Everything that surrounds us now, everything we know and can do, is their merit. Who are we talking about? That's right, about the most famous scientists. Only their extraordinary work and greatest discoveries contribute to the progress of humanity!

Great thinkers of antiquity

Ancient Greece is famous for its famous philosophers who tried to determine the essence of existence, interpret human thoughts and actions, and think about the problems of nature.

A striking example is the Greek philosopher Democritus. He was the first to introduce the idea of ​​the presence of an atom as the basis for the structure of substances. Afterwards, Epicurus began to develop his thought. They wrote down all their assumptions in a scientific treatise, which was burned during the dominance of the religious worldview. Only small fragments of their notes have survived to this day, testifying to the greatness of the ancient Greek thinkers. Lucretius Carus became a follower of the atomists (as Democritus and Epicurus are called). He wrote an essay “On the Nature of Things,” which traced the theory of atomic structure.

Plato created his own school for the most gifted people, where he talked with them on various philosophical topics. His best student was Aristotle. This man had amazing curiosity and was incredibly smart. He wrote dozens of books on almost all branches of modern science: physics, metaphysics, meteorology and even zoology.

Archimedes also contributed significantly to the development of physics. The story of his discovery of the law of buoyant force is quite popular. As he plunged into the full bathtub, water flowed over the edges. With a cry of “Eureka,” Archimedes ran to write down computational formulas and proved the existence of buoyant force. In addition, the scientist developed the “golden rule of mechanics” and the theory of simple mechanisms.

He made a huge contribution to mathematical science by discovering the number Pi, which is currently used by all scientists for calculations. He proved the theorem about the intersection of 3 medians of a triangle at one point, discovered the properties of a curve named in his honor as the Archimedes spiral. Calculated the formula that determines the volume of the ball and wrote the formula for the sum of a decreasing geometric progression. He helped the defense of his island of Sicily by finding a way to set enemy ships on fire during the war. When the warriors of the besieged city held mirrors in their hands and pointed them at the enemy ship, the sunbeams were focused into a single beam that ignited the ships.

Thanks to his calculations, it was possible to launch the huge ship Syracosia at that time using block systems that were controlled by only 1 person. The death of Archimedes is also surrounded by legend: when a Roman soldier stepped on the scientist’s drawings written on wet sand, Archimedes rushed to defend them. Unaware of the great abilities of the brave enemy, the warrior shot an arrow straight into the chest of the scientist, who died in his drawings, bleeding. What was written in the sand is still not known, but it is assumed that it was another brilliant discovery.

And how famous Hippocrates became, who made a huge contribution to the development of medicine. Despite the fact that in those days people believed in the occurrence of diseases from the curse of evil spirits, the scientist incredibly accurately described many diseases, symptoms and methods of treating them. In addition, he described human anatomy by examining the corpses of the dead. Hippocrates was the first to introduce the idea of ​​treating not a disease, but a specific person. In the course of his observations, he came to the conclusion that the same disease occurs differently in everyone. It was then that he began to research types of temperament, human psychology and sought to find an individual approach to each patient. And today, graduates of medical universities traditionally swear to be merciful, selfless and to help the sick always and everywhere, as the great Hippocrates bequeathed.

Socrates was also a popular philosopher of antiquity. He sought to draw knowledge from all possible sources, after which he willingly shared it with his students. It was thanks to them that the world learned about the thoughts of the great Socrates, because the philosopher himself was quite modest and never wrote down his thoughts, renounced wealth and did not recognize his fame.

Herodotus is rightfully considered the father of history. A man who traveled throughout the entire civilized world at that time and published his observations in 9 volumes of a treatise called “History.”

Confucius is considered the most famous thinker of China to this day. He himself grew up as a very obedient child who respected his elders, honored his parents and helped his mother in everything. He explained such simple fundamentals of education and human relationships to his students. It is Confucius’ conclusions about the rules of human upbringing that are the basis of any society.

The famous Pythagoras is a brilliant scientist of antiquity who made many discoveries that are used by mathematicians. The theorem on the equality of the sum of the square of the legs to the square of the hypotenuse, the division of numbers into even and odd, the measurement of geometric figures relative to a plane - all these are the discoveries of Pythagoras. In addition to mathematics, he made enormous contributions to the development of natural science and astronomy.

The best Russian scientists

The legend of Russian science is Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. A person who always strived for knowledge and criticized previously made discoveries. He made a huge contribution to natural science and physics, formulating the corpuscular-kinetic theory. Being on the verge of discovering oxygen and hydrogen molecules, he significantly accelerated the development of chemical science. He suspected a connection between chemical and physical phenomena, recording them in a single branch of “physical chemistry.”

