Grammar

In this lesson we will get acquainted with the genitive case of articles, with the genitive and vocative case of masculine nouns in -ος, -ης, -ας, feminine in -α, -η, neuter in -o, -ι, -μα, and also with some adjectives.

Genitive

Genitive case of articles

Genitive singular of masculine nouns in -ος, -ης, -ας, feminine in -α, -η, neuter in -o, -ι, -μα

Masculine		Feminine		Neuter gender
on -ος	του δασκάλ ου	on -α	της γυναίκ ας	on -o	του σχολεί ου
on -ης	του φοιτητ ή	on -η	της βιβλιοθήκ ης	on -ι	του παιδ ιού
on -ας	του άντρ α			on -μα	του γράμ ματος

Genitive plural of masculine nouns in -ος, -ης, -ας, feminine in -α, -η, neuter in -o, -ι, -μα

Masculine		Feminine		Neuter gender
on -ος	των δασκάλ ων	on -α	των γυναικ ών	on -o	των σχολεί ων
on -ης	των φοιτητ ών	on -η	των βιβλιοθηκ ών	on -ι	των παιδ ιών
on -ας	των αντρ ών			on -μα	των γραμ μάτων

As can be seen from the tables, in the genitive plural the form of the definite article and the ending of nouns coincides in all genders. Pay attention to the emphasis:

1. For masculine nouns, -ος with the stress on the third syllable from the end in the genitive case singular and plural, the stress moves to the second syllable from the end: o δ ά σκαλος - του δασκ ά λου - των δασκ ά λων . Usually proper names, polysyllabic words and neologisms retain the emphasis: o Θ ό δωρος - του Θ ό δωρου, oh αντ ί λαλος - του αντ ί λαλου - των αντ ί λαλων - echo, ο αν ή φορος - του αν ή φορου - των αν ή φορων - climb.

2. For two-syllable words, -ας and all the words on -ίας in the genitive plural the stress goes to the last syllable o ά ντρας - των αντρ ώ ν, o ταμ ί ας - των ταμι ώ ν - cashier

3. For masculine nouns, -ης o πολ ί της - των πολιτ ώ ν - citizen.

4. For feminine nouns -α in the genitive plural the stress goes to the last syllable: η γυν αί κα - των γυναικ ώ ν . Nouns retain their stress on -ίδα And -άδα (η σελ ί δα - των σελ ί δων - page, η ομ ά δα - των ομ ά δων - group), as well as words η μητ έ ρα - των μητ έ ρων, η δασκ ά λα - των δασκ ά λων, η εικ ό να - των εικ ό νων - picture, icon.

5. For feminine nouns -η with the stress on the second syllable from the end in the genitive plural, the stress moves to the last syllable: η τ έ χνη - των τεχν ώ ν - art.

6. From neuter nouns to -o with the stress on the third syllable from the end, for some in the genitive case singular and plural the stress moves to the second syllable from the end: το πρ ό σωπο - του προσ ώ που - των προσ ώ πων - face, το ά λογο - του αλ ό γου - των αλ ό γων - horse, το έ πιπλο - του επ ί πλου - των επ ί πλων - furniture, το θ έ ατρο - του θε ά τρου - των θε ά τρων - theater; and for others it remains: το σ ί δερο - του σ ί δερου - των σ ί δερων - iron, το δ ά χτυλο - του δ ά χτυλου - των δ ά χτυλων - finger, το σ ύ ννεφο - του σ ύ ννεφου - των σ ύ ννεφων - cloud, το τριαντ ά φυλλο - του τριαντ ά φυλλου - των τριαντ ά φυλλων - rose.

7. All nouns have neuter gender -ι in the genitive case singular and plural the stress is on the last syllable: το σπ ί τι - του σπιτ ιού - των σπιτ ιώ ν - house.

8. All nouns have neuter gender -μα in the genitive plural the stress moves to the second syllable from the end: το γρ ά μμα - των γραμμ ά των - letter.

In what cases is the genitive case used?

First, to show ownership (answer to the question “whose?”): το σπίτι του πατέρα μου - my father's house, η τσάντα της μητέρας μου - my mother's bag.

Secondly, to denote an indirect object (the answer to the question “to whom?” “to what?”). In modern Greek there is no dative case, so its functions are distributed between the genitive and accusative cases.

Thus, there are two ways to indicate an indirect object: genitive - λέω του παιδιού ένα παραμύθι δίνω της δασκάλας την κιμωλία - I give the teacher chalk; accusative case with preposition σε - λέω στο παιδί ένα παραμύθι - I tell the child a fairy tale, δίνω στην δασκάλα την κιμωλία - I give the teacher chalk. As far as nouns are concerned, the second way of marking the indirect object (accusative case with the preposition σε) is more common. With personal pronouns the situation is different, but we will talk about this later.

Vocative case

The vocative case is used when you address someone (or something!). Once upon a time there was a vocative case in the Russian language. Its relics are still preserved in some words, for example: Father, God!

In Greek, the vocative case never uses an article! In the form of feminine and neuter nouns, the vocative case of the singular coincides with the nominative case of the singular: Η Μαρία - Μαρία, τo κορίτσι - κορίτσι , and the vocative plural coincides with the nominative plural: οι κυρίες - κυρίες, τα κορίτσια - κορίτσια . For masculine nouns, the vocative plural coincides with the nominative plural: οι κύριοι - κύριοι . Thus, the main attention should be paid to the singular vocative case of masculine nouns. Nouns have -ης And -ας in the vocative case the singular is dropped ς : O πατέρας - πατέρα, about Γιάννης - Γιάννη . In common nouns -ος and proper names on -ος , consisting of more than two syllables, ending -ος changes to ending -ε : o φίλος - φίλε, o Θόδωρος - Θόδωρε . In proper names -ος , consisting of two syllables, in the vocative case the singular is discarded ς : about Νίκος - Νίκο .

Thus, we have become acquainted with all cases of masculine nouns in -ος, -ης, -ας, feminine in -α, -η, neuter in -o, -ι, -μα and now we will present their declension in summary tables.

Tables of case endings

Declension of masculine nouns into -ος

Declension of masculine nouns into -ης

Declension of masculine nouns into -ας

Declension of feminine nouns into -α

Declension of feminine nouns into -η

Declension of neuter nouns starting with -o

Declension of neuter nouns into -ι

Declension of neuter nouns into -μα

Adjectives on -ος, -η, -о / -ος, -α, -о / -ας, -ια, -о

Adjectives in Greek vary according to gender, number and case. Most adjectives whose masculine gender ends in -oς, has a feminine ending -η , and on average -o :
μεγάλ ος - μεγάλ η - μεγάλ ο - big - big - big,
μικρ ός - μικρ ή - μικρ ό - small - small - small,
καλ ός - καλ ή - καλ ό - good - good - good.

But some adjectives have a feminine ending -α :
γκρίζ ος - γκρίζ α - γκρίζ ο - gray - gray - gray,
μοντέρν ος - μοντέρν α - μοντέρν ο - modern - modern - modern,
σκούρ ος - σκούρ α - σκούρ ο - dark - dark - dark,
κρύ ος - κρύ α - κρύ ο - cold - cold - cold,
νε ός - νέ α - νέ ο - new, young - new, young - new, young,
ωραί ος - ωραί α - ωραί ο - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful,
όρθι ος - όρθ ια - όρθ ιο - straight - straight - straight,
παλι ός - παλ ιά - παλ ιό - old - old - old,
πλούσι ος - πλούσ ια - πλούσ ιο - rich - rich - rich.

And some have a feminine ending -ιά :
γλυκ ός - γλυκ ιά - γλυκ ό - sweet, pleasant - sweet, pleasant - sweet, pleasant,
ελαφρ ός - ελαφρ ιά - ελαφρ ό - light - light - light.

Some adjectives whose masculine gender ends in -ής , in the feminine gender they have the ending -ιά , and on average -ί .

Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number and case. Usually the adjective is placed before the noun, in which case the article is placed before the adjective: o κάλος φίλος - good friend, μια μικρή τσάντα - a small bag, το μεγάλο σπίτι - a big house.

Possessive pronouns can come after a noun ( o καλός φίλος μου), and can also be between an adjective and a noun, thus joining the adjective ( o καλός μου φίλος).

Masculine adjectives are inclined to -ος, like masculine nouns to -ος, masculine adjectives to -ής in a special way, feminine adjectives to -η, like feminine nouns to -η, feminine adjectives to -α and -ια , as feminine nouns with -α, neuter adjectives -o, as neuter nouns with -o, neuter adjectives with -ί, as neuter nouns with -ι. Adjectives ροζ, γκρι, καφέ, μενεξεδί, μπλε, μπεζ do not change by gender, number and case.

The rules for transferring stress on adjectives do not apply.

Declension of adjectives into -ος, -η, -о

Case	Singular			Plural
	Husband.	Women	Avg.	Husband.	Women	Avg.
Nominative	καλ ός	καλ ή	καλ ό	καλ οί	καλ ές	καλ ά
Genitive	καλ ού	καλ ής	καλ ού	καλ ών	καλ ών	καλ ών
Accusative	καλ ό	καλ ή	καλ ό	καλ ούς	καλ ές	καλ ά
Vocative	καλ έ	καλ ή	καλ ό	καλ οί	καλ ές	καλ ά

Declension of adjectives into -ος, -α, -o

Case	Singular			Plural
	Husband.	Women	Avg.	Husband.	Women	Avg.
Nominative	νέ ος	νε ά	νέ ο	νέ οι	νέ ες	νέ α
Genitive	νέ ου	νέ ας	νέ ου	νέ ων	νέ ων	νέ ων
Accusative	νέ ο	νέ α	νέ ο	νέ ους	νέ ες	νέ α
Vocative	νέ ε	νέ α	νέ ο	νέ οι	νέ ες	νέ α

Declension of adjectives into -ος, -ιά, -о

Case	Singular			Plural
	Husband.	Women	Avg.	Husband.	Women	Avg.
Nominative	γλυκ ός	γλυκ ιά	γλυκ ό	γλυκ οί	γλυκ ιές	γλυκ ά
Genitive	γλυκ ού	γλυκ ιάς	γλυκ ού	γλυκ ών	γλυκ ιών	γλυκ ών
Accusative	γλυκ ό	γλυκ ιά	γλυκ ό	γλυκ ούς	γλυκ ιές	γλυκ ά
Vocative	γλυκ έ	γλυκ ιά	γλυκ ό	γλυκ οί	γλυκ ιές	γλυκ ά

Declension of adjectives into -ής, -ιά, -ί

Case	Singular			Plural
	Husband.	Women	Avg.	Husband.	Women	Avg.
Nominative	σταχτ ής	σταχτ ιά	σταχτ ί	σταχτ ιοί	σταχτ ιές	σταχτ ιά
Genitive	σταχτ ιού /σταχτ ή	σταχτ ιάς	σταχτ ιού	σταχτ ιών	σταχτ ιών	σταχτ ιών
Accusative	σταχτ ή	σταχτ ιά	σταχτ ί	σταχτ ιούς	σταχτ ιές	σταχτ ιά
Vocative	σταχτ ή	σταχτ ιά	σταχτ ί	σταχτ ιοί	σταχτ ιές	σταχτ ιά

Diminutive suffixes

In addition to the already familiar diminutive suffix -άκι, there are several more diminutive suffixes:

for masculine

-άκης :
Γιώργος - Γιωργάκης - Zhorochka,
Δημήτρης - Δημητράκης - Dimochka

-ούλης :
αδελφός - αδελφούλης - brother,
πατέρας - πατερούλης - daddy

-άκος :
δρόμος - δρομάκος - street,
γέροντας - γεροντάκος - old man

for feminine

-ίτσα :
Ελένη - Ελενίτσα - Helen,
κούκλα - κουκλίτσα - doll

-ούλα :
Άννα - Αννούλα - Anechka,
κόρη - κορούλα - daughter,
μητέρα - μητερούλα - mommy

The Greeks are very fond of diminutive suffixes.

