1.YOU REFUSED
ME TWICE!
As you know, Napoleon did not receive the title of monarch by inheritance. For some time, the fixed idea for him was the desire to marry a representative, no matter which, but certainly a great monarchical house. Thus, he could confirm the legitimacy of his coronation. In 1808, he wooed Alexander I’s sister, Grand Duchess Catherine, and was refused: allegedly, Catherine was already engaged to the Prince of Saxe-Coburg. Two years later, the persistent Napoleon tries again - now the target is the 14-year-old Grand Duchess Anna. And again a refusal! Of course, these events were not the only reasons for the start of the war, but the fact that they significantly “tarnished” the Russian-French “friendship” is a fact.

2. HERE YOU ARE
"MON AMI"...
The killing or wounding of a Russian officer by one’s own soldiers was commonplace in this war. And all because when recognizing “friend or foe,” ordinary soldiers relied on speech, especially if the object was approaching from afar and in the dark. As you know, Russian officers preferred to communicate in French rather than in Russian, which was familiar to the muzhik’s ear. So the educated officers folded their heads in vain.

3. HUNDRED PER MINUTE
There is so much talk about the Battle of Borodino and its significance that it seems like it was protracted. But the battle of Borodino was included in the list of the most striking, important, bloody one-day battles.
On September 7, near the village of Borodino, 125 km west of Moscow, at 5:30 am the French began shelling and then launched an attack. The battle lasted about 12 hours. During this time, according to various sources, from 80 to 100 thousand French and Russians went to the next world. If you count, it turns out that a hundred soldiers were dying per minute.

4. HORSE MEAT FOR DINNER,
HORSE MEAT FOR LUNCH
After the Battle of Borodino, the Military Council of the Russian Army met in the house of the Filevo peasant Frolov, where Kutuzov decided to retreat through Moscow along the Ryazan road. After the meeting, Kutuzov hardly slept, walked from corner to corner for a long time and uttered his famous threat: “Well, I’ll bring the damned French down... They’ll eat my horse meat.” The French indeed soon began to eat horse meat, and they did not even disdain carrion. “Horse” in French sounds like “cheval”, from which the famous “chevalier” appeared in Russian. However, the Russian peasants were not delighted with the gastronomic preferences of the occupiers, and called the French the word “trash,” which was also mixed with the meaning of “rags.”

5.BALL MINDS AND
SHANTRAPA
The invincible Napoleonic army, exhausted by the cold and partisans, retreated. It didn’t take too much time for the “wonderful” metamorphoses to take place: the brave “conquerors of Europe” turned into hungry and cold ragamuffins. Now they no longer demanded from the Russian peasants, but humbly and ingratiatingly asked for something for their stomachs. Here and there they heard “cher ami” (“Dear friend!”). The peasants who did not understand, but were compassionate, nicknamed the French beggars in a similar way - “sharomyzhniki”. However, it seems that the verbs “moke” and “rummage” played an important role here.
But the appearance of another word - shantrap - in our language is associated with the story of prisoners who were tried to be “placed” as tutors, teachers or directors of serf theaters. When during the casting the Frenchman did not show any special talents, they said about him “Chantra pas”.

1. The photo shows eyewitnesses and participants in the War of 1812. They were found for the anniversary celebration in 1912.

2. Due to the fact that Napoleon broke the class order in the army, a large number of people of “ignoble” origin were allowed into the officer ranks, who, in order to break out into the people, had to constantly study, the level of training of French officers was noticeably higher than Russians.

3. In the autumn of 1812, the invincible Napoleonic army, exhausted by the cold and partisans, retreated from Russia. The brave “conquerors of Europe” turned into frozen and hungry ragamuffins. Now they did not demand, but humbly asked the Russian peasants for something to eat, addressing them “cher ami” (“love your friends”). The peasants, who are not strong in foreign languages, called the French beggars “sharomishniks.” Not the least role in these metamorphoses was apparently played by the Russian words “rummage” and “mumble.”

4. In 1812, four empires fought with Russia at once: Catholic - France and Austria and Islamic - Ottoman Turkey and Iran. The Turkish and Persian wars began long before 1812 and lasted on their own.