Lomonosov opened his own laboratory, created according to his drawings, where he conducted experiments with glass, improving the technology of its production. Mikhail Vasilyevich was also interested in astronomy, studying the movements of planets in the solar system. He opened a school of scientific and applied optics, where devices for night observation and an optical bathoscope were created. Together with I. Brown, Lomonosov was the first to obtain mercury in the solid state. Developed a prototype of a modern helicopter. He studied atmospheric electricity. Lomonosov developed a geographical globe and a circumpolar map. In addition, Mikhail Vasilyevich became famous in developing the rules of grammar and literary art.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov made a huge contribution to the development of medicine. During the Crimean War he worked as a surgeon, saving the lives of hundreds of wounded and developing surgical techniques. He was the first to use a plaster cast to fix bone fractures. He developed tactics of medical care depending on the severity of the patient’s condition. Pirogov first proposed the idea of ​​​​using anesthesia during operations, because Before this, all surgical procedures were performed live. And people died not so much from disease as from painful shock. Pirogov also developed modern pedagogy, changing the approach to students from dictatorial to humane. Arguing this by saying that students should learn not through force, but of their own free will. To do this, you just need to interest them.

No less famous scientist of medical sciences is Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. He introduced physiology into the category of clinical disciplines and studied biological processes in the human body. Scientifically substantiated the importance of work and rest schedules, studied the unconditioned reflexes of the brain. Stated the importance of considering the individual at the cellular level in order to better understand the etiology of the pathological condition.

Important discoveries in the field of biology were made by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. He studied embryology and developed the phagocytic theory of immunity, proving the ability of humans to remain resistant to various infectious pathogens. For which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. In addition, he studied the causative agents of cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, etc.

He stated the importance of intestinal microflora and studied lactobacilli in the body.

The discovery of the famous Pavlov reflex brought Ivan Petrovich enormous popularity. Through long experiments, he was able to prove the ability of higher living organisms to develop new reflexes during life. Many of his works are devoted to the study of the brain and higher nerve centers. And for his research into the functions of the digestive system, Pavlov became a Nobel Prize laureate.

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin devoted himself to the study of plants. Thanks to his many years of work, he ate new varieties of plants: apple trees, pears, plums, apricots, blackberries, rowan berries, gooseberries - named in his honor.

It is impossible not to mention the legendary scientist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev. Everyone knows his periodic table of the arrangement of chemical elements. He studied the chemical properties of various substances and conducted numerous experiments, disassembling this or that object into its components. In addition, he made a significant contribution to the development of physics, thinking about the relationship between the volume of gases and their molecular weight. He was the first to develop a model of a stratospheric balloon and a balloon. In addition, Mendeleev was interested in issues of shipbuilding and the basics of ship movement on water.

The list of Russian scientists is incredibly long. Our science is famous for such legendary people who, through their labors, helped humanity rise to a higher standard of living. But even modern Russian specialists are actively involved in the development of science and are among the top ten according to Forbes magazine

The most famous scientists in the World today

Today, the most popular scientists are physicists Andrei Geima and Konstantin Novoselov. They are currently conducting their research at the University of Manchester in the UK. They have more than 20,000 scientific papers to their credit. Geim and Konstantinov are the 2010 Nobel Prize winners for their discovery of graphene, which they created using a pencil and duct tape.

Second place goes to Maxim Kontsevich, mathematician. Works at the Institute of Higher Scientific Research in Paris. Winner of the Poincaré, Fields, and Crafoord prizes. Has membership in the French Academy of Sciences. He studies superstring theory and is the author of more than a thousand scientific papers.

In the field of modern astrophysics, Andrei Kravtsov, who works at the University of Chicago in the USA, is famous. He studies the emergence and formation of galaxies, as well as compares the astrophysical properties of new and old galactic systems. Author of 9,000 publications.

Evgeny Kunin, employee of the National Center for Biotechnology Information in the USA. Published 50,000 scientific papers on the study of evolution. He works in computational biology, namely the study of genomes using computer analysis.

Another famous biologist working in the USA at Yale University and joining the National Academy of Sciences is Ruslan Medzhitov. He is engaged in immunology and the study of the Toll protein, which he discovered in mammals.

Artem Oganov is a famous geologist at the American University of Stony Brook. He studies the structure of a crystal based on its chemical formula. For this he created an entire algorithm. It was this sequence that helped him predict the structure of a magnesium silicate crystal more than 2,500 km underground. The famous physicist of the Catalan University of Advanced Studies is Sergei Odintsov. He described dark energy, which saturates 70% of our Universe. For this he was awarded the attention of the Nobel Committee.

Grigory Perelman made a great discovery in the field of mathematics by solving one of the most difficult mathematical problems: the Poincaré conjecture. But he did not publish his decisions and refused a cash award of $1 million.

Stanislav Smirnov, an employee of the University of Geneva, also became famous in the field of mathematics. In 2010 he received the Fields Medal. He studies the emergence of infinite connected structures.

Gleb Sukhorukov, professor of chemistry at the University of London. He is developing polymer capsules that can deliver drugs to the body in a targeted manner without being destroyed by accompanying substances.

