Accession of the Perm land to the Moscow Grand Duchy.

Ivan Vasilievich was married by his first marriage to Maria Borisovna of Tverskaya, from whom he had a son, John, nicknamed Young; he named this son Vel. prince, seeking to consolidate the throne for him. Marya Borisovna † in 1467, and in 1469 Pope Paul II offered Ivan the hand of Zoya, or, as she became known in Russia, Sophia Fominishna Paleolog, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor. The ambassador led book. - Ivan Fryazin, as the Russian chronicles call him, or Jean-Battista della Volpe, as his real name was, finally arranged this matter, and on November 12, 1472, Sophia entered Moscow and married Ivan. Along with this marriage, the customs of the Moscow court also changed a lot: the Byzantine princess informed her husband of higher ideas about his power, outwardly expressed in an increase in splendor, in the introduction of complex court ceremonies, and distant led. book. from the boyars. On November 25, 1472, Grand Duke Ivan III adopted the image of a double-headed eagle (looking at the West and East) as his coat of arms.
The popes' hopes for a union were refreshed by the marriage of John III to Sophia Palaiologos (1472). Brought up in Rome, under the care of the Latin clergy, converted here to Catholicism, Sophia (Zoya), it seemed, opened the way for Latin propaganda at the court of the Moscow prince. Whether she made any promises to Rome is unknown; but, as soon as she entered Russian territory, she immediately proved herself to be impeccable Orthodox. The competition in the faith of the papal legate Antonio Bonumbre, who came with her, with the Russian clergy did not lead to anything. Since then, diplomatic relations have been established between Rome and Moscow. These are the embassies of Tolbuzin (1475), br. Ralev (1488), D. Palev and M. Karacharov (1500), Y. Trakhaniot. Although they pursued predominantly cultural goals (calling foreigners, masters), the popes willingly saw in them an expression of sympathy for the papacy. This was facilitated, perhaps, by della Volpe and other messengers from Moscow, who, for one reason or another, benefited from securing the favor of the Romans. government. However, Moscow itself at that time was not yet so intolerant of K., as, for example, two centuries later. At the marriage of Sophia, A. Bonumbre and his retinue are present; the very idea of ​​taking a wife, even an Orthodox one, from the hands of a Roman high priest did not yet seem dangerous; the same John III gives his daughter Helena to Alexander of Lithuania, a Catholic.

Until 1472, Andrei Vasilyevich Bolshoi was on good terms with his older brother Ivan Vasilyevich III. In 1472, Yuri Vasilyevich, Prince Dmitrovsky, died childless, without mentioning his inheritance in his will, and the Grand Duke appropriated the inheritance of the deceased, without giving anything to his brothers. Andrei Bolshoy, more than others, sought the division. Then his mother, who loved Andrey very much, gave him her purchase - Romanov Gorodok on the Volga. Boris, two years later, was reconciled with his brother, also thanks to the intervention of his mother, who persuaded John to give him Vyshgorod and Sopkov settlement.

Troubles and the constant struggle of pretenders for the throne led the Horde to decline and then to disintegration into the Crimean, Kazan and Kipchak kingdoms; at the same time, the dependence of the M. principality on the Tatars actually ceased. Ivan III not only did not go for the label and bow to the khan, but did not pay him to leave. Incited by the Polish king Kazimir, Khan Akhmat undertook a campaign against Moscow in 1472, but, having burned some cities along the Oka, he turned back - he could not cross the Oka, behind which a strong army of Ivan Vasilyevich had gathered.

Finally, we came to the most famous of our ancient sovereigns - to the Grand Duke John III. He freed us from the power of the Tatars, he returned to our fatherland its former glory, and finally he embodied the great idea of ​​uniting all specific regions under the rule of one sovereign. Having become in the twenty-second year the Grand Duke, the heir of his father Vasily the Dark, John, at the very accession to the throne, already showed extraordinary firmness, intelligence, and caution in state affairs. In 1464, there was his first famous deed - he pacified the proud king of Kazan Ibrahim and, having surrounded Kazan with an army, forced him to make peace.

