I. QUESTION ABOUT THE PRINCIPLES OF ALLOCATING SECONDARY MEMBERS OF A SENTENCE

The predicative basis of a sentence is formed by a group of main members - the community of subject and predicate for a two-part sentence (DSP) or one independent main member for a one-part sentence (OSP). A sentence that contains only a predicative basis is called non-common, for example: It got colder (OSP), the Rooks arrived (DSP), Life began to get better (DSP), Masha became a student (DSP). Outside of direct connection with our topic, we note that in such sentences there is not a single phrase, although there is a syntactic connection - the group of subject and predicate is not considered as a phrase, it is a connection of two interdependent components, it is impossible to distinguish between them the main and dependent word.

But at the same time, the subject and predicate can become reference words for attaching dependent words to them, to which, in turn, dependent word forms will be attached. Thus, the sentence becomes widespread, filled with secondary members of the sentence. Already from the explanation given above, it is clear that in relation to the formation of the structure of the sentence, these minor members can be divided into two types:
Extending the actual grammatical (predicative) basis of the sentence, they are sometimes called pre-basic; we will talk about them as secondary members of the “first” degree: Katya became the best student. It will get warmer on Tuesday. Life has reconciled us.
Distributing existing near-basic minor members, that is, minor members of the “second” degree: It will get warmer next Tuesday. Katya became the best student at school.

This classification of minor members is not traditionally presented in textbooks for high school students and those entering universities, since it is assumed that it is accepted at the empirical level and is well applied by everyone without exception. This is exactly how teaching the “expanding” sentence is structured from the primer to the first textbooks on the “Russian language”. Children are taught to guess the “main” members, and then ask questions from them to the “dependent” ones. The logic of the order of questions should be preserved by anyone who wants to highlight the members of a sentence, but for some reason it is precisely this logic that “suffers” most often. Let's say, in the last example we gave (Katya became the best student at school), the most common mistake will not be the incorrect definition of the types of secondary members (the best, at school), but the erroneous attribution of the word “student” to the secondary members!

Why do errors occur when determining members of a common sentence? The answer is simple: the order of asking questions to determine the members of a sentence is wrong. Learned in the first grade, it seems to experienced high school students to have “expired”, as a result they try to change it arbitrarily and pose questions based on the order in which words are included in a sentence: Katya (what did she do?) became (the best in school) (*who?) student . The mechanism of the error is simple and, unfortunately, can be explained by the principle of the approach to the study of minor terms (hereinafter referred to as VMP). School textbooks pay more attention not to the principles of identifying HCP, but to the principles of assigning HCP to a category by meaning (meaning definitions, additions and circumstances), and to determine the category they teach how to pose questions, not to mention the difference in the formulation of the questions themselves.

As a result, the following approach to a common sentence is formed: “*each of its words answers a specific question (there is a list of those that need to be asked); by asking a question from this group to a word, I will determine a member of the sentence.” We showed the erroneous division with this approach of a compound nominal predicate above. Another typical mistake is this: For (what?) a week we lived (on what?) on a raft. Adverbials of time and place are incorrectly classified as adjuncts because the question is asked incorrectly.

It turns out that working with a common sentence becomes precisely the stage at which attention to the organization of the sentence is replaced by a parsing scheme. Therefore, we ask both schoolchildren and teachers to pay attention to THE MAIN REQUIREMENT OF WORKING WITH A COMMON OFFER:
1. determine the grammatical basis of the sentence, highlight the subject and predicate or one main member, describe the type of main members;
2. By asking a question from the main members to the minor ones of the first and then the second degree, find out the nature of the minor members.
In other words, when parsing a sentence On the last Monday of November the weather became truly wintery. the order should be like this:
1. highlighting the basis “the weather has become wintery”
2. allocation of first-degree high-risk factors “on Monday” and “for real”
3. allocation of second-degree VChP “last” and “November”.

The next point will be the correct approach to choosing a question to determine a member of the VChP. Recent manuals specifically note that the question asked by the word can be GRAMMARICAL or SYNTACTICAL. When asking a grammatical question, we attribute a word to any part of speech by identifying it with other words that answer the same question. Both "house" and "beauty" answer the common grammatical question "what?" as nouns; this question does not say anything about their functioning in a sentence, but it allows us to establish that both words will have gender, number, case, and type of declension. This question does not talk about lexical meaning, it only correlates words with “objects” and “everything that can be thought of as a subject of speech.” The error in the phrase Katya became the best student, where the last word turned out to be an addition, also lies in the posing of a grammatical question to it. And the choice of question is clearly associated with an error in determining the members of the sentence. During the week we lived on a raft.

The syntactic question is associated with identifying the role of the word form in a sentence; the person asking it should try to determine the place of the word in the sentence by selecting the correct question. In the phrase During the week we lived on the raft, the syntactic questions are posed from the predicate: “lived” (how long?, where?). Note that with this approach, the question asked may turn out to be “not from the list,” that is, not from among the questions given in all textbooks for schoolchildren for additions, definitions and circumstances. For example, when analyzing the sentence In the dusk, I didn’t see the road, the circumstance “in the dusk” answers the questions “when” and “where” at the same time (“in the dusk” = “when it got dark,” but also “where it became dark”). Next, it will be necessary to either explain the unconventionality of the category of circumstance, declaring it “special”, or highlight it as “place + time”.

II. QUESTION ABOUT THE REASONS FOR THREE TYPES OF MINOR SENTENCE MEMBERS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

At the level of phrases for the Russian language, three types of communication are distinguished - coordination, control and adjacency. It seems that it is this distribution that underlies the identification of precisely three types of HCP. In fact, the ratio here is somewhat different. The fact is that in addition to the types of grammatical connections between words, there is also the nature of semantic relationships, built at the level of phrases.

Firstly, it can be identified DETERMINATIVE a type of semantic relationship when the dependent word indicates a sign of the main one. We see this type primarily in phrases organized according to the principle of agreement: white snow, first lesson, smiling child. The same nature of semantic relations can exist when adjacent: his house, the newspaper "Trud". You can also find it in the office: a girl with pigtails, a polka dot dress. In all the examples given, the basic question will be “which” (a variant of “whose”), which is why such models are included in the VChP, called DEFINITION.

Secondly, the OBJECT type of semantic relations is distinguished, when the dependent word is the object of action on the part of the main word. This type of semantic relationship exists in management: reading a novel, reading a novel, watching a film. There is also an object type of relationship in the case when it is indicated that the dependent word is a certain “additional object” available at the disposal of another “object/person” expressed by the main word: a lady with a dog, a suit with a shirt. The questions of indirect cases asked in such examples will be the basis for highlighting the ADDITION.

Thirdly, there is ADVERBIAL a type of relationship indicating that the dependent word describes the place, time, reason and other circumstances of the action called the main one. The basic type of subordinating connection here will be adjacency: live long, walk looking around. Often this meaning is conveyed by management: living in the forest, writing with mistakes (compare: “making mistakes”). In this case, trying to identify the nature of the circumstances of the action, we ask adverbial questions “when?”, “where?”, “where to?” and the like. This minor term will be BY CIRCUMSTANCE.

Obviously, some phrases will be difficult to resolve the question of the nature of the semantic relationship and pose the question. For example, the phrase boat with a sail allows you to ask the question “which one?” and “with what?”, here there are both attributive and object relations. Likewise, a house in a village indicates a sign (=village) and a place. It turns out that not all phrases in the Russian language fit unambiguously into three types of semantic relations; there are “transitional” cases.

When analyzing such examples at the sentence level, we must analyze the entire sentence as a whole, since the meaning of the statement affects the nature of the dominant relationship. Compare phrases:
There were different boats in the port: some with motors, some with sails. – At first, the Slavs built boats with oars, but, having discovered that after passing the rapids of the Dnieper, the wind helps the boats sail faster, they began to build boats with a sail.
He has houses everywhere: there is a house in Moscow, there is a house in the village, there is a house by the sea. “Petya didn’t like a city house, but a house in the village seemed to him the embodiment of his cherished dream.
A careful analysis of each of the phrases will suggest that one of the semantic relations can come to the fore and prevail over the other in a specific context.

TASK 1. At one time, D.E. Rosenthal’s manuals gave examples: A person breathes with his lungs. The first leaves appeared on the birch tree. The light came from the window above the door. Try to think of contexts where only one of the possible types of semantic relations would come to the fore. Is there an example where such a context cannot be invented? Come up with your own examples where it is possible to combine different types of semantic relationships while bringing one to the fore. Are there cases where the "ambiguity" of the context always remains?

It turns out that in a Russian sentence, contexts are quite possible when two (or even all three) types of semantic relations are combined. Guided by the usual terminology, this means that we can ask two questions to the same VChP. What to do?
Traditional manuals do not answer this question. The logic of the need to select only one VSP for each word in a phrase turns out to be basic for a common sentence. But it is not said anywhere that a word can be only one type of VChP, which gives us the opportunity in complex cases to emphasize the word form being analyzed as two types of VChP at once. Without calling for doing this always, we note the possibility of such an approach, and we will analyze the most common cases of using such analysis in the last section.