Some discoveries of outstanding thinkers can turn into real cataclysms. .
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Our understanding of the world around us in the heyday of the technological era - all this, and much more, is the result of the work of numerous scientists. We live in a progressive world that is developing at a tremendous pace. This growth and progression is the product of science, numerous studies and experiments. Everything we use, including cars, electricity, healthcare and science, is the result of the inventions and discoveries of these intellectuals. If it weren't for the greatest minds of mankind, we would still be living in the Middle Ages. People take everything for granted, but it is still worth paying tribute to those thanks to whom we have what we have. This list features ten of the greatest scientists in history whose inventions changed our lives.

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician, widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time. Newton's contributions to science were wide-ranging and unique, and the laws he derived are still taught in schools as the basis of scientific understanding. His genius is always mentioned along with a funny story - supposedly Newton discovered the force of gravity thanks to an apple that fell from a tree on his head. Whether the apple story is true or not, Newton also established the heliocentric model of the cosmos, built the first telescope, formulated the empirical law of cooling, and studied the speed of sound. As a mathematician, Newton also made a lot of discoveries that influenced the further development of mankind.

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

Albert Einstein is a physicist of German origin. In 1921 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. But the most important achievement of the greatest scientist in history is the theory of relativity, which, along with quantum mechanics, forms the basis of modern physics. He also formulated the mass energy equivalence relation E=m, which is named as the most famous equation in the world. He also collaborated with other scientists on works such as Bose-Einstein Statistics. Einstein's letter to President Roosevelt in 1939, alerting him of possible nuclear weapons, is supposed to be a key impetus in the development of the US atomic bomb. Einstein believes this is the biggest mistake of his life.

James Maxwell (1831-1879)

Maxwell, a Scottish mathematician and physicist, introduced the concept of the electromagnetic field. He proved that light and the electromagnetic field travel at the same speed. In 1861, Maxwell took the first color photograph after researching in the field of optics and colors. Maxwell's work on thermodynamics and kinetic theory also helped other scientists make a number of important discoveries. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is another major contribution to the development of relativity and quantum mechanics.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Louis Pasteur, French chemist and microbiologist, whose main invention was the pasteurization process. Pasteur made a number of discoveries in the field of vaccination, creating vaccines against rabies and anthrax. He also studied the causes and developed methods of preventing diseases, which saved many lives. All this made Pasteur the “father of microbiology.” This greatest scientist founded the Pasteur Institute to continue scientific research in many fields.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Charles Darwin is one of the most influential figures in human history. Darwin, an English naturalist and zoologist, advanced the theory of evolution and evolutionism. He provided the basis for understanding the origins of human life. Darwin explained that all life arose from common ancestors and that development occurred through natural selection. This is one of the dominant scientific explanations for the diversity of life.

Marie Curie (1867-1934)

Marie Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911). She became not only the first woman to win the prize, but also the only woman to do so in two fields and the only person to achieve this in different sciences. Her main field of research was radioactivity—methods for isolating radioactive isotopes and the discovery of the elements polonium and radium. During World War I, Curie opened the first radiology center in France and also developed mobile field x-rays, which helped save the lives of many soldiers. Unfortunately, prolonged exposure to radiation led to aplastic anemia, from which Curie died in 1934.

Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)

Nikola Tesla, Serbian American, best known for his work on modern electrical power systems and alternating current research. Tesla initially worked for Thomas Edison, developing engines and generators, but later quit. In 1887 he built an asynchronous motor. Tesla's experiments gave rise to the invention of radio communications, and Tesla's special character gave him the nickname "mad scientist." In honor of this greatest scientist, in 1960 the unit of measurement of magnetic field induction was called “tesla”.

Niels Bohr (1885-1962)

Danish physicist Niels Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1922 for his work on quantum theory and atomic structure. Bohr is famous for discovering the model of the atom. In honor of this greatest scientist, they even named the element ‘Borium’, previously known as “hafnium”. Bohr also played an important role in the founding of CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Galileo Galilei is best known for his achievements in astronomy. An Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher, he improved the telescope and made important astronomical observations, including the confirmation of the phases of Venus and the discovery of the moons of Jupiter. The frantic support of heliocentrism led to the persecution of the scientist; Galileo was even subjected to house arrest. At this time he wrote ‘Two New Sciences’, thanks to which he was called the “Father of Modern Physics”.

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Aristotle is a Greek philosopher who is the first true scientist in history. His views and ideas influenced scientists in later years. He was a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His work covers a wide variety of subjects - physics, metaphysics, ethics, biology, zoology. His views on natural sciences and physics were innovative and became the basis for the further development of mankind.

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev can safely be called one of the greatest scientists in the history of mankind. He discovered one of the fundamental laws of the universe - the periodic law of chemical elements, to which the entire universe is subject. The story of this amazing man deserves many volumes, and his discoveries became the engine of development of the modern world.

Outstanding scientists are presented here, on the basis of whose discoveries and works the specialties in which students are trained at AVTI were developed.

John von Neumann

A brilliant Hungarian-American mathematician who made significant contributions to quantum physics, quantum logic, functional analysis, set theory, and computer science.
He is best known as the forefather of modern computer architecture. Under his leadership, several principles of computer construction were substantiated: the use of the binary number system to represent data and commands, software control of the computing process, memory homogeneity and its addressability, program control sequence, etc.

