Man and nature in domestic and foreign literature

Russian literature, be it classical or modern, has always been sensitive to all changes occurring in nature and the world around us. Poisoned air, rivers, earth - everything is crying out for help, for protection. Our complex and contradictory times have given rise to a huge number of problems: economic, moral and others. However, according to many, the most important among them is the environmental problem. Our future and the future of our children depends on its decision. The current ecological state of the environment can be called a catastrophe of the century. Who is guilty? A man who forgot about his roots, who forgot where he came from, a predatory man who sometimes became more terrible than a beast. A number of works by such famous writers as Chingiz Aitmatov, Valentin Rasputin, Viktor Astafiev are devoted to this problem.

The name Rasputin is one of the brightest and most memorable among writers of the 20th century. My appeal to the work of this writer is not an accident. It is the works of Valentin Rasputin that leave no one indifferent or indifferent. He was one of the first to raise the problem related to the relationship between man and nature. This problem is pressing, since life on the Planet, the health and well-being of all humanity is connected with the environment.

In the story “Farewell to Matera” the writer reflects on many things. The subject of the description is the island on which the village of Matera is located. Matera is a real island with the old woman Daria, with grandfather Yegor, with Bogodul, but at the same time it is an image of a centuries-old way of life that is now leaving - forever? And the name emphasizes the maternal principle, that is, man and nature are closely connected. The island must go under water because a dam is being built here. That is, on the one hand, this is correct, because the population of the country must be provided with electricity. On the other hand, this is a gross interference of people in the natural course of events, that is, in the life of nature.

Something terrible happened to all of us, Rasputin believes, and this is not a special case, this is not just the history of a village, something very important in a person’s soul is being destroyed, and for the writer it becomes completely clear that if today it is possible to hit the cross with an ax to the cemetery, then tomorrow it will be possible to put a boot in the old man’s face.

The death of Matera is the destruction of not just the old way of life, but the collapse of the entire world order. The symbol of Matera becomes the image of the eternal tree - larch, that is, the king is a tree. And the belief lives on that the island is attached to the river bottom, to the common land, by the royal foliage, and as long as it stands, Matera will stand.

The work of Chingiz Aitmatov “The Scaffold” cannot leave the reader indifferent. The author allowed himself to speak out on the most painful, topical issues of our time. This is a scream novel, a novel written in blood, this is a desperate appeal addressed to one and all. In "The Scaffold" the she-wolf and the child die together, and

their blood mixes, proving the unity of all living things, despite all the existing disproportions. A person armed with technology often does not think about what consequences his actions will have for society and future generations. The destruction of nature is inevitably combined with the destruction of everything human in people.

Literature teaches that cruelty to animals and nature turns into a serious danger for the person himself for his physical and moral health

Thus, the relationship between man and nature on the pages of books is diverse. When reading about others, we unwittingly try on characters and situations for ourselves. And, perhaps, we also think: how do we ourselves relate to nature? Shouldn't something be changed in this regard? (505 words)

Human and nature

How many beautiful poems, paintings, songs have been created about nature... The beauty of the nature around us has always inspired poets, writers, composers, artists, and they all depicted its splendor and mystery in their own way.

Indeed, since ancient times, man and nature have formed a single whole; they are very closely interconnected. But, unfortunately, man considers himself superior to all other living beings and proclaims himself the king of nature. He forgot that he himself is part of living nature, and continues to behave aggressively towards it. Forests are cut down every year, tons of waste are dumped into the water, the air is poisoned by the exhaust of millions of cars... We forget that the reserves in the bowels of the planet will one day run out, and we continue to predatoryly extract minerals.

Nature is a huge treasure trove of wealth, but man only treats it as a consumer. This is the story in the stories of V. P. Astafiev “The Tsar Fish”. The main theme is the interaction between man and nature. The writer tells how white and red fish are exterminated on the Yenisei, animals and birds are destroyed. The climax is the dramatic story that happened one day on the river with the poacher Zinovy ​​Utrobin. While checking the traps where the huge sturgeon had fallen, he fell out of the boat and became entangled in his own nets. In this extreme situation, on the verge of life and death, he remembers his earthly sins, remembers how he once offended his fellow villager Glashka, sincerely repents of what he has done, begs for mercy, mentally turning to Glashka, and to the king fish, and to the whole wide world. And all this gives him “some kind of liberation not yet comprehended by the mind.” Ignatyich manages to escape. Nature itself taught him a lesson here. Thus, V. Astafiev returns our consciousness to Goethe’s thesis: “Nature is always right.”

Ch. T. Aitmatov also talks about the environmental disaster awaiting man in his warning novel “The Scaffold”. This novel is a cry, despair, a call to come to your senses, to realize your responsibility for everything that has become so aggravated and thickened in the world. Through the environmental problems raised in the novel, the writer strives to achieve, first of all, the state of the human soul as a problem. The novel begins with the theme of a wolf family, which then develops into the theme of the death of the Mogonkums through the fault of man: a man breaks into the savannah as a criminal, as a predator. He senselessly and rudely destroys all living things that exist in the savannah. And this combat ends tragically.

Thus, man is an integral part of nature, and we all need to understand that only with a caring and careful attitude towards nature and the environment can a beautiful future await us. (355 words)

Direction:

What does nature teach man?

(Based on the work of V. Astafiev)

So that one day in that house

Before the big road

Say: - I was a leaf in the forest!

N. Rubtsov

In the 70s and 80s of our century, the lyre of poets and prose writers sounded powerfully in defense of the environment. Writers went to the microphone, wrote articles for newspapers, putting aside work on works of art. They defended our lakes and rivers, forests and fields. It was a reaction to the dramatic urbanization of our lives. Villages went bankrupt - cities grew. As always in our country, all this was done on a grand scale, and the chips flew with might and main. Now the gloomy results of the damage caused by hot heads to our nature have already been summed up.

Writers who are fighters for ecology were all born near nature, know and love it. This is the well-known prose writer Viktor Astafiev here and abroad. I want to explore this topic using the example of V. Astafiev’s story “The Tsar Fish”.