III. QUESTION ABOUT THE QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION OF THE SECONDARY MEMBER OF THE PROPOSAL

The tradition of the school curriculum says that every word in the text (excluding phraseological units) will be some kind of member of the sentence - either the main one or the secondary one. While analyzing the main members, we noted the possibility of phraseological units being included in their composition. In the phrase We took part in the discussion, the phraseological unit was completely included in the ASG; in the phrase We expressed a desire to take part in the competition as part of the ASG for two whole turns - both in the auxiliary part and in the semantic part.

Obviously, this possibility should be realized at the level of private enterprises. Consequently, when identifying first- and second-degree HCPs in a sentence, we must also look at the degree of cohesion of the components with each other. Let's look at examples:
Tanya and her sister regularly visit the Bolshoi Theater. – On the day of the premiere, I met Tanya and my sister again. In the first example, the combination of compatibility described in all textbooks is the subject; nothing prevents it from being an addition (and not two objects) in the second.
Vasya loses his temper every time he needs to help his little sister with something. – Vasya’s ability to lose his temper at the first hint of difficulty does not allow him to study well. In the first example, the phraseological unit will be a predicate (PGS), in the second phrase - a definition with a subject.

But there may be cases when, given the free nature of the connection in one sentence, the turn will be welded together in another: Katya's bad character ruins her life. – People with bad character cannot succeed in life. With a free combination of the words “bad” and “character” in the first example, their cohesion is obvious in the second, where the combination “with a bad character” will be a definition.

Similar examples are discussed in some textbooks, but there is no general scheme for the functioning of indecomposable combinations as high-precision combinations for the school curriculum. All that remains is to read the sentence, trying to feel the meaning of the phrase.

Another problem for schoolchildren will be function words. The author of the article has been teaching Russian language classes at various courses for many years and always hears the question: “Is there a pretext to emphasize here?” The question is again related to the mechanical analysis of high-frequency problems proposed in high school. Think about it, after all, in the sentence Katya lives in Moscow, the adverbial adverbial place will be “in Moscow”, the prepositional case form, and not just “*Moscow”. The syntactic use of a preposition includes a noun in a sentence; without a preposition, such inclusion is impossible. By the way, there are incomplete sentences where a repeating component in a combination of two words is missing, but the preposition remains: Children with or without flowers went to school. Obviously, “without...” will be a homogeneous definition here with the prepositional case form “with flowers.” Such examples have been described in science for a long time.

It also seems logical to include the negation “not” in the sentence: It's not for you to teach me life! He didn't start reading the book from the beginning. It is obvious that “not” in these examples is logically included in the VChP. By the way, there is a special name for sentences with this use of “not” - partial negatives. But the inclusion of emphasizing and restrictive particles (“only”, “only”) in the part of the sentence that follows them is by no means necessary; they emphasize the isolation of the VChP logically, intonationally, the general meaning of the sentence remains the same: Sveta was able to finish urgent work (only) in the evening. Let us note at the same time that schoolchildren need to learn a list of particles and words that can be used as particles (among them “already”), so as not to single out “extra” VSPs. The particles themselves are not members of the sentence!

The easiest way to isolate VChP is to skip conjunctions, both coordinating ones, connecting homogeneous members, and subordinating ones, used to connect parts of a complex sentence. There is only one problem with the latter: they can be synonymous with allied words (this is important for “what”, “when”, “how” and “than”), then they can be asked a question and isolated as a member of the sentence. It turns out that you first need to analyze the structure of a complex sentence, because the mechanical selection of a question is not always correct.

The third variant of a non-unique VChP will be a non-separate attributive or adverbial phrase. The very fact of its possible isolation from a sentence in certain positions suggests that the speaker always perceives such a turn of phrase as a whole: The book written by my mother has become a bestseller. A separate definition is separated by commas due to its placement after the word being defined. But the possibility of isolation is primarily associated with the close cohesion of the components of the phrase, therefore, when used before the word “book,” we would recommend considering it as one definition.

And lastly: a single member of a sentence is considered to be a combination of a cardinal number and a noun (“two friends”, “with five girlfriends”). When considering such phrases, they usually talk about a special type of connection that is not correlated with any of the three main ones. The trick is that in the direct cases - nominative and accusative - the main word will be the numeral that controls the form of the noun (“five friends”), while in the indirect cases the main word will be the noun that agrees with the dependent numeral (“with five friends”). This type of connection is discussed in detail in the section “Numerals” (see “Morphology”). Syntactically, such a combination of words turns out to be indecomposable, and therefore acts as a single member of the sentence.

IV. THREE TYPES OF SECONDARY MEMBERS OF A SENTENCE. WAYS OF EXPRESSING DEFINITIONS, COMPLEMENTS and CIRCUMSTANCES

In the Russian language, there are three main types of VChP - definition, addition and circumstance. The type of VChP is determined by the method of its expression (i.e. what part of speech the VChP is expressed), by the type of syntactic connection with the reference word and by the nature of the syntactic question asked to the VChP from the reference word.

1. Definition - this is a VChP, which names the attribute of an object and a person, answers the questions “which” and “whose” and relies primarily on coordination as a type of connection.
A definition that meets the three conditions listed above is called consistent. It can be expressed:
full adjective: Dusya is a beautiful cat.
full participle: Sleeping Dusya purred quietly in her sleep.
pronominal adjective (possessive, demonstrative, attributive, etc.): Our Dusya will not communicate with any guest!
ordinal numbers: Dusya did not like the fifth portion of Whiskas that morning.
attributive phrase (participle and adjective with a dependent word), not isolated in a sentence: The crab stick Dusya ate turned out to be the best ending to breakfast.
All listed parts of speech, used as definitions, are consistent with the supporting noun (or substantivized word) in gender, number and case. This condition is not met by some forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives (smarter, smarter than everyone) and the unchangeable pronouns his, her, their. They will not apply to the agreed upon definition.

The agreed definition can also be a noun; it is called an appendix - a type of definition. A noun in the role of application agrees with another noun in number and case, but may not agree in gender. The gender of a noun is a constant feature; it cannot independently change its gender under the influence of a reference word; phrases arise: eucalyptus tree, orchid flower. In a sentence, coordinated applications most often turn out to be consistent in gender: We invited our old friend Vasya and his friend Petya.

It happens that not all the conditions of our definition of the type of VChP are met, there is no type of connection mentioned above - coordination, VChP is connected with the reference word by adjacency or control. In this case we are talking about inconsistent definitions. They can be expressed:
nouns in oblique cases with and without prepositions: Her polka dot blouse was stained. The arrival of guests was inopportune. (complicated cases will be discussed below). The type of communication here is management.
possessive pronouns “him”, “her” and “them”, which do not change in literary Russian, and are therefore connected with the supporting word by adjacency: His work at the competition of young poets received first place. "I don't understand their words!" - the grandfather said angrily.
inflexible adjectives: The beige dress emphasized her slender waist. Here the type of connection is also adjacency.
adjectives in the form of a simple comparative and one of the compound superlative forms. The adjacent immutable forms: Tell me a more interesting story! - are actually similar to the adverbs used in the same function.
adverbs (not with –о/-е) associated with the support word by adjacency. In fact, these are the same adverbs that can be used as a nominal part of the SIS, compare: The conversation will be honest - The conversation will not work out honestly. In the first case, the word “totally” is included in the SIS; in the second example, it is an inconsistent definition.
infinitive with a noun (it is most often also associated with a verb - either verbal or single-root): The dream of eating a delicious piece of ham made Dusya jump onto the table. The subordinating connection between an infinitive and a noun is adjacency.
an indecomposable combination of words (here control often arises as a type of communication). Indecomposability is determined by semantic characteristics, as well as the impossibility of removing one of the words without changing the meaning of the other and the entire phrase: The girl with blue eyes smiled at Vasya in the subway (the meaninglessness of “a girl with eyes” forces us to include the definition in the “required minimum”); or: It’s raining along the entire US coast from California to Alaska. The meaning of the definition “from California to Alaska” clearly defines the boundaries of the region; the indecomposability of the combination is obvious. Such definitions can be a combination of numerals: A three-by-four photograph must be taken within a month.
Nouns attached to nouns (that is, applications) may be inconsistent. In this case, in addition to the difference with the reference word in gender, they will not be related in case, that is, a change in cases of the reference word will not affect the change in the dependent: I love the novel “Crime and Punishment” - The novel “Crime and Punishment” presents one of the opportunities to determine the character of a person in the second half of the 19th century.

The issue of application as a special type of definition and the punctuation marks associated with application will be considered in a separate work.

From the above it follows that definitions are varied in the way they are expressed, therefore, to isolate them, it is especially important to think about the meaning of what was said, and not just try to substitute the questions mentioned in the definition with the words.