Norbert Wiener

American outstanding mathematician and philosopher, founder of cybernetics, the science of control patterns, information transfer in various systems, and the theory of artificial intelligence.
For the first time he substantiated the fundamental importance of information in the management of various systems.

Alan Turing

English mathematician, logician, cryptographer, who had a significant influence on the development of computer science. In 1936, he proposed the abstract computing “Turing Machine,” which made it possible to formalize the concept of an algorithm. It is still used in many theoretical and practical studies.
One of the founders of the theory of artificial intelligence.

Viktor Mikhailovich Glushkov

Outstanding Russian scientist, mathematician. He developed methods for calculating tables of improper integrals, made a significant contribution to domestic cybernetics, to the theory of digital automata, the theory of programming and systems of algorithmic algebras, the theory of computer design, and to the creation of multiprocessor macro-pipeline supercomputers. He developed the first personal computer “Mir-1” for engineering calculations, a system for automated control of technological processes and industrial enterprises.

Dmitry Alexandrovich Pospelov

Russian scientist, mathematician, major specialist in the field of artificial intelligence, control of complex systems, and in the field of parallel computing. He laid the foundations for a new scientific direction - modeling the reasoning of expert specialists making decisions in various subject areas. From 1956 to 1968 he worked at MPEI. Head of the UNESCO International Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence. Winner of the prestigious A. Turing Award.

Isaac Newton

English physicist, mathematician, astronomer. One of the founders of classical physics. The author of the fundamental work “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy,” in which he outlined the “law of universal gravitation” and the three laws of mechanics. He developed differential and integral calculus, color theory and many other mathematical and physical theories.

Carl Friedrich Gauss

Great German mathematician, astronomer and physicist. The name of Gauss is associated with fundamental research in many areas of mathematics: algebra, differential and non-Euclidean geometry, mathematical analysis, theory of functions of a complex variable, probability theory, as well as in astronomy, geodesy, and mechanics. Gauss was called the king of mathematics. He published fully completed and accurate studies. Many of his unfinished ideas were used in subsequent research by other scientists.

Pafnutiy Lvovich Chebyshev

Internationally recognized Russian mathematician and mechanic. He was the founder of the theory of approximate functions. He made major contributions to number theory, probability theory, and mechanics. With his works he had a great influence on the development of Russian artillery science. He was an honorary member of more than 25 different foreign academies and scientific communities.

Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov

An outstanding Russian mathematician, one of the founders of modern probability theory. He obtained fundamental results in topology, mathematical logic, the theory of turbulence, the theory of complex algorithms and a number of other areas of mathematics and its applications. He was interested in philosophical problems. He formulated the epistemological principle of cognition, which was named after him. He was awarded prizes: Boltzmann Prize, Wolf Prize, Lenin Prize. Awarded the Lobachevsky medal.

Andre Marie Ampere

French physicist and mathematician. Formulated a rule for determining the direction in which an arrow deviates near a conductor carrying current (Ampere’s rule), the law of interaction of electric currents (Ampere’s law), developed a theory of magnetism, according to which all magnetic interactions are based on circular molecular currents (Ampere’s theorem), thus In this way, he first pointed out the connection between electrical and magnetic processes. He discovered the magnetic effect of a coil with current - a solenoid.

James Clark Maxwell

English physicist. Creator of classical electrodynamics, one of the founders of statistical physics. His scientific activities cover problems of electromagnetism, kinetic theory of gases, optics, elasticity theory and much more. Conducted a theoretical study of the rings of Saturn. He was a major popularizer of science.

Nikolay Sergeevich Akulov

Russian physicist. A major specialist in the field of ferromagnetism. Formulated the law of induced anisotropy, which plays an important role in the modern theory of magnetic materials. He proposed (independently from F. Bitter) the method of magnetic metallography. He created equipment for non-destructive methods of testing industrial products - flaw detectors, magnetic anisometer, magnetic micrometer, etc. He has many works on combustion physics, plasticity theory, and biophysics.

Andrey Petrovich Ershov

Russian scientist. He made a great contribution to the development of theoretical and system programming, the founder of the school of computer science in the USSR, one of the pioneers of Russian corpus linguistics. Under his leadership, several programming languages ​​were created and a translation scheme was created to develop fragments of optimized translators. Made significant contributions to the theory of mixed computing.

Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev

Russian scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was involved in the development of homing torpedoes and stabilization systems for tank guns, for which he was awarded state awards. Considered the founder of computer technology in the USSR. He developed a whole series of computers that were used for calculations during the launches of artificial earth satellites, the first spacecraft with a person on board, and in the country's air defense systems.
The result of his activities was the development of a computer called BESM-6, the best machine in Europe in those years. Awarded the international medal “Pioneer of Computer Engineering”. He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. The Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after S.A. was established. Lebedeva.