The author calls the hero of V. Astafiev’s story “The Tsar Fish” “master”. Indeed, Ignatyich knows how to do everything better and faster than anyone else. He is distinguished by thrift and accuracy. The relationship between the brothers was difficult. The commander not only did not hide his hostility towards his brother, but also showed it at the first opportunity. Ignatyich tried not to pay attention to it. Actually, he treated all the residents of the village with some superiority and even condescension. The main character of the story, of course, is far from ideal: he is dominated by greed and a consumerist attitude towards nature. The author brings the main character face to face with nature. For all his sins before her, nature presents Ignatyich with a severe test. It happened like this: Ignatyich goes fishing on the Yenisei and, not content with small fish, waits for sturgeon. At that moment, Ignatyich saw a fish at the very side of the boat. The fish immediately seemed ominous to Ignatyich. His soul seemed to split into two: one half suggested letting go of the fish and thereby saving himself, but the other did not want to miss such a sturgeon, because the king fish comes only once in a lifetime. The fisherman's passion takes precedence over prudence. Ignatyich decides to catch the sturgeon at any cost. But due to carelessness, he ends up in the water, on the hook of his own gear. Ignatyich feels that he is drowning, that the fish is pulling himto the bottom, but he can do nothing to save himself. In the face of death, the fish becomes a kind of creature for him. The hero, who has never believed in God, at this moment turns to him for help. Ignatyich remembers what he tried to forget throughout his life: a disgraced girl who was doomed to eternal suffering. It turned out that nature, also in a sense a “woman,” took revenge on him for the harm he had caused. Nature took cruel revenge on man. Ignatyich asks for forgiveness for the harm caused to the girl. And when the fish lets go of Ignatyich, he feels that his soul is freed from the sin that has weighed on him throughout his life. It turned out that nature fulfilled the divine task: it called the sinner to repentance and for this absolved him of his sin. The author leaves hope for a life without sin not only to his hero, but also to all of us, because no one on earth is immune from conflicts with nature, and therefore with their own soul.

So I want to conclude:Indeed, man himself is a part of nature. Nature is the world around us, where everything is interconnected, where everything is important. And a person must live in harmony with the world around him. Nature is powerful and defenseless, mysterious and sensitive. You need to live in peace with her and learn to respect her. (517 words)

Man and nature in domestic and world literature

A person comes into this world not to say what it is like, but to make it better.

Since ancient times, man and nature have been closely interconnected. There was a time when our distant ancestors not only respected nature, but personified and even deified it. So, fire, water, earth, trees, air, and thunder and lightning were considered deities. To appease them, people performed ritual sacrifices.

The theme of man, as well as the theme of nature, is quite often found in both domestic and world literature. K.G. Paustovsky and M.M. Prishvin showed the unity of man and nature as harmonious coexistence.

Why is this particular theme used so often in the stories of these particular writers? One reason is that they are mediators of realism in literature. This topic has been considered by many writers, including foreign ones, from a variety of angles, both with sarcasm and with deep regret.

The great Russian writer A.P. Chekhov repeatedly presented the motives of man and nature in his stories. One of the leading themes of his works is the mutual influence of man and nature. It is observed especially in such a work as “Ionych”. But this topic was also considered by such writers as Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoevsky.

In B. Vasiliev’s work “Don’t Shoot White Swans,” the main character Yegor Polushkin has an infinite love for nature, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him; they considered him unsuited to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are accustomed only to conquering it. But my son will grow up. Who can replace her father, who will respect and take care of her native land. This topic was also considered by foreign writers.

The wild nature of the North comes to life under the pen of the American fiction writer D. London. Often the heroes of the works are representatives of the animal world (“White Fang” by D. London or the stories of E. Seton-Thompson). And even the narration itself is told as if from their perspective, the world is seen through their eyes, from the inside.

The Polish science fiction writer S. Lem, in his “Star Diaries,” described the story of space vagabonds who ruined their planet, dug up all the subsoil with mines, and sold minerals to the inhabitants of other galaxies. Retribution for such blindness was terrible, but fair. That fateful day came when they found themselves on the edge of a bottomless pit, and the ground began to crumble under their feet. This story is a threatening warning to all of humanity, which is rapaciously plundering nature.

Thus, the relationship between man and nature on the pages of books is diverse. When reading about others, we unwittingly try on characters and situations for ourselves. And, perhaps, we also think: how do we ourselves relate to nature? Shouldn't something be changed in this regard?

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Man and nature in domestic and world literature

“Man will destroy the world sooner than learn to live in it” (Wilhelm Schwebel)

Not what you think, nature: Not a cast, not a soulless face - She has a soul, she has freedom, She has love, she has language...

F. I. Tyutchev

Literature has always been sensitive to all changes occurring in nature and the surrounding world. Poisoned air, rivers, earth - everything is crying out for help, for protection. Our complex and contradictory times have given rise to a huge number of problems: economic, moral and others, but, according to many, the most important among them is the environmental problem. Our future and the future of our children depends on its decision.

The catastrophe of the century is the ecological state of the environment. Many areas of our country have long become unfavorable: the destroyed Aral Sea, which could not be saved, the Volga, poisoned by wastewater from industrial enterprises, Chernobyl and many others. Who is guilty? A man who exterminated, destroyed his roots, a man who forgot where he came from, a predator man who became more terrible than a beast. “Man will destroy the world sooner than learn to live in it,” wrote Wilhelm Schwebel. Is he right? Doesn't a person understand that he is chopping the branch on which he is sitting? The death of nature threatens his own death.

A number of works by such famous writers as Chingiz Aitmatov, Valentin Rasputin, Viktor Astafiev, Sergei Zalygin and others are devoted to this problem.

Chingiz Aitmatov’s novel “The Scaffold” cannot leave the reader indifferent. The author allowed himself to speak out on the most painful, topical issues of our time. This is a scream novel, a novel written in blood, this is a desperate appeal addressed to each of us. At the center of the work is the conflict between a man and a pair of wolves who have lost their cubs. The novel begins with the theme of wolves, which develops into the theme of the death of the savannah. Due to human fault, the natural habitat of animals is dying. Akbar's she-wolf, after the death of her brood, meets with a man one on one, she is strong, and the man is soulless, but the she-wolf does not consider it necessary to kill him, she only takes him away from the new wolf cubs.