Note to teacher! Since schoolchildren use one sign - a wavy line - to highlight a definition during syntactic analysis, we would advise you to come up with ways of different notation to check the topic “agreed and inconsistent definitions”. This difference is especially important in the examples: The leaf-strewn paths of the park of the Sheremetyev estate "Kuskovo" look now the same as in the 18th century. The first of the underlined definitions is agreed upon, expressed by a “participial phrase”, and in the second both inconsistent definitions and an application are hidden, it would be desirable to distinguish which is which.

TASK 2. Anyone who reads our works knows that after such a theoretical fragment, compiled tasks are usually offered for practical analysis. There will be no such tasks in this work, since the artificially constructed common sentences too clearly indicate what will be the subject of the search. We advise schoolchildren to come up with their own phrases with definitions of different types and methods of expression. The skill gained from such work will help you better learn to analyze any text offered as an exam. You can also take a literary text (small) and try to find in it different definitions and ways of expressing them.

2. An addition is a VChP that has a substantive meaning and indicates the participants in the situation described in the sentence. Supplements answer questions of indirect cases and are most often expressed in the prepositional case form of the noun (i.e., the main type of connection is control). The simplest thing would be to immediately say the following: objects are expressed in the same way as subjects, only instead of the nominative case, any other case is used. In other words, in the phrase Dusya purrs, our Dusya will be the subject, and in the Morning I’m in a hurry to feed Dusya, she, due to the change to the accusative case, will be an object.

In the same way, phrases will be complements if they are not in the nominative case, compare: One of my friends has been afraid of cats and dogs since childhood. – Dusya has never scratched any of my friends.. In our opinion, the combination of compatibility should also be analyzed as a single member of the sentence, if it stands out in meaning: I met Masha and Katya(if they walked together and not alone, in the latter case Masha will be the addition first, and then Katya).

In terms of the form of expression, all the examples we have given are the same - in them the addition is expressed in the prepositional accusative case, and the additions themselves have the meaning of the direct object of the action. These additions belong to transitive verbs, therefore their accusative case is, as it were, determined by the properties of the verb (in science this can be described as strong control, although the concept of “strong” control itself is somewhat broader). All school textbooks define that such an object is called direct and is expressed by a noun and a pronoun. We see no reason to refuse to describe the phrases of standard composition, allocated to express the subject, as direct objects, so we supplement the third paragraph - “and phrases that are subjects in the pad.”

A direct object can also appear in the form of the genitive case without a preposition with a transitive verb; most often this occurs when negating, introducing the particle NOT into a sentence: Children do not like bitter medicines. There are verbs that freely control both the accusative and genitive cases without a preposition: We have been waiting for the train/trains for 40 minutes.
All other additions are considered indirect. They are expressed first of all:
forms of indirect cases of nouns, pronouns and substantivized words with and without prepositions: I had been talking with the teacher for an hour, but I could not understand what she was asking me for. Either we need to work with those who are lagging behind, or we need to solve the entire test for them.
numeral name - Eight (?) had to be added to four. The textbooks say nothing about the form “eight” in the accusative non-prepositional form; in our understanding, this cannot be considered as an object of action, therefore the addition “eight” can also be considered as indirect. For formalists, who here primarily see a transitive verb and an accusative without a preposition, the solution will be different, “eight” will become a direct object.
the indirect object can be expressed by an objective infinitive: Dad asked his daughter to cook dinner for him, but the daughter didn’t even know how to peel potatoes. In the first part, “dad” is correlated only with the predicate verb “to ask,” and the GHS of the second part and the infinitive (object) in the first indicate the girl’s action.
We call additions indirect also in the case when they are expressed in indirect cases of nouns and relate not to the verb, but to the noun: Reading glossy magazines gradually became the main occupation of the lazy person who did not enter the university. ATTENTION! In our example, two nouns in the indirect case refer to another noun. However, one is highlighted as an addition, the other is not. The criteria for separating such seemingly similar cases will be discussed below.

TASK 3. Come up with your own phrases with additions of different types and methods of expression, or find additions in a small fragment of a literary text.

3. A circumstance is a VChP, which serves to characterize the action or attribute referred to in the sentence. Additions answer questions about adverbs and are most often expressed by an adverb or an expression equal in meaning to an adverb. It is the circumstances that most often turn out to be connected with the supporting word by adjacency, although management is an equally common type of subordinating connection for them.

Circumstances are divided into types according to their meaning:
1. mode of action, they indicate the method of performing an action, answer the questions “how?”, “in what way?” - He ate silently.
2. time; indicate the time of action, the question “when?” - In the evening the winners will be awarded.
3. places indicating the place of action when asking questions “where?”, “Where to?” - He lived in Kyiv.
4. reasons answering “why?” - Out of despair, Masha tore up the work she had already done and began to write again.
5. goals with the question “why?” - I'm going to St. Petersburg to work in the library. It is this type of circumstances that “likes” to be expressed by the infinitive of the goal with the verb of motion.
6. measures and degrees indicating a quantitative characteristic or degree of manifestation of an action or sign (“how much?”, “to what extent?”) – Masha loves chocolate very much, she can eat a bar of the delicious product three times a day.
7. conditions (“under what conditions?” - If there is a quorum, the defense of the dissertation will definitely take place).
8. concessions indicating the presence of additional conditions that may interfere with the implementation of the action, however, the question “in spite of what?” indicates that the speaker will definitely try to overcome them: Despite the rain, the children played happily in the yard. (it turns out that sentences with adverbial conditions are even more “pessimistic”, compare: In good weather and light wind, we will go to the park - Despite the rain and wind, we still went to the park. the course of action in time.

By the way, circumstances of all types, except the last two, can be expressed in different ways, but primarily by adverbs. But the circumstances of conditions and concessions are primarily expressed by nouns with prepositions.
So, in order to determine the type of circumstance, you need to ask a SYNTACTIC question about it (see part 1). Nouns with prepositions are especially dangerous; very often, without recognizing the preposition, schoolchildren identify circumstances as additions; the question is asked first to the preposition, then from it to the noun. Moreover, the longer the preposition, the more often this happens, compare: We returned early, contrary to our parents’ predictions. – *He lived (*where?) next to (*what?) the school. In the first example, errors are rare, but the second is difficult even for strong students (they can remember the adverbial use of “Sit next to me and listen”). Therefore, we recommend learning a list of “long” prepositions in the Russian language that are not written in one word. Lists of such prepositions are given along with the rules for their spelling.

We must still determine the ways of expressing circumstances. Two are obvious from the above - an adverb and a noun with a preposition. They also mentioned the infinitive in the target meaning. The role of circumstances is often played by gerunds and participial phrases - Katya, jumping [with happiness], ran into the apartment - she was enrolled in Moscow State University! If the turnover spreads, the offer usually becomes complicated.

In addition, in the Russian language there are a lot of adverbial expressions and phraseological units that act as circumstances: Masha got up before dawn. A circumstance connected by a single meaning can also include a definition if its removal changes the nature of the meaning: We swam in the summer every morning and evening. The circumstance has a “constant” meaning; there is no need to break it down into elements. According to our observations, such indecomposable adverbial phrases most often include pronominal adjectives (“every year” = always, “in any weather” = constantly). A single circumstance will be “all day”, “all life”.

All the examples given above showed cases of verb use of adverbials. Adjectival use is also possible (i.e. with an adjective or adverb); it is in this case that adverbs with the meanings of measure and degree are used: Vasya was amazingly handsome, but only unusually stupid.

TASK 4. Usually, independently inventing different circumstances leads to the composition of one or three types, and not all of the selected ones. It is especially difficult to come up with conditions, concessions, and goals (usually they are modeled like those given in the text). Therefore, we advise you to take any text and try to understand it. Don’t be alarmed if at first all the circumstances turn out to be the same; the writer is not creating specifically for our analysis.

V. COMPLEX CASES OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF A SECONDARY MEMBER – A NOUN WITH ANOTHER NOUN

It was said above that using a noun with another noun presents certain difficulties. What are they connected to? First of all, with the fact that schoolchildren most often ask a case question for a noun in the indirect case, which turns out to be not syntactic, but grammatical, compare: Masha bought a bag with flowers (i.e. flowers are drawn on it). – After spending 10 hours in the store, Masha bought only a bag with a wallet, nothing else (i.e. she made 2 purchases). – Masha usually doesn’t do exercises in the morning, but in the evening she happily goes to the gym (two times are compared – “morning” and “evening”). In terms of meaning, it turns out that in the first example we have a definition, in the second an addition, in the third a circumstance. In all cases, we determined not by the question asked, but only based on the meaning of the sentence.