Mikhail Alexandrovich Kartsev

Outstanding Russian designer of domestic computing systems, author of the world's first multi-format vector computer structure. For the first time in the world, he proposed and implemented the concept of a completely parallel Computing system with parallelization at all four levels: programs, commands, data and words. A project was developed for the first vector-conveyor computer in the USSR. MPEI graduate.

Yakov Zalmanovich Tsypkin

Outstanding Soviet scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, laureate of the Lenin Prize, A.A. Andronov Prize, Cauzza Prize, awarded the Hartley Medal. He made a significant contribution to the development of the theory of systems with delay, generalizing the Nyquist criterion to cases of delay, to the study of pulsed (discrete) control systems, developing an adequate mathematical apparatus for such systems, called Z-transforms. Founder of the theory of linear discrete systems. He did a lot in the field of relay systems, proposed a unified approach to the study of adaptive systems based on recurrent stochastic algorithms and the apparatus of stochastic approximation. He has achieved significant success in solving the problem of management under conditions of uncertainty and in other areas of management.

Vladimir Sergeevich Semenikhin

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of Lenin and two State Prizes, awarded many orders and medals of the USSR. MPEI graduate.
A prominent scientist in the field of automation and telemechanics. Creator of powerful automated and special-purpose information systems for the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, control systems for the country's armed forces. The founder and main ideologist of a powerful domestic world-class school in all aspects of complex automation of the process of managing heterogeneous structures.

Claude Elwood Shannon

American scientist, mathematician, engineer. Founder of information theory, information transmission, channel capacity theorem. He made a great contribution to the theory of probabilistic circuits, to the theory of automata and control systems. He did a lot in the field of cryptography, defining the fundamental concepts of cryptography and coding theory.
His works are a synthesis of mathematical ideas with a specific analysis of the problems of their technical implementation.

Sergey Lvovich Sobolev

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, one of the outstanding Russian mathematicians of the twentieth century. He made fundamental contributions to modern science, and in his fundamental research laid the foundation for scientific directions in modern mathematics.
Together with academician V.I. Smirnov, he opened a new area in mathematical physics (the Smirnov-Sobolev method) - functionally invariant solutions that allow solving problems related to wave processes in seismology.
He developed the areas of functional analysis and computational mathematics. He developed the theory of spaces of functions with generalized derivatives, which entered science as Sobolev spaces, which played an exceptional role in the formation of modern mathematical views. He made significant contributions to the development of many areas of mathematics.

George Boole

English scientist. Founder of mathematical logic. Found a deep analogy between the symbolic method of algebra and the symbolic method of representing logical forms and syllogisms.
Based on this analogy, he laid the foundations of the algebra of logic, which was later called Boolean algebra. Widely used when using solving logical problems on a computer. Boole outlined the main results of his works in the works: “Mathematical Analysis of Logic”, “Logical Calculus” and “Study of the Laws of Thought”.

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov

Academician, Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, outstanding Russian scientist, MPEI graduate. Developer of the famous sampling theorem (Kotelnikov’s theorem), which was fundamental in the theory of digital systems and the theory of computer science. Created a classic presentation of the theory of noise immunity of communications. The ideologist of the creation of a planetary radar and radar research of planets, which made it possible to clarify the scale of the Solar system by more than 100 times. He deserves great credit for the development of radio systems, radio physics, and quantum physics.
He created the famous OKB MPEI, which played a key role in the creation of space technology in the USSR, was its director for many years, and was the head of the MPEI department for many years. Hero of socialist labor, member of academies in many countries of the world, winner of numerous awards, including the E. Rhine Prize, A. Bell Gold Medal.

Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov

Corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the first domestic scientists who appreciated the importance of cybernetics, made a great contribution to its formation and development. General and mathematical foundations of cybernetics, computers, programming and theory of algorithms, machine translation and mathematical linguistics, cybernetic issues of biology, philosophical and methodological aspects of the development of science - this is an incomplete list of the main areas of science that have received intensive development on the initiative and with his participation.
His main works relate to set theory, theoretical issues of programming, and mathematical linguistics.
Awarded prestigious medals “Computer Society” and “Computer Pioneer”, government awards of the USSR.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky

Outstanding Russian mathematician, creator of non-Euclidean geometry (Lobachevsky geometry). Rector of Kazan University (1827 – 1846).
Lobachevsky's discovery (1826), which did not receive recognition from his contemporaries, revolutionized the idea of ​​the nature of space, which was based on the teachings of Euclid for more than 2 thousand years, and had a huge impact on the development of mathematical thinking. His works on algebra, mathematical analysis, probability theory, mechanics, physics and astronomy are very important.

Leonard Euler

Swiss by birth, he is an outstanding mathematician, physicist, mechanic and astronomer. Since 1726, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. From 1741 he also worked at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. Author of more than 800 scientific papers on mathematical analysis, differential geometry, number theory, approximate calculations, celestial mechanics, mathematical physics, optics, ballistics, shipbuilding, music theory and other areas of science that have had a significant impact on the development of science.