And in this we see the eternal law of nature: do not harm each other, live in unity. But the second litter of wolf cubs also perishes during the development of the lake, and again we see the same baseness of the human soul. No one cares about the uniqueness of the lake and its inhabitants, because profit and gain are most important for many. And again the boundless grief of the wolf mother, she has nowhere to find refuge from the flame-spitting engines. The last refuge of wolves is the mountains, but even here they do not find peace. There comes a turning point in Akbara’s consciousness: evil must be punished. A feeling of revenge settles in her sick, wounded soul, but Akbar is morally superior to man.

Saving a human child, a pure being, not yet touched by the dirt of the surrounding reality, Akbara shows generosity, forgiving people for the evil done to her. Wolves are not only opposed to humans, they are humanized, endowed with nobility, that high moral strength that people lack. Animals are kinder than humans, because they take from nature only what is necessary for their existence, and humans are cruel not only to nature, but also to the animal world. Without any feeling of regret, meat producers shoot defenseless saigas at point-blank range, hundreds of animals die, and a crime is committed against nature. In the novel “The Scaffold,” the she-wolf and the child die together, and their blood mixes, proving the unity of all living things, despite all existing differences.

A person armed with technology often does not think about what consequences his actions will have for society and future generations. The destruction of nature is inevitably combined with the destruction of everything human in people. Literature teaches that cruelty to animals and nature turns into a serious danger for the person himself for his physical and moral health. Nikonov’s story “On the Wolves” is about this. It talks about a huntsman, a man whose profession is called upon to protect all living things, but in reality a moral monster who causes irreparable harm to nature.

Experiencing burning pain for the dying nature, modern literature acts as its defender. Vasiliev’s story “Don’t Shoot White Swans” evoked a great public response. For forester Yegor Polushkin, the swans that he settled on Black Lake are a symbol of the pure, lofty and beautiful.

Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera” raises the topic of the extinction of villages. Grandma Daria, the main character, takes the news the hardest of all that the village of Matera, which has lived for three hundred years, where she was born, is living out its last spring. A dam is being built on the Angara, and the village will be flooded. And here Grandma Daria, who worked tirelessly, honestly and selflessly for half a century, receiving almost nothing for her work, suddenly resists, defending her old hut, her Matera, where her great-grandfather and grandfather lived, where every log is not only hers, but also hers. ancestors Her son Pavel also feels sorry for the village, who says that it doesn’t hurt to lose it only for those who “didn’t water every furrow.” Pavel understands today's truth, he understands that a dam is needed, but Grandma Daria cannot come to terms with this truth, because the graves will be flooded, and this is a memory. She is sure that “the truth is in memory; those who have no memory have no life.” Daria grieves in the cemetery at the graves of her ancestors and asks for their forgiveness. The scene of Daria's farewell in the cemetery cannot fail to touch the reader. A new village is being built, but it does not have the core of that village life, the strength that a peasant gains from childhood by communicating with nature.

Against the barbaric destruction of forests, animals and nature in general, calls are constantly heard from the pages of the press from writers who strive to awaken in readers responsibility for the future. The question of attitude to nature, to native places is also a question of attitude to the Motherland.

There are four laws of ecology, which were formulated more than twenty years ago by the American scientist Barry Commoner: “Everything is interconnected, everything must go somewhere, everything is worth something, nature knows this better than us.” These rules fully reflect the essence of the economic approach to life, but, unfortunately, they are not taken into account. But it seems to me that if all the people of the earth thought about their future, they could change the current environmentally dangerous situation in the world. Otherwise, a person will really “...destroy the world rather than learn to live in it.” All in our hands!

925 words

Man and nature in domestic and world literature

It is impossible to imagine a person without nature.

Indeed, this connection is impossible not to notice. Great writers and poets admired and admired nature in their works. Of course, nature served as a source of inspiration for them. Many works show man's dependence on his native nature. Far from the Motherland, native nature, a person fades, and his life loses its meaning.

Also, society as a whole is connected to nature. I think thanks to her it is gradually taking shape. Despite the fact that man exists thanks to nature, he is also a threat to it. After all, under the influence of man, nature develops, or, conversely, is destroyed. V.A. Soloukhin is right that “man is a kind of disease for the planet, causing irreparable harm to it every day.” Indeed, sometimes people forget that nature is their home, and it requires careful treatment.

My point of view is confirmed in I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons.” The main character of the novel, Evgeny Bazarov, adheres to a rather categorical position: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.” It seems to me that with this attitude towards nature, Evgeny Bazarov shows his indifference to the nature in which he lives. Using everything he needs, Evgeniy forgets about the consequences this can lead to.

In V.G. Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera”, man’s attitude towards nature is clearly manifested. The main theme of the story is the history of the small village of Matera. For many years the village lived its calm, measured life. But one day on the Angara River, on the banks of which Matera is located, they begin to build a dam for a power plant. It becomes clear to the villagers that their village will soon be flooded.

From this story it follows that a person can control nature as he pleases. In an attempt to improve life, people build various power plants. But they don’t think about the fact that this small village stood in this place for many years and it is dear to humanity as a memory. And because of buildings, people destroy their memory and value.

It seems to me that for a long time man perceived nature as a storehouse from which one could draw endlessly. Because of this, unfortunately, environmental disasters have begun to occur more and more often. An example of this is the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant that occurred on April 26, 1986. The destruction was explosive, the reactor was completely destroyed, and a large amount of radioactive substances was released into the environment.