In our opinion, it is the meaning that is the main criterion by which a sentence must be analyzed. By formally selecting questions, we will not always get the desired result, and often the proposal simply does not provide the opportunity to ask a question “from the list.” Try asking the question: I didn’t see her in the dark. Where is it?" or "when?". Another example: The phone ringing brought her out of her reverie. What is the question: “Where from?” or "from what?"? Good results come from reflecting on meaning rather than from a formal approach.

And yet, it is possible to identify some standard combinations in which it is extremely easy to determine the differences between the meanings and uses of dependent words, and therefore it is easy to determine what members of the sentence they will become.

1. prepositional genitive case with the meaning of subject (Sub) or object (Obj). Try to compare these examples yourself:
guest arrival reading magazine
lightning strike defense of the homeland
singing nightingale preparing vegetables
What are the differences between the first and second column examples? I think everyone saw that in the first column the dependent word, standing in the genitive case, denotes an active figure, a subject - *the guest has arrived, lightning has struck, the nightingale is singing. In the second column, the dependent word object is *(someone) reading a book, defending the Motherland, preparing vegetables for the winter. In the first group of examples, the dependent word is considered as a DEFINITION, in the second - as an addition (which is understandable based on the meaning of the addition). Transformations of the general meaning of Sub, also expressed by the genitive case, for definitions can be considered the following:
Accessories – the question “whose?” - Sergeev’s textbook (either he studies from it, or he is the author, in any case there is active use);
The bearer of the sign – the question “whose?” in this case, it is artificial, it is better not to ask anything - Petrov’s behavior (Petrov somehow behaved himself, as a result, a certain sign was evident).
Material - the question is “which?”, but the dependent word rather describes a feature usually expressed using an adjective - a mahogany cabinet (there is simply no adjective in the language like “birch = made of birch”), a green suit (which is similar to the use of “green” ).

From the above, we can conclude that a definition in the Russian language will be a phrase expressing the property of the named person or object itself, while the form of expression is of less importance. True, in many examples it is possible to replace a noun with an adjective as a typical case of definition.

2. instrumental case with the preposition “with” with the meaning of an accompanying attribute or compatibility. For comparison, examples would be like this:
magazine 1. with pictures 2. with attachment
jacket 1. with pockets 2. with tie
girl 1. with character 2. with a paddle
In examples 1, the nouns will name the attribute of the reference word, so we consider them definitions; in examples 2, they indicate another object with the one already named, these are additions. Sometimes the solution to the question of the type of HCP, taking into account knowledge of the realities of life, turns out to be very simple, for example: Usually on Fridays we buy a strawberry roll. Obviously, what you are buying is a roll with strawberry filling - definition. At the pharmacy I bought toothpaste with analgin. In my opinion, there is no such product on the market; it is obvious that two items were purchased - a supplement (= and analgin). On the contrary, knowledge of the “nature of things” may prevent an accurate determination of the HCP: He purchased a printer with a scanner. There are items on sale individually (addition) and a kind of “mix” (although, perhaps, reflection should lead us to the idea that, working differently, these items, even when combined, will be different - addition; but by the way , we don’t know how they are connected - definition?).

A variation for the instrumental case in the role of the attribute will be the prepositional case with the attributive meaning: a face with wrinkles, a sky with diamonds, a checkered shirt. It seems that there are no parallels with the meaning of the complement - with an explanatory meaning, two solutions are possible (more on this in the next section), and with a local meaning ("in the forest"), the meaning is an adverbial location.

VI. WHEN WE CAN CONSIDER ONE MEMBER OF A SENTENCE AS TWO AT THE SAME TIME. OVERLAYING TYPES

The last part of our reflection is devoted to cases of overlap of one and another type of HCP value. Take these examples:
The roads to the beach were different: one was flat and easy, the other was steep, with a staircase of 43 steps in the middle.
I love spending the summer with my childhood friend Sergei, but at that difficult time I had to spend a vacation with my relatives.
Talk about increasing gas prices frightens the poorest part of the population.
We believe that the underlined words (for the latter, the phrase “price increase”) cannot be unambiguously defined as one of the three members of the sentence identified in the school. Therefore, we would propose to single out two VChPs simultaneously in controversial cases. For example, in the first example we have a definition + circumstance, in the second – an addition and a circumstance, and the same in the third.

In general, when combining values, the following options can be distinguished:
Definition + addition - for complex cases of common nouns: On Peter’s desk there were pens, felt-tip pens and pencils with erasers. In the last combination, highlighting the complement will indicate “four” types of objects, the definition will make them three. If text analysis is not fundamentally important, then 2 VChP can be identified simultaneously. Or this case: He was worried about the thought of buying a new car. With a verbal noun (we are not talking about the word-formation characteristics of the word “thought”, but about its semantic connection with the verb), the highlighted word can be considered as a definition and an addition together (compare: “think about buying” - an addition).

Definition + circumstance is not such a rare case! For example: The house in Crimea was the source of his pride. What does the speaker mean? Place? General view of your home? We don’t know, let there be two VChPs at the same time. Or: Smoke is pouring out of the window on the top floor. In our opinion, here we can highlight the general circumstance of place (everything except the predicative basis), and the underlined combination can also be analyzed as a definition.

Addition + circumstance – in our opinion, this is an infrequent case, but the most “*error-dangerous”, since the VChP in this case is expressed by a noun with a preposition. The opportunity to ask both questions, as a rule, is realized in posing a grammatical question, that is, to the case, which makes the member of the sentence in question an addition. Examples indicate the difficulty in determining the type of VChP, for example: Tiny leaves appeared on the branches. Man lives by hope. A hat forgotten by the guests lies on a chair. Even analysis will not help to separate “on what” and “where”, “with what” and “how”, therefore, in our opinion, this is the purest case of the coincidence of two meanings. In such cases, we would advise identifying two VChPs simultaneously.

At the end of the analysis, before suggesting the task, we note that when working with different literary texts, schoolchildren may have questions, the answers to which are not specifically given in the work. But we hope that imagination and attention to language will help you conduct your own research.

TASK 5. Below is a text for analysis. Your task is to highlight all the members of the sentence, first the main ones, then the secondary ones.

Medieval castles made a terrifying impression on enemies. Let's take our imagination back seven centuries, look at the castle of that time from a distance, then up close, and try to tell about its structure. First of all, it should be noted that the castle courtyard was surrounded by a battlemented wall, around which they also dug a ditch, which was filled with water. A suspension bridge was thrown across the moat. In the event of an attack, you raise the bridge - and the castle could immediately become impregnable. The wall itself was also a defensive structure.

If the inhabitants of the castle for some reason missed the appearance of enemies, then they had at their disposal many means to stop the enemy. For example, an iron grate could suddenly lower at one moment, or near the gate, on the outside, a special circular fortification could be erected for firing arrows.

The main stronghold of those living in the castle was the central tower. It was the most powerful and impregnable structure. The wall of the tower was distinguished by its thickness; the passage into the room itself was located about five meters above its base. The tower could only be accessed by means of a staircase, which could easily be removed in the shortest possible time or even completely destroyed.

The basement floor of the tower, that is, the entire space from its base to the entrance, was occupied either by a dungeon or a storeroom with various supplies in case of a siege. Both were equipped with meager openings for air flow.

In the center of the tower there were rooms for the inhabitants of the castle, and at the very top there lived a watchman. Watching the tower was the most difficult of duties. The watchman had to experience hunger, cold, bad weather, and it was necessary to constantly monitor from his high post what was happening in the surrounding area. The central tower was a strong stronghold, but it could not always withstand a long siege. For such a case, an underground passage was organized in the castle - from the main hall directly to the neighboring forest.

Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing that is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of the given sentence.

Missed sentence members can be restored by communication participants from knowledge of the situation discussed in the sentence.

For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: “Coming!”, the rest of the passengers can easily restore the missing subject: Bus coming.

Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very common in dialogues.

For example: - Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? - asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky's response is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, adverbial place and adverbial time are missing (cf.: My the company is assigned to the forest tomorrow ).

Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences:

Everything is obedient to me, I mean nothing (Pushkin). The second part of a complex non-union sentence ( I mean nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is missing (cf.: I'm disobedient nothing).

Note!

Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena.

IN one-part sentences one of the main members of the sentence is missing; the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning.

For example, the plural form of the predicate verb in an indefinite-personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown ( There was a knock on the door), not important ( He was wounded near Kursk) or hiding ( They told me a lot about you yesterday).

IN incomplete sentence Any member of the sentence (one or more) can be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: My; I don't care).

In the Russian language there is one type of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation or the previous context. Moreover, the “missing” members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even without context or situation:

(Peskov).

These are the so-called "elliptical sentences". They usually contain a subject and a secondary member - a circumstance or an addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot say which predicate is missing.

Wed: Behind the back is / located / visible forest .

And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverbial or complement) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.

Note!

Elliptical incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-part nominal sentences ( Forest) and b) from two-part ones - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed indirect case of a noun or adverb with a zero connective ( All the trees are in silver). To distinguish between these structures, the following must be taken into account:

1) one-part nominal sentences cannot contain adverbials, since the adverbial is always connected with the predicate. Among the minor members in denominative sentences, the most typical are coordinated and inconsistent definitions.