David Gilbert

German scientist, founder of modern mathematics, predecessor of Einstein. Hilbert's work is characterized by his conviction in the unity of mathematical science, in the unity of mathematics and natural science. Hilbert's works had a great influence on the development of many branches of mathematics in which he worked (the theory of invariants, the theory of algebraic numbers, foundations of mathematics, mathematical logic, calculus of variations, differential and integral equations, number theory, mathematical physics). Since 1922, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In 1900, at the International Mathematical Congress in Paris, he formulated 23 problems that became the program for the development of mathematics in the 20th century. To date, only some of Hilbert's problems have been solved.

Vladimir Semenovich Pugachev

Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, outstanding Russian scientist and teacher. One of the founders of the statistical theory of control systems, the author of a number of fundamental scientific works on flight dynamics, ballistics, the theory of ordinary and stochastic differential equations, stochastic control, computer science, statistics of random processes and many other areas of modern applied mathematics. He was the author of the scientific project “New architectures and algorithms for information processing” within the framework of the program “Computing systems of new generations.”

Vladimir Viktorovich Solodovnikov

Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation, Honorary Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, outstanding cyberneticist, one of the founders of automation in the USSR. He was the first to pose the problem of the quality of an automatic control system, developed the initial principles of an original frequency method for solving this problem, and subsequently developed and extended it to a wide class of typical impacts on systems with distributed and variable parameters. Developed the theory of analytical self-adjusting systems. He had a great influence on the development of management theory in our country. He published over 300 scientific papers, many of which were translated in many countries around the world.

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin

Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, winner of many awards, outstanding mathematician.
In topology, he discovered the general law of duality and, in connection with this, constructed a theory of characters of continuous groups, and obtained a number of results in the theory of homotopies (continuous family of mappings) (Pontryagin classes). In the theory of oscillations, the main results of his research relate to the asymptotics of relaxation oscillations. He is the creator of the mathematical theory of optimal processes, which is based on Pontryagin’s maximum principle. Obtained fundamental results on differential games. He had a great influence on the development of the calculus of variations in the world. Honorary member of many academies and societies around the world.

Alexander Aronovich Feldbaum

Outstanding scientist - theorist and engineer, Doctor of Technical Sciences, graduate of Moscow Power Engineering Institute, laureate of state prizes.
For the first time he formulated the optimal control problem as a variational problem and gave its solution for a whole class of practical cases. The result of this work was the discovery of the famous maximum principle in the theory of optimal control. He laid the theoretical foundations and formulated the ideas of the theory of dual control. His numerous monographs on control theory and computer technology have been published in many languages.

Aksel Ivanovich Berg

Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, admiral-engineer, one of the largest scientists and radio specialists. He had many government awards. Initiator of the creation of SKB MPEI at the Department of Automation and Telemechanics of AVTF.
He created methods for calculating receiving, amplifying and transmitting devices, the theory of tube generators, and the theory of deviation of ship radio direction finders. On his initiative, the Institute of Radio Engineering and numerous laboratories of this profile were created in the USSR. He made a great contribution to the development of radar and navigation.

Famous scientists and their contribution to the development of physics CO No. 1862, 7 “B” class Alexey Khalaydzhi, Matvey Yasinovsky

Giordano Bruno Albert Einstein Galileo Galilei Nicolaus Copernicus Mikhailo Lomonosov Michael Faraday Isaac Newton Nikola Tesla

All of them played a very important role in the history of the development of physics

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) After thirty years of hard work, long observations and complex mathematical calculations, he proved that the Earth is only one of the planets, and that all planets revolve around the Sun. Copernicus believed that to an observer on the Earth, it seems that the Earth is motionless, and the Sun is moving around it. In fact, it is the Earth that moves around the Sun and makes a full revolution in its orbit during the year.

Giordano Bruno's ideas were centuries ahead of his time. He argued that not only the Earth, but also no other body can be the center of the world, since the Universe is infinite and there are an infinite number of “centers” in it. He argued that there is variability in the bodies and surface of our Earth, believing that over vast periods of time “seas turn into continents, and continents into seas.” Giordano Bruno (1548-1600)

Galileo Galileo was an Italian physicist, mechanic, astronomer, philosopher and mathematician who had a significant influence on the science of his time. He was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies and made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries. Galileo is the founder of experimental physics. With his experiments, he convincingly refuted Aristotle's speculative metaphysics and laid the foundation of classical mechanics. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Sir Isaac Newton is an English physicist, mathematician and astronomer, one of the founders of classical physics. The author of the fundamental work “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy,” in which he outlined the law of universal gravitation and the three laws of mechanics, which became the basis of classical mechanics. He developed differential and integral calculus, color theory and many other mathematical and physical theories. Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov - the first Russian natural scientist of world significance, encyclopedist, physicist and chemist; he was the first to define physical chemistry; his molecular-kinetic theory of heat largely anticipated the modern understanding of the structure of matter. Many fundamental laws, including one of the principles of thermodynamics; laid the foundations of the science of glass. Mikhailo Lomonosov (1711-1765)