In 1470, the war with Novgorod began and lasted for two years, the restless inhabitants of which were still looking for an opportunity to free themselves from the power of the great princes. Here you, dear readers, will see a phenomenon hitherto unseen in Rus'. The woman decided to be the defender of her homeland - Novgorod - and arrange his fate! She was an ardent, proud, ambitious Martha, the wife of the former mayor Isaac Boretsky and the mother of two adult sons. Her house was the richest in Novgorod; everyone respected her as the widow of a famous mayor; the Grand Duke, as a sign of special favor, granted her eldest son the rank of boyar of Moscow - but all this was not enough for her: she wanted to rule all of Novgorod and, since this was impossible under the rule of the sovereign of Moscow, she began to assure all Novgorodians that they considered themselves subjects in vain princes of Moscow, that Novgorod is its own master, that its inhabitants are free people, that they need only a patron, and that this patron must be chosen not by John, but by Casimir, the King of Poland and the Prince of Lithuania. Martha wanted at that time to marry some Lithuanian nobleman and, together with him, on behalf of Casimir, govern her fatherland. However, the intentions of this ambitious woman were not fulfilled, and although her ambassadors had already gone to Casimir, the Grand Duke arrived in time with an army to Novgorod and pacified Martha and all her friends who had betrayed Russia. The main traitors, including the eldest son of Martha, were executed. With her, John acted condescendingly: he left her, like a weak woman, without punishment. Other Novgorodians contributed 15,500 rubles, or about 80 poods of silver, for their guilt, and, thanks to the mercy of John, remained with their former laws, with their rights, with some freedom: the Grand Duke, defending his possessions either from Khan Akhmat, or from the Polish and the Lithuanian king Casimir, still could not have so many forces and troops to completely destroy the liberty of Novgorod, and prudently postponed this difficult task.

In 1472, an incident happened in Russia that made all European states look with curiosity at a remote country unknown to them.

It was the wedding of the Grand Duke, and we must tell the truth - not so much the groom as the bride made this wedding remarkable for Europe. This is not surprising. Then Russia was not what it is now. Then its king was still a subject of the Tatars. This alienated princes from kinship with Russian princes and forced our sovereigns to marry princesses from specific principalities, and then to their subjects: this custom continued until the time of Peter the Great.

But for John III, in whose fate some extraordinary greatness was noticeable from a very young age, something special was appointed in this case too. Shortly after the death of his first wife, Princess Maria Borisovna of Tver, Pope Paul II offered him, through his ambassador, some Greek, the hand of the Greek princess Sophia, daughter of Thomas Palaiologos, brother of the last emperor, under whom Greece was conquered by the Turkish Sultan Mohammed II. After the ruin of the fatherland, the unfortunate family of Greek kings lived in Rome, where they enjoyed universal respect and patronage of the Pope.

The Pope had a special reason to benevolent to this famous family: fearing that the cruelty and terrible power of Mohammed II would not ruin his possessions, he believed that the future husband of Princess Sophia, having received with her hand the right to the throne of Constantinople, would want to free Greece from the power of the Turks and this will save Italy from terrible neighbors.

This reason forced the Pope to look for a bridegroom for the princess among the famous European sovereigns, and he chose John, who was closest to the Greeks in law. Probably, the Polish and Lithuanian ambassadors and the Greek clergy, who lived in Rome after the ruin of the empire, told the Pope about the glory that the great virtues of her young sovereign promised Russia.

John rejoiced at the honor offered to him and, together with his mother, the clergy, the boyars and all the people, thought that the famous bride - the last branch of the Greek emperors, who had the same faith with the Russians - was sent to him from God himself. The beautiful portrait, which depicted the intelligent and attractive face of the young princess, further increased John's joy and gratitude to the Pope.

On January 17, 1472, ambassadors were sent for the bride. They were received with great honors in Rome, and on June 1, the princess in St. Peter's Church was betrothed to the sovereign of White Russia, who was represented by his chief ambassador. The Pope gave a rich dowry for the princess and sent a legate with her to Russia, i.e. ambassador, who was entrusted with protecting her during the journey, on June 24 she left Rome with her whole court, arrived in Lübeck on September 1, and then went by ship to Revel. Here the Livonian knights richly treated her, and in Dorpat she was met by the Moscow ambassador with congratulations on behalf of the sovereign and all of Russia.