Spring Forest; Entrance to the hall;

2) The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate - a noun or adverb in a two-part complete sentence indicates a state-attribute.

Wed: All trees are in silver. - All trees are silver.

The omission of a member within a sentence in oral speech can be marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is placed in the letter:

Behind is a forest. To the right and left are swamps(Peskov); Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing(Pushkin).

Most regularly, a dash is placed in the following cases:

in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and adverbial place, an object - only if there is a pause in oral speech:

There is fog outside the night window(Block);

in an elliptical sentence - with parallelism (sameness of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of constructions or their parts:

in incomplete sentences constructed according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonation division of the sentence into parts:

For skiers - a good track; Youth - jobs; Young families - benefits;

in an incomplete sentence forming part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause:

The nights have become blacker, the days have become cloudier(in the second part the ligament is restored become).

Plan for parsing an incomplete sentence

1. Indicate the type of proposal (complete - incomplete).
2. Name the missing part of the sentence.

Sample parsing

Men - for axes(A.N. Tolstoy).

The sentence is incomplete; predicate missing grabbed.

ON THE. SHAPIRO

Continuation. See the beginning in No. 39, 43/2003

One-part sentences.
Incomplete sentences

Definition of a one-part sentence

In Russian, all simple sentences according to the nature of the grammatical basis are divided into two types - two-part And one-piece. Two-part sentences have a subject and a predicate. Dissuaded grove golden birch cheerful tongue.(S. Yesenin) Poet you may not be , But must be a citizen . (N. Nekrasov) In one-part sentences there is only one main member, and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence. Late autumn. In the yards tourniquet dry leaves. Everything earlier it's getting dark. At school, the main member of a one-part sentence is called, like the main members of two-part sentences, the subject or predicate. Linguistic scientists usually use the term “main member of a one-part sentence.”

All one-part sentences are divided into sentences with the main member - the subject and sentences with the main member - the predicate (otherwise they are called, respectively, nominal and verbal one-part sentences).

It is important to understand the difference between one-part sentences and incomplete ones, which can also have only one main member. Wed: 1) – Dry leaves are being burned in the courtyards. 2) – What do wipers do in the fall? – Dry leaves are burned in the yards. In the first case, it is reported that a certain action is being performed, but who performs it is not important. This is a one-part proposal. In the second case, an action is reported that is performed by a specific subject - the wipers. Subject wipers missing, but easily recovered from the previous sentence. This means that the second sentence is two-part incomplete.

Name sentences

One-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a syntactically indecomposable phrase are called nominal. Cinema. Three benches.(O. Mandelstam) Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the darkness.(A. Akhmatova) The greenery of the laurel, almost to the point of trembling. The door is open, the window is dusty.(I. Brodsky) Such sentences are said to express the meaning of beingness. It is thanks to this meaning that a word or phrase “turns” into a sentence.

Nominal sentences may have some additional grammatical meanings, such as concrete demonstrative (expressed by the particle Here: Here's the mill); emotional assessment (expressed using special particles what, like this, well, what the, this etc.). It is important to distinguish nominal sentences with a particle Here from two-part ones with a pronoun This. Here's a chair– one-part noun sentence; This is a chair– two-part, where This– subject, and chair– a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective.

The teacher should pay special attention to students on how the order of words in a sentence can affect its composition. Yes, in a sentence Warm day the subject and definition, expressed by the adjective, standing before the word being defined, are easily detected. This is a one-part nominative common sentence. In the sentence Warm day there is a subject and a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective and a nominal part expressed by an adjective after the subject. This is a two-part unexpanded proposal.

Another case is more complicated. Offer It was boring listening to him is considered a one-component impersonal with a compound verbal predicate, where instead of an auxiliary verb there is a word of the state category boring and a linking verb. But if the infinitive is put in first place - Listen to him was boring, it can be considered as the subject, then it was boring– a compound nominal predicate, where the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective (cf. The listening was boring).

In the Russian language there are sentences in which, at first glance, there are no main members at all: Snow! Trees! Noise, noise!(In meaning: So much snow (trees, noise)!) Not a speck of dust. They are not studied in the school course. The grammatical meaning of beingness seems to allow us to classify these sentences as denominative. But the only member of such a sentence cannot be considered as the subject, because it is expressed by a noun not in the nominative, but in the genitive case. Many linguists call such sentences genitive (by the Latin name of the genitive case), and those sentences that we call nominative - nominative (by the Latin name of the nominative case), combining both of them into the type “nominal one-part sentences”.

When the only main member of a sentence is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the secondary members depend on the main one and form a phrase with it ( Early morning; End of the alley; House on the outskirts etc.), no one doubts that this proposal is one-part.

But there are also controversial cases. If the minor member has adverbial or objective meaning (I have the blues; There is a holiday in the house), some scholars consider the sentence to be two-part with an omitted predicate on the grounds that neither an adverbial nor an object can relate to the subject. Other scholars consider such sentences to be denominative, with a special minor member that relates to the entire sentence, extending it as a whole, and is called a determiner.

Exercise

Are the highlighted sentences denominative?

A wonderful man, Ivan Ivanovich!.. What apple and pear trees he has right next to his windows! He loves melons very much. This is his favorite food.

- Tell me, please, what do you need this gun for, which is set out to air out along with the dress?.. Listen, give it to me!
- How can you! This gun is expensive. You won't find guns like this anywhere anymore. Even when I was getting ready to join the police, I bought it from Turchin... How is that possible? This is a necessary thing...
- A good gun!(N. Gogol)

Answer. Title suggestions: What apple and pear trees he has right next to his windows! And Nice gun! Offer Listen, give it to me!- one-part, but not denominative, because the main member in it is not the subject, but the predicate. All other highlighted sentences have both a subject and a predicate, i.e. they are two-part.

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate - are divided into definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, and impersonal. These types differ in two main ways: a) in how expressed the idea of ​​the actor is; b) according to the morphological forms of the verb used as the main member of the sentence. In other words, different types of one-part sentences make it possible, with varying degrees of specificity, to imagine who performs the action, or contain an indication that there is no such producer at all, it is impossible to imagine him.

Moreover, each type of sentence has its own forms of the predicate verb, and they do not intersect, i.e. by the form of the verb, you can determine the type of one-part sentence (with the exception of generalized personal sentences, which will be discussed separately).

Definitely personal proposals

Definitely personal These are one-part sentences in which the actor is not named, but is thought of as a well-defined person - the speaker himself or his interlocutor. In other words, in definite personal sentences the subject is easily restored - the 1st or 2nd person pronoun (I, we, you, you). This is possible because the predicate in a definite personal sentence is expressed only by a verb of the 1st or 2nd person of the indicative or imperative mood.

I'm sorry the fever of youth and youthful fever and youthful delirium.(A. Pushkin) Linen on the river I'm rinsing, my two flowers growing.. . (M. Tsvetaeva) I laughed: “Oh, prophesy We’ll probably both be in trouble.”(A. Akhmatova) Let's praise, brothers, twilight of freedom...(O. Mandelstam) Don't come near to her with questions.(A. Blok) Come , let's drink guilt, let's have a snack bread or plums. Tell me let me know. I'm going to bed you in the garden under the clear sky and I'll tell you what are the names of the constellations?(I. Brodsky)

It is important to note that in definite-personal sentences the predicate cannot be expressed by a verb in the past tense or in the conditional mood, since in these forms there is no person meaning (Cf. Came up. I didn't show my excitement...(A. Akhmatova) In the first sentence it is impossible to restore the subject. You? She? This means that this sentence is not definitely personal, but two-part, incomplete. Which subject is missing can only be found out from the following lines: She sat down like a porcelain idol in the position she had chosen long ago.).

Exercise

Find one-part sentences in the text, determine the type of each of them.

Steppe again. Now the village of Abadzekhskaya lies widely on the horizon - its pyramidal poplars turn blue, its church turns blue. The air trembles with heat. The faces of the Solovyov girls take on an expression calm to the point of sternness - they hide their fatigue. But finally the village of Abadzekhskaya enters our lives, surrounding us with white huts and front gardens with mallow.
Here we made our first stop. River bank, low hedge, someone's gardens. Swimming in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Everyone is happy with the transition and pleasantly surprised that I am not tired, and I am more than anyone else. We collect brushwood, make a fire, the girls cook conder - either soup or millet porridge with lard. (E. Schwartz)

Answer. Title suggestions: Steppe again. River bank, low hedge, someone's gardens. Swimming in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Definitely personal proposal: We collect brushwood and make a fire(part of a complex sentence).

Vaguely personal proposals

Vaguely personal are called one-part sentences, where the actor is thought of as an indefinite person who does not interest the speaker. Such sentences are used when it is necessary to show that the action itself is important, and not the producer of the action. The predicate in such sentences necessarily has a plural form (although this does not mean that there are many implied figures), in the present and future tense. incl. and in command. incl. – 3rd person plural form. h.

