner Crassus and Danetry had so many slaves that they could recruit an entire army from them. Pompey actually formed a squadron of 300 of his shepherds; another slave owner had 8,000 thousand slaves. What conclusions can be drawn from these data?

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Sources of slavery in Ancient Rome SOURCES OF SLAVERY IN ANCIENT ROME Piracy children of slaves Captives for desertion for debts sale of children into slavery Slave markets In large cities in the center of Rome on the island of Delos

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Military victories led to an unprecedented expansion of slavery. A huge number of slaves captured in the war poured into Italy. Gangs also operated at sea and on land, kidnapping people and selling them into slavery. Residents of Roman provinces who did not pay taxes were also enslaved.

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Slave markets existed everywhere. The main one was in Rome itself at the Forum Boarium. Here the days of selling cattle and slaves alternated. The markets sold not only strong men, but also old people, women and children. Sellers praised their goods, but on the chest of each seller there had to be a sign with a list of physical defects.