Read the dialogue. The expressions below will help you.

Appearance

- Έχεις καμία φωτογραφία της κόρης σου;
- Νομίζω πως έχω. Ορίστε.
- Τι όμορφο κοριτσάκι! Κρίμα που η φωτογραφία δεν είναι έγχρωμη. Τι χρώμα είναι τα μάτια της;
- Γαλανά σαν του πατέρα της. Όλοι στην οικογένεια του άντρα μου έχουν γαλάζια μάτια.
- Τα μαλλιά της όμως είναι σκούρα.
- Ναι, είναι καστανά.
- Μοιάζουν πολύ πατέρας και κόρη;
- Στα χαρακτηριστικά του προσώπου όχι πολύ, γιατί έχει το στόμα μου και το σχήμα της μύτης μου, αλλά έχουν και οι δύο τους το ίδιο σώμα και το ίδιο περπάτημα.

Words

It is not necessary to learn the words below, they are given for reference and exercises.

Body parts

το κεφάλι - head	το στόμα - mouth
το πρόσωπο - face	το χείλος/τα χείλη - lip/lips
τα μαλλιά - hair	το ρουθούνι - nostril
το μέτωπο - forehead	το μουστάκι - mustache
το φρύδι - eyebrow	τα γένια - beard
το μάτι - eye	το πιγούνι - chin
η βλεφαρίδα - eyelash	το σώμα/το κορμί - body, figure
το αυτί - ear	ο λαιμός - neck, throat
η μύτη - nose	about ώμος- shoulder
το μάγουλο - cheek	το στήθος - breast
η καρδιά - heart	το χέρι - hand
οι πνεύμονες - lungs	το δάχτυλο - finger
το συκώτι - liver	το πόδι - leg
το στομάχι - belly	το γόνατο - knee
η πλάτη - back	η γάμπα - calf, drumstick
η μέση - waist	ο αστραγάλος - ankle

Colors

άσπρος, η, ο / λευκός, ή, ό - white
μαύρος, η, ο - black
κόκκινος, η, ο - red, red
πράσινος, η, ο - green
κίτρινος, η , ο - yellow
γαλανός, ή, ό / γαλάζιος, α, ο - blue
καστανός, ή, ό - chestnut, brown
μελαχρινός, ή, ό - dark
ρόδινος, η, о / ροζ / τριανταφυλλένιος, α, ο - pink
σκούρος, α, ο - dark
ξανθός, ιά, ό - light (blonde)
γκρίζος, α, ο / γκρί - grey
βυσσινής, ιά, ί - cherry
πορτοκαλής, ιά, ί - orange
σταχτής, ιά, ί - ashy
καφετής, ιά, ί / καφέ - coffee, brown
θαλασσής, ιά, ί - sea green
μενεξεδί - violet
μπλέ - blue
μπεζ - beige

Additional Expressions

το πρόσωπο - face:

τα χαρακτηριστικά - facial features:

αδρά - large

λεπτά - thin

τα μαλλιά - hair:

μαλακά / απαλά / σαν μετάξι - soft / like silk
σκληρά και όρθια σαν του σκαντζόχοιρου - hard and erect, like a hedgehog’s

G.A. Hololob

Course plan.

Introduction.

1. History and periodization of the ancient Greek language.
2. Learning the Greek alphabet. Pronunciation of vowels and diphthongs. Aspiration.
3. A noun and an adjective. 2nd declension (masculine/neuter). 1st declension (feminine). Declension of articles in five cases.
4. Applications of adjectives (substantive, attributive and predicative).
5. Ancient Greek verb. Conjugation of verbs ending in -ω.
6. Verb tenses: past tense (aorist, imperfect, plusquaperfect), present tense (present, perfect), future tense (futurus).
7. Three verb voices: active, passive and neuter.
8. Verb moods: indicative (indicative), imperative (imperative), subjunctive (conjunctive) and desirable (optative).
9. Conjunctions and connecting words.
10. Conditional sentences.

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Introduction

A.Z The purpose of learning the ancient Greek language.

Since the main part of the Holy Scriptures of Christians (the New Testament, as well as the Old Testament in the Septuagint version) is written in ancient Greek, when commenting on it it is very important to deal with the original, and not with translations. For example, an indication that in the original text of Lk. 2:7 instead of the word “hotel” there is the word “living room (room)”, which radically changes the interpretation of all the circumstances of the Nativity of Jesus Christ.

If the dispute is doctrinal in nature, knowledge of ancient Greek is invaluable. For example, the absence of an article in the text of John. 1:18 leads some people to conclude that Christ cannot be God. What can be the answer to this objection? Firstly, there is no article before the word “God” also in the following phrases: “The only begotten God” and “No one has ever seen God,” but is it possible to conclude from this that even the Father of Jesus Christ is not God? Indeed, in the New Testament there are 282 uses of the word “God” without an article, but this does not by itself mean that in all these cases the word “god” is used in an indefinite or qualitative sense. Secondly, the definiteness of something is not always conveyed by means of an article, but is sometimes implied by the context. Daniel Wallace writes: “For a noun to be definite, the presence of an article is not necessary. But on the contrary, a noun cannot be indefinite if there is an article next to it. Thus, it can be definite without an article, and will certainly be definite with an article” (Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of New Testament Greek, P. 243). It turns out that although an article always makes the noun related to it definite, its absence does not always make this noun indefinite.

So, it becomes obvious to us that studying ancient Greek is very important for a better understanding of the Holy Scriptures.

B. Features of the ancient Greek language.

The grammatical structure of the ancient Greek language (the Koine dialect) is distinguished by significant complexity: three main types of declension of nouns and adjectives (with different stems), eight cases, several types of verb conjugations, a highly developed system of verb tenses. The ancient Greek language is characterized by the use of a large number of pronouns, prepositions and particles. For example, prepositions in ancient Greek are combined with one, two and three cases of nouns.

The graphics of the ancient Greek language are not difficult to master, although they have their own writing features (for example, aspiration and stress marks, as well as a system of articles). The phonetic system of the ancient Greek language has two pronunciation options: according to Erasmus and Reuchlin. In our course we will focus on the Erasmus system, but for the sake of simplicity we will omit the study of the rules for transferring stress (due to technical difficulties, the notes and texts of the exercises will not contain any diactic signs, only the most important of them will be indicated by additional footnotes).

For correct translation from ancient Greek, it is important to understand not only the grammatical structure of the language, but also the peculiarities of the syntax. The same word, depending on its place in a sentence and its form, can play a different syntactic role. Therefore, it is very important to know the attributive and predicative uses of adjectives and participles. The syntax of cases, especially Genetiva, is also of great importance.

Of course, it is impossible to fully master the ancient Greek language in the scope and format of this course, but it is important to take the first step in this direction. This training course aims to introduce the student to basic information on the grammar of the ancient Greek language. With its help, you can learn to use the original text with a dictionary and electronic Bible programs that determine the forms of individual parts of speech. Further study of the ancient Greek language can be carried out independently using any of the numerous textbooks given by us in the Bibliography.

1. History and periodization of the ancient Greek language

Conditional periodization of the ancient Greek language (VIII century BC - IV century AD): archaic period (VIII-VI centuries BC), classical (V-IV centuries BC). ), “koine” (III century BC – IV century AD). It was preceded by the Cretan-Mycenaean and Sub-Mycenaean periods (XV-IX centuries BC), and followed by the Middle Greek or Byzantine (V-XV centuries) and Modern Greek (from the 16th century) periods, which were greatly influenced by Arabic language. The New Testament language is the dialect “koine” (“common”), which is a simplified version of classical Greek, developed spontaneously by Hellenized peoples.

Although no one currently speaks Ancient Greek, knowledge of it is required for all students of religious texts of Judaism and Christianity such as the Septuagint and the New Testament. Since the Septuagint is the most ancient of all other versions of the Old Testament, knowledge of the ancient Greek language provides the student with the opportunity to have access to knowledge of the entire text of the Holy Scriptures of Christians in the original.

1. Learning the Ancient Greek Alphabet

(pronunciation according to Reuchlin is given in brackets)

Special instructions:

1. A diphthong is a combination of two vowels that form one sound. In Greek, only two letters act as the second of them: ι (pronounced as “th”) and υ (pronounced as a short “u”). For example, the word οινος ("wine") is pronounced "oinos" rather than "oinos".
2. The sound “u” in Greek is represented by two vowel letters (diphthong): ου. For example, the word δουλος ("slave") is read "dulos", not "doyulos".
3. The combination of the consonant γ with the following consonants γ, κ, χ, ξ turns the first sound from “g” into “n”. For example, the word αγκυρα (“anchor”) is pronounced “ankyura”, not “agkyura”.
4. Expanded comma ( ‛ ), located above the letter, means a sign of thick aspiration, which is pronounced like the sound “x” and precedes it. For example, the word ἡμερα ("day") is pronounced "hemera", not "emera". Regular comma ( ’ ), standing above the letter, in Greek indicates a subtle aspiration, which is not pronounced in speech.

1. A noun and an adjective.

Nouns in the Greek “koine” communicate with verbs and other parts of the sentence using cases. Case is a form of a noun that indicates its relationship to the verb and to other members of the sentence. In Koine Greek many case functions are indicated by prepositions. Since the case form indicates several different types of communication, prepositions help to distinguish them more clearly. Nouns have five main cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative), and three additional cases (ablative, locative dative and instrumental dative).

1) NOMINATIVE (nominative case) is used to name objects, and usually a noun in this case performs the function of the subject in a sentence (for example, “the book is on the table”). In this case, nouns and adjectives can also be part of the predicate using linking verbs “to be” or “to become” (for example, “his wife is a good person”; “he will become a good master”).

2) GENETIVE (genitive case) is used to describe and usually indicates a feature, attribute or quality of the word to which it refers. He answers the question: “What kind? Whose?" Has a large number of applications. The main function of the genitive, used without a preposition, is to express a characteristic. In this meaning, a word in the genitive is used as a definition, which is its main syntactic function. The meaning of the attribute includes belonging, possession, relation of the object to someone or something (for example, “my father’s book”).