After all, it’s only here that treasure nobility!(A. Griboyedov) We have scold everywhere, and everywhere they accept.(A. Griboyedov) Let me will announce Old Believer...(A. Griboyedov) But, without asking her advice, the girl got lucky to the crown. And at their table there are guests wore dishes by rank. Whenever left I was free, how quickly I would run into the dark forest! Just you will be locked up, will be imprisoned on the fool's chain and through the bars like an animal to tease you will come . (A. Pushkin) They took me away you at dawn...(A. Akhmatova) I let them take it away lanterns...(A. Akhmatova)

Exercise

Find in the text all the sentences in which the predicates are expressed by verbs in plural form. Which one is indefinitely personal? Try changing the remaining sentences into vaguely personal ones.

One day, the goddess Eris threw an apple with the inscription: “To the most beautiful” to the three inhabitants of Olympus - Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Each goddess, of course, hoped that the apple was destined for her. Zeus ordered Paris to resolve the dispute.
By birth, Paris was a Trojan prince, but he lived not in a palace, but among shepherds. The fact is that his parents Priam and Hecuba, even before the birth of their son, received a terrible prophecy: because of the boy, Troy would perish. The baby was taken to Mount Ida and abandoned there. Paris was found and raised by shepherds. Here, on Ida, Paris judged the three goddesses. He recognized Aphrodite as the winner, but not disinterestedly: she promised the young man the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. (O. Levinskaya)

Answer. Vaguely personal sentence: baby carried to Mount Ida and abandoned there.
Possible modifications to other proposals: In Troy, even before the birth of the king's son, they received a terrible prophecy. Paris was found on Mount Ida and raised as a shepherd.

Generalized-personal proposals

Among one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, there are those in which the actor is thought of as a generalized person, i.e. the action relates to every person, to everyone; This meaning is especially common in proverbs: Soldiers are not born (i.e. no one can be born a soldier right away). Easily Not take it out and fish from the pond. Quiet you're going- further you will.

As can be seen from the examples given, the predicate verbs in these sentences are in the same form as in definite-personal or indefinite-personal sentences. And yet, sentences with such a generalized meaning are often distinguished into a special type - generalized-personal offers.

Impersonal offers

Impersonal these are called one-component sentences in which the action is not correlated with any agent; in other words, there is no producer of action at all, he cannot be imagined.

To me can't sleep, no fire... They've been talking about Lensky's wedding for a long time it was decided. How funny shod with sharp iron on your feet, slide along the mirror of standing, smooth rivers! And it’s a pity for the old woman’s winter... But how any sometimes in the autumn, in the silence of the evening, in the village visit family cemetery... How long will I walk in the world, sometimes in a carriage, sometimes on horseback, sometimes in a wagon, sometimes in a carriage, sometimes in a cart, sometimes on foot? Where should we go? swim? (A. Pushkin)

The grammatical indicator of impersonality is the 3rd person singular form. h. (for present and future tense, as well as for the imperative mood): Smells hay. Today it will be hot. Let you sleeping, like at home;

unit form Part neuter (for the past tense, as well as for the conditional mood): boat carried away to the middle of the river. Her would have been carried away and further, if not for the snag;

infinitive: Be rain.

As can be seen from the examples given above, impersonal sentences convey the state of nature and the environment, the human condition, the inevitability, desirability, possibility and impossibility of something.
Impersonal sentences are very diverse in the ways of expressing the predicate.
A simple verbal predicate in an impersonal sentence can be expressed:

a) impersonal verb (It's getting dark);
b) a personal verb in an impersonal form (Veterom blew away hat. Wed. Wind blew away hat – two-part sentence, subject – wind));
c) verb be with a negative particle or word No (Parcels No And did not have) ;
d) verb in indefinite form (This not to happen).

In a compound verbal predicate, the following can act as an auxiliary verb:

a) impersonal verbs should, I want to, lucky and so on. (I had to All do again);
b) personal phase verb ( It's starting to get dark );
c) instead of an auxiliary verb, short passive participles and special words of the state category are often used it’s impossible, it’s possible, it’s necessary, it’s a pity, it’s time, sin and so on . (Allowed for free carry one piece of luggage. Can be closed door. It's a pity was to part. It's time to leave in field. It's a sin to complain due to lack of time).

A compound nominal predicate in an impersonal sentence consists of a nominal component - words of the state category or short passive past participles - and a linking verb in an impersonal form (in the present tense - the zero connective). (Us it was fun. It's getting lighter And quiet. In the evenings in the city dangerous. In the room tidied up.).

Word No

What part of speech does the strange word belong to? No? It does not change, there cannot be an auxiliary verb or connective with it, it is impossible to pose a question to it... And yet we discover that this word can act as the main one - and the only one! – a member in a one-part impersonal sentence.
Dictionaries say that No can be a negative particle, opposite in meaning to the particle Yes(– Have you finished reading the book yet?– No .). But when this word turns out to be a predicate in an impersonal sentence, we call it an invariable verbal form ( No - Means does not exist, is absent). This word is not found in any Slavic language except Russian. How was it formed?
In the Old Russian language there was an expression don't eat that one, Where that - adverb with meaning Here. From this expression the word first appeared There is not, and then the final one at disappeared, they began to talk and write No, although in colloquial speech you can find There is not so far (No one There is not Houses).

Often there are sentences with several main members - subjects or predicates. (Fog, wind, rain. It's getting dark, it's getting cold, getting stronger blowing from the sea.) It seems that such subjects or predicates can be called homogeneous. But it is more correct to consider that we are faced with complex sentences in which each part is a one-part sentence.

Exercises

1. Select the predicates in impersonal sentences.

We should tell you more about this tenant, because suspicion fell on him first of all. But they fell a little later, about an hour later, and at that moment he was standing at the entrance, listening to music and was beyond suspicion. However, he stood dejectedly... Suddenly he straightened his shoulders, raised his head more proudly and walked straight towards us. However, it was not easy to approach us. (Yu. Koval)

Answer.I should tell you, it was not easy to approach.

2. Find one-part sentences in the text. Determine the type of each of them, highlight the predicate.

Since mom is always busy with laundry, she always needs a lot of water, and we don’t have a tap in the yard. And mother, and Marusya, and I must get water in the distant backyards of one of the neighboring houses in order to fill the insatiable barrel to the top. You bring four buckets, and your eyes turn green, and your legs and arms tremble, but you need to carry the fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise your mother will have to go get water, and we want to save her from this - Marusya and I. (K. Chukovsky)

Answer. You'll bring it four buckets – definitely personal (or generalized personal). ...to pour an insatiable barrel to the top; In eyes turns green, need to be carried fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise have to go for water for mom - impersonal.

3. Find incorrect statements.

1) In one-part sentences there cannot be a predicate expressed by a verb in the conditional mood.
2) In an indefinite-personal sentence, the predicate is necessarily expressed by a verb in plural form.
3) There are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, in which there are no verbs.
4) In definite personal sentences, the subject is easily restored - the personal pronoun of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person.
5) In impersonal sentences, the predicate verb cannot be used in the plural form.
6) If there is no subject in the sentence, and the predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of a feminine or masculine unit. part last vr., this two-part sentence is incomplete.

Answer. 1, 4.

4. Find in the text: a) a one-part indefinite personal sentence; b) a one-part impersonal sentence.

1) The most difficult thing was in the Sumerian letter depict abstract concepts, proper names, as well as various function words and morphemes. 2) The rebus principle helped with this. 3) For example, the arrow sign was used not only for the word arrow, but also for the word life, which sounded the same. 4) Constantly applying the rebus principle, the Sumerians assigned to some signs not a specific meaning, but a sound reading. 5) As a result, syllabic signs arose that could denote some short sequence of sounds, most often a syllable. 6) Thus, it was in Sumer that the connection between spoken speech and written signs was first formed, without which real writing is impossible.

Answer. a) – 3); b) – 1).

Incomplete sentences

Incomplete is a sentence in which any member (or group of members) is missing. The missing part of the sentence can be restored from the context or is clear from the speech situation.

Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored from the context.

She walked and walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden above the bright river.(A.S. Pushkin.) (Context – previous sentence: In a clear field, in the silvery light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatiana I walked alone for a long time.)

Examples of incomplete sentences, the missing members of which are restored from the situation.

He knocked down his husband and wanted to look at the widow’s tears. Unscrupulous!(A.S. Pushkin) - Leporello’s words, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Guan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject is He or Don Guan .

– Oh my God! And here, next to this tomb!(A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna’s reaction to the words of the protagonist of “The Stone Guest”: Don Guan admitted that he was not a monk, but “an unfortunate victim of a hopeless passion.” In his remark there is not a single word that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation they can be approximately restored as follows: “ Do you dare say it here, next to this tomb!”