The first Russian region into which the princess had to enter was Pskov. If you knew what a turmoil was going on then in this area! Everyone only thought about how to show their zeal. The rulers of the cities prepared gifts, table supplies, honey and wine for the future empress. You know that our ancestors were very hospitable and loved to treat, and therefore do not be surprised that they first of all took care of delicious food and drinks for the princess. Then they decorated all their ships and boats with multi-colored flags and ribbons: after all, they had to meet Sophia and then take her on ships along Lake Peipsi, because the borders of Russian possessions began here. With admiration, they finally waited for this meeting and showed so much zeal and love that the princess was moved to tears. She spent five days in Pskov with pleasure and, leaving, affectionately said to the inhabitants: “I hasten to my and your sovereign, I thank the boyars and all Great Pskov for the treat and am glad to ask for you in Moscow at any case.” The people of Pskov, saying goodbye to Sophia, brought her a gift of fifty, and ten rubles to the ambassador Ioannov in money.

The princess was met with the same joy in all other regions. Finally, on November 12, early in the morning, she entered Moscow. The Metropolitan was waiting for her in the church. Having received his blessing, she went to John's mother and there she saw her fiancé for the first time. The wedding was also celebrated on the same day.

Thus was accomplished for the second time the alliance of our sovereigns with the Greek emperors. Since that time, John also adopted their coat of arms - the double-headed eagle and combined it on his seal with the coat of arms of Moscow.

Notes:

John III was the first to call his state White Russia. The word "white", according to the meaning of Eastern languages, means "great".

It is true that my readers remember Princess Anna, the wife of Saint Vladimir.

Accession of the Perm land to the Moscow Grand Duchy.

Ivan Vasilievich was married by his first marriage to Maria Borisovna of Tverskaya, from whom he had a son, John, nicknamed Young; he named this son Vel. prince, seeking to consolidate the throne for him. Marya Borisovna † in 1467, and in 1469 Pope Paul II offered Ivan the hand of Zoya, or, as she became known in Russia, Sophia Fominishna Paleolog, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor. The ambassador led book. - Ivan Fryazin, as the Russian chronicles call him, or Jean-Battista della Volpe, as his real name was, finally arranged this matter, and on November 12, 1472, Sophia entered Moscow and married Ivan. Along with this marriage, the customs of the Moscow court also changed a lot: the Byzantine princess informed her husband of higher ideas about his power, outwardly expressed in an increase in splendor, in the introduction of complex court ceremonies, and distant led. book. from the boyars. On November 25, 1472, Grand Duke Ivan III adopted the image of a double-headed eagle (looking at the West and East) as his coat of arms.
The popes' hopes for a union were refreshed by the marriage of John III to Sophia Palaiologos (1472). Brought up in Rome, under the care of the Latin clergy, converted here to Catholicism, Sophia (Zoya), it seemed, opened the way for Latin propaganda at the court of the Moscow prince. Whether she made any promises to Rome is unknown; but, as soon as she entered Russian territory, she immediately proved herself to be impeccable Orthodox. The competition in the faith of the papal legate Antonio Bonumbre, who came with her, with the Russian clergy did not lead to anything. Since then, diplomatic relations have been established between Rome and Moscow. These are the embassies of Tolbuzin (1475), br. Ralev (1488), D. Palev and M. Karacharov (1500), Y. Trakhaniot. Although they pursued predominantly cultural goals (calling foreigners, masters), the popes willingly saw in them an expression of sympathy for the papacy. This was facilitated, perhaps, by della Volpe and other messengers from Moscow, who, for one reason or another, benefited from securing the favor of the Romans. government. However, Moscow itself at that time was not yet so intolerant of K., as, for example, two centuries later. At the marriage of Sophia, A. Bonumbre and his retinue are present; the very idea of ​​taking a wife, even an Orthodox one, from the hands of a Roman high priest did not yet seem dangerous; the same John III gives his daughter Helena to Alexander of Lithuania, a Catholic.