3) ABLATIVE has the same form as the genitive case, but is used to describe separation. It usually denotes separation in terms of time, space, source, origin, or degree. It is often translated into Russian with the preposition from (from)(e.g. “he left the house”).

4) DATIVE (dative case) is used to describe personal interest, denoting a positive or negative aspect. It is often translated into Russian using prepositions to, for. Answers the questions: “Who? Why? For whom? For what?" Dative is the case of the object to which the action is directed. The main function of a non-prepositional dative in a sentence is to express an indirect object (e.g. “he told me” “he has a headache”).

5) LOCAL DATIVE (local case) has the same form as the dative case, but describes the position or placement of an object or phenomenon in space, time or logical limits. It is often conveyed using Russian prepositions in, on, at, among, during, near, next to(e.g. “I was next to him”, “he was delirious while sleeping”).

6) INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE (instrumental case) has the same form as

dative and locative cases. It denotes a means or connection, and on

Russian is often translated using prepositions through And by using, indicating a tool or method of performing an action. Answers the question: “In what way? Whereby?" (e.g. “he was saved by a miracle”; “he was accepted by a friend”).

7) ACCUSATIVE (accusative case) is used to describe the completion of an action. It means limitation because it answers the questions: “Whom?” “What?” and “How much?” and “To what extent?” Basically a noun in the form of this case

used as a direct object (e.g. “he is reading a book”, “he is galloping”).

8) VOCATIVE (vocative case) is used for direct address (e.g. “Oh, dear brother!”).

For example, in the sentence “he gave me a book,” the word “me” in Greek would be in the Dative, and the word “book” would be in the Accusative.

Conjugation of nouns and adjectives

Second declension. Masculine/neuter. Sign: ending – ος/ ον.

First declension. Feminine gender. Sign: ending -α/ η.

Conjugation of articles

ὁ is a masculine article (pronounced “ho”).

ἡ is a feminine article (pronounced “heh”).

τό is a neuter article.

Masculine/neuter article conjugation:

Conjugation of the feminine article:

In each phrase, the article, adjective and noun are in the same case, number and gender: ὁ ἀγαθός λόγος (kind word).

1. Use of an adjective.

An adjective can be used in three different ways: substantively (A), attributively (B) and predicatively (C).

A. Substantive use of an adjective.

The substantive use of an adjective is its use as a noun, which is omitted for this reason. In other words, instead of combining a noun with an adjective, only an adjective is used, usually with an article. This use of the adjective also exists in Russian, for example: “Go, go bald.” The property (baldness) and the name of a person are, as it were, identified, becoming one substance (hence the name). Thus, in Greek, an adjective with an article can replace a noun, and to find out which one, you need to be guided by the context (the general meaning of the story). The adjective and article agree with the implied noun in gender, number and case.

B. Attributive use of the adjective.

Attributive is the use of an adjective to determine the meaning of a noun. For example, in the phrase “good person” the adjective “good” is used attributively, i.e. describing an attribute (property) of a noun. In fact, this definition of the properties of a noun is the main purpose of the adjective.

B. Predicative use of an adjective.

Predicative is the use of an adjective in the function of the nominal part of a compound predicate, when the verb “to be” is implied. In the sentence “A good person,” the adjective is used predicatively, while in Russian the verb part of the compound nominal predicate is omitted, i.e. the word "is". Obviously, what is being described here is not just an attribute of a noun, but its main content, i.e. essence. For example, “God is love (loving).”

Distinguishing predicative from attributive use.

In practice, they can be defined in this way: if in a sentence between a noun and an adjective the word “is” or a dash can be inserted, then the adjective acts in a predicative function. For example: the servant living in this house is (is) bad. If this cannot be done, then the adjective plays the role of a simple attribute: “A bad servant lives in this house.”

The use of these usages in writing is revealed by two characteristics: 1) a certain order of occurrence of these words and 2) the presence or absence of articles related to them. If there is an article with a noun, then its absence with an adjective indicates the predicative use of the latter. The difference between the predicative and attributive use of an adjective is more difficult to establish when the noun does not have an article. In this case, you need to navigate by context.

A. The adjective in the attributive function stands between the article and the defined noun: ὁ ἀγαθός ἄνθρωπος (“good person”). In the case when the adjective comes after the noun, the article is repeated with it: ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ ἀγαθός (“a good person”).

B. In the predicative function, the adjective most often comes after the subject noun and does not have an article: ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἀγαθός

(“the person is good”). In the case when it comes before a noun, it still does not have an article. The article is used only with a subject noun:

ἀγαθός ὁ ἄνθρωπος “a good (is) person.”

These uses in Greek are also inherent in participles, which must be kept in mind when translating into Russian. Some grammars distinguish participles as a separate verb mood, since they are usually defined as verbal adjectives. Therefore, the translation of participles should be done together with the main verb to which they relate.

1. Ancient Greek verb.

In ancient Greek, special attention is paid to the verb due to the great complexity of its morphological system. The Greek verb is characterized by interaction between the categories of aspect, tense and mood with the formation of various forms. Grammatical categories of the verb: person, number, tense, mood, voice. Voice categories: active, passive and medial (negative verbs). The four main moods of the ancient Greek verb (indicative, imperative, conjunctive and optative) and the indefinite form - the infinitive. There is a discrepancy between the control of verbs in the Russian and Greek languages, since tense in the ancient Greek language is combined with the aspect of verbs and makes up the following categories: past (aorist, imperfect and perfect), present (present) and future (futurum). There are two types of conjugations of the ancient Greek verb: thematic with the ending in -ω and the athematic with the ending in -μι. The first type of verbs is divided into verbs with endings -αω, -εω, -οω.

Conjugation of verbs

Present tense (Presence), active voice (Active), indicative (Indicative).

At the end of the form of the verb (1st person, singular), two conjugations are distinguished: the first with the ending in -ω (A) and the second with the ending in -μι (B).

A. Conjugation of verbs ending in -ω:

Conjugation of continuous verbs with endings -άω, -έω, -όω:

B. Conjugation of verbs ending in -μι:

Conjugation of the verb εἰμί (“to be”):

1. Verb tenses

Aorist(from ancient Greek ἀόριστος - “having no (exact) boundaries”) - a tense form of the verb, denoting a completed (one-time, instantaneous) action committed in the past. In English it corresponds to the Past Perfect form, and in Russian it merges with the perfect verb of the past tense. Often combines both grammatical tense and aspect. For example, the aorist is used in the biblical phrase Luke. 1:20: “I didn’t believe my words.” There is uncertainty as to whether the aorist is tense or aspect, reflecting the dual nature of the aorist in ancient Greek. In the indicative mood, the aorist was a mixture of tense and aspect: past tense and perfective aspect. In other moods (subjunctive, optative and imperative), the aorist has only a specific meaning without indicating a specific time.

Perfect(from Latin perfectum - “perfect”) - a form of the verb denoting an action that ended in the past, and its result continues in the present (“The sun has risen” and is still shining), or one that preceded the moment of speech (“He’s already gone” and he’s still not there). The special place of the perfect among other types of tense forms of the verb is determined by the fact that the perfect conveys information simultaneously about an event in the past and about the state of affairs in the present, linking together the plan of the past and the plan of the present, while all other types of tense forms characterize the situation only in one plane : either in the past or in the present. For example, the aorist indicates an action in the past, the result of which disappeared after some time.

Imperfect(lat. imperfectum - “imperfect, continuous”) - aspectual verb form, meaning the imperfect form of the past tense. The imperfect indicates an unfinished action that was happening but has stopped by now, or simply the beginning of an action in the past. Example: “Then Jerusalem came out to Him” or “then Jerusalem began to come out to Him” (cf. Matt. 3:5). The imperfect also has the meaning of taxis (simultaneity of actions), and is also combined not only with the lexical imperfective, but less often with the perfect - to convey a repeated action (iterative). Usually the imperfect expresses both the past tense and the imperfect (or continuous) aspect, but sometimes it can also be called a combination of the meanings of the past tense and the perfect aspect, especially if it is expressed by a single, formally indivisible indicator.

Being a specific combination of types of tense meanings, the imperfect in its own sense stands out in those verbal systems where it is opposed, on the one hand, to past tense forms of a limited or perfect form (i.e. forms aorist) and, on the other hand, resultant forms like perfect. Thus, the imperfect denotes a situation related to the past, unlimited in time (repeating or incomplete at the time of its mention) and at the same time not connected in any way with the plan of the present. It is also typical to use the imperfect in subordinate clauses to describe a situation that occurred in the past simultaneously with the main situation (the so-called “background” use, cf. contexts like: “ when we entered the room, he was just reading a book.").

Plusquaperfect(“pre-past” tense). The plusquaperfect describes an action that happened in the past, but its results were felt before a certain moment, which also ended in the past. For example, " when I entered, she had already finished cleaning the room.". The plusquaperfect is similar to the perfect, but has no correlation with the present tense. If the perfect denotes an action that happened in the past, and its results are still felt, then the plusquaperfect denotes an action that also happened in the past, but the results were felt up to a certain point in the past (but not now). In other words, the plusquaperfect tense is similar to the perfect tense, only its results have already ceased in the past. Example: “Peter stood outside the door” (for a while, but no longer stands) (John 18:16).

As we can see, the temporal form in the Greek “koine” denotes not only the time of action, but also its type (aspect), i.e. the relation of action to the moment of uttering the speech itself. This explains the complex composition of Greek verb tenses. Since tense or aspect indicates the relationship of verbs to a completed or unfinished action, in the most general form tenses can be divided into past, present and future. The past tense refers to the aorist, which focuses attention not on the process of performing an action, but on the fact of its implementation at some point in time in the past. The fact itself is important; no other information is given: nothing is said about the beginning of the action or its duration. By now comes the Present form, which focuses on the duration of the action as still ongoing in time and unfinished. It can be described in more detail: as linear, continuous, continuous, intermittent, repeating, etc. Accordingly, the Futurus form, which refers to the future tense, also describes an unfinished action.

All this has analogues in the Russian language, but in the Greek “koine” there is a special tense (Perfect), which denotes an action that took place in the past with results in the present. Therefore, it is important to distinguish the Aorist from the Perfect tense not so much by the fact that the action has already occurred, but by how long its results or consequences last. If it states that “I got married last year,” then the Perfect tense indicates the additional information that “I am still married to this day.” Therefore, the same word “save” in the past tense can contain different information.

1. AORIST: we were "saved" without reference to the present tense (Rom. 8:24)
2. PERFECT: We are “saved” and continue to be so today (Eph. 2:5, 8).

Only indicative verbs have a past tense form. If the author used a different tense, then he wanted to emphasize some details of what happened, i.e. provide more specific information.

Verb tense agreement

In grammars, the tenses Present, Futurus and Perfect are considered the main ones, and the Aorist, Imperfect and Plusquaperfect are considered historical.