May be missed:

subject: How firmly she stepped into her role!(A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored from the subject from the previous sentence: How has it changed Tatiana!);

He would have disappeared like a blister on the water, without any trace, leaving no descendants, without providing future children with either a fortune or an honest name!(N.V. Gogol) (Subject I restored by the addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say,” he said to himself, “if the police captain doesn’t arrive, to me Perhaps it would not have been possible to look at the light of God again!)(N.V. Gogol);

addition:And I took it in my arms! And I was pulling my ears so hard! And I fed him gingerbread!(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long ago, it seems, did I baptize you?);

predicate: Just not on the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the courtyards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);

several members of the sentence at once, including the grammatical basis:How long ago?(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?)

Incomplete sentences are often found in complex sentences: He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder...(A.S. Pushkin) You Don Guana reminded me of how you scolded me and clenched your teeth with gnashing.(A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the missing subject in the subordinate clause is restored from the main sentence.

Incomplete sentences are very common in spoken language, particularly in dialogue, where the initial sentence is usually an extended, grammatically complete one, and subsequent remarks tend to be incomplete sentences because they do not repeat words already named.

– I'm angry with my son.
– For what?
– For an evil crime.(A.S. Pushkin)

It happens that students mistakenly consider sentences incomplete in which not a single member is missing, for example: He's a genius, like you and me(A.S. Pushkin), saying that they are also incomprehensible without context . It is important to explain that sentence incompleteness is primarily a grammatical phenomenon, and it is grammatical incompleteness that causes semantic incompleteness. In the example given, the ambiguity is caused by the use of pronouns. Students should be reminded that pronouns always need to be explained in context.

Exercises

1. Find incomplete sentences and restore missing members.

And Tanya enters the empty house where our hero recently lived. ...Tanya is further away; The old woman said to her: “Here is the fireplace; here the master sat alone... This is the master's office; Here he rested, ate coffee, listened to the clerk’s reports and read a book in the morning...” (A.S. Pushkin)

Answer. Tanya ( coming) further... Old lady ( speaks) to her...

2. Find parts of complex sentences that are incomplete sentences and highlight them.

You are tolerant if you do not clench your fists when people contradict you. You are tolerant if you can understand why they hate you so much or love you so annoyingly and troublesomely, and you can forgive all this for both. You are tolerant if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and deep down in your soul, excusing them for being different from you.

An apologist is a person who is ready to extol an idea he once liked even when life has shown its falsity, praising the ruler, no matter what mistakes he makes, glorifying the political regime, no matter what outrages happened under him in the country. Apologetics is a rather funny activity if done out of stupidity, and vile if done out of calculation. (S. Zhukovsky)

Answer. 1) ...if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and in the depths of your soul, excusing them for being different from you; 2) ...if done out of stupidity; 3) ...if by calculation.

All other subordinate clauses that do not have a subject are complete one-part clauses.

Let us remind you once again that incomplete sentences should be distinguished from one-part sentences, in which the missing subject or predicate does not need to be restored to understand the meaning. In a complex sentence But it’s sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that cheated on her all the time that she deceived us...(A.S. Pushkin) the third part is an incomplete sentence with a missing subject We, which is restored by addition us from the previous subordinate clause. Subordinate clause of a sentence Just make sure that didn't see you. (A.S. Pushkin) by the nature of the grammatical basis is a one-part indefinite-personal sentence: what is important here is the action itself, and not the one who performs it; The grammatical form of the verb (plural past tense) here does not mean that there should be many producers of the action - this is an indicator of an indefinite personal meaning. In other words, the proposal so that didn't see you – complete.

Punctuation in an incomplete sentence

In an incomplete sentence, a dash may be placed at the place where the predicate is missing, if a pause is expected when pronouncing the sentence: ...Then Baron von Klotz was aiming to be a minister, and I was aiming to be his son-in-law.(A.S. Griboyedov) If there is no pause, the dash is not placed: ...Well, people in this side! She comes to him, and he comes to me.(A.S. Griboedov)

Elliptical sentences

In Russian there are sentences called elliptical(from the Greek word ellipsis, which means “omission”, “lack”). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and no context is needed to understand such sentences. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, movement ( I'm going to the Tauride Garden(K.I. Chukovsky); speeches - thoughts ( And his wife: for rudeness, for your words(A.T. Tvardovsky), etc. Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, but are not used in book styles (scientific and official business).

Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a type of incomplete sentences, others consider them to be a special type of sentences that is adjacent to incomplete ones and is similar to them.

The words and phrases that make up a simple sentence (sentence members) perform various functions in its formal and semantic organization.

First of all, they differ main And minor members of the proposal.

Main members - This members of the proposal, which form the grammatical center of the sentence, its grammatical basis. In two-part sentences this is subject And predicate, in one-piece - main member one-part sentence.

Minor members - This members of the proposal, not included in the grammatical basis and extending (“explanatory”) either the main members of the sentence or other minor members.

Subject

Subject - the main member of a two-part sentence, which denotes the subject of speech, grammatically correlates with the predicate, does not depend on other members of the sentence and answers questions in the nominative case Who? or What?

Subject can denote a person, animate or inanimate object, phenomenon or concept: Peter (A. Pushkin) comes out of the tent, surrounded by a crowd of favorites; Arrival a rich neighbor is an important era for the villagers (A. Pushkin).

Ways to Express Subject

Nominative case of a noun

Nominative case pronoun

Other parts of speech used in the meaning of a noun

Numeral

Indefinite verb form (infinitive)

Syntactically integral phrases

Phraseological (stable) combinations

The subject position can also contain an entire sentence.

Predicate, its types and methods of expression

Predicate - the main member of a sentence, which denotes an action, attribute, quality, state of an object named by the subject, grammatically depends on the subject and answers questions what does the item do? what is the subject? what's happening to him? who is he? what is he? and under.

Predicate has not only lexical meaning, i.e. names the action, sign, state, property, quality of the object that is designated by the subject, but also expresses the grammatical meaning of mood and tense (that is, the main grammatical meaning of the sentence is predicativity).

Lexical (material) and grammatical meanings predicate can be expressed jointly (in one component) or separately (in two components). According to this predicates are divided into simple And compound.

Simple called predicate, in which lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one component. Simple predicate can only be verbal, since only the verb has mood forms and, simultaneously with the lexical meaning, is capable of expressing the grammatical meaning.

IN composite predicate lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed by different components. It consists of auxiliary part, expressing grammatical meaning, and basic part expressing lexical meaning. Depending on what part of speech the main part of the predicate is expressed, the compound predicate May be verbal And named.

Ways to express a simple verbal predicate

Verb in the indicative, imperative or conditional mood

Infinitive (in the meaning of the indicative mood)

Stable combinations of verb type that have a single meaning

Truncated and interjectional verb forms (in the meaning of the indicative mood): jump, grab, knock, push, bang, no goo-goo and so on.

Note. The infinitive in the indicative mood, as well as truncated and interjectional verbal forms, are characteristic mainly of colloquial speech and are reflected in fiction.

Complicated forms of a simple verbal predicate

Simple verb predicate, staying simple maybe complicated particles or repeat, which introduce additional shades of meaning into the predicate: surprise of the action, duration and completeness of the action, etc.: Let them condemn, curse, but I’m out of spite to everyone take it and I'll die... (A. Chekhov)(verb particle I'll take it adds a touch of surprise to the action); Winters waited, waited nature (A. Pushkin)(repetition indicates duration of action); Perhaps, wait let's wait, as if not to hesitate (N. Gogol).

Such predicates are always expressive and stylistically colored (the main area of ​​their use is colloquial speech).

Compound verb predicate

Compound verb predicate has the following structure: auxiliary part + infinitive.

In the auxiliary part it is used auxiliary in the form of one of the moods, expressing grammatical meaning, and in the main part - infinitive(or a stable combination of a verb type in the form of an infinitive), which expresses the lexical meaning, i.e. directly names the action: He's a cooling word in his mouth tried to hold on(A. Pushkin); Entering the hall, I hid in the crowd of men and started doing yours observations (= to watch) (M. Lermontov).

In addition to the grammatical meaning of mood and tense, auxiliary verbs also express additional meanings: 1) the beginning, end or continuation of an action, i.e. phases of action (such verbs are called phasic): begin, become(= start) continue, finish, stop and so on.; 2) desirability/undesirability, possibility/impossibility, expediency/inexpediency, etc. of an action, as well as inclination, familiarity, emotional attitude towards the action (such verbs are called modal, they express the attitude of the actor to the action): want, can, wish, strive, try, strive, decide, love, fear and etc.:

1) Meanwhile, Princess Mary stopped singing(M. Lermontov); Natasha started to calm down... (L. Tolstoy); From the hot rays of the sun began to melt snow (M. Prishvin).