Until 1472, Andrei Vasilyevich Bolshoi was on good terms with his older brother Ivan Vasilyevich III. In 1472, Yuri Vasilyevich, Prince Dmitrovsky, died childless, without mentioning his inheritance in his will, and the Grand Duke appropriated the inheritance of the deceased, without giving anything to his brothers. Andrei Bolshoy, more than others, sought the division. Then his mother, who loved Andrey very much, gave him her purchase - Romanov Gorodok on the Volga. Boris, two years later, was reconciled with his brother, also thanks to the intervention of his mother, who persuaded John to give him Vyshgorod and Sopkov settlement.

Troubles and the constant struggle of pretenders for the throne led the Horde to decline and then to disintegration into the Crimean, Kazan and Kipchak kingdoms; at the same time, the dependence of the M. principality on the Tatars actually ceased. Ivan III not only did not go for the label and bow to the khan, but did not pay him to leave. Incited by the Polish king Kazimir, Khan Akhmat undertook a campaign against Moscow in 1472, but, having burned some cities along the Oka, he turned back - he could not cross the Oka, behind which a strong army of Ivan Vasilyevich had gathered.

Events of 1472. Invasion of Akhmat

Everyone knows about the invasion of the Horde Khan Akhmat in 1480, which ended with the famous standing on the Ugra River: this is how Rus' freed itself from the Tatar-Mongol yoke. But the fact that eight years earlier the same Akhmat invaded Rus' with a large army remained outside the broad masses of readers.

Here is a brief summary of how those events took place on TV: in 1472, at the instigation of Lithuania, Akhmat, by the way, Makhmet's nephew and cousin of Kasim and Yagup, invaded Russian borders with a large army. Ivan III, together with Tsarevich Daniyar, leaves for Kolomna, to the army. With the brother of Ivan III, Prince Andrei, the Kazan prince Murtoza goes against the Horde.

Why they went to Kolomna, and not to Serpukhov, is not clear, since at that time the Tatars approached Aleksin, and it is Serpukhov that lies in a straight line on the road from Aleksin to Moscow, and Kolomna is located HUNDRED KILOMETERS TO THE EAST. Arriving in Kolomna, Ivan III did not approach the Tatars, but, on the contrary, practically opened a free way for them to Moscow.

Despite the fact that the Tatars were still very far away, and the Grand Duke gathered a huge army - 180 thousand people, the mother of Ivan III and his son flee from Moscow to Rostov.

Meanwhile, Russian troops, led by the brother of Prince Yuri, are finally approaching Aleksin. Akhmat's army suddenly turns back and flees in panic. The Lithuanians never came to their Tatar allies. Here in brief is the whole story, AMAZINGLY similar to the events of 1480, so there is no doubt that one of these two campaigns of Akhmat is a DUPLICATE of the other.

All this is very, very strange, but now much will become clear: shortly after Akhmat's flight, according to TV, Ivan III's brother, Prince Yuri, dies. At this time, Ivan III himself with his younger brothers is in Rostov. Until the return of the Grand Duke, they do not dare to bury the body of Yuri, “which,

AGAINST USUAL, four days stood in the Church of the Archangel Michael.

Yuri died at the age of 32 suddenly and unmarried. So says the traditional story. However, there is nothing seemingly strange in this, we all walk under God, but Yuri left a will.

The will, at first glance, is ordinary and rather boring. But it was precisely here that those who ruled the annals made a fundamental miscalculation and, instead of proving the allegedly ordinary veracity of the story they had composed by the text of this testament, did the opposite.

The fact is that in this will, Yuri instructs the brothers to redeem various things pledged by him, since he had debts. But things are pledged for this, so that later they can be redeemed themselves, otherwise they would be sold immediately and more profitably, and they do not write about this in wills. So you yourself, having pledged something to a pawnshop, will you run to write about it in your will? Of course, if you are seriously and seriously ill, then this is possible, and even then only theoretically. BUT YURI DIED SUDDENLY, YOUNG AND HEALTHY.

What actually happened? Here is a reconstruction of an alternate history. Tsarevich Daniyar, the son of Kasim, aka Daniil Vasilievich Yaroslavsky, aka Andrey the Menshoi, flees to the Horde to Khan Akhmat (in another transcription, Akhmet, this is the same thing), who gives him an army. The forces of Yuri=Yagup are defeated, and he himself is killed. Moscow and the whole south are captured by Daniyar=Andrei the Lesser. But the north and northwest with the cities of Yaroslavl and Pereslavl still remain under the control of Yuri's brothers - Andrei Bolshoy, Boris and their nephew Fyodor Yuryevich, the son of the deceased Yuri.