1. Three verbal voices

The voice of a Greek verb indicates the relationship between the action expressed by the verb and its subject (i.e., the subject of the sentence). Koine Greek has three voices: active (A), passive (B), and neuter (C), although some verbs combine the latter two into one.

A. ACTIVE (ACTIVE) VOICE is normal, expected,

an unaccented way of showing that the subject performs the action expressed by the verb.

B. PASSIVE (PASSIVE) VOICE means that the subject is subject to the action expressed by the verb on the part of an external actor. The following prepositions and cases indicated in the Greek New Testament that an action is performed by an external actor:

1) direct personal influence – ὑπό with ablative (cf. Matt. 1:22; Acts 22:30).

2) personal indirect influence - διά with ablative (cf. Matt. 1:22).

3) an impersonal actor, usually ἐν with instrumental case.

4) sometimes personal or impersonal influence - only through the instrumental case.

B. MIDDLE (MEDIAL) VOICE means that the subject performs the action expressed by the verb, and at the same time is directly involved in this action. It is often called a guarantee of increased personal interest. This grammatical construction in a certain way enhances the meaning of the subject in a sentence or the entire sentence. There is no such voice in the Russian language. In Greek, it has many meanings and translation options. Here are some examples of using this form:

1. REFLECTIVE – direct influence of the subject on itself. Example: “hanged himself” (cf. Matt. 27:5).
2. REINFORMATIVE - the subject performs the action for himself. Example: “Satan himself disguises himself as an angel of light” (cf. 2 Cor. 11:14).
3. MUTUAL – interaction between two subjects. Example: “they consulted one another” (cf. Matt. 26:4).

1. Verb moods

Koine Greek has four moods: Indicative (A), Subjunctive (B), Optative (C) and Imperative (D). They indicate the relation of action to reality, at least from the author's point of view. Moods are divided into two broad categories: those indicating actual action (indicative) and those indicating potential action (subjunctive, imperative, and desirable).

A. INDICATIVE (indicative) is a standard mood expressing an action that happened or was happening, at least in the opinion of the author. This is the only Greek mood that indicates real time, but even here this aspect may play a minor role.

B. CONJUNCTIVE (subjunctive) expresses a probable action in the future. Something hasn't happened yet, but chances are good it will. It has much in common with the future indicative mood. The difference is that in the subjunctive mood there is some degree of doubt. In Russian it is often indicated using the words could, could, could, maybe.

B. OPTATIVE (desirable mood) expresses a desire that theoretically could come true. It is considered one step ahead compared to the subjunctive. The desirable mood indicates the possibility of action under certain conditions. In the New Testament, the opportunistic mood is rare, occurring most frequently in Paul's famous phrase, “Let it not be,” (“Let God rebuke”), which is used fifteen times (cf. Rom. 3:4,6,31; 6:2, 15; 7:7,13; 9:14; 11:1,11; 1 Cor. 6:15; Gal. 2:17; 3:21; 6:14). Other examples of use: Lk. 1:38; 20:16; Acts 8:20 and 1 Thess. 3:11.

D. IMPERATIVE (imperative mood) indicates a command, the execution of which is possible, but the emphasis is on the intention of the speaker. Sometimes it asserts only a volitional possibility, depending on the decision of another person. The imperative mood is widely used in prayers and requests in the third person. In the New Testament such commands have only the present tense and aorist form.

1. Conjunctions and connecting words

Greek is a very precise language for the reason that it uses a lot of connecting words. They connect thoughts (sentences, phrases and paragraphs) together. They are so common that their absence (asyndeton) is usually of particular significance for interpretation. In fact, these conjunctions and connecting words indicate the direction of the author's thought, determining what exactly he wanted to say with their help.

1. Temporary alliances:

a) ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, ὁπότε, ὡς, ὅτε, ὅταν (conc.) – “when”

b) έως – “for now”

c) ὅταν, έπάν (conc.) – “whenever”

d) έως, άχρι, άχρις, μέχρι (acc.) – “not yet”

e) πρίν (inf.) – “before”, “before”.

e) ὡς – “since”, “when”, “until”

1. Logical connections:

(1) ἵνα (conc.), ὅπως (conc.), ὡς – “so that”

(2) ὥστε (infinitive in the accusative case with an article) – “to”

(3) πρός (accusative infinitive with article) or εἰς (infinitive in

accusative case with article) – “to”

b) consequences (there is a close connection between the grammatical forms of goal and consequence):

(1) ὥστε (infinitive, the most common) – “so that”, “thus”

(2) ἵνα (conc.) – “so”

(3) άρα – “so”

c) causative or reasons:

(1) γάρ (cause/effect or cause/conclusion) – “for”, “because”

(2) διότι , ὅτι – “because”

(3) ἐπεί , ἐπειδή, ὡς – “since”, “then”

(4) διά (with the accusative case or with the infinitive and the article) - “because”, “for the reason”.

d) conclusion or conclusion:

(1) ἄρα , τοίνυν, ὥστε – “therefore”

(2) διό (the strongest of the conjunctions of consequence) - “in connection with which”, “because”,

"therefore", "therefore"

(3) ούν – “therefore”, “so”, “then”, “in fact”

(4) τοίνυν – “accordingly”

e) adversatives or oppositions:

(1) ἀλλά (strong adversative) – “but”, “except”, “however”

(2) δέ – “but”, “however”, “on the other hand”

(3) καί - "But"

(4) μέντοι, μενοϋν, νυν – “however”

(5) πλήν – “nevertheless” (mostly in Luke)

(6) νυν – “however”

e) comparisons:

(1) ὡς, καθώς (introduces comparative clauses)

(2) καθ (in compound words like καθώσπερ)

(3) ὅσος (in Hebrews) – “how great”

(4) ή – “than”

g) connecting:

(1) δέ – “and”

(2) καί – “and”

(3) τέ – “and”

(4) ἵνα , ούν – “then”

(5) ούν – “then” (in John)

1. Emphatic use:

a) ἀλλά – “of course”, “yes”, “in fact”

b) ἄρα – “really”, “of course”, “in fact”

c) γάρ – “in fact”, “of course”

d) δέ – “really”

e) ἐάν – “even”

e) καί – “even”, “in fact”, “really”

g) μέντοι – “really”

h) ούν – “in fact”, “in any case”, “at any cost”

1. Conditional sentences

A conditional sentence contains one or more conditional clauses. This grammatical structure helps interpretation because it specifies the conditions or reasons why the action expressed by the main verb occurs or does not occur. In Koine Greek there are four types of conditionals. They can express the entire spectrum of actions from those that were real from the point of view of the author or his intention, and up to those that are only desirable.

A. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE OF THE FIRST TYPE expresses an action or state that is considered true from the point of view of the author or his intention, although accompanied by the word “if”. In some contexts, this conjunction is translated as “since”, “since” (cf. Matt. 4:3; Rom. 8:31), but this does not mean that absolutely all conditional sentences of the first type describe events that actually happened. On the contrary, they were quite often used to express an opinion in a discussion or to point out a false argument (cf. Matt. 12:27).

B. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE OF THE SECOND TYPE is often called “contrary to reality.” It asserts something that is not true and cannot prove the stated position or be taken as a rule.

1. “If He were a prophet, He would know who and what kind of woman touches Him (but He does not know)” (Luke 7:39).
2. “If you believed Moses, you would believe Me (but you do not believe)” (John 5:46).
3. “If I were still pleasing people (and I don’t), I would not be a slave

Christ" (Gal. 1:10).

B. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE OF THE THIRD TYPE speaks about the possibility of an action in the future and indicates its probability. It usually involves an accident, an unforeseen circumstance, or a turn of events. The action expressed by the main verb depends on whether the action described in the subordinate verb will occur. Examples from 1 John: 1:6-10; 2:4,6,9,15,20,21,24,29; 3:21; 4:20; 5:14,16.

D. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE OF THE FOURTH TYPE is furthest away from the probability of the action occurring. Such sentences are rare in the New Testament. In fact, there are no complete conditional sentences of the fourth type in which the main and subordinate clauses correspond to their definition. An example of a partial subordinate clause of the fourth type is the beginning of 1 Pet. 3:14. Another example is the conclusion of Acts. 8:31.

Bibliography:

1. Ivashkovsky S.M. Complete Greek-Russian dictionary T. 1-4. M., 1838.
2. Black E. Russian-Greek dictionary. M., 1882.
3. Black E. Greek grammar. Part I-II. M., 1882.
4. Chantrain P. Historical morphology of the Greek language (translated from French). M., 1953.
5. Tronsky I.M. Ancient Greek accent. M.; L., 1962.
6. Tronsky I.M. Issues of language development in ancient society. L., 1973.
7. Pospisil A.O. Greek-Russian Dictionary, Ed. 3rd, rev. and additional Kyiv, 1901.
8. Weisman A.D. Greek-Russian dictionary. Reprint. 1899, M.: Greco-Latin Cabinet Yu.A. Shichalina, 1991.
9. Shirokov O.S. History of the Greek language. M., 1983.
10. Kazansky N.N. Dialects of Ancient Greek. L., 1983.
11. Greenbaum N.S. Early forms of literary language. L., 1984.
12. Dvoretsky I. Ancient Greek-Russian dictionary. In 2 volumes, M.: GIINS, 1958.
13. Newman B.M. Greek-Russian Dictionary of the New Testament. M.: RBO, 1997.
14. Zvonskaya-Denisyuk L.L. Greek of the New Testament. St. Petersburg: Bible for everyone, 2002.
15. Machan G.J. Textbook of the Greek language of the New Testament. M.: RBO, 1994.
16. Kozarzhevsky A.Ch. Textbook of Ancient Greek. M.: Greco-Latin cabinet Yu.A. Shichalina, 1993.
17. Sobolevsky S.I. Ancient Greek language. M., 1948.
18. Ancient Greek language. Part one. M.: “Greco-Latin Cabinet”. Yu.A. Shichalina, 2002.
19. Greek of the New Testament. Beginner course. Novosibirsk, 2006.
20. Slavyatinskaya M.N. A textbook on the ancient Greek language. Cultural and historical aspect. M., 1988.
21. Slavyatinskaya M.N. Textbook of Ancient Greek. Part 1-2. M., 1998.
22. Garnik A.V. Practical guide to the ancient Greek language. Mn., 1999.
23. Zarembo O.S., Tananushko K.A. Ancient Greek language. Mn., BSU, 2006.
24. Zvonska-Denisyuk L.L. Long ago Greek language. Kiev, 1997.
25. Popov A.N. A brief grammar of the Greek language. M., 2001.
26. Cleon L. Rogers Jr. and Cleon L. Rogers III. New linguistic and exegetical key to the Greek text of the New Testament, St. Petersburg: Bible for everyone, 2001.