2) I I don't want to make you sad you are nothing (A. Pushkin); They don't dare, or what, the commanders are strangers tear up uniforms about Russian bayonets? (M. Lermontov); We we love to listen sometimes the passions of others are a rebellious language (A. Pushkin); I myself trying a snowflake by the fire disassemble(N. Matveeva).

In the auxiliary part, instead of modal verbs, verbal phraseological units and stable verbal-nominal phrases with a modal meaning can also be used: to burn with desire, to have the habit of, to have the right, to make a promise, to have the intention, to have the opportunity and under.

For example: I know Ivan Nikiforovich very well and I can say that he even had no intention (= didn't intend) marry(N. Gogol); Now at least you have the opportunity (= you can) object, if something is wrong (V. Veresaev); I have already gave to myself word (= promised) more don't play with him (L. Tolstoy).

Instead of verbs and verbal phraseological units in the auxiliary part compound verb predicate other parts of speech (with modal meaning) are also possible in combination with a linking verb be(in the present tense the copula is omitted, i.e. it has zero fort):

1) adjectives (usually short): glad, ready, obliged, forced, must, agree and etc.: Tell jokes and he much, because nowadays who isn’t joking! (A. Griboyedov); In a few days must I was to find myself in the middle of my family (A. Pushkin);

2) nouns master, craftswoman, hunter, amateur: He was a joke hunter(M. Lermontov); Fetinya, as you can see, was a whip master feather beds (N. Gogol);

3) adverbs and adverbial combinations, as well as the category of state (in one-part impersonal sentences) with a modal meaning: right, not averse, able, necessary, able, possible, impossible and under.: I can't Lensky demolish impact (A. Pushkin); I think: he was able to
fulfill in fact, what he was talking about jokingly (M. Lermontov); To me need to at someone pray(B. Okudzhava).

It should be remembered that the infinitive is not included in the predicate, but is a secondary member if: 1) the actions named by the infinitive and the verb in the mood form have different performers; the infinitive in such sentences is an object; 2) the infinitive depends on the verb of movement (or cessation of movement); such an infinitive is a goal adverbial.

For example: 1) Incomprehensible spiritual anxiety got in the way him to read and concentrate. (A. Chekhov); 2) Let's go pop around the market to see some goods (A. Pushkin); Travelers settled down rest and feed the horses by the stream (A. Chekhov).

Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of linking verb(auxiliary part of the predicate expressing the grammatical meaning of tense and mood) and noun part(the main part of the predicate, expressing its lexical meaning): And incorruptible voice my there was an echo Russian people (A. Pushkin).

Types of ligaments

A compound nominal predicate can use three type of ligaments.

1) The most commonly used verb is bunch be in the form of one of the moods: was, will be, would be, let it be etc.. This bunch has no lexical meaning and serves only to express the grammatical meaning of tense and mood, which is why it is called abstract(or unimportant) bunch : May it be good for them you have, and the heart will be smart(S. Marshak).

Bunch be must be distinguished from a significant verb be, which performs the function of a simple verbal predicate and has three main meanings: 1) “to be present, to be”; 2) “to exist, to exist”; 3) “happen, happen.”

Wed: Oti [fire] was (= was) a mile from us (M. Gorky); She and Dymov had money(= had) very little, barely enough... (A. Chekhov); Howled (= happened) benefit performance of the tragic Fenogenov (A. Chekhov) And In a word, he was not in a good mood and moped (A. Chekhov).

2) Less commonly used ligaments with a more specific, albeit weakened, meaning: seem, become, become, become, remain, appear, be considered, be called, look, appear etc. Such ligaments are called semi significant. For example: Red and gold there seemed to be fire everywhere under the trees (I. Bunin); Dog friendship reputed to be an example om since ancient times (I. Krylov); Character he also changed: became heavy, irritable(A. Chekhov); In a dream it's round face ... looked very young (Yu. Kazakov).

Full verbs in functions bundles, i.e. a significant verb that can be combined with a nominal part (most often these are verbs of movement, position in space and some others). Such ligaments are called significant: he left reassured, sat quietly, parted as friends, grows up healthy

For example: Onegin lived as an anchorite*(A. Pushkin); We broke up big friends(A. Pushkin); I born tumbleweed... (I. Turgenev); I_ returned to Zurin sad And silent(A. Pushkin).

Use of the concept ligaments in relation to the significant verb it is somewhat conditional. It is based on the fact that the significant verb plays the role of expressing the meanings of mood and tense. In addition, the nominal part in a predicate with a significant verb is often communicatively more significant, and the role of the verbal component is to one degree or another weakened: sits upset.

In the role bundles stable combinations can also be used: Newborn was born (= was born) healthy(K. Fedin).

Ways to Express the Nominal Part

* Anchorite - a hermit; living in solitude.

Pronoun

Participle

Whole phrase

Infinitive (only if the subject is also expressed by an infinitive)

Question about a complex predicate

The auxiliary part of a compound verbal and compound nominal predicate can sometimes include additional components. For example: 1) I_ shouldn't dare speak about this (I. Turgenev).- The auxiliary part of the predicate includes three components: a short adjective must(with modal meaning), verb dare(also with modal meaning) and zero link, which expresses grammatical meaning (the meaning of reality and present tense); the main part of the predicate is expressed by the infinitive speak therefore, the predicate in this sentence is a compound verb, but with a complicated auxiliary part. 2) You have no right to continue to insist in your own opinion... (V. Veresaev)- The auxiliary part of the predicate includes two components: stable turnover you have no right with a modal meaning (you can’t) and a phase verb continue; the main part is expressed by the infinitive insist - predicate compound verb. 3) Human anywhere must remain human(D. Granin).- The auxiliary part includes three components: a short adjective must(with modal meaning), semi-nominal copula stay and zero copula be, expressing the grammatical meaning of the real present; the main part is expressed by a noun (by a person) predicate compound noun. 4) Most of all he I was afraid to seem funny(D. Granin).- The auxiliary part includes two components: a verb of emotional attitude was afraid and semi-significant connection appear; the main part is expressed by an adjective funny, predicate compound noun.

Thus, complication composite predicate affects only the auxiliary part and does not affect the main part, and the type of predicate (verbal or nominal) is always determined by the main part.

B4

Teacher's comments

The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of a sentence

The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of a sentence. They are associated with the meanings of moods and tense of the predicate verb.

The troops are moving to the front.

(The action actually happens and takes place in the present tense).

Yesterday he came to see us.

(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).

You should talk to your mother, Ivan!

(The action is not realized in reality, but is desired by the speaker).

The subject and predicate are called the main members of a sentence because all the minor members in a sentence directly or indirectly extend them.

Let us show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:

The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram.

Basic types of one-part sentences

Complete and incomplete sentences

In our speech, along with ordinary, complete sentences, incomplete sentences are used, in which any member of the sentence is deliberately omitted - main or secondary. At the same time, such sentences do not lose their meaning, because missing members are easily restored thanks to previous sentences or the situation during a conversation. By using incomplete sentences, the speaker saves time both for himself and for the listener.

In an incomplete sentence, members of the grammatical basis (subject, predicate) may be missing.

Where are you going?

To the store. (Easy to restore: I'm going to the store.)

Incompleteness of a sentence can also manifest itself at the level of secondary members. Let's compare two examples:

1) Give me a blue pen!(Here in the sentence there is not a single minor member left without its main word.)

2) Give me the blue one!(Here is the subject handle usually reconstructed according to speech context or situation. Meanwhile, in the sentence the minor member blue turns out to be left without his main word.)

Incomplete sentences should be distinguished from complete one-part sentences.

Difficult sentence. Types of Complex Sentences

In addition to simple sentences, complex sentences are often used in speech, with the help of which we express thoughts in more detail, connecting them with each other.

Complex sentences are sentences consisting of two or more simple clauses. Simple sentences as part of a complex sentence do not have intonation completeness, do not have their own purpose of utterance and are combined in meaning and pronunciation into one whole.

The storm has already subsided, the wind has weakened.

As it comes back, so will it respond.

The frost was terrible, but the apple trees survived.

Simple sentences are combined into complex ones in two main ways. In allied complex sentences, parts are combined using intonation and conjunctions (or allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs). In non-union complex sentences, parts are combined only with the help of intonation (without conjunctions or allied words).

The sun is shining over the lake, and the glare is blinding your eyes(union).

Sentences with conjunctions and allied words are divided into two groups: compound sentences, complex sentences.

Compound sentences are those in which simple sentences can be equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions.

June turned out to be hot, and the windows in the houses were opened wide at night.

The fur coat was moth-eaten, but the mittens were like new.

Complex sentences are those in which one of the sentences is subordinate in meaning to another and is connected with it by a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word. An independent sentence as part of a complex sentence is called the main one, and a dependent sentence, subordinate to the main one in meaning and grammatically, is called a subordinate clause.

If you're in Myshkin(adverbial clause), go to the Efimkins(The main thing).

I want to find a pebble(The main thing), which you don't have(adverbial clause).