Michael Farada is an English physicist and physical chemist, the founder of the doctrine of the electromagnetic field. Faraday was fascinated by the problem of the connection between electricity and magnetism. Faraday experimentally discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction - the emergence of an electric current in a conductor moving in a magnetic field and gave a mathematical description of this phenomenon, which underlies modern electrical engineering. Faraday discovers electrochemical laws, which form the basis of a new branch of science - electrochemistry, which today has a huge number of technological applications. Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

Nikola Tesla is a physicist, engineer, inventor in the field of electrical and radio engineering. Tesla's work on the properties of electricity and magnetism formed the basis for modern devices operating on alternating current. Tesla was considered "the man who invented the 20th century." After demonstrating radio and winning the War of the Currents, Tesla became widely recognized as an outstanding electrical engineer. Tesla's early work paved the way for modern electrical engineering, and his early discoveries were innovative. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)

Albert Einstein - theoretical physicist, one of the founders of modern theoretical physics. Einstein developed several significant physical theories, incl. the theory of relativity and, within its framework, the law of the relationship between mass and energy: E = mc2. He predicted “quantum teleportation” and worked on the problems of cosmology and unified field theory, which refers to the revision of the understanding of the physical essence of space and time, to the construction of a new theory of gravity to replace Newton’s. Einstein's concepts, repeatedly confirmed by experiments, form the foundation of modern physics. Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

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1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin - the world's first electric light bulb

2. A.S. Popov - radio

3. V.K. Zvorykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and television broadcasting)

4. A.F. Mozhaisky - inventor of the world's first airplane

5. I.I. Sikorsky - a great aircraft designer, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber

6. A.M. Ponyatov - the world's first video recorder

7. S.P. Korolev - the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, first Earth satellite

8. A.M.Prokhorov and N.G. Basov - the world's first quantum generator - maser

9. S. V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first woman professor)

10. S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photograph

11. A.A. Alekseev - creator of the needle screen

12. F.A. Pirotsky - the world's first electric tram

13. F.A. Blinov - the world's first crawler tractor

14. V.A. Starevich - three-dimensional animated film

15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, and a turning wheel.

16. O.V. Losev - the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device

17. V.P. Mutilin - the world's first mounted construction combine

18. A. R. Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvesting machine

19. V.P. Demikhov was the first in the world to perform a lung transplant and the first to create a model of an artificial heart

20. A.P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - geochemistry of isotopes

21. I.I. Polzunov - the world's first heat engine

22. G. E. Kotelnikov - the first backpack rescue parachute

23. I.V. Kurchatov - the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk); also, under his leadership, the world's first hydrogen bomb with a power of 400 kt was developed, detonated on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 (Tsar Bomba) thermonuclear bomb with a record power of 52,000 kilotons.

24. M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current

25. V.P. Vologdin - the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry

26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879

27. V.P.Glushko - the world's first electric/thermal rocket engine

28. V. V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of arc discharge

29. N. G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding

30. I. F. Aleksandrovsky - invented the stereo camera

31. D.P. Grigorovich - creator of the seaplane

32. V.G. Fedorov - the world's first machine gun

33. A.K. Nartov - built the world's first lathe with a movable support

34. M.V. Lomonosov - for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world began to teach a course in physical chemistry, for the first time discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus

35. I.P. Kulibin - mechanic, developed the design of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, inventor of the searchlight

36. V.V. Petrov - physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc

37. P.I. Prokopovich - for the first time in the world, he invented a frame hive, in which he used a magazine with frames

38. N.I. Lobachevsky - Mathematician, creator of “non-Euclidean geometry”

39. D.A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar track

40. B.O. Jacobi - invented electroplating and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft

41. P.P. Anosov - metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel

42. D.I.Zhuravsky - first developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used throughout the world

43. N.I. Pirogov - for the first time in the world, compiled the atlas “Topographic Anatomy”, which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, plaster and much more

44. I.R. Hermann - for the first time in the world compiled a summary of uranium minerals

45. A.M. Butlerov - first formulated the basic principles of the theory of the structure of organic compounds

46. ​​I.M. Sechenov - the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work “Reflexes of the Brain”

47. D.I. Mendeleev - discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, creator of the table of the same name

48. M.A. Novinsky - veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology

49. G.G. Ignatiev - for the first time in the world, developed a system of simultaneous telephone and telegraphy over one cable

50. K.S. Dzhevetsky - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor

51. N.I. Kibalchich - for the first time in the world, he developed a design for a rocket aircraft

52. N.N.Benardos - invented electric welding

53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science

54. V.I. Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera

55. A.G. Stoletov - physicist, for the first time in the world he created a photocell based on the external photoelectric effect

56. P.D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first radial gas turbine

57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible photosensitive non-flammable film, formed the basis for the creation of cinematography

58. I.A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera

59. S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freidenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange

60. N.D. Pilchikov - physicist, for the first time in the world he created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system

61. V.A. Gassiev - engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine

62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky - founder of astronautics

63. P.N. Lebedev - physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids

64. I.P. Pavlov - creator of the science of higher nervous activity

65. V.I. Vernadsky - naturalist, creator of many scientific schools

66. A.N. Scriabin - composer, was the first in the world to use lighting effects in the symphonic poem “Prometheus”

67. N.E. Zhukovsky - creator of aerodynamics

68. S.V. Lebedev - first obtained artificial rubber

69. G.A. Tikhov - astronomer, for the first time in the world, established that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as we know, this was confirmed when filming our planet from space.