5. At the beginning of the war, Emperor Alexander I constantly interfered with the plans of the generals with absurd proposals, but soon the harm of his stay with the army became so obvious that at the beginning of July the tsar’s closest confidants (A.S. Shishkov, A.A. Arakcheev and A. D. Balashov) convinced him to leave under the pretext of the need to be present in the capital to prepare reserves.

6. During the Patriotic War of 1812, there were frequent cases of Russian army officers being killed and injured by their own soldiers, especially in the evening and at night, due to the officers’ habit of speaking French among themselves.

7. Not all the French made it to France. The Russian nobles brought many of them into captivity into their service. Of course, they were not suitable for the harvest, but as tutors, teachers and directors of serf theaters they came in handy. They examined the men sent to the casting and, if they did not see any talent in the applicant, they waved their hand and said “Chantra pas” (“not fit for singing”). The further history of this word, I think, is clear

8. Since peasants could not always provide “humanitarian aid” to the former occupiers, they often included horse meat, including dead horse meat, in their diet. In French, “horse” is cheval (hence, by the way, the well-known word “chevalier” - knight, horseman). However, the Russians, who did not see much chivalry in eating horses, dubbed the pathetic French with the word “trash,” in the sense of “rags.” This is how this word entered our everyday life.

9. A funny incident from the life of the organizer of the partisan movement of 1812, Denis Davydov. At the beginning of 1807, Davydov was appointed adjutant to General P. I. Bagration. At one time, Davydov made fun of Bagration’s long nose in one of his poems and therefore was a little afraid of his first meeting with him. Bagration, seeing Denis, said to the officers present: “This is the one who made fun of my nose.” To which Davydov, without being taken aback, replied that he wrote about his nose only out of envy, since he practically doesn’t have one himself. Bagration liked the joke. And he often, when it was reported to him that the enemy was “on the nose,” asked again: “On whose nose? If on mine, then you can still have lunch, and if on Denisov, then by horse!”

10. Never after the Mongol-Tatar invasion has Russia experienced such a massive infusion of foreign blood as during the Patriotic War of 1812. By the beginning of 1813, the number of prisoners in Russia amounted to more than 200 thousand people, most of whom remained to live in Russia.

11. The valiant Russian warriors, having victoriously entered Paris in 1814, so to speak, on a return visit to the Napoleonic army (which had ignominiously abandoned occupied Moscow at one time), did not behave too ceremoniously in the restaurants there, certainly and loudly demanding vodka with a snack: "Fast! Fast!" and without bothering to take care of the existing furniture and equipment. And there was an enterprising person who, in order to avoid ruining the restaurant property, came up with the idea of ​​arranging a meeting for the Russian winners right at the entrance, and not just with a bow, but with a tray on which “drinks and snacks” had already been prepared. The Russian army then returned home, and the word stuck and laid the foundation for a new direction in the restaurant business - bistro.

The Patriotic War of 1812, when the army of French Napoleon was completely defeated, went down in history as one of the largest. Despite severe losses and significant damage, the troops of the Russian Empire managed to reverse the unfavorable course of this war and defeat the enemy, expelling him from their land. And, of course, the famous commanders Kutuzov, Barclay de Tolly and Bagration made a huge contribution to the victory.