By the way, if you ask, where is Ivan III from TV? I will answer: until 1472, he corresponded to Yuri = Yagup, and then to Daniyar = Andrey the Less, that is, the next Tatar on the grand prince's table.

And here Princess Sophia, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, appears on the historical stage. According to traditional history, in 1469 the Pope of Rome decided to give Sophia to Grand Duke Ivan III with the aim of a dynastic marriage to put pressure on the Turks. The ambassador of the Grand Duke Ivan Fryazin, together with Sophia, left Rome on June 24, 1472, on September 21 they were already in Reval (now Tallinn). On November 12, Sophia entered Moscow and on the same day got married to Ivan III.

At the same time, the princely ambassador Ivan Fryazin was arrested. It turns out that the Doge of Venice (the ruler of Venice) sent an ambassador to Moscow with him, who then had to go to Khan Akhmat in order to persuade the latter to war with Turkey. Fryazin passes off Ambassador Trevisan as his nephew, but this lie is exposed. Fryazin is arrested and Trevisan is sentenced to death, but it is canceled at the last moment.

So pay attention:

1. The ambassador from Venice goes to Khan Akhmat through Moscow (or maybe, after all, the ultimate goal of his trip is Moscow?).

2. Rides incognito. So, is anyone afraid?

3. Ivan Fryazin and Ivan Trevisan - are they not the same person? Moreover, the letters "f" and "t" often pass into each other. Trevisan = Frevisan, and this is almost Fryazin. By the way, this story ended with the fact that Trevisan was released and deported (to Italy), and Fryazin ... left for Italy. But if this is one and the same person, then the whole story with Fryazin and Trevisan described above is already an obvious fiction. Further, shortly thereafter, Metropolitan Philip dies. In addition, it was during this period, according to contemporaries, that drastic changes took place in the character of Ivan III.

But if the traditional story has proved its failure, then how will the alternative version explain these events? Very simple.

The Pope decides to give Princess Sophia for the son of Yuri (i.e. Yagup, but for the Pope he appears with the Christian name Yuri) Prince Fyodor Yuryevich (and not for Ivan III on TV), the heir to the throne. Let me remind you once again that according to the alternative version there is no place for Ivan III, under this name another Tatar is displayed, who seized power in Rus'.

Sophia reaches the shores of the Baltic on September 21st. Yuri = Yagup was killed around August 23, but the news of this had not yet reached Revel. Therefore, the unsuspecting Sophia goes to Moscow. On October 11, she arrives in Pskov, where the papal legate who was with her learns of the defeat and death of Grand Duke Yuri (Yagup), the father of Sophia's fiancé Fyodor. Fedor Yuryevich is no longer the heir to the throne, but simply a nephew under the rulers - uncles Andrei Bolshoy and Boris, and the rulers of not all of Muscovy, but only its northwestern part. This papal legate decides to postpone the issue of marriage, for which Fedor Yuryevich orders the delegation to be seized, and the legate Trevisan (or Frevisan), and in Russian - Fryazin, is executed.

Meanwhile, having fortified himself in Moscow and neighboring cities, Andrei the Lesser in 1473 executed Metropolitan Philip, Yuri's faithful servant, and continued to seize new lands. The great military leader of the late Yuri, Prince Kholmsky, goes over to his side, who for all his previous actions deserved the wrath of Andrei = Daniyar, but the latter forgives him, taking an oath of allegiance from him in return. The new Metropolitan Gerontius also helped him in this. Following the example of Kholmsky, a number of governors - princes - go to Andrey.

Despite the obvious successes, Andrei the Lesser (Daniyar) is not all right. As a payment for the help of the Horde, the son of Akhmat, Tsarevich Murtaza, was established in the Ryazan principality.

Finally, the time has come for Andrei the Less to deal with Yaroslavl, who is in opposition to him.