Thus, we can say that the human impact on nature in most cases is deplorable. But, fortunately, modern society has begun to realize the importance of caring for nature. Environmental problems that arise under human influence on nature, and which writers so want to convey in their works, force people to think about the well-being of nature. After all, nature is a home for every inhabitant of the planet and, I am sure, for literature - this is the main value that great masters of words are called to preserve. 426 words

Nature: trees, flowers, river, mountains, birds. This is everything that surrounds a person every day. Familiar and even boring... What is there to admire? What to be excited about? This is what a person thinks, who from childhood was not taught to notice the beauty of a drop of dew on the petals of a rose, to admire the beauty of a newly blossoming white-trunked birch tree, or to listen to the conversation of the waves rolling onto the shore on a quiet evening. And who should teach? Probably a father or mother, a grandmother or grandfather, someone who himself has always “been captivated by this beauty.”

The writer V. Krupin has a wonderful story with the intriguing title “Drop the Bag.” It’s about how a father taught his daughter, “blind” to the beauty of nature, to notice the beautiful. One day after the rain, when they were loading a barge with potatoes, my father suddenly said: “Varya, look how beautiful it is.” And my daughter has a heavy bag on her shoulders: how do you look? The father's phrase in the title of the story seems to me to be a kind of metaphor. After Varya throws off the “bag of blindness,” a beautiful picture of the sky after the rain will open before her. A huge rainbow, and above it, as if under an arc, the sun! My father also found figurative words to describe this picture, comparing the sun to a horse harnessed to a rainbow! At that moment, the girl, having recognized beauty, “as if she had washed herself,” she “began to breathe easier.” From then on, Varya began to notice the beauty in nature and taught her children and grandchildren, just as she had once adopted this skill from her father.

And the hero of V. Shukshin’s story “The Old Man, the Sun and the Girl,” an old village grandfather, teaches a young urban artist to notice the beauty in nature. It is thanks to the old man that she notices that the sun that evening was unusually large, and the river water in its setting rays looked like blood. The mountains are also magnificent! In the rays of the setting sun they seemed to move closer to people. The old man and the girl admire how between the river and the mountains “the dusk was quietly fading,” and a soft shadow was approaching from the mountains. What a surprise the artist will be when she learns that a blind man was discovering beauty before her! How one must love one’s native land, how often one must come to this shore so that, having already gone blind, one can see all this! And not just to see, but to reveal this beauty to people...

We can conclude that we are taught to notice the beauty in nature by people endowed with a special flair and a special love for their native land. They themselves will notice and tell us that we only have to look closely at any plant, even at the simplest stone, and you will understand how majestic and wise the world around us is, how unique, diverse and beautiful it is.

(376 words)

"The relationship between man and nature"

What role does nature play in human life? People have been thinking about this for centuries. This problem became especially relevant in the 20th century.Icentury, which resulted in global environmental problems. But I think that humanity would not have even survived to this day if writers and poets had not constantly reminded us that man and nature cannot exist separately, if they had not taught us to love nature.Nature is a large and interesting world that surrounds us.

The story “Don't Shoot White Swans” is an amazing book about the beauty of the human soul, about the ability to feel the beauty of nature, understand it, give all the best that is in man to mother nature, without demanding anything in return, only admiring and enjoying the wonderful appearance of nature .This work depicts different people: thrifty owners of nature, and those who treat it as consumers, committing terrible acts: burning an anthill, exterminating swans. This is the “gratitude” of tourists for their vacation and enjoyment of beauty. Fortunately, there are people like Yegor Polushkin, who strove to preserve and preserve the natural world and taught his son Kolka this. He seemed strange to people, those around him did not understand him, they often scolded him, and even beat him from his fellow covens for Yegor’s excessive, in their opinion, honesty and decency. But he was not offended by anyone and responded to all occasions in life with a good-natured remark: “It must be so, since it is not that way.” But we become scared, because people like the Buryanovs are not uncommon in our lives. Striving for profit and enrichment, Fyodor becomes hardened in soul, becomes indifferent to work, nature, and people. ANDB. Vasiliev warns: indifferent people are dangerous, they are cruel. Destroying nature, forests, destroying tons of fish, killing the most beautiful swan birds, Buryanov is not far from raising his hand against a person. Which is what he did at the end of the story. There was no place in Buryanov’s soul for goodness, love for people, for nature. Spiritual and emotional underdevelopment is one of the reasons for the barbaric attitude towards nature. A person who destroys nature first of all destroys himself and cripples the lives of his loved ones.

Thus, in Russian literature, nature and man are closely interconnected. Writers show that they are part of one whole, live by the same laws, and mutually influence each other. The narcissistic delusions of a person who imagines himself to be the master of nature lead to a real tragedy - the death of all living things and people, first of all. And only attention, care and respect for the laws of nature and the Universe can lead to the harmonious existence of man on this Earth.

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Poetics of nature in the works of I.S. Turgenev

In the last decade, ecology has experienced an unprecedented flourishing, becoming an increasingly important science, closely interacting with biology, natural history, and geography. Now the word “ecology” is found in all media. And for decades, the problems of interaction between nature and human society have concerned not only scientists, but also writers.

The unique beauty of our native nature has always encouraged us to take up the pen. How many writers have sung this beauty in poetry and prose!

In their works they not only admire, but also make people think and warn about what an unreasonable consumer attitude towards nature can lead to.

The heritage of literature of the 19th century is great. The works of the classics reflect the characteristic features of the interaction between nature and man inherent in the past era. It is difficult to imagine the poetry of Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasov, the novels and stories of Turgenev, Gogol, Tolstoy, Chekhov without describing pictures of Russian nature. The works of these and other authors reveal the diversity of the nature of their native land and help to find in it the beautiful sides of the human soul.

Realism, established in literature as a way of depicting reality, largely determined the methods of creating a landscape and the principles of introducing the image of nature in the text of a work. Turgenev introduces into his works descriptions of nature that are varied in content and structure: these are general characteristics of nature, types of areas, and landscapes themselves. The author's attention to the description of nature as an arena and object of labor is becoming ever more intense. In addition to detailed, generalized paintings, Turgenev also resorts to so-called landscape touches, brief mentions of nature, forcing the reader to mentally complete the description intended by the author. By creating landscapes, the artist depicts nature in all the complexity of the processes occurring in it, and in its diverse connections with man. Turgenev describes the characteristic landscapes of Russia; his landscapes are extremely realistic and materialistic. It is also noteworthy that for the Russian classic it was important to imbue natural descriptions with vivid emotions, as a result of which they acquired a lyrical coloring and a subjective character.