1. After the war, many captured French remained in Russia, eventually settling here and becoming Russified. Many of them then became teachers of the French language, popular among the nobility of that time, tutors and educators.
2. During the Patriotic War of 1812, detachments formed from peasants often attacked Russian troops, and not by mistake. They were serfs then, and rumor said that Napoleon intended to free the peasants, so some people supported the French (see).
3. The total number of Napoleon's army that participated in the war of 1812 against Russia exceeded 500 thousand people. About 50% of them were French, the rest were from other European countries.
4. Simultaneously with the attack on Moscow, the French emperor launched an attack on St. Petersburg, but on this front his troops were completely defeated.
5. The total weight of weapons and equipment of a soldier in the Russian army in 1812 reached 45 kilograms.
6. At the beginning of the war, Alexander I tried to personally command the troops, but he had a mediocre understanding of tactics and strategy, so the generals convinced him to return to St. Petersburg, assuring the emperor that he was more needed in the capital.
7. The most famous partisan during the Patriotic War of 1812 was Denis Davydov, a hussar and poet. He and his squad carried out raids on the rear and flanks of the enemy, delivering harassing blows and disappearing before reinforcements arrived to the enemy. For the enormous damage caused and his elusiveness, he even received the honor of becoming the personal enemy of Napoleon Bonaparte (see).
8. Not only Kutuzov, but also Mikhail Barclay de Tolly made a huge contribution to the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. This talented general of Scottish origin, 5 years before the start of the war, drew up a military action plan for the emperor in the event of Napoleon's invasion.
9. Winter is equally harsh on everyone. Judging by the chronicles, more than 400 thousand bodies were buried on the road from Moscow to the western borders, many of which became victims of frost. Of these, only about half belonged to the invaders.
10. The Battle of Borodino took place primarily as a concession to public opinion. People regarded the strategic retreat of the Russian army as an escape, and Kutuzov had to convince everyone that this was not the case (see).
11. Napoleon Bonaparte twice wooed the sisters of Russian Emperor Alexander I, 2 and 4 years before the Patriotic War of 1812, but was refused both times. Otherwise, there probably would not have been a war.
12. In his notes about the war, Emperor Alexander I wrote that the French were brave, but not accustomed to the harsh winter and no less severe hardships.
13. Russian nobles in those years usually spoke to each other in French, which is why they were often shot at by their own soldiers, who confused them with the enemy.
14. During the Patriotic War of 1812, Napoleon proposed to Alexander I four times to make peace, but the Russian emperor ignored his proposals all four times, leaving them unanswered.
15. In total, about 200 thousand French were captured during the war. Most of them decided not to return to their homeland when such an opportunity arose, since by that time they had already settled well in Russia.

205 years ago, on September 7, 1812, the bloodiest of the one-day battles took place - the Battle of Borodino, which became the main military clash between the Russian and French armies during Napoleon's campaign in eastern Europe, which ended in a grandiose defeat for him.

Troubles for France began even before the war began

Vasily Vereshchagin. Napoleon and Marshal Lauriston (Peace at all costs). 1899-1900

For the military campaign against Russia, Napoleon formed the Grand Army, which included 15 infantry and cavalry corps, as well as the Old and Young Guards. The total number of troops exceeded half a million people, of which the French made up about half, the rest of the soldiers and officers were from other European countries.

But for complete confidence in victory, Bonaparte wanted to attract other allies - the Swedes and Turks, who traditionally did not burn with love for Russia. However, two unpleasant surprises awaited him here.

On April 5, 1812, Sweden and Russia concluded an alliance treaty in St. Petersburg, in which they guaranteed each other the integrity of their possessions and pledged to act against France.

Napoleon at Austerlitz. Francois Gerard. 1810

This anti-French document was largely explained by the fact that the country was headed by the former Napoleonic marshal Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, who later became the Swedish king Karl Johan XIV, who could not stand Bonaparte, for which he was dismissed from military service in 1810.

The Ottomans also did not live up to expectations. On May 28, 1812, a peace treaty was signed in Bucharest between Turkey and Russia, ending the war between the two countries, in which Russian troops under the command of General Mikhail Kutuzov won a number of brilliant victories. According to the pact, Turkey left the alliance with France and ceded a number of territories to the winners.

As a result, on the eve of the invasion of the Great Army, Russia significantly improved its strategic situation, reliably securing its left and right flanks.

At the same time as Moscow, Napoleon tried to take St. Petersburg, but he was defeated there

Alexander I

The French emperor is credited with saying: “If I occupy Kyiv, I will take Russia by the feet. If I take possession of St. Petersburg, I will take her by the head. But if I enter Moscow, I will strike Russia in the very heart.”

In fact, such an experienced strategist as Bonaparte was not going to be content with occupying only the throne, which, although it was a bright symbol of Russia, was by no means the center of the enemy’s power. Unlike St. Petersburg, where Alexander I and his court were located, important decisions were made.

Napoleon sent three of his corps to the St. Petersburg direction, commanded by three experienced marshals: the 10th, under the leadership of Jacques MacDonald, which included about 32 thousand Prussians, Germans and Poles, the 2nd, consisting of 35 thousand French, Swiss and Croats Nicolas Oudinot and the 6th, numbering 25 thousand Bavarians Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr.

Nevsky Prospekt in St. Petersburg. Colorized lithograph. Early 19th century

Petersburg was covered by the 25 thousandth corps of General Peter Wittgenstein, which was allocated from Barclay de Tolly's 1st Western Army for this purpose at the beginning of the war.