In 1477, the Grand Duke leads troops to the rebellious North. Ambassadors are coming to him from Yaroslavl - the archbishop, the sons of Boris - Vasily and Ivan and the second son of the late Yuri - Ivan (Patrikeev) in order to conclude peace (TV: “The next day, the Novgorod ambassadors were with gifts from Brother Ioannov, Andrei the Lesser, demanding him intercessions").

But the Grand Duke refuses to negotiate, continuing the campaign (TV: “On the same day, John ordered Kholmsky, the boyar Fedor Davidovich, Prince Obolensky-Striga and other governors under the general command of his brother, Andrei the Lesser, to go from Bronnitsy to Gorodishche and occupy the monasteries, so that the Novgorodians do not burn them out. The governors crossed Lake Ilmen on ice and in one night occupied all the environs of Novgorod").

Andrei Bolshoi and Boris are already offering to become his tributaries (TV: “We offer the sovereign an annual tribute from all the volosts of Novogorod, from two hundred hryvnias”).

But Andrei the Lesser is unshakable: he does not want to be a suzerain, but the sovereign owner of all North-Eastern Russia, especially since Yaroslavl was already in his power a few years ago (TV: The Boyars reported that to the Grand Duke and left him with the following answer: "You, our pilgrimage, and the whole of Novgorod recognized me as sovereign; and now you want to tell me how to rule you?")

Boris and Andrei Bolshoi flee to the Lithuanian border in Velikiye Luki. Yaroslavl was encircled and surrendered in 1478. A massacre began in the city, an epidemic broke out because of the many corpses. When the few survivors of Yaroslavl began to return to the ashes, and Andrei Menshoi continued the massacre. Those who survived were sent into slavery. THE LARGEST Russian city was devastated. However, not for long; soon residents of Muscovy and Tatars began to move there. But with the historical memory of Yaroslavl as the ancient Russian capital, it was practically over.

What else do you think needed to be done to put an end to Yaroslavl - Veliky Novgorod and the memory of it? The inhabitants were killed and dispersed, the documents were burned, the walls and the largest cathedrals were destroyed. But there are still graves, by no means silent evidence of the former greatness of the city. Graves of the GREAT DUKES. They are also destroyed, but not all. In Yaroslavl, the father of the new Grand Duke, Kasim, was buried. His son moved his tomb to Moscow, where he was reburied. The tomb was preserved in the Archangel Cathedral of Moscow - the tomb of the great princes and kings, and is located separately from the others. Under what name is he buried? Under the name of a certain VASILY YAROSLAVICH. How does the traditional story explain this? According to her version, we are talking about Prince Vasily Yaroslavich Borovsky, who died in 1483 in captivity, in which he spent almost thirty years. Why was a prisoner, an enemy, not a member of the ruling dynasty (he was not even a descendant of Dmitry Donskoy on TV) given the honor of being buried among the grand dukes? Yes, and the date of death on his burial is for some reason 1462 (and not 1483)! But according to an alternative version, this is the year of the death of Kasim, who was Vasily, that is, the ruler, basileus, and Yaroslavl was his capital. Hence the name: Vasily Yaroslavich.

Probably, much earlier than the capture of Yaroslavl, Andrei the Lesser also got Princess Sophia, whom he took as his wife. The Tatars practiced to marry the widows of their brothers, including those killed by them. And Sofya was the wife of his cousin Fyodor Yurievich.

I don't think she was very worried. In principle, she had long been mentally prepared for this. Sophia was the daughter of Thomas, brother of the last Byzantine emperor. Another brother of the emperor, Dmitry, voluntarily gave his daughter to the seraglio to the Turkish sultan, going to his service.

According to the traditional version, by 1478 Sophia, the wife of Ivan III, gave birth to three daughters: Elena, Theodosia and ... the second Elena. Is there a lot of Helen? A few years later, she gives birth to ... a second Theodosia.

In reality, everything is simpler: the first Elena and Theodosia were from her marriage to Fedor Yuryevich, and she gave birth to the rest of the children from other husbands, because her new husband was not destined to live long. The year 1480 has come.

The invasion of the Tatars from 1219 to 1238 If, reading this story, you, dear children, often regretted the misfortunes of our poor Fatherland, if you were upset by what our good ancestors had to endure, then you will be twice as upset now: neither evil magicians, nor the wild Pechenegs and