And we will start by introducing a new group of verbs. Let's call them PASSIVE verbs or verbs with the ending –ομαι:
έρχομαι - to come
εργάζομαι - to work
γίνομαι - to become
χρειάζομαι - to need
σκέφτομαι - to think
επισκέπτομαι - to visit
κάθομαι - sit
στέκομαι - stand

These verbs change in the present tense using the following endings:
-ομαι -εσαι -εται -όμαστε -εστε -ονται	έρχομαι έρχεσαι έρχεται ερχόμαστε έρχεστε έρχονται	I come you are coming he comes we are coming you are coming they are coming

Of course, it will take time and practice to master this pattern. Moreover, in comparison with verbs of the first and second conjugation, these endings look somewhat cumbersome. I strongly advise you to pronounce each form out loud and translate it into Russian, as shown in the example. Then you will quickly and reliably master the rules for changing these verbs. For the same purpose, you can change not only individual verbs, but also entire sentences by person.

SAMPLE:
Το βράδυ κάθομαι στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening I sit on the balcony.
Το βράδυ κάθεσαι στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening you sit on the balcony.
Το βράδυ κάθεται στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening he sits on the balcony.
Το βράδυ κάθόμαστε στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening we sit on the balcony.
Το βράδυ κάθεστε στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening you sit on the balcony.
Το βράδυ κάθοντα στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening they sit on the balcony.
Let me remind you that when translating into Russian, personal pronouns are used (I, you...), which are absent in the original Greek phrase.

Exercise. Replace the form of the highlighted verbs and, accordingly, possessive pronouns (see example) and translate into Russian:
1 Εργάζομαι στην τουριστική εταιρία.
2 Πάντα χρειάζομαι πιο πολύ χρόνο για την δουλειά μου.
3 Καθε βράδυ επισκέπτομαι τον φίλο μου στο νοσοκομείο.
4 Στέκομαι απέναντι από το φαρμακείο.
I wish you success! Next time we will take a closer look at the verb έρχομαι “to come”

Greek. Lesson 2: Passive verbs (continuations)

The so-called PASSIVE verbs occupy a very important place in the Greek language. Therefore, we will pay special attention to the most common of them. The topic of our conversation today is the verb έρχομαι and its meanings. For an example of changing this verb in persons and numbers, see lesson 1.
The first meaning is: to come, to arrive, to arrive.
Έρχομαι στην Κύπρο δυο φορές τον χρόνο. - I come to Cyprus twice a year.
Πότε έρχεσαι από την δουλειά σου; - When do you come home from work?
Τι ώρα έρχεται το αεροπλάνο από την Μόσχα; - What time does the plane arrive from Moscow?
Meaning two: to go towards someone/something (using the verb πηγαίνω/πάω in this context would be a mistake).
- Σε θέλουν στο τηλέφωνο. - I want you on the phone.
- Έρχομαι. - I'm coming.
– Μαμά! Χτυπάει η πόρτα. Δεν ακούς;
- Mother! They knock on the door. Don't you hear?
– Ναι, έρχομαι, έρχομαι.
- Yes, I’m coming, I’m coming.
– Τον κύριο Αντρέα, παρακαλώ.
- Mister Andreas, please.
– Περιμένετε ένα λεπτό. Έρχεται.
- Wait a minute. He's coming.
– Πού είναι ο Νίκος; Τον περιμένω.
-Where is Nikos? I'm waiting for him.
– Να τον! Έρχεται.
- Here he is! It's coming.
– Περιμένετε το λεωφορείο
– Are you waiting for the bus?
– Ναι, περιμένω. Α, να το! Έρχεται.
- Yes, I'm waiting. Ah, here he is! It's coming.

Task 1. Translate into Greek.
1 When does the ship arrive?
2 What time do you usually come to the office?
3 We are waiting for Janis. He's coming?
4 – I’ll call you on the phone. - I'm coming.

Task 2. Translate into Russian.
1 Πότε έρχονται οι υπάλληλοι στο γραφείο;
2 – Σας καλεί ο διευθυντής. - Έρχομαι αμέσως.
3 Συχνά έρχεσαι στην Κύπρο;
4 Γρήγορα, το ταξί έρχεται.

Checking lesson 1 assignment:
1. I work for a travel company.
2 I always need more time to work.
3 Every evening I visit my friend in the hospital.
4 I'm standing in front of the pharmacy.

We will get acquainted with other meanings of the verb έρχομαι in the next lesson. Good luck! Καλή τύχη!

Greek. Lesson 3: Verb έρχομαι (continued)

The verb έρχομαι is very common and has two pages of meaning in the academic dictionary. Today we will look at another of the most relevant values.
The third meaning (and not the last): to go along with someone, joining the speaker. Ποιος έρχεται μαζί μου;
I'm thinking about going to the cinema today. Who's coming with me?
Έρχεσαι απόψε μαζί μας στο πάρτι;
Are you coming to the party with us tonight?
Όχι, γιατί πάω στο εστιατόριο με την Μαρία.
No, because I'm going to a restaurant with Maria.
Take a close look at the verbs πάω and έρχομαι, note the difference in meaning, which becomes clear only through the context.
In the same context, a very popular form of the verb έρχομαι is often used: ΄Ελα! (singular - come here!) and Ελάτε! (plural - come here!).
Task: replace the unit form. h. on pl. h. and translate:
Έλα κοντά μου! - Come to me!
Ελά εδώ! - Come here!
Έλα μαζί μου! - Come with me!
Το Σαββατο πάμε στην Αγία Νάπα. Έλα και εσύ μαζί μας!
On Saturday we are going to Ayia Napa. Come with us too!
Έλα καμιά φορά στο σπίτι μου για έναν καφέ! - Come to my place for a cup of coffee sometime!

Checking the tasks of the 2nd lesson.

Exercise 1.
1.Πότε έρχεται το πλοίο; 2.Τι ώρα συνήθως έρχεστε στο γραφείο; 3.Περιμένουμε τον Γιάννη. Έρχεται; 4.Σε θέλουν στο τηλέφωνο. - Έρχομαι.

Task 2.
1.When do employees come to the office? 2. The director calls you. – I’m going immediately. 3.Do you often come to Cyprus? 4.Hurry up, the taxi is arriving.

In the next lesson we will talk about the verb σκέφτομαι. See you! Καλή αντάμωση!

Greek. Lesson 4: Verb σκέφτομαι

Dear friends! After a short break, we have resumed Greek lessons for those who can already read and write Greek well, but want to learn to speak correctly. To do this, you need to know grammar, and not just memorize words and phrases from a phrasebook. These lessons are addressed mainly to those who, together with us since November last year on the pages of the newspaper, have been trying, step by step, to master the basic wisdom of the Greek language.

We continue to get acquainted with PASSIVE verbs.
Today the topic of our lesson is the verb σκέφτομαι.
σκέφτομαι - I think
σκέφτεσαι - you think
σκέφτεται - he thinks
σκεφτόμαστε - we think
σκέφτεστε - you think
σκέφτονται - they think
The first meaning is: to think, to reflect.
-Τι σκέφτεσαι; - What are you thinking about?
-Σκέφτομαι την γιαγιά μου, που είναι άρρωστη. -I think about my grandmother, who is sick.
-Ναι, έχεις δίκιο. Χρειάζεται να σκεφτόμαστε τους δικούς μας. -Yes, you are right. You need to think about your loved ones.
The second meaning is: to plan, intend, intend to do something.
-Τι σκέφτεσαι να κάνεις με το αυτοκίνητό σου; -What are you going to do with your car?
-Σκέφτομαι να το πουλήσω το πιο γρήγορα δυνατόν. -I'm thinking of selling it as quickly as possible.
-Πού σκέφτεστε να σπουδάζετε;
-Where do you plan to study?
-Σκεφτόμαστε να σπουδάζουμε γιατρική. -We are going to study in medicine.
-Πώς σκέφτεται να πάει στο Ισραήλ η Άννα, με το πλοίο ή με το αεροπλάνο;
-How is Anna going to go to Israel, by boat or by plane?
Please do not confuse it with the verb νομίζω - to think, count, believe.
- Νομίζω, ότι το αεροπλάνο έρχεται στις 9.
- I think the plane arrives at 9.
- Νομίζεις, πως λέει αλήθεια;
- Do you think he's telling the truth?
- Δεν νομίζω έτσι. Σίγουρα λέει ψέματα.
- I don't think so. He's probably lying.

Exercise. Translate into Russian.
1 Πάντα σκέφτομαι τι λέω. 2 Δεν σκέφτεσαι καθόλου τι λες. 3 Χρειάζεται να σκεφτόμαστε τους γονείς μας. 4 Ο άντρας μου σκέφτεται να πάει στην Ρωσία για λίγες μέρες.

Next time we will learn about the meanings in which the verb κάθομαι - “sit” is used in speech. All the best! Να’ στε καλά!

Greek. Lesson 5: Verb κάθομαι

The topic of today's lesson is the verb κάθομαι. Let me remind you how this verb changes:
κάθομαι - I am sitting
κάθεσαι - you are sitting
κάθεται - he is sitting
καθόμαστε - we are sitting
κάθεστε - you are sitting
κάθονται - they are sitting

Meaning one: sit
Κάθομαι στον καναπέ. - I'm sitting on the sofa.
Κάθε βράδυ καθόμαστε στο μπαλκόνι και βλέπουμε την θάλασσα. - Every evening we sit on the balcony and look at the sea.
Βλέπεις τον κύριο που κάθεται στο παράθυρο; - Do you see the man sitting by the window?

Second meaning: to be
- Πού κάθεσαι τώρα; - Where are you now?
- Κάθομαι στο καφενείο στην γωνία. - I'm sitting in a cafe on the corner.
- Τώρα καθόμαστε στο γραφείο. Έρχεσαι; Σε περιμένουμε. – Now we are sitting in the office. You are walking? We are waiting for you.
- Γιατί συχνά κάθεται στην δουλειά του μέχρι αργά; – Why does he so often sit at work until late?
In the above phrases, you can replace the verb кάθομαι with the corresponding forms of the verbs είμαι (to be, to be) or βρίσκομαι (to be). In this context, these verbs are synonyms.

The third meaning: to reside, settle, settle (synonym with μένω - “to live”).
- Η μαμά σας δεν κάθεται κοντά σας; - Your mother doesn’t live with you?
- Όχι, κάθεται στο δικό της σπίτι. - No, she lives in her own house.
- Καθόμαστε σ’αυτή την πολυκατοικία εδώ και χρόνια. – We have been living in this high-rise building for several years.

Exercise. Make up sentences and translate them into Russian.
1 εγώ, γραφείο, στο, κάθομαι, σου.
2 αριστερά, κάθεσαι, από, Νίκο, τον;
3 στο, παράθυρο, κάθεται, ποιος, κοντά;
4 κοντά, οι, κάθονται, μας, γονείς, μας.

Checking lesson 4 assignment:
1 I always think what I say. 2 You don't really think about what you're saying. 3 It is necessary to think about your (our) parents. 4 My husband is going to Russia for a few days.
The next lesson will be devoted to the verb γίνομαι “to become, to happen, to occur...