70. N.D. Zelinsky - developed the world's first highly effective coal gas mask

71. N.P. Dubinin - geneticist, discovered the divisibility of the gene

72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922

73. E.K. Zawoisky discovered electrical paramagnetic resonance

74. N.I. Lunin - proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings

75. N.P. Wagner - discovered the pedogenesis of insects

76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world to perform surgery to treat glaucoma

77. S.S. Yudin - first used blood transfusions of suddenly deceased people in the clinic

78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted the existence and first created piezoelectric textures

79. L.V. Shubnikov - Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors)

80. N.A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes

81. P.P. Lazarev - creator of the ion excitation theory

82. P.A. Molchanov - meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde

83. N.A. Umov - physicist, equation of energy motion, concept of energy flow; By the way, he was the first to explain, practically and without ether, the misconceptions of the theory of relativity

84. E.S. Fedorov - founder of crystallography

85. G.S. Petrov - chemist, world's first synthetic detergent

86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a range finder for artillerymen

87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method for making woven credit cards and a method of single-pass multiple printing (Orlov printing)

88. Mikhail Ostrogradsky - mathematician, O. formula (multiple integral)

89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram

90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, Ch. radiation (new optical effect), Ch. counter (nuclear radiation detector in nuclear physics)

91. D.K. Chernov - Ch. points (critical points of phase transformations of steel)

92. V.I. Kalashnikov is not the same Kalashnikov, but another one, who was the first in the world to equip river ships with a steam engine with multiple steam expansion

93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, reaction K. (phosphoreaction)

94. A.M. Lyapunov - mathematician, created the theory of stability, equilibrium and motion of mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as L.'s theorem (one of the limit theorems of probability theory)

95. Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov’s laws (elasticity of parasolutions)

96. S.N. Reformatsky - organic chemist, Reformatsky reaction

97. V.A. Semennikov - metallurgist, the first in the world to carry out bessemerization of copper matte and obtain blister copper

98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes)

99. M.M. Protodyakonov - scientist, developed a globally accepted scale of rock strength

100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, balsam Sh. (vinyline)

101. M.S. Color - Color method (chromatography of plant pigments)

102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet passenger aircraft and the first supersonic passenger aircraft

103. A.S. Famintsyn - plant physiologist, first developed a method for carrying out photosynthetic processes under artificial light

104. B.S. Stechkin - created two great theories - thermal calculation of aircraft engines and air-breathing engines

105. A.I. Leypunsky - physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and

Molecules to free electrons during collisions

106. D.D. Maksutov - optician, telescope M. (meniscus system of optical instruments)

107. N.A. Menshutkin - chemist, discovered the effect of a solvent on the rate of a chemical reaction

108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology

109. S.N. Winogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis

110. V.S. Pyatov - metallurgist, invented a method for producing armor plates using the rolling method

111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal miner (for coal mining)

112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants

113. S.S. Bryukhonenko - physiologist, created the first artificial blood circulation apparatus in the world (autojector)

114. G.P. Georgiev - biochemist, discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells

115. E. A. Murzin - invented the world's first optical-electronic synthesizer "ANS"

116. P.M. Golubitsky - Russian inventor in the field of telephony

117. V. F. Mitkevich - for the first time in the world, he proposed the use of a three-phase arc for welding metals

118. L.N. Gobyato - Colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904

119. V.G. Shukhov is an inventor, the first in the world to use steel mesh shells for the construction of buildings and towers

120. I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - made the first Russian trip around the world, studied the islands of the Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and about. Sakhalin

121. F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev - discovered Antarctica

122. The world's first icebreaker of a modern type is the steamship of the Russian fleet "Pilot" (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker is "Ermak", built in 1899 under the leadership of S.O. Makarova.

123. V.N. Chev - the founder of biogeocenology, one of the founders of the doctrine of phytocenosis, its structure, classification, dynamics, relationships with the environment and its animal population

124. Alexander Nesmeyanov, Alexander Arbuzov, Grigory Razuvaev - creation of the chemistry of organoelement compounds.

125. V.I. Levkov - under his leadership, hovercraft were created for the first time in the world

126. G.N. Babakin - Russian designer, creator of Soviet lunar rovers

127. P.N. Nesterov was the first in the world to perform a closed curve in a vertical plane on an airplane, a “dead loop”, later called the “Nesterov loop”

128. B. B. Golitsyn - became the founder of the new science of seismology

And many, many more...