Despite the small number of his troops, the energetic Pyotr Khristianovich took advantage of the inconsistency in the actions of his enemies and crushed them one by one - in the battles of Klyastitsy on July 31 and near Polotsk on August 17. Moreover, in the last battle he was wounded by a bullet in the head, but did not leave command.

At the same time, Wittgenstein not only saved the northern capital and drew off significant enemy forces, but also won his victories at a time when the main forces of the Russian army continued their strategic retreat to Moscow. The impression of his actions in Russian society, where they had almost come to terms with the idea of ​​defeat in the war, was enormous.

Denis Davydov was not the first partisan

Portrait of Denis Vasilyevich Davydov, workshop of D. Dow. Before 1828

The notes of the hero of 1812, the famous poet and dashing hussar tell how on September 2, five days before the general battle near the ancestral village of Borodino, where he spent his childhood and where sappers were already erecting fortifications, Denis Vasilyevich proposed to General Peter Bagration the idea of ​​his own partisan detachment.

The plan was approved by Kutuzov and immediately after the battle for the Shevardinsky redoubt, on September 5, Davydov’s detachment consisting of 50 hussars and 80 Don Cossacks separated from the active army and went on a raid along the rear of the French army. After the first victories, Denis Vasilyevich received further reinforcements and until December he crushed the enemy troops, capturing a total of 3,560 soldiers and 43 officers.

Execution of alleged Moscow arsonists by the French. Vasily Vereshchagin (1898)

However, the laurels of the first partisan belong to General Ferdinand Wintzingerode, a German in Russian service. His Special Cavalry Detachment of 1,300 men was created at the end of July by order of Barclay de Tolly, and by the time Davydov was just getting ready to join the partisans, he had accomplished many glorious deeds. For example, during the daring attack on Vitebsk, 800 prisoners were taken.

Wintzingerode, sent by Alexander I in the fall of 1812 to negotiate with Napoleon in Moscow, barely escaped death after the French emperor decided to shoot him as his former subject. Only the intervention of the Russian monarch saved the general from reprisal, and the Cossacks from the partisan detachment of Alexander Chernyshev freed him from captivity while moving to the western borders.

It should be noted that Wintzingerode and Davydov were, strictly speaking, not partisan leaders, but commanders of army sabotage detachments, who, after raids into enemy lines, continued their service in the ranks of the regular troops.

The main “architect” of the victory was not Kutuzov, but Barclay de Tolly

Portrait of M. B. Barclay de Tolly by George Dow (1829)

Coming from a German family, which is an offshoot of the old Scottish Barkley family, whose father served in the Russian army, General Mikhail Barclay de Tolly back in 1807 told Alexander I how, in his opinion, he should fight Napoleon if he came to Russia .

Since 1810, he became Minister of War and in this post made every effort to modernize the army. He introduced a corps system, which made command and control of troops more flexible, under him the number of armed forces was increased, reserves and food supplies were prepared in advance, and fortresses were built.

Mikhail Bogdanovich drew up two versions of the plan for the war with Bonaparte - offensive and defensive. The second envisaged a “scorched earth” tactic and a retreat deep into one’s territory in order to disperse and exhaust the forces of a superior enemy, led by a formidable commander who knew no defeat.

During the Patriotic War, the general commanded the 1st Western Army, at the head of which, conducting rearguard battles with the enemy, he sought to unite with the 2nd Western Army of General Peter Bagration and prevent Napoleon from defeating our troops one by one. After both military leaders united in Smolensk on August 3, Barclay de Tolly, who led the combined forces, continued his strategic retreat.

The French are attacking. Russian campaign of 1812. Drawing from 1896

This cost him his post, since the army and society suspected him of treason, and Bagration openly reproached him for his non-Russian origin. Submitting to loud murmurs, Alexander I appointed General Mikhail Kutuzov as commander of the Russian army on August 29. But... the retreat did not stop. Mikhail Illarionovich understood perfectly well that the enemy was still too strong.

During the Battle of Borodino, which was fought by Kutuzov as a concession to public opinion, Barclay actually led the actions of the Russian army. That day, five horses were killed and wounded under him, but the general appeared in the necessary places of the battle, giving the necessary orders, while Kutuzov, due to his advanced age and obesity, remained in one place throughout the battle - near the village of Gorki.