When creating the landscape, I.S. Turgenev was guided by his own philosophical views on nature and man’s relationship to it.

In the monograph “Nature and Man in Russian Literature of the 19th Century” V.A. Nikolsky rightly notes: “... Turgenev declares... the independence of nature from human history, the non-social nature of nature and its forces. Nature is eternal and unchanging. It is opposed by man, also considered outside the specific historical conditions of his existence. An antinomy arises: man and nature, which requires its resolution. They connect with it the questions that tormented them: about the infinite and the finite, about free will and necessity, about the general and the particular, about happiness and duty, about the harmonious and disharmonious; questions inevitable for everyone who was looking for ways to get closer to the people” Nikolsky V.A. Nature and man in Russian literature of the 19th century. - M. 1973, - P. 98..

The creative individuality of the writer and the peculiarities of his poetic worldview are reflected with particular force in the depiction of nature.

The embodiment of nature in the creative heritage of I.S. Turgenev acts as a harmonious, independent and dominant force influencing a person. At the same time, the writer’s orientation towards the Pushkin and Gogol traditions is felt. Turgenev conveys through landscape sketches his love for nature and his desire to enter its world. In addition, many of the writer’s works are filled with emotional expression of landscape descriptions.

The landscape in Turgenev's works is not only a backdrop for the development of action, but one of the main means of characterizing the characters. The philosophy of nature most fully reveals the features of the author’s worldview and artistic system. Turgenev perceives nature as “indifferent”, “imperious”, “selfish”, “suppressive” Turgenev I.S. Full collection op. and letters. Letters, vol. 1, 1961, - p. 481.. Turgenev’s nature is simple, open in its reality and naturalness and infinitely complex in the manifestation of mysterious, spontaneous, often hostile to man forces. However, in happy moments, for a person it is a source of joy, vigor, height of spirit and consciousness.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev in his work expressed his attitude towards nature as the soul of Russia. Man and the natural world appear in unity in the writer’s works, regardless of whether steppes, animals, forests or rivers are depicted.

Turgenev notes the subtlest poeticization of nature, which is expressed in his view of it as an artist. Turgenev is a master of halftones, dynamic, soulful lyrical landscape. The main tonality of Turgenev's landscape, as in works of painting, is usually created by lighting. The writer captures the life of nature in the alternation of light and shadow and in this movement notes the similarity with the changeability of the mood of the heroes. The function of landscape in Turgenev’s novels is multi-valued; it often acquires a generalized, symbolic sound and characterizes not only the hero’s transition from one state of mind to another, but also turning points in the development of the action (for example, the scene at Avdyukhin’s pond in “Rudin”, the thunderstorm in “On the Eve of " and etc.). This tradition was continued by L. Tolstoy, Korolenko, and Chekhov.

Turgenev's landscape is dynamic, it is correlated with the subjective states of the author and his hero. It is almost always refracted in their mood.

Nature in Turgenev's works is always poeticized. It is colored with a feeling of deep lyricism. Ivan Sergeevich inherited this trait from Pushkin, this amazing ability to extract poetry from any prosaic phenomenon and fact; everything that at first glance may seem gray and banal, under Turgenev’s pen acquires a lyrical coloring and picturesqueness.

In the works of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev himself, nature is the soul of Russia. In the works of this writer, the unity of man and the natural world can be traced, be it an animal, a forest, a river or a steppe. This is well shown in the stories that make up the famous “Notes of a Hunter.”

In the story “Bezhin Meadow,” the lost hunter not only experiences fear along with the dog, but also feels guilty before the tired animal. The Turgenev hunter is very sensitive to manifestations of mutual kinship and communication between man and animal.

The story "Bezhin Meadow" is dedicated to Russian nature. At the beginning of the story, the features of changes in nature during one July day are depicted. Then we see the onset of evening, the sunset. Tired hunters and the dog lose their way and feel lost. The life of nocturnal nature is mysterious, before which man is not omnipotent. But Turgenev’s night is not only eerie and mysterious, it is also beautiful with its “dark and clear sky”, which “solemnly and high” stands above people. Turgenev’s night spiritually liberates a person, disturbs his imagination with the endless mysteries of the universe: “I looked around: the night stood solemnly and regal... Countless golden stars seemed to flow quietly, all twinkling in competition, in the direction of the Milky Way, and, rightly, looking at them, you seemed to vaguely feel the rapid, non-stop running of the earth..."

Night nature suggests beautiful, fantastic stories from legends to children around the fire, offers one riddle after another and itself tells their possible solution. The story about the mermaid is preceded by the rustling of reeds and mysterious splashes on the river, the flight of a falling star (according to peasant beliefs of the human soul). The mermaid’s laughter and crying are responded to in Turgenev’s story by the nocturnal nature: “Everyone fell silent. Suddenly, somewhere in the distance, a drawn-out, ringing, almost groaning sound was heard... It seemed as if someone had shouted for a long, long time under the very horizon, someone... then the other one seemed to respond to him in the forest with a thin, sharp laugh, and a weak, hissing whistle rushed along the river.”

Explaining the mysterious phenomena of nature, peasant children cannot get rid of the impressions of the world around them. From mythical creatures, mermaids, brownies, at the beginning of the story, the children’s imagination switches to the fate of people, to the drowned boy Vasya, the unfortunate Akulina, etc.... Nature disturbs human thought with its riddles, makes one feel the relativity of any discoveries, solutions to its secrets. She humbles a person’s strength, demanding recognition of her superiority.

This is how Turgenev’s philosophy of nature is formed in “Notes of a Hunter.” Following short-term fears, the summer night brings people peaceful sleep and peace. Omnipotent in relation to man, night itself is only a moment. “A fresh stream ran across my face. I opened my eyes: the morning was beginning...”

Ramazanova Asel, 7th grade, “No. 4 mixed comprehensive secondary school”, Republic of Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan region, Ayaguz city. Head: Turmukhametova Karlyga Serikkazievna, teacher of Russian language and literature, “No. 4 mixed secondary school”, Republic of Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan region, Ayaguz city.