Greek. Lesson 6: Verb γίνομαι

Well, the New Year holidays have flown by. Now back to school. Today we will get acquainted with the verb γίνομαι.
γίν ομαι - I become
γίν εσαι - you become
γίν εται - he becomes
γιν όμαστε - we become
γίν εστε - you become
γίν ονται - they become
You already understand that since we are getting to know the verb in detail, we cannot limit ourselves to a simple translation. Context is needed to correctly translate or use a word. So... different meanings of the verb γίνομαι:
"happen, occur":
Τι γίνεται εδώ;
What's going on here?
etiquette – “to live”:
Τι γίνεσαι;
How are you? How are you doing? How are you (in the same meaning as Τι κάνεις; Πώς είσαι;)
Τι γίνεστε;
How are you? How are you doing? How are you? (as a synonym for the expressions Τι κάνετε; Πώς είστε;)
"to occur, take place, be carried out":
Πού γίνεται η συνέντευξη; - Where is the interview held?
Αυτή η παράσταση γίνεται στο θέατρο "Πατίχιο" - This performance will take place at the Patigio Theater.
“it’s possible, it happens, it happens” and “it’s not possible, it’s unacceptable”:
- Συγνώμη, θα ήθελα να αλλάξω αυτό το φόρεμα. Γίνεται; - I would like to change this dress. Can?
- Δυστυχώς, δεν γίνεται. Είναι της προσφοράς. - Unfortunately, it’s impossible. It's discounted and discounted.
- Μην ανησυχείς. Γίνεται.
Don't worry. Happens.
- Τι λες! Δεν γίνεται έτσι.
What are you doing? It doesn't happen like that!
"become (change state, status)":
Γίνομαι άρρωστη.
I'm getting sick. (I'm getting sick)
- Γίνεται καλύτερα.
She (becomes) better.
Όταν έρχομαι αργά το βράδυ, ο άντρας μου γίνεται έξαλλος.
When I come home late at night, my husband becomes beside himself.
Γίνεται κρύο.
Getting cold. (Getting cold.)
Γίνεταί ζέστη.
It's getting hot. (It's getting warmer)
Γίνεται σκωτάδι.
It's getting dark. (It gets dark.)

Checking the assignment from the previous lesson:
1 Εγώ κάθομαι στο γραφείο σου.
I'm in your office.
2 Κάθεσαι αριστερά από τον Νίκο;
Are you sitting to the left of Nikos?
3 Ποιος κάθεται κοντά στο παράθυρο;
Who is sitting by the window?
4 Οι γονείς μας κάθονται κοντά μας.

Greek. Lesson 7: Verb φαίνομαι

The verb φαίνομαι “to seem, to be seen, to look” is one of the difficult to understand, but very common verbs.
φαίνομαι - I seem
φαίνασαι - you seem
φαίνεται - he seems
φαινόμαστε - we seem
φαίνεστε - you seem
φαίνονται - they seem
Let's try to understand its meaning in context and learn to grasp it and use it in everyday speech.
"It seems to me (to you, to him, to her...)..."
μου φαίνεται...
This construction uses personal pronouns in dates. case (to whom?) and a verb in the impersonal form φαίνεται and allied words που, πως, ότι in the meaning “..., what”:
Μου φαίνεται που γίνομαι άρρωστη.
I feel like I'm getting sick.
Τι σου φαίνεται, λέει αλήθεια ή ψέματα;
Do you think he is telling the truth or deceiving?
Του φαίνεται ότι η Άννα ξέρει να οδηγεί.
It seems to him that Anna does not know how to drive a car.
Της φαίνεται πως αργούμε, γι’αυτό ανησυχεί
She thinks we're late, so she's nervous.
Μας φαίνεται ότι σας ενοχλούμε, συγνώμη αν είναι έτσι.
We feel like we're bothering you, sorry if so.
Δεν σας φαίνεται πως βιάζεστε πολύ, έχει καιρό ακόμα.
Don't you feel like you're in a hurry, there's still time.
Δεν τους φαίνεται που χρειάζεται να περιμένουν λίγο ακόμη;
Don't they feel like they need to wait a little longer?
"visible, not visible"
Στον ουρανό δεν φαίνεται ούτε ένα σύννεφο.
Not a cloud is visible in the sky.
Από το παράθυρό μου φαίνεται το λιμάνι.
The port is visible from my window.
"to look, seem like someone, somehow"
Φαίνεσαι ωραία σήμερα.
You look great today.
Τι έχετε; Φαίνεστε άσχημα.
What's wrong with you? You look bad.
Πώς σου φαίνομαι με το καινούργιο φόρεμά μου;
How do I (seem) to you in my new dress?
Η Άννα φαίνεται έξυπνη κοπέλλα.
Anna seems like a smart girl.
Το σπίτι τους μόνο φάινεται μεγάλο.
Their house just seems big.

Exercise. By changing the highlighted words in the sentence "Μου φαίνεται που γίνομαι άρρωστη." (It seems to me that I am getting sick.), translate into Greek: it seems to you that you are getting sick; it seems to him, her, us, you, them that...etc. Attention: άρρωστη – female. gender, units άρρωστες – plural, άρρωστος – masculine, singular, άρρωστοι – m.r. plural

Greek. Lesson 8: Getting to know each other

Today we will turn to the topic "Dating". Of course, this may seem strange in the second year of study, but... In addition to the phrases you know: Πώς σας λένε; "What is your name?" and Πώς είναι το όνομά σας; “What is your name?”, native speakers quite often use the verbs ονομάζομαι (from ονομάζω - “to call”, “to name”) and λέγομαι (from λέγω - “to speak”) in the meaning of “to call”, “to be called”, “to be called” ( compare in Russian "So, she was called Tatyana.."). Let me remind you how these passive verbs change:
ονομάζομαι λέγομαι my name is
ονομάζεσαι λέγεσαι your name is
ονομάζεται λέγεται his/her name is, it’s called
ονομαζόμαστε λεγόμαστε our name is
ονομάζεστε λέγεστε your name is
ονομάζονται λέγονται their name is, it’s called (about several subjects)
It is not at all necessary to know by heart and actively use all possible options in order to introduce yourself or find out the name of the interlocutor. But it is important to understand in time what exactly the question was asked to you, and to answer this question correctly:
Πώς λέγεστε;
What is your name?
Λέγομαι Αλέξαντρος.
My name is Alexander.
Πώς λέγεσαι;
What is your name?
Λέγομαι Μαριάννα.
My name is Marianna.
Πώς λέγεται ο γιος σας;
What is the name of your son?
Λέγεται Γιάννης.
His name is Janis.
Πώς λέγεται η σύζυγός σας;
What is your wife's name?
Αυτή λέγεται Ντάρια.
Her name is Daria.
Πώς λέγεται αυτό το βιβλίο;
What is the name of this book?
"Ελλήνικά για ξενογλώσσους".
"Greek for foreigners"
Πώς το λέγεται στα ελληνικά;

Το λέγεται "εφημερίδα".
It's called a "newspaper".
Πώς λέγονται οι γονείς σας;
What are your parents' names?
Η μαμά μου λέγεται Μαρία, ο πατέρας Βάσος.
My mother's name is Maria, my father's name is Vasos.
In each of these sentences, you can replace the verb λέγομαι with the corresponding form of the verb ονομάζομαι. The meaning and style of the sentences will remain the same. Using material from this lesson and the Beginner Lesson (today's episode), change the dialogue and simulate a "dating" situation using all the methods you know:
Πώς ονομάζεστε;
What is your name?
Ονομάζομαι Ξένια.
My name is Ksenia.
Χαίρω πολύ. - Very nice.
Επίσης. - Mutually.
Nice to meet you.
Χαίρω πολύ για την γνωριμία μας.

Greek. Lesson 9: Active and passive verbs

Today we are talking about pairs of verbs (active verbs and passive ones). There are such pairs in the Russian language (to dress - to dress, to wash - to wash...):

Compare the endings of active (with the ending – ω) and passive verbs (with the ending – ομαι) and conjugate the verbs of the lesson (orally and in writing) according to the example:

ASSETS
ντύν ω I dress
ντύν εις you dress
ντύν ει he dresses
ντύν ουμε we dress
ντύνετε you dress
ντύν ουν they dress

PASSIVE
ντύν ομαι I'm getting dressed
ντύν εται he gets dressed
ντύν εσαι you get dressed
ντυν όμαστε we get dressed
ντύν εστε you get dressed
ντύν ονται they dress

It is important to understand the principle of replacing the active ending – ω with the passive one – ομαι because if the verb is paired, then it is useless to look for its passive form (ντύνομαι) in the dictionary. At best, you will find a link to ντύνω. An entry in a dictionary might look like this: ντύνω – to dress someone; ~ ομαι – to dress. And now a few sentences to understand the difference in the use of active and passive paired verbs:
Η μαμά ντύνει το μωρό.
Mom dresses the baby.
Ντύνεται της μόδας.
He/she dresses fashionably.
Πάντα πλένω τα χέρια μου πριν το γεύμα.
I always wash my hands before eating.
Πλένομαι με ζεστό νερό.
I wash my face with warm water.
Χτενίζεις τα μαλλια σου της μόδας.
You comb your hair fashionably.
Σε ποιο κομμωτήριο χτενίζεσαι;
Which hairdresser do you get your hair done at?
Οι φίλοι μας ετοιμάζουν το τραπέζι.
Friends are preparing the table.
Όλοι ετοιμάζονται για τις γιορτές.
Everyone is preparing for the holidays.
Πάντα σηκώνετε το ποτήρι στην υγεία μας.
You always raise a glass to our health.
Τι ώρα σηκώνεστε το πρωί;
What time do you get up in the morning?
As a task and useful practice, you can say each sentence in a different person. For example: What time do you get up in the morning? Τι ώρα σηκώνεσαι το πρωί;
I wish you success! Καλή προσπάθεια!

Greek. Lesson 10: Let's communicate without problems!

Due to numerous requests from our readers, we will once again turn to the topic of “Acquaintance”. Let me remind you that in addition to the phrases well known to you and me: Πώς σας λένε; "What is your name?" and Πώς είναι το όνομά σας; “What is your name?”, native speakers quite often use the verbs ονομάζομαι and λέγομαι to mean “to call”, “to be called”, “to be called”:
ονομάζομαι – λέγομαι my name is
ονομάζεσαι - λέγεσαι is your name
ονομάζεται – λέγεται his/her name is, it’s called
ονομαζόμαστε – λεγόμαστε our name is
ονομάζεστε - λέγεστε is your name
ονομάζονται – λέγονται their name is, it’s called (about several subjects)

Πώς ονομάζεστε;
What is your name?

Ονομάζομαι κύριος Γιάννης Νικολαήδης.
My name is Mr. Yiannis Nikolaidis.

Πώς ονομάζεσαι;
What is your name?

Ονομάζομαι Άννα Νικολαήδη.
My name is Anna Nikolaidi.

Πώς ονομάζεται η κόρη σας;
What is your daughter's name?

Ονομάζεται Γιάννα.
Her name is Zhanna.

Πώς ονομάζεται αυτή η οδός;
What's the name of this street?