The war of the Russian people against the French in a caricature by the British Cruikshank (1813)

Seeing such selflessness, the troops subordinate to Barclay changed their attitude towards the “German” to an enthusiastic one, and the mortally wounded Bagration ordered him to convey “that the fate of the army and its salvation depend on him.”

It is no coincidence that Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, reflecting on what saved Russia, named among the reasons the name of only one person:

“Thunderstorm of the twelfth year
It has arrived - who helped us here?
The frenzy of the people
Barclay, winter or Russian God?”

General Zima was equally harsh towards both the French and the Russians

French withdrawal from Moscow. January Sukhodolsky (1844)

By the way, about winter. One of the reasons for the defeat of Napoleon’s “Great Army” in Russia is often cited as the frosts, which tore almost more soldiers and officers from the ranks of battle than were killed on the battlefields. There are many heartbreaking memories of officers and generals of the Great Army about this.

However, the then Russian Minister of Police, General Alexander Balashov, testified in his report that along the entire road from Moscow to the western borders, special brigades buried 403,707 human bodies, of which about half belonged to the Russian army and civilian population.

Medal for the 100th anniversary Award medal in honor of the 100th anniversary of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812

The troops pursuing the enemy through French-ravaged terrain experienced almost the same hardships as the enemy, including a lack of food, uniforms and fuel.

As British General Robert Wilson wrote, who was with the Russian army in 1812, “the soldiers had no shelter for night bivouacs on the icy snow. To fall asleep for more than half an hour meant almost certain death. Therefore, the officers and lower ranks replaced each other in these snatches of sleep and by force raised those who had fallen asleep, who often fought off their wakers.”

Napoleon's troops fled not so much from the cold as from Russian bayonets and sabers.

Patriotic War of 1812- This is a war between the French and Russian empires, which took place on the territory of. Despite the superiority of the French army, under the leadership, the Russian troops managed to show incredible valor and ingenuity.

Moreover, the Russians managed to emerge victorious in this difficult confrontation. To this day, the victory over the French is considered one of the most significant in Russia.

We bring to your attention a brief history of the Patriotic War of 1812. If you want a brief summary about this period of our history, we recommend reading.

Causes and nature of the war

The Patriotic War of 1812 occurred as a result of Napoleon's desire for world domination. Before this, he managed to successfully defeat many opponents.

His main and only enemy in Europe remained. The French Emperor wanted to destroy Britain through a continental blockade.

It is worth noting that 5 years before the start of the Patriotic War of 1812, the Tilsit Peace Treaty was signed between Russia and Russia. However, the main point of this agreement was not published then. According to him, he pledged to support Napoleon in the blockade directed against Great Britain.

However, both the French and the Russians were well aware that sooner or later a war would also break out between them, since Napoleon Bonaparte was not going to stop at subjugating Europe alone.

That is why countries began to actively prepare for a future war, building up their military potential and increasing the size of their armies.

Patriotic War of 1812 briefly

In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the territory of the Russian Empire. Thus, for this war it became Patriotic, since not only the army, but also the majority of ordinary citizens took part in it.

Balance of power

Before the start of the Patriotic War of 1812, Napoleon managed to assemble a huge army, which included about 675 thousand soldiers.

All of them were well armed and, most importantly, had extensive combat experience, because by that time France had subjugated almost all of Europe.

The Russian army was almost as good as the French in the number of troops, which numbered about 600 thousand. In addition, about 400 thousand Russian militia took part in the war.

Moreover, unlike the French, the advantage of the Russians was that they were patriotic and fought for the liberation of their land, thanks to which the national spirit rose.

In Napoleon’s army, with patriotism, things were exactly the opposite, because there were many hired soldiers who did not care for or against what to fight.

Battles of the Patriotic War of 1812

At the height of the Patriotic War of 1812, Kutuzov chose defensive tactics. Bagration commanded the troops on the left flank, Raevsky’s artillery was located in the center, and Barclay de Tolly’s army was on the right flank.

Napoleon preferred to attack rather than defend, since this tactic repeatedly helped him emerge victorious from military campaigns.