“The Theme of Nature in the Works of Russian Writers”

One of the most important themes in the work of Russian poets is the theme of nature, which is closely related to the theme of the Motherland. “Love for one’s native nature is one of the most important signs of love for one’s country...” These are the words of the writer K. G. Paustovsky, an unsurpassed master of describing the Russian landscape, a writer whose heart was filled with tenderness and love for his native nature.

Who can disagree with him? You cannot love your Motherland if you do not live in one soul with the life of your beloved birch tree. You cannot love the whole world if you do not have a homeland. It is these ideas that are discussed in the poems of such great poets as A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, A. A. Fet, F. I. Tyutchev and many others.

As a true artist, Pushkin did not choose special “poetic subjects”; his source of inspiration was life in all its manifestations. As a Russian person, Pushkin could not help but be concerned about everything connected with the Motherland. He loved and understood his native nature. The poet found a special charm in each season, but most of all he loved autumn and devoted many lines to it. In the poem “Autumn” the poet wrote:

It's a sad time! Ouch charm!

Your farewell beauty is pleasant to me -

I love the lush decay of nature,

Forests dressed in scarlet and gold...

The poet’s landscape is not an insensitive image, it is active, has its own symbolic meaning, its own meaning. In the poem “On the Hills of Georgia...” sadness comes through not only in the landscape, but also in the poet’s mood. He writes: “On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night...”. These lines convey a romantic dream of a magical land. Pushkin depicts a world of strong passions and feelings.

Speaking about another great Russian poet, M. Yu. Lermontov, we should note that in the images of nature the poet sought and found, first of all, correspondence to his spiritual experiences. Infinitely loving the Russian people, his Motherland, the author subtly felt the uniqueness of his native land. Nature in his poetry is a free romantic element. It is here that for the poet lies the harmony and beauty of the surrounding world, the highest measure of justice and happiness.

So, for example, in the poem “Motherland” Lermontov reflects on his “strange love” for Russia, for nature. It lies in the love of fields, forests, simple landscapes, and the pair of “whitening birches.” The poem “When the yellowing field is agitated...” shows that the native expanses and nature seem to heal the poet, he feels his unity with God:

Then the anxiety of my soul is humbled,

Then the wrinkles on the forehead disperse,

And I can comprehend happiness on earth,

And in the sky I see God.

The poem “Morning in the Caucasus” occupies a special place in this topic. The poet lovingly describes the stars, the moon, the clouds; The fog curls around the forested mountains like a “wild veil”:

Here on the rock is a newborn ray

Suddenly burst into flames, cutting through the clouds,

And pink along the river and tents

The shine has spread and shines here and there.

We feel what a deep feeling, what sincere tenderness and love the “chains of blue mountains”, “peaks” evoke in the poet. They, like all Russian nature, were for Lermontov the embodiment of his Motherland. If you see all this at least once, it is impossible to forget these lands, the poet is sure. “Like the sweet song of the fatherland,” he fell in love with the Caucasus.

Poets of the second half of the 19th century also often turned to images of nature. The poet and philosopher A. A. Fet is also known as the “singer of nature.” Indeed, nature in his poems is subtly captured; the poet notices the slightest changes in its condition:

Night light, night shadows,

Endless shadows

A series of magical changes

Sweet face

There are purple roses in the smoky clouds,

The reflection of amber

And kisses and tears,

And dawn, dawn!..

(“Whisper, timid breathing…”, 1850)

The poet in his work plays on every string of the soul, making them sound like beautiful music. Changes in the “sweet face” and changes in nature - such parallelism is typical of Fetov’s poems.

In Fet's poetry, nature is depicted in detail; in this sense, the poet can be called an innovator. Before Fet, generalization reigned in Russian poetry addressed to nature, but for Fet the specific detail is important above all. In his poems we meet not only traditional birds with the usual poetic aura - such as the nightingale, swan, lark, eagle - but also such simple and unpoetic ones as the owl, harrier, lapwing, and swift. For example:

And I hear: in a dewy setting

It is significant that we are dealing with an author who distinguishes birds by their voice and, moreover, notices where this bird is located. This, of course, is not just a consequence of a good knowledge of nature, but the poet’s love for it, long-standing and thorough.

Summarizing what has been said, we turn to the famous poem by F. I. Tyutchev “Nature is not what you think...”. It represents an angry appeal to those who do not understand the divine essence of nature and do not hear its language. Tyutchev considered rejection of nature as a special world with its own laws a sign of moral squalor and even ugliness. It is no coincidence that images of nature occupied such an important place in the poet’s lyrics (“There is in the original autumn...”, “As the ocean embraces the globe...”, “Spring morning”).

So, true poems about the Motherland, about the nature of the native country, always evoke a feeling of pride. They are always modern, as they are illuminated by the unfading light of true humanity, great love for it, for all life on Earth. We can say that some of the most beautiful poems are those that touch on a topic that worries us, and, in addition, landscape is an integral part of all lyrical works of Russian poets.

Nature has always occupied a special place in literature.
Writers of the 20th century did not ignore this topic. But if earlier nature was glorified and admired, then in the works of contemporary writers there is a clear call to save what we are losing.
The 20th century with its moral and environmental problems was reflected in the works of Chingiz Aitmatov, Valentin Rasputin, Viktor Astafiev and many other writers.

The work of V. Rasputin is closely connected with the theme of nature.
The writer, who grew up in Siberia, gave his heart to this region. The majestic Siberian expanses, the extraordinary world of Baikal nature, and taiga forests bind people forever.

And the writer’s soul cannot help but ache, seeing how nature is destroyed, how imperiously and thoughtlessly man disposes of it, without thinking about the future of his children.

Such an invasion of nature is destructive, and first of all, for man himself. Entire villages are dying out.

And this is a tragedy for those who are connected by blood ties to their native land. Grandma Daria from the story "Farewell to Matera" selflessly protects the village, which is subject to flooding.

Her ancestors lived here, she was born here and lived a difficult life.
But now her native land will be flooded. A new village has been built with new houses and new life. But this will never be the same native, bloody land. Life was given to this land.

For Daria and other old people this is a tragedy. Like a tree without soil, so the soul of a person without a native land withers. By barbarously destroying nature, we destroy our soul. A person who destroys his roots commits a crime not only against nature, he is responsible to people, to his future.

Another Siberian writer Viktor Astafiev touches on the theme of nature and man in his works.

In the novel "The Fish King" man also goes against nature. This problem is particularly vividly and acutely addressed in one of the main chapters. Man and nature are one whole. And this connection cannot be destroyed.
But how often in our lives, because of greed, a person is lost in a person.
Fisherman Ignatyich caught a huge sturgeon - the “king fish,” as the people called it. Blinded by greed, he does not want to let go of the fish, but he cannot cope with it either. As a result, man and fish, hunter and prey die together. Ignatyich remembers his whole life, all his sins and accepts what is happening as a “deserved punishment.” How often in modern literature man is shown as a soulless creature, a real barbarian. This is the main idea of ​​Chingiz Aitmatov’s novel “The Scaffold”.

This novel cannot leave anyone indifferent; it touches a nerve.
Our century with its vices is truly reflected in “The Scaffold.”
Man goes against nature, forgetting that he himself is part of it.
By destroying nature, he thereby dooms himself to death, to the chopping block. On the first pages of the novel we meet a couple of wolves - the blue-eyed she-wolf Akbara and the strong, beautiful wolf Tashchainara. Their life passed in an “endless chase through the endless expanses of Moyunkum. Aitmatov reveals to his readers the life of the great savannah. Everything goes on as usual, everything is subject to the laws of nature.

Everything in nature is interconnected: “the persecuted and the persecuting are one thing of cruel existence.”

Everything has its own harmony, which is destroyed by man.
Man invades nature, violating eternal laws.
The scene of the extermination of saigas is shown very vividly and with all cruelty. For the sake of his own profit, for the sake of fulfilling the meat delivery plan, a person shoots herds of animals. Compared to all the atrocities committed by humans, wolves look much more humane and generous than people themselves.

There is more humanity in Tashchainar and Akbar. Wolves, saving themselves and their cubs, are forced to leave their native places, but there is no salvation for them anywhere. All wolf cubs die at the hands of humans. Man in “The Scaffold” is presented in all his baseness and lack of spirituality.

One of the main characters of the novel, Avdiy, a former seminarian, is trying to fight for human souls.

Driven by a sincere desire to preach eternal values ​​and save lost souls, Avdiy finds himself in the world of drug addicts and alcoholics.
But his words, stories about God, and desperate calls to repentance have no effect.

And Avdiy Kalistratov dies at the hands of those whom he wanted to save. The end of the novel is tragic: both people and wolves die. To each his own chopping block.
Aitmatov makes it clear that man is not the king of nature, but an integral part of it.
The problems raised by the writers concern each of us.
Their works make it clear that it is time for a person to stop and come to his senses.
What do we lose by cutting down forests, polluting rivers and air, and exterminating animals?
Nature is asking for help, and only we can stop the catastrophe.

At all times, the image of nature has been a relevant theme for the image. And it doesn’t matter whether it’s painting, literature, or music. In art, nature is endowed with human qualities, it is alive, it has its own feelings and character. She is also interpreted as the initial manifestation of all life on earth, which is why she appears to us only as a pure and innocent soul. But sometimes you can find indignant nature, which takes revenge on people for their atrocities and bullying of it.

Quite often I come across images of nature in literature. After all, it almost always acts as the basis on which the events described take place. Thanks to her, we feel the mood and dynamics of the development of the depicted. It helps to develop and confirm the characters of the characters portrayed and shape their worldview.

One of the main monuments of ancient Russian literature - “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” - contains episodes where the unity of man and the surrounding world is clearly shown. Nature plays an important role in human life and acts as a messenger of inevitable events. She tries to warn Igor about the upcoming danger: a bloody sunset, an ominous thunderstorm, strange behavior of animals. But we are not used to listening to her speech.
And in what lyrical way does nature appear in poetry? It is full of bright and interesting characteristics. She awakens the world, gives hope for a good future, gives us her light and warmth.

Many writers depict nature in their works. They urge people to preserve and take good care of it. After all, society must understand that today an environmental danger looms over us. Only we have the power to change everything.

"STEPS INTO THE WORLD OF NATURE" « Native nature in the works of Russian writers"

MKOU "Ochkurovskaya Secondary School"

• The nature of our Motherland is rich and diverse. There are many dense forests, wide steppes and deep rivers. Man considers himself the master of the planet. But does he treat her wisely?
• Since ancient times, man and nature have been closely interconnected. Man is part of nature. But plants and animals are also parts of nature. Nature is our common home. In Greek, “house” is “ekos”, and science is “logos”. The science of nature is called “ecology”.
• Today our natural home is in great danger.

“Native nature in the works of Russian writers” (for young and middle-aged children)

• We love the forest at any time of the year, We hear the rivers speaking slowly... All this is called nature. Let's always take care of her!

Mikhail Plyatskovsky

Vitaly Bianki Forest newspaper. Fairy tales and stories

All forest fairy tales, stories and stories by Vitaly Bianki are based on his own scientific observations of the life of the forest and its inhabitants. It is impossible not to fall in love with the cute shaggy and feathered heroes of Vitaly Bianchi when he talks about their habits, agility, cunning, ability to escape and hide. With excitement we follow the adventures of the little traveler Peak from the story “Mouse Peak”, we get to know the poor ant, who at all costs needs to get home before sunset.

Mamin-Sibiryak D.N. Gray neck. Fairy tales and stories

• It is impossible not to love the heroes of Mamin-Sibiryak’s stories: they are good-natured, hardworking, and responsive to the suffering of others. The reader of the works of D.N. Mamin - Sibiryak is presented with a picture of the majestic Ural nature, with its dense forests, winding rivers, quiet lakes and countless animals, birds, fish; the great human soul of a simple worker, an ordinary Russian person is revealed, who managed to make animals his friends and helpers with care and love.

Konstantin Paustovsky Hare's feet. Stories and fairy tales

• The imagery and magic of the Russian language are subtly connected with nature, with the muttering of springs, a flock of cranes, with fading sunsets; the distant song of girls in the meadows and the smoke of a fire wafting from afar.
• He truly has an extraordinary gift to convey the sounds, colors and smells of nature, to paint a mysterious and captivating world.

Mikhail Prishvin Pantry of the sun. Stories about nature

• Mikhail Prishvin is a hunter and traveler. He left a huge wealth in the form of short stories describing his native nature in prose in all its manifestations. Short stories about nature, small descriptions of those observations, those sensations and feelings from walks that plants, trees and small inhabitants of the forest left in his heart.

Georgy Skrebitsky Forest echo. Unknown paths

• From the book “Unknown Paths,” young readers will learn how interesting the life of any, even the most ordinary, animals is, and teaches them to understand and love our fabulously rich native nature.
• The book “Forest Echo” includes stories about the first steps of the future naturalist, and conveys the idea of ​​how important it is to take care of natural resources from an early age.

Vera Chaplina "My Pets"

• The book “My Pets” tells about the habits of animals and the friendship between man and beast. The stories are full of comic situations that sometimes happen to us when we get to know “charming” animals more closely. What the animals do can easily infuriate even a very calm person, and Vera Chaplin talks about this wittily, but without ridicule. The book tells about the touching friendship of children with domestic and tamed wild animals .

Evgeny Charushin

He conveyed the childish delight that Charushin experienced in front of nature throughout his life in his stories. The works help to instill in children a sense of compassion, love for nature and responsibility in relations with the outside world.

From the first years of life, Evgeny Charushin's stories accompany children on a wonderful journey to a country called Nature.

Olga Vasilievna Perovskaya Guys and animals

• Olga Vasilievna Perovskaya - author of several books for children Her best work, “Guys and Animals,” had a great influence on the development of children's literature. The book includes stories about children's friendship with animals; it calmly and smoothly tells about ordinary at first glance, but so important moments for children in their lives. . The writer's stories are distinguished by sincerity and lightness.

Nikolay Sladkov Forest Tales

Cute and touching stories about forest animals with wonderful, colorful illustrations. Together with the heroes of this book, funny and kind little animals, the child will go on a wonderful journey through the magical world of fairy tales. Do you want to find yourself in a real forest instead of a stuffy city apartment? All you have to do is walk to the bookshelf, take your favorite book, sit down in a cozy corner and... you're already there. You will discover a lot of interesting things in the forest!

Dear Guys!

• There is hardly a person today who would have to prove that nature must be protected. Fighting for the preservation of the animal world and nature in general, we unconsciously or consciously defend the best that is in us. We need to remember how much joy the world around us gives us. It is necessary to protect nature not because it is “our wealth,” but because man cannot exist without the natural environment, but nature can exist without man.

Protect the environment!

Bibliography:

• Kaleidoscope of anniversary dates: Collection of scripts for holding public events in school and children's libraries: Issue 2.-M.: School Library, 2006.-256p.
• Let's keep the planet blue and green: Issue 5. - Volgograd Regional Universal Scientific Library named after M. Gorky, 1998.
• Library lessons. Issue 2. Teaching schoolchildren the basics of library science. Grades 1-11 / M.: Globus, Volgograd: Panorama, 2007.
• Tubelskaya G.N. Children's writers of Russia. One hundred and thirty names: Bibliographer. reference book.- RSBA, 2007.-492 p., ill.

Music for happiness - gentle guitar

The first chord is light, a breath of wind, your fingers barely touch the strings. A vanishingly quiet sound, E minor, simpler and there is nothing...
The first snowflake is light, translucent, carried by an almost imperceptible wind. She is the harbinger of snowfall, a scout who was the first to descend to the ground...

The second chord – the fingers of the left hand are deftly rearranged, the right one confidently and softly leads along the strings. Down, down, up - simple and gives the simplest sound. It's not a blizzard or a storm - just snowfall. There can be nothing complicated about it. Snowflakes begin to fly more often - the vanguard of the main forces, sparkling ice stars.

Then the chords replace each other more viscously and tenderly, so that the ear almost does not notice the transition from one sound to another. A transition that always sounds harsh. Instead of a fight, it’s too much. Eight. The intro is played and even if it’s not an instrumental that sounds triumphant and joyful during a summer downpour or viscous and bewitching in a snowstorm, even if it’s just chords put together, the music surprisingly suits the snow outside the window, the white butterflies of winter, the icy tiny stars that are all dancing, dancing their dance in the night sky...

Singing is woven into the music - quiet, the words are indistinguishable, elude perception, mixed with the snowfall and the measured, natural beating of the heart. A clear rhythm and calm strength resound in them. The song has no end, it just softly intertwines with the dance of snowflakes and goes away imperceptibly, leaving the sky and snow alone...
Cold and darkness conceal sounds and movements, reconciling the city with winter...

And the Lord of Snowfall, having played his part on one of the roofs, gently puts his guitar, which has power over the elements, into its case. There is snow on his shoulders and hair, red cheerful sparks flash and go out - snowflakes reflect the light of distant lights. There is light in the windows of the house opposite. There are people there who don’t know how to weave the lace of the elements...

The staircase is an ordinary staircase of a nine-story building. Doors, an elevator always occupied by someone, the dim light of a light bulb on the landing... The Lord of Snowfall walks, holding his guitar, quietly and slowly walking up the steps. From the ninth floor to the first, carefully so as not to disturb the warm feeling of relaxed, trusting happiness that comes every time after completing the game...
And the usual angry question from the mother who opened the door:
– When will you stop playing your games and finally start thinking?
It hits the open soul like a knife. The soft snow wings given by the fulfillment of the present break and only misunderstanding and resentment remain.
Why does she hit where it hurts the most? For what?..

At night, a wild wind mixed with snow blew through the city. Broke tree branches, tore wires, swept roads...
It was the Lord of Snowfall's guitar singing again.