Πώς το ονομάζεται στα ελληνικά;
What is it called in Greek?

Το ονομάζεται "περιοδοκό".
It's called a "magazine".

Πώς ονομάζονται τα αδέρφια σας;
What are your brother and sister's names?

Ονομάζονται Νίκος και Σταύρη.
Their names are Nikos and Stavri.

In each of these sentences, you can replace the verb ονομάζομα with the corresponding form of the verb λέγομαι. The meaning and style of the sentences will remain the same. Using material from this lesson and the Beginner Lesson (today's episode), change the dialogue and simulate a "dating" situation using all the methods you know:
Πώς λέγεστε;
What is your name?
Ονομάζομαι Νατάλια.
My name is Natalya.
Χαίρω πολύ.
Very nice.
Επίσης.
Mutually.

Greek. Lesson 11: Past tense

The verbs that will be discussed in today's lesson are most often used in the aorist:
γεννιέμαι - I am born
γεννήθηκα - I was born
στενοχωριέμαι - I am upset
στενοχωρέθηκα - I was upset
βαριέμαι - a burden to me
βαρέθηκα - I'm tired

In the examples below you can observe how the verb γεννιέμαι changes:
Γεννήθηκα στις τρις Μαρτίου το χίλια εννικόσια εβδομήντα τρία.
I was born on March 3, 1973.
Πότε γεννήθηκες;
When were you born?
Τι μήνα γεννήθηκε ο γιος σας;
In what month was your son born?
Τι έτος γεννηθήκατε;
What year were you born?
Οι γονείς μας γεννήθηκαν το ίδιο έτος το χίλια εννικόσια σαράντα τέσσερα.
Our parents were born in the same year, in 1944.

Table of variations of these verbs by persons and numbers:
στενοχωρέθηκα - I was upset
στενοχωρέθηκες - you are upset
στενοχωρέθηκε - he was upset
στενοχωρεθήκαμε - we were upset
στενοχωρεθήκατε - you are upset
στενοχωρέθηκαν - they were upset

Now try to change the phrases yourself so that the verbs are in different persons and numbers:
Πάμε από εδώ, βαρέθηκα.
Let's get out of here. I'm sick of.
Δεν βαρεθήκατε πολύ την παρέα μας;
Aren't you very bored with our company?
Είπε πως βαρέθηκε.
He said he was tired of it.
Η μαμά του στενοχωρέθηκε.
His mother was very upset.

I wish you success! I hope that you are not too bored by all this and that you are not too upset.
Ελπίζω που δεν βαρεθήκατε πολύ και δεν στενοχωεθήκατε. Καλή αντάμωση! See you!

Greek. Lesson 12: Passive verbs ending in -άμαι.

κοιμάμαι - I am sleeping
λυπάμαι - I'm sorry
φοβάμαι - I'm afraid
θυμάμαι - I remember

κοιμάμαι - I am sleeping
κοιμάσαι - you are sleeping
κοιμάται - he is sleeping
κοιμάμαστε - we are sleeping
κοιμάστε - you are sleeping
κοιμάνται - they are sleeping

κοιμούνται/ κοιμάνται




Do you always go to bed at midnight?



Quite rarely we go to bed at 2 am.

It's true that you go to bed at three in the morning.

It seems to me that they go to bed at four in the morning.

Do not sleep! Be careful!

Don't be so upset! Everything will be fine!

Don't be afraid of anything in life!

Remember that we are friends!

Greek. Lesson 13: Irregular verbs in the past tense

Today we will continue our study of the past tense of passive verbs. Some irregular passive verbs in the aorist formally move into the “camp” of active ones: the characteristic suffix –ηκ – is absent, and only past tense endings -α, -ες, -ε, -αμε, -ατε, -αν are used (and they are common to all categories of verbs):
έρχομαι ήρθα (ήλθα) - I have come
γίνομαι έγινα - I became
κάθομαι κάθισα - I sat down
Έγινα έξαλλη.
I lost my temper (became beside myself).
Έγινα έξαλλος.
I lost my temper (became beside myself).
Πώς έγινες γιτρός;
How did you become a doctor?
Και πού έγινε η παράσταση;
And where was the show?
Τι έγινε; What's happened?
Ξαφνικά έγινε κρύο.
Suddenly it became cold.
Γίναμε πολύ φίλοι.
We became close friends.
Οι μέρες έγιναν μικρές και κρύες.
The days became short and cold.

Table of changes in lesson verbs in aorist:
I came/became/sat
ήρθα/έγινα/κάθισα
you came/became/sat
ήρθες/έγινες/κάθισες
he came/became/sat down
ήρθε/έγινε/κάθισε
we came / began / sat down
ήρθαμε/γίναμε/καθίσαμε
you came/became/sat down
ήρθατε/γίνατε/καθίσατε
they came/became/sat down
ήρθαν/έγιναν/κάθισαν

This is what they say when we meet:
- Καλώς ήρθατε! - Welcome!
- Καλώς σας βρήκαμε! - Glad to see you! (required response to the first greeting phrase)

As you can see, there is also an aorist here: from the passive verb έρχομαι “to come” - ήρθατε “you have come, you have arrived” and from the verb βρίσκω “to find” - βρήκαμε “we have found you”. If translated literally, it would be something like this: “Okay, you have arrived (came)!” - “We found you well!”, i.e. "It's so good that you came!" - “It’s so good that we see you.” Any variations on the theme are possible... But we, using our knowledge about the aorist, can switch to “you” if we replace the plural ending with the singular: Καλώς ήρθες! - It’s so good that you came! - Καλώς σε βρήκα! - I'm glad to see you!
So, Καλώς ήρθατε! I am always glad to meet you on the pages of our newspaper. See you! - Καλή αντάμωση!

Greek. Lesson 14: Irregular verbs in the past tense

–ω, -ς, -ει, -με, -τε, -νε:
Το πρωί τρώω ένα σέντουιτς.
In the morning I eat one sandwich.
Εσύ τι τρως για πρόγευμα;
What do you eat for breakfast?
Το μεσημέρι τρώει σαλάτα.
At noon he eats salad.
Τι τρώμε για γεύμα, παιδιά;

Εσείς τι τρώτε το βράδι;
What do you eat in the evening?

In addition, we can combine different expressions in meaning:
"breakfast"
προγευματίζω
τρώω πρόγευμα (πρωινώ)
έχω πρόγευμα (πρωινώ)
"lunch"
γευματίζω
τρώω γεύμα (μεσημεριανό)
έχω γεύμα (μεσημεριανό)
"have supper"
δειπνίζω
τρώω δείπνο (βραδινό)
έχω δείπνο (βραδινό)

Εσύ τι τρως για πρόγευμα;
Εσύ τι έχεις για πρόγευμα;
Εσύ τι τρως για πρωινώ;
Εσύ τι έχεις για πρωινώ;

The verbs προγευματίζω, γευματίζω, δειπνίζω, έχω are conjugated according to the first conjugation with the endings:


I have lunch at two o'clock in the afternoon.
Τι ώρα γευματίζεις συνήθως;









Well, it's time for lunch.
Ώρα για γεύμα.
Bon appetit!
Καλή όρεξη!
Goodbye!
Αντίο!

Greek. Lesson 15: A special group of verbs ending in -άμαι.

Continuing the conversation about passive verbs, today we will look at a special group with the ending -άμαι. It differs in its endings. Here are the most common verbs in this group:
κοιμάμαι - I am sleeping
λυπάμαι - I'm sorry
φοβάμαι - I'm afraid
θυμάμαι - I remember

Pay attention to the characteristic feature -ά- and the place of stress in the endings of these verbs:
κοιμάμαι - I am sleeping
κοιμάσαι - you are sleeping
κοιμάται - he is sleeping
κοιμάμαστε - we are sleeping
κοιμάστε - you are sleeping
κοιμάνται - they are sleeping

P.S. For the highlighted forms, other endings are more common:
κοιμόμαστε/ κοιμούμαστε/ κοιμάμαστε
κοιμούνται/ κοιμάνται
The rest of the verbs in this group are conjugated in the same way. Do it yourself:
Συνήθως κοιμάμαι στις δέκα το βράδυ.
I usually go to bed at 10 pm.
Πάντα κοιμάσαι στις δώδεκα την νύχτα;
Do you always go to bed at 12 at night?
Κάθε Σάββατο κοιμάται στην μια την νύχτα.
Every Saturday he goes to bed at one in the morning.
Πολύ σπάνια κοιμούμαστε στις δυο την νύχτα.
Quite rarely we go to bed at two in the morning.
Είναι αλήθεια πως κοιμάστε στις τρις την νύχτα;
It's true that you go to bed at three in the morning.
Μου φαίνεται πως κοιμούνται στις τέσσερις το πρωί.
I think they go to bed at 4am.

In the phrases below, you can also independently replace the verb forms using the example with the verb κοιμάμαι:
Φοβάμαι που δεν θα είναι εδώ στην ώρα τους.
I'm afraid they won't be here on time.
Λυπάμαι πολύ που δεν ήρθε χτες ο φίλος μου.
I'm very sorry that my friend didn't come yesterday.
Δεν θυμάμαι τίποτα τα τελευταία.
I don't remember anything lately.
A few expressions with these verbs:
Μην κοιμάσαι! Να είσαι προσεχτικός!
Do not sleep! Be careful!
Μην λυπάστε τόσο πολύ! Όλα θα είναι εντάξει.
Don't be so upset!
Everything will be fine!
Μην φοβάσαι τίποτα στην ζωή σου!
Don't be afraid of anything in life!
Να θυμάσαι πως είμαστε φίλοι!
Remember that we are friends!

So, remember (Να θυμάστε!) that next time we will move on to the past tense of passive verbs, and your ability to communicate in Greek will greatly improve.

Greek. Lesson 16: Irregular verbs in the past tense

The verb τρώω - “to eat, to eat” is also one of the short ones (like λέω - to speak, ακούω - to listen) and uses a system of shortened endings:
–ω, -ς, -ει, -με, -τε, -νε:
Το πρωί τρώω ένα σέντουιτς.
In the morning I eat one sandwich.
Εσύ τι τρως για πρόγευμα;
What do you eat for breakfast?
Το μεσημέρι τρώει σαλάτα.
At noon he eats salad.
Τι τρώμε για γεύμα, παιδιά;
So, what are we going to have for lunch, guys?
Εσείς τι τρώτε το βράδι;
What do you eat in the evening?
Τρώνε κοτόπουλο με πατάτες για δείπνο.
For dinner they eat chicken with potatoes.
In the above phrases, the word το πρόγευμα can be replaced by το πρωινό "breakfast", το γεύμα = το μεσημεριανό "lunch", το δείπνο = το βραδινό "dinner".
In addition, we can combine different expressions in the meaning:
"breakfast"
προγευματίζω
τρώω πρόγευμα (πρωινώ)
έχω πρόγευμα (πρωινώ)
"lunch"
γευματίζω
τρώω γεύμα (μεσημεριανό)
έχω γεύμα (μεσημεριανό)
"have supper"
δειπνίζω
τρώω δείπνο (βραδινό)
έχω δείπνο (βραδινό)
Thus, the phrase - What do you eat for breakfast? - from the dialogue it might look like this:
Εσύ τι τρως για πρόγευμα;
Εσύ τι έχεις για πρόγευμα;
Εσύ τι τρως για πρωινώ;
Εσύ τι έχεις για πρωινώ;
In a similar way, you can try to change any phrase from the dialogue.
The verbs προγευματίζω, γευματίζω, δειπνίζω, έχω are conjugated according to the first conjugation with endings
–ω, -εις, -ει, -ουμε, - ετε, -ουν:
Γευματίζω στις δυο το μεσημέρι.
I have lunch at two o'clock in the afternoon.
Τι ώρα γευματίζεις συνήθως;
What time do you usually have lunch?
Το προσωπικό γευματίζει στις δυο και μισή.
The staff has lunch at half past three. (at two and a half)
Την Κυριακή γευματίζουμε στην μια και μισή.
On Sunday we have lunch at half past two (at one and a half)
Πάντα γευματίζετε στην ταβέρνα;
Do you always dine at a tavern?
Τα παιδιά γευματίζουν στο δωμάτιό τους.
The children have lunch in their room.
Well, it's time for lunch.
Ώρα για γεύμα.
Bon appetit!
Καλή όρεξη!
Goodbye!
Αντίο!

Greek. Lesson 17: Regular passive verbs in the aorist

Knowing how the aorist of regular active verbs is formed will help you here. And I again direct you to lessons 6-12 of the first cycle for advanced students (No. 480-488, Dec.-Feb. 2004). If you find the strength to return to what you have covered, remember into which groups the correct Greek verbs in the aorist are divided , it will certainly be much easier for you to master our current material meaningfully, firmly and for a long time. Well, if not, then just take it for granted, take it at its word and learn verbs and sentences with them by heart.
So, GROUP ONE: the verb in the original active form ended in - ζω (Χτενίζω) and has an aorist in - σα (χτένισα), in the passive form - ζομαι (χτενίζομαι) changes to - στηκα ( χτενίστηκα) in the aorist:
active Χτενίζω - I comb my hair - χτένισα - I combed my hair
passive χτενίζομαι - I squat - χτενίστηκα - I combed my hair
Form your own aorist from passive verbs of the first group: εργάζομαι - I work, κουράζομαι - I get tired, χρειάζομαι - I need, I need, I need, φαντάζομαι - I imagine, γνω ρίζομαι - I’m getting acquainted, ετοιμάζομαι - I’m getting ready, αρραβωνιάζομαι - I’m getting engaged. You just need to change the present tense ending – ζομαι to the aorist suffix ending – στηκα. Now check yourself:
εργάστηκα - I worked
κουράστηκα - I'm tired
χρειάστηκα - I needed
φαντάστηκα - I introduced
γνωρίστηκα - I met
ετοιμάστηκα - I have prepared
αρραβωνιάστηκα - I got engaged
Please note that the system is served by the same familiar past tense endings: - α, - ες, -ε, -αμε, -ατε, -αν:

Table of modifications of passive verbs:
in the present tense and in the aorist
κουράζομαι - I'm tired
κουράστηκα - I'm tired
κουράζεσαι - you get tired
κουράστηκες - you are tired
κουράζεται - he gets tired
κουραζόμαστε - we get tired
κουράζεστε - you get tired
κουράζονται - they get tired
κουράστηκε - he is tired
κουραστήκαμε - we are tired
κουραστήκατε - you are tired
κουράστηκαν - they are tired
In order to consolidate the topic, I suggest that you conjugate the verbs of the lesson in the present tense and in the aorist. Be sure to translate each form into Russian, as shown in the table. This will help you master these Greek "puzzles and tongue twisters" faster.

First group Α (first conjugation verbs, group 1)

Verbs in this group are stressed on the second syllable from the end and always end in -ω in the infinitive.

How to correctly conjugate type A verbs using the example of the verb κάνω= do

εγώ κάν ω ..................................................... ..I do
εσύ κάνεις .................................................you do
αυτός/ αυτή/ αυτό κάνει ...................he, she, it does
εμείς κάνουμε ................................................ we do
εσείς κάνετε ................................................you do
αυτοί/αυτές/αυτά κάνουν(ε) ........................they do

Verbs are conjugated in the same way:

ξέρω = I know

βλέπω = I look

διαλέγω = I choose

καταλαβαίνω= I understand

θέλ ω = I want

έχ ω = have

πίν ω = drink

κάν ω = I do

πληρών ω = crying

αγοράζ ω = buying

δουλεύ ​​ω = working

αγκαλιάζ ω = hug

ικετεύω = I beg

Second group AB (first conjugation verbs group 2)

There are very few verbs in this group, they are very similar to the verbs of group A, the stress is also on the second syllable from the end and always end in -ω in the infinitive.

But the endings of these verbs are slightly different from the previous group. It is better to remember the verbs included in this group right away, in any case, there are not many of them:

πάω - to go, to go

λέω - to say

ακούω - listen, hear

τρώω - there is

κλαίω - cry

φταίω - to be guilty

To conjugate a verb, you need to replace the ending -ω with the ending corresponding to the pronoun.

πάω - (go, go)

Εγώ πάω - I'm coming

Εσύ πάς - You are coming

Αυτός / αυτή / αυτό πάει - He/she/it is coming

Εμείς πάμε - We are coming

Εσείς πάτε - You are coming

Αυτοί / αυτές / αυτά πάνε - They are coming

And let's immediately remember a few useful combinations:

πάω με το αυτοκίνητο - go by car

πάω με το αεροπλάνο - fly on an airplane

πάω με το πλοίο - sail on a ship

πάω με τα πόδια - walk

Πάμε στην ξενάγηση σήμερα το μεσημέρι. – We are going on an excursion this afternoon. (σήμερα το μεσημέρι – this afternoon)
Ο καιρός φταίει για την ακύρωση της πτήσης. – The weather is to blame for the flight cancellation. (η ακύρωση – cancellation, η πτήση – flight)
Τρως θαλασσινά προϊόντα; – Do you eat seafood? (τα θαλασσινά προϊόντα – seafood)
Ακούτε την ανακοίνωση; – Do you hear the announcement? (η ανακοίνωση – announcements e

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Group B1 (verbs of the second conjugation group 1)

Verbs in this group end in -άω in the infinitive with the emphasis on -ά. To conjugate a verb, you need to replace the ending -άω with the ending corresponding to the pronoun.

αγαπ ώ ή αγαπάω - to love

αγαπ άς

αγαπά ή αγαπάει

αγαπ άμε ή αγαπούμε

αγαπ άτε

αγαπ ούν(ε)

Pωτάω - to ask
Απαντάω - answer
Μιλάω - to speak
Γελάω - laugh
Χαιρετάω - say hello
Χαμογελάω - smile
Ζητάω - to ask
Φιλάω - to kiss
Φυλάω - to protect
Κοιτάω - watch
Χτυπάω - to beat, knock

Η Άννα μιλάει με τον υπάλληλο του τουριστικού γραφείου. – Anna is talking to a travel agency employee. (ο υπάλληλος - employee, το τουριστικό γραφείο - travel agency)
Στην δουλειά απαντάω στα γράμματα. – At work I answer letters.
Με βοηθάς να βρω το φαρμακείο; – Can you help me find a pharmacy? (το φαρμακείο – pharmacy)
Μιλάτε ελληνικά; – Do you speak Greek?

Group B2 (verbs of the second conjugation group 2)

Verbs of this group end in -ώ in the stressed infinitive. The endings themselves are almost no different from group A, but the emphasis always falls on the ending. To conjugate a verb, you need to replace the ending -ώ with the ending corresponding to the pronoun.

θεωρ είς

θεωρ εί

θεωρ ούμε

θεωρ είτε

θεωρ ούν

αργώ - to be late

μπορώ - to be able

τηλεφωνώ - to call

οδηγώ - to drive

συγχωρώ - to forgive

Αργούμε στο αεροδρόμιο. - We are late for the airport. (το αεροδρόμιο – airport)
Οδηγείς το αυτοκίνητο στο εξωτερικό; – Do you drive a car in a foreign country? (το αυτοκίνητο – car)
Τηλεφωνούν στην Πρεσβεία. – They call the Embassy. (η Πρεσβεία – embassy)

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Verb group G1

This group includes verbs ending -ομαι:

έρχομαι - to come

κάθομαι - sit

σκέφτομαι - to think

σέβομαι - respect

Γίνομαι - to become
Σηκώνομαι - to rise

Φαίνομαι - to seem

Reflexive verbs:

Pλένω το παιδί. - I'm washing the baby. (πλένω – wash)
Πλένομαι. - I'm taking a shower.

To conjugate such a verb, you need to replace the ending -ομαι with the ending corresponding to the pronoun.

έρχ ομαι (to come)

Εγώ έρχ ομαι I'm coming

Εσύ έρχ εσαι You come

Αυτός / αυτή / αυτό έρχεται - He/she/it comes

Ε μείς ερχόμαστε - We are coming

Εσείς έρχεστε - You come

Αυτοί / αυτές / αυτά έρχονται - They come

Σηκώνομαι νωρίς. - I get up, I get up early. (σηκώνομαι – get up, νωρίς – early)
Ερχόμαστε εδώ κάθε καλοκαίρι. – We come here every summer. (έρχομαι - to come, εδώ - here, here, κάθε - every, το καλοκαίρι - summer)
Το Σαββατοκύριακο καθόμαστε έξω μέχρι αργά. - We're late on weekends. (, το Σαββατοκύριακο – weekend, αργά – late)

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Verb group G2

This group includes verbs ending -άμαι.

There are only 4 verbs in this group that need to be learned. Their endings are slightly different from the endings of group G1.

θυμάμαι - remember

φοβάμαι - to be afraid

λυπάμαι - to regret

κοιμάμαι - to sleep

To conjugate a verb, you need to replace the ending -άμαι with the ending corresponding to the pronoun.

κοιμάμαι - to sleep

Εγώ κοιμ άμαι - I'm sleeping

Εσύ κοιμ άσαι - You are sleeping

Αυτός / αυτή / αυτόκοιμάται - He/she/it is sleeping

Εμείς κοιμόμαστε - We are sleeping

Εσείς κοιμόσαστε - You are sleeping

Αυτοί / αυτές / αυτάκοιμούνται - They are sleeping

Κοιμάμαι μέχρι τις 9 το πρωί. – I sleep until 9 am. (κοιμάμαι – sleep, μέχρι – before, το πρωί – morning)
Φοβάται να πετάει. - He is afraid to fly. (φοβάμαι – to be afraid, να πετάει – to fly)
Λυπάμαι πολύ. - I'm really sorry. (λυπάμαι – regret, regret, πολύ – very much)
Με θυμάσαι; - Do you remember me? (με – me, θυμάμαι – remember)

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