He understood that sooner or later the Russians would stop retreating and they would have to accept battle. At that point in time, the French emperor was confident of his victory and, I must say, there were good reasons for this.

Before 1812, he had already managed to show the whole world the power of the French army, which was able to conquer more than one European country. The talent of Napoleon himself, as an outstanding commander, was recognized by everyone.

Battle of Borodino

From Moscow to Maloyaroslavets

The Patriotic War of 1812 continued. After the Battle of Borodino, the army of Alexander 1 continued its retreat, getting closer and closer to Moscow.

The French followed, but no longer sought to engage in open battle. On September 1, at the military council of Russian generals, Mikhail Kutuzov made a sensational decision, with which many did not agree.

He insisted that Moscow be abandoned and all property in it destroyed. As a result, this is exactly what happened.

The French army, exhausted physically and mentally, needed replenishment of food supplies and rest. However, bitter disappointment awaited them.

Once in Moscow, Napoleon did not see a single inhabitant or even an animal. Leaving Moscow, the Russians set fire to all the buildings so that the enemy could not take advantage of anything. This was an unprecedented case in history.

When the French realized the deplorability of their stupid situation, they were completely demoralized and defeated. Many soldiers stopped obeying their commanders and turned into gangs of robbers running around the outskirts of the city.

Russian troops, on the contrary, were able to break away from Napoleon and enter the Kaluga and Tula provinces. They had food supplies and ammunition hidden there. In addition, the soldiers could take a break from a difficult campaign and join the ranks of the army.

The best solution to this absurd situation for Napoleon was the conclusion of peace with Russia, but all his proposals for a truce were rejected by Alexander 1 and Kutuzov.

A month later, the French began to leave Moscow in disgrace. Bonaparte was furious at this outcome of events and did everything possible to engage the Russians in battle.

Having reached October 12, near the city of Maloyaroslavets, a major battle took place, in which both sides lost many people and military equipment. However, the final victory did not go to anyone.

Victory in the Patriotic War of 1812

The further retreat of Napoleon's army looked more like a chaotic flight than an organized exit from Russia. After the French began to loot, local residents began to unite into partisan detachments and engage in battles with the enemy.

At this time, Kutuzov carefully pursued Bonaparte’s army, avoiding open clashes with it. He wisely took care of his warriors, fully aware that the enemy’s forces were melting before his eyes.

The French suffered serious losses in the battle of the city of Krasny. Tens of thousands of invaders died in this battle. The Patriotic War of 1812 was coming to an end.

When Napoleon tried to save the remnants of the army and transport them across the Berezina River, he once again suffered a heavy defeat from the Russians. It should be understood that the French were not prepared for the unusually severe frosts that struck at the very beginning of winter.

Obviously, before the attack on Russia, Napoleon did not plan to stay in it for so long, as a result of which he did not take care of warm uniforms for his troops.

As a result of an inglorious retreat, Napoleon abandoned the soldiers to their fate and secretly fled to France.

On December 25, 1812, Alexander 1 issued a manifesto, which spoke of the end of the Patriotic War.

Reasons for Napoleon's defeat

Among the reasons for Napoleon's defeat in his Russian campaign, the most often cited are:

• popular participation in the war and mass heroism of Russian soldiers and officers;
• the length of Russia's territory and harsh climatic conditions;
• military leadership talent of the commander-in-chief of the Russian army Kutuzov and other generals.

The main reason for Napoleon's defeat was the nationwide rise of Russians to defend the Fatherland. In the unity of the Russian army with the people we must look for the source of its power in 1812.

Results of the Patriotic War of 1812

The Patriotic War of 1812 is one of the significant events in the history of Russia. Russian troops managed to stop the invincible army of Napoleon Bonaparte and showed unprecedented heroism.

The war caused serious damage to the economy of the Russian Empire, which was estimated at hundreds of millions of rubles. More than 200 thousand people died on the battlefields.

Many settlements were completely or partially destroyed, and their restoration required not only large sums, but also human resources.

However, despite this, victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 strengthened the morale of the entire Russian people. After it, many European countries began to respect the army of the Russian Empire.

The main result of the Patriotic War of 1812 was the almost complete destruction of Napoleon's Grand Army.

If you liked a brief history of the Patriotic War of 1812, - share it on social networks and subscribe to the site. It's always interesting with us!

Did you like the post? Press any button: