1. What were the periods in the history of human development?

The first stage in the development of humanity - the primitive communal system - occupies a huge period of time from the moment humans separated from the animal kingdom (about 3-5 million years ago) until the formation of class societies in various regions of the planet (approximately in the 4th millennium BC. ). Its periodization is based on differences in the material and technique of making tools (archaeological periodization). In accordance with it, 3 periods are distinguished in the ancient era:
1) stone Age(from the emergence of man to the 3rd millennium BC);
2) bronze age(from the end of the 4th to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC);
3) iron age(from the 1st millennium BC).
In turn, the Stone Age is divided into the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), the Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic), the New Stone Age (Neolithic) and the Medio-Stone Age transitional to bronze (Chalcolithic).

2. What were the life and activities of primitive people?

The first species of modern humans appeared 90 thousand years ago in the Middle East and North Africa. For a long time they coexisted with the last Neanderthals, who gradually disappeared from the face of the Earth.
More than 30 thousand years ago, primitive art appeared and flourished, testifying to the developed imaginative thinking and artistic sense of the ancients.
The people of the Upper Paleolithic, who were engaged in hunting, lived during the last glaciation, called in Europe the Würm glaciation. They quickly adapted to the changed climatic conditions and began to populate new territories, reaching the periglacial and arctic regions.
One of the characteristics of the Upper Paleolithic is the improved technology for making tools. A person who lived 35-9 thousand years BC. e., he himself crushed stones into thin plates and strips. They became the basis for a variety of weapons - light and effective. Bone tools were also made, constantly changing over 25 thousand years.
Upper Paleolithic hunters were bearers of the experience of previous generations and already knew perfectly well what was rich in their territory and what the lifestyle of game, herbivores (living both in herds and alone), carnivores, small mammals, and birds was. People adapted to the seasonal migrations of reindeer, hunting which fully satisfied their need for meat food.
Prehistoric people also used the fur skins of predators, mammoth tusks, and the teeth of various animals to make art and jewelry. On occasion, hunters engaged in fishing, which became a valuable aid in certain months, as well as gathering, which played an equally important role in the warm season.
During the nomads, people also found other natural materials, primarily various types of stone necessary for turning tools. Primitive man knew where the flint deposits were, where he systematically visited in order to select and carry away the best pieces that were not subject to glaciation, from which he cut into plates.
People also selected soft stones for sculptures and engravings. They found shells of sea animals and fossil bones, and sometimes followed them hundreds of kilometers from their site. The nomadic lifestyle of Upper Paleolithic hunters implied a fair distribution of responsibilities and cooperation of all members of the community.
Everywhere people went, they sought to protect themselves from cold, wind, dampness and dangerous animals. The housing model depended on the type of activity, type of social organization and level of culture of primitive people. The shelter had certain requirements: a convenient approach, proximity to a river, an elevated location above a valley with animals grazing above it. The house was insulated: a “double roof” was erected. But more often they still settled in valleys, on plains or plateaus, where they built huts and tents. A variety of materials were used, sometimes even mammoth bones.
The term “Paleolithic art” combines works of a wide variety of artistic styles and techniques. Rock painting is the art of drawing on stone walls, which, since Gravettian time conquers the depths of dungeons and turns them into sanctuaries. Every corner of the more than a hundred caves of the Centabrian Mountains is covered with masterpieces of Magdalenian culture.
The artistic technique of that time was very diverse: drawing lines with fingers on clay, carving on various supports, painting itself, which was carried out in a variety of ways - spraying liquid paint, applying it with a brush, combining paint and carving on the same image.
Until the 8th millennium BC. e. in the Middle East and until the 6th millennium in Europe, people lived by hunting, fishing and gathering. During the Neolithic era, his way of life changed radically: by raising livestock and cultivating the land, he began to produce his own food. Thanks to cattle breeding, people provided themselves with food supplies that were constantly at their disposal; In addition to meat, domestic animals provided milk, wool, and leather. The emergence of villages preceded the development of cattle breeding and agriculture.
Neolithic meant a new socio-economic organization of life. But this era also brought with it a number of major technical innovations: pottery, stone polishing, weaving.
During the Neolithic era, giant stone monuments appeared in Western Europe - megaliths. It is believed that with the construction of the megalith, the peasant community declared the establishment of its control over a certain territory.
Society gradually changed. And although the clan group still produced everything it needed for life, along with the peasants, miners, bronze craftsmen, and small traders began to appear. The need to protect mines and trade routes led to the emergence of a special class - warriors. If in the Neolithic era people lived in relative equality, then the Bronze Age was already marked by the emergence of a social hierarchy.

3. What were the stages of the decomposition of the primitive communal system?

Approximately at V-IV millennium BC uh. The decomposition of primitive society began. Among the factors contributing to this, an important role was played by agriculture, the development of specialized cattle breeding, the emergence of metallurgy, the formation of specialized crafts, and the development of trade.
With the development of plow farming, agricultural labor passed from women's hands to men's, and the male farmer became the head of the family. Accumulation was created differently in different families. The product gradually ceases to be divided among community members, and property begins to pass from father to children, and the foundations of private ownership of the means of production are laid.
From the account of kinship on the maternal side they move to the account of kinship on the father's side - patriarchy takes shape. Accordingly, the form of family relations changes, a patriarchal family based on private property emerges.
The growth of labor productivity, increased exchange, constant wars - all this led to the emergence of property stratification among the tribes. Property inequality gave rise to social inequality. The top of the family aristocracy was formed, which was actually in charge of all affairs. Noble members of the community sat on the tribal council, were in charge of the cult of the gods, and selected military leaders and priests from their midst. Along with property and social differentiation within the clan community, differentiation also occurs within the tribe between individual clans. On the one hand, strong and rich clans stand out, and on the other, weak and impoverished ones.
So, signs of the collapse of the clan system were the emergence of property inequality, the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of tribal leaders, the increase in armed clashes, the dooming of prisoners into slaves, the transformation of the clan from a consanguineous collective into a territorial community.
In different regions of the world, the destruction of primitive communal relations occurred at different times, and the models of transition to a higher formation were also varied: some peoples formed early class states, others - slave states, many peoples bypassed the slave system and went straight to feudalism, and some - to colonial capitalism (peoples America, Australia).
Thus, the growth of productive forces created the preconditions for strengthening ties between social organizations and developing a system of gift exchange relations. With the transition from a first marriage to a patriarchal one, and later to a monogamous one, the family becomes stronger and becomes isolated within the community. Community property is complemented by personal property. With the development of productive forces and the strengthening of territorial ties between families, the early primitive community is replaced by the primitive neighboring community, and later by the agricultural community. It is characterized by a combination of individual parcel production with common ownership of land, private ownership and communal principles. The development of this internal contradiction created the conditions for the emergence of class society and the state.

The life of ancient man directly depended on the tribe in which collective work was established. Everyone lived in common housing because it was easier to survive that way. Having united in a community, they could pass on experience from older generations to younger ones, who, in turn, learned to hunt and make various tools from wood and stone. Skills and knowledge have been passed on from generation to generation for many centuries.

Every student should know the history of their ancestors. They can gain knowledge from textbooks that describe the life of ancient people. Grade 5 provides an opportunity to get acquainted with the first people and learn the features of their life.

First fire

The fight against natural elements has always interested man. Conquering fire was the first step towards the survival of mankind. Ancient people first became acquainted with fire through volcanic eruptions and forest fires. People were not afraid of the scale of the disasters that befell them, but on the contrary, they wanted to use fire for their own benefit. Therefore, they learned to extract it artificially. Getting fire was a rather labor-intensive process, so it was carefully protected and preserved. Ancient people made fire in the following way. They took a dry piece of wood, made a hole in it and twisted a stick in it until smoke appeared, followed by fire in the dry leaves near the hole.

Weapons and tools

The life history of ancient people has interesting facts. Scientists have found interesting finds: labor and many household items. They surprise you with their ingenuity. All items were made by ancient craftsmen from scrap materials: wood, bone and stone. The main tools of labor were considered to be objects made of stone. With their help, wood and bone were subsequently processed. Many tribes made war clubs, arrows, spears and knives from stone for protection. Deer and whale bone were used to make axes for making boats from a single tree trunk. The process of making one boat with such a tool could take up to three years. Dog bone needles were used to sew shoes and clothes.

Cooking Features

The life of ancient man could not do without cooking. The first people made household items mainly from bushes and branches, leather, bamboo, wood, coconut shells, birch bark, etc. Food was cooked in wooden troughs into which hot stones were thrown. In a later period, people learned to make dishes from clay. This marked the beginning of real cooking. The spoons were analogous to river and sea shells, and the forks were ordinary wooden sticks.

Fishing, hunting and gathering

In communities, fishing, hunting and gathering were an integral part of the life of ancient people. This type of food production belongs to the appropriating form of farming. In ancient times, people collected fruits, bird eggs, larvae, snails, root vegetables, etc. This was predominantly the work of the women of the tribe. Men got the role of hunters and fishermen. While hunting, they used various techniques: traps, traps, drives and roundups. The purpose of the hunt was to obtain food and other means of subsistence, namely: horns, tendons, feathers, fat, bones and skins. They used sticks with sharp stone tips to catch fish, and later they began to weave nets.

Raising livestock

The appropriating form of economy was replaced by the producing one. We can highlight one main one - cattle breeding. ancient people changed over time, from nomads they turned into sedentary ones, they stopped trying to leave the places of their settlements, and settled in them forever. Therefore, domestication and breeding of animals became possible. Cattle breeding arose from hunting. The first were sheep, goats and pigs, later cattle and horses. Accordingly, an indispensable pet was a dog, which guarded the house and was an ally on the hunt.

Agriculture

Women played a leading role in the development of agriculture, as they were engaged in gathering. The life of ancient man changed radically when he mastered this type of food acquisition. Trees were cut down from stone with axes and then burned. This freed up space in flattering areas. A digging stick with a sharp tip was an improvised hoe. The first people used it to dig the ground. Later they invented a shovel - a stick with a flat end, and a hoe - an ordinary branch with an appendage to which a sharp stone, a bone tip or an animal horn was tied. All over the world, ancient people grew in fields those plants that were native to their habitat. Corn, potatoes and pumpkins were grown in America, rice in Indochina, wheat in Asia, cabbage in Europe, and so on.

Crafts

Over time, the life of ancient man forced him to master various crafts. They developed according to the conditions of the area where the first people lived and the availability of nearby raw materials. The earliest of them are considered to be: woodworking, pottery, leather dressing, weaving, processing of hides and bark. There is a guess that pottery arose from the process of weaving vessels by women. They began to coat them with clay or squeeze out recesses for liquids in the pieces of clay themselves.

Spiritual life

The spiritual life of ancient man is visible in the cultural heritage of Ancient Egypt. This great civilization left a significant mark on the history of all mankind. Religious motifs permeate all the work of the Egyptians. The first people believed that human earthly existence was only a transition to this stage. This stage was not considered so important. From birth, people were preparing to leave for a more perfect other world. The reflection of the spiritual life of Ancient Egypt is reflected in painting and other forms of art.

Human life in the art of Ancient Egypt

Extraordinary and vibrant painting flourished in the state. The Egyptians were deeply religious people, so their whole life consisted of rituals, which can be seen in the themes of their paintings and drawings. Most of the paintings are dedicated to the highest mystical beings, glorification of the dead, religious rites and priests. To this day, the finds of these works are true examples of art.

Egyptian artists produced paintings in accordance with strict boundaries. It was customary to depict the figures of gods, people and animals strictly in frontal view, and their faces in profile. It looks like some kind of mystical scheme. Among the Egyptians, painting served as decoration for religious buildings, tombs and buildings where noble citizens lived. Also, the painting of Ancient Egypt is characterized by monumentality. In the temples of their gods, Egyptian artists created images that sometimes reached enormous sizes.

The painting of Ancient Egypt has a unique, unique style, incomparable to any other.

The ancient civilization of the first people captivates with its versatility and depth. This period is an important stage in the development of all humanity.

Theory and methodology of historical science

Basic concepts:

· - theory of history is the area of ​​general ideas about history as a whole, or about certain processes and phenomena related to history. This is the highest level of historical knowledge. The main thing here is to consider common problems.

· - methodology of history is a section of historical science about methods of cognition. It is a more applied discipline. Method is a means of historical research. In fact, methodology as a part of historical science has been distinguished since the first half of the 19th century in Germany.

Historical science does not have a unified methodology. From here follow all the complexities and features of historical science as such. This approach is manifested in the development of various schools, directions, and theories. The reason for this lies in the very subject of history and its development. The starting point of the study is, first of all, the theoretical position of the historian himself, or the choice of the historian, which depends on many factors. The most significant of them:

· - modern level of knowledge for the researcher

· - own creative developments.

History as knowledge, a certain self-reflection, appears in Ancient Greece. History as a science (historiography) has appeared since the Renaissance. The methodology of history appears from the first half of the 19th century. Thus, there is an addition and complication of historical knowledge as such.

Life and occupations of primitive man.

Restore the appearance of our ancestors: they very much resembled a monkey; they had a rough face, with a wide flattened nose, protruding jaws, and a receding forehead; above the eyebrows there was a roller, under which the eyes were hidden, as if under a canopy; their gait was not yet quite straight, jumping; the arms were long and hung below the knees - in a word, animal-like features predominated in the appearance of the ancient people. The most ancient people could not talk; they communicated with each other using a variety of sounds. The brain volume of ancient man was larger than that of a monkey, but much smaller than that of modern people. The ability to make tools was the main difference between the ancient people and animals. The ancient people did not live alone, but in groups, which scientists call human herds. All the people in the herd, young and old, were engaged in gathering all day long - they were looking for edible things. At that time, roots, fruits and berries, and bird eggs were suitable for food. Let's imagine the African steppes 2 million years ago. The lioness attacked the antelope, lifted it up and tried to drag it away. Noticing this, dozens of “primitive hunters” creep up on the beast from all sides and begin to scream deafeningly, swing clubs and throw stones at the lioness. The predator growls in response to this, releases its claws, bares its fangs. But if she is tired of chasing an antelope and has managed to get enough, then she will not accept a fight with people - abandoning the carcass, she will hide in the steppe. In those days, many different dangers awaited the ancient people. One of the worst was fire. Let’s imagine how during a thunderstorm, lightning lit up bushes, trees, grass... everything around was on fire. The most ancient people, like all living things, were afraid of fire: birds flew away from the fire, animals and people ran away. How man mastered fire, no one knows for sure. There is an assumption that one day, overcoming fear, the daredevils finally approached the fire. It could be a tree or bush set on fire by lightning, or it could be burning lava from a volcano. Perhaps then a great discovery was made.

The period of existence of primitive society was the longest in the history of mankind. According to the latest data, it originates at least one and a half million years ago. In Asia and Africa, the first civilizations arose at the turn of the 4th-3rd millennium AD. e., in Europe and America - in the 1st thousand AD. e. The periodization of the history of primitive society is a complex and has not yet been solved scientific problem.

In modern science, there are several periodizations of primitive society: general (historical), archaeological, anthropological, etc. Of the special periodizations of primitive history, the most important is archaeological, which is based on differences in the material and technique of making tools. According to this, the history of primitive society is divided into three periods - stone, bronze and early iron.

The Stone Age (approximately 2 million - 6 thousand years ago) is divided into the Old Stone Age, or Paleolithic, and the New Stone Age, or Neolithic. Between the Paleolithic and Neolithic there is a transitional era - the Mesolithic.

The Paleolithic is divided into the Early (Lower, Ancient) Paleolithic (1.5-1 million years ago) and the Late (Upper) Paleolithic (40-12 thousand years ago). The Mesolithic dates back to approximately the 12th-6th millennium BC. Neolithic monuments of Europe and Asia date mainly from the 8th-5th millennium AD. e. The end of the Neolithic era, when the first tools made of copper appeared, is called the Eneolithic.

Archaeological periodization makes it possible to draw up a general periodization of the culture of primitive society: 1) the formation of primitive society; 2) the flourishing of primitive society; 3) the decomposition of primitive society.

During the formation of primitive society, the initial forms of its organization arose, and both material and spiritual culture began to emerge. The initial form of organization of society is called the primitive human herd or ancestral community, the beginning of which probably coincides with the separation of man from the animal world and the formation of society, with the manufacture and use of tools. The end of the period of existence of the ancestral community coincides with the transition from the Early to the Middle or Late Paleolithic.

The basis of the life of ancient people was gathering and hunting, the ratio of which was not the same in different historical eras and in different geographical conditions. However, there is no doubt that hunting, as a more progressive branch of the economy, largely determined the development of primitive human groups, because this form of labor activity forced members of the ancestral community to unite more and more closely in the labor process.

The transition to even the simplest labor operations could only occur in a team, beyond herd norms of behavior.

The emergence of the first tools of labor is associated with the era of the ancestral community. The oldest purposefully designed stone tools were pebbles chipped with several rough chips at one end, as well as flakes chipped from such pebbles. They also used so-called hand axes made of flint, various pointed points, and scrapers.

Hand axes and other tools were used for digging up roots, cutting up the carcasses of killed animals, and the like. The hunt was mainly driven.

Wooden tools were also used, but they have not survived to this day.

Fire played a huge role in the life of primitive man, the use of which testified to the mastery of people by an extremely powerful force of nature. Fire provided heat and was used for cooking, burning the working parts of wooden tools, during driven hunting, and the like.

For a long time it was believed that the only human habitation in the era of the ancestral community were caves. However, several settlements with built housing have been found. Thus, in Ukraine, at the Molodova site, the remains of housing made of mammoth bones were found.

The emergence of modern humans was closely related to the rise of productive activity during the transition from the Early to the Late Paleolithic. This was manifested primarily in the emergence of a new stone processing technique, which made it possible to create special tools - scrapers, burins, points with a blunt edge, knives, sharp and light spear tips. Many stone tools of the Late Paleolithic already had wooden and bone handles. Along with stone, bone and horn were widely used, from which awls, needles, tips for hoes, spears, and the like were made.

Significant changes in the development of production also changed the organization of society. The growth of man's technical equipment in his struggle for survival created conditions for the existence of fairly stable economic groups. Unlike the ancestral community, the clan was already a fully formed human collective. The rudiments of primitive collectivism, close cooperation and cohesion among clan members reached their highest development. Kinship relations were understood as economic.

Recognition of tribal ties acquired social significance and became the main feature of a new production team - a tribal community, which replaced the human herd (ancestral community).

The rise in production and better living conditions for people contributed to population growth, which was accompanied by a decrease in game near settlements. Hunters of the Late Paleolithic began to gradually move from previously developed places to the previously deserted northern regions of Europe and Asia. Moving from Asia through the Bering Strait, people first settled America.

Finds of skulls of Late Paleolithic people indicate that the main racial characteristics that exist today were formed already in the Late Paleolithic era. These features more or less exactly coincided with the boundaries of the continents.

The Caucasoid race formed mainly in Europe, the Mongoloid race in Asia, and representatives of the Negroid race inhabited Africa and Australia.

An important milestone in the development of mankind was the transition from the consumption of finished products of nature to their production, that is, from subsistence farming to reproductive management. For the existence of early tribal hunting and gathering communities, two stages of reproductive activity are distinguished: archaic and economic. The boundary between them is the use of a new, effective hunting weapon - bows and arrows.

The highest and final stage of the thousand-year-old Stone Age was the Neolithic. At this time, ruble services were more widely used, the quality of which increased due to surface grinding. A typical tool was an ax, which facilitated the clearing of forest areas for agriculture, and later the processing of wood for buildings, making boats from wood, and the like.

The most important feature of the Neolithic era was ceramics and pottery. This is why it is sometimes called the ceramic age. Weaving received significant development, on the basis of which weaving developed. However, the most important changes in the economy were related to the improvement of agriculture and cattle breeding.

Neolithic culture developed at the fastest pace in the Middle East. It was there that agriculture arose and domestic animals began to be raised. It was from the Middle East that the most important cultivated plants and some types of domestic animals came to Europe. About 5 thousand AD That is, copper tools appeared in the Middle East. In the 4th millennium AD That is, they began to cast copper products. At the same time and at the beginning of the 3rd millennium AD. That is, the inhabitants of Mesopotamia were already building not only houses from raw brick, but also large public buildings and temples, the construction of irrigation systems began, the potter's wheel and wheeled transport were invented.

In the 5th-4th millennium AD That is, Neolithic agricultural tribes also inhabited Egypt. The processing of flint by retouching has been achieved here magnificently’! skill. Magnificent ceramics were produced with white painting on a red background, and later - with red painting on a white background. A variety of copper products were produced - flat axes, daggers, knives, needles and other things.

In the 5th millennium AD That is, in the southeast of Europe a large cultural and historical area of ​​settlement of agricultural and pastoral tribes arose, which extended to Ukraine. In Central Europe there was an agricultural culture with characteristic ceramics decorated with linear-ribbon designs. The basis of the economy of the Linear Band Ware tribes was the cultivation of barley, wheat, beans, peas and flax in small plots cultivated with a hoe. There weren't many livestock kept. The areas around the village were used until they stopped giving birth, and then people moved to a new place.

Very similar in type of economy to the band ceramics culture was the archaeological culture - Trypillya (named after the first place of its discovery near the village of Trypillya, 50 km from Kyiv). The Trypillian settlement consisted of dozens of houses located in a circle, with a square in the middle. The houses had several living spaces, as well as storage rooms. Each room had a stove and large containers for storing grain. In the back of the room there was an altar with figurines of female deities. The main occupation of the Trypillians was agricultural farming with subsidiary cattle breeding, hunting and fishing.

The Metal Age is divided into the Bronze and Iron Ages. The Bronze Age is a period in human history when tools and weapons made of bronze became widespread and were used along with stone ones or instead of them.

Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, sometimes antimony, lead or zinc in varying proportions. Bronze products are not only harder and sharper than copper, but they are also easier to manufacture because bronze melts at a lower temperature. However, both copper and bronze tools did not replace stone ones.

The earliest metal tools are similar in shape to stone ones. Subsequently, the production of tools began, in which the properties of the new material were most appropriately used (axes, hammers, hoes, sickles, knives, etc.).

The exact chronological framework of the Bronze Age is difficult to determine. Earlier, in the middle of the 3rd millennium AD. That is, bronze became known in Southern Iran, Mesopotamia and Southeast Asia. In Egypt and India, the oldest bronze tools date back to the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. e. For most European countries, the Bronze Age covers mainly the 2nd millennium AD. e.

The Early Iron Age is chronologically very short compared to previous archaeological eras. Despite the fact that iron is the most common metal in the world, man mastered it quite late due to the fact that it is almost never found in nature in its pure form. In addition, it is difficult to process.

During the Neolithic and Eneolithic periods, the development of agriculture was hampered by the limited technical capabilities of stone tools. Cutting down a forest with a stone ax required incredible effort and time. The use of a copper ax reduced labor costs threefold. Bronze axes made labor even easier and made it possible to clear large areas for agriculture. The need for better cultivation of depleted old plots ultimately led to the transition from hand-held land cultivation tools to arable ones.

During the Bronze and Early Iron Ages, semi-nomadic and nomadic cattle breeding spread in the steppe regions.

The first social division of labor in the history of mankind took place - the separation of primarily pastoral tribes from farmers-pastoralists, first shepherds, and later nomadic tribes.

The use of bronze and iron gave a powerful impetus to the development of handicrafts. Metal was used to produce a variety of tools, household items, jewelry, and weapons. In the Bronze Age, the sword and war chariot appeared, and protective equipment was improved. New tools for processing wood and bone were made from metal, primarily iron. The invention of the loom in the Bronze Age contributed to the development of weaving, and the potter's wheel contributed to the further development of pottery production. Not only metallurgy, but also other types of craft activities required increasing skills and experience. Particularly skilled craftsmen began to emerge from among the community members.

The second major social division of labor in the history of mankind began - the separation of crafts from agriculture.

Exchanges intensified and began to take place regularly both within the community and outside it. The means of communication were improved. Wheeled carts, ships with oars and sails appeared, and tracks were built. From the middle of the 2nd millennium AD. That is, the horse began to be used as a harness for the animal.

The pattern of the primitive communal system among farmers-pastoralists was a natural result of the Neolithic revolution that took place in the economy. Various signs of such a situation already existed in the late-birth community of farmers and pastoralists. However, it took time for these trends to manifest themselves in full force. New, more advanced labor skills had to be developed, the population had to grow, and the most important component of productive productivity had to progress.

forces - means of labor. Therefore, the discovery and development of the beneficial properties of metals played a very important role. This was the impetus for cultural and social changes in human history.

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Incredibly many millennia ago, in Africa, Europe, and Asia, as scientists suggest, primitive man appeared. He was very different from modern man. He was simply very short - only 50-60 cm taller than the current first-grader. Primitive man was ugly: on a large head with a short thick neck, small eyes were hidden under deep eyebrows. But he was very strong and resilient and, unlike animals, he walked, although clumsily, upright. Therefore, he adapted his hands to hold a club and make various objects. actively populated the earth: while the continents were connected by land masses, he traveled to America and Australia. The cold weather was already setting in, and people were moving around all the time and trying to live together, since it was more difficult to survive alone. And while cooling had not yet set in on the earth, primitive people hunted mammoths.

To do this, they dug pit traps and, with noise and screams, drove the huge beast into them. Or they drove a large animal to a gorge or cliff. The animals fell there, and the man had to finish them off. But it was difficult, almost impossible, to get a large animal out of the hole. We had to pull it out gradually, piece by piece. The pit was like a storage room. Dangerous hunting was the occupation of primitive people. It was quite difficult to get meat food. But after catching a mammoth, there was enough food for a long time. In addition, people also developed warm, soft skins. In warm places they hunted hippos, tapirs, antelopes, even mountain goats. Meat accelerated human growth and activity. Eating meat made a person stronger and smarter. His appearance gradually changed: his arms became shorter, his head and brain became larger, and his thinking developed. This person was later called Cro-Magnon.

Nomads

At first, primitive people, having made darts and throwing weapons, used them to hunt animals at a short distance. This was the first occupation of primitive people, which made it possible to obtain meat food. But having caught the animals near their home, they began to move around in search of food. Huge rhinoceroses, bison, deer, small birds such as partridges - everything was eaten.

Man managed to heat and protect his homes with fire. At this time, he hunted with only one powerful weapon - a spear. The spears were made of wood, but a hard, sharp stone was tied or tied to the end in order to pierce the body of the animal and its thick skin. The spears were decorated with shallow designs. These drawings meant that man was stronger than the beast, and forest and desert spirits would come to his protection and help. Sometimes primitive people even killed such large animals as an elephant or a lion. They made necklaces for themselves from the teeth of animals. If it happened in the north, then, having found the corpse of a mammoth in the permafrost, people willingly ate it. And hunting for reindeer was a constant activity of primitive people, which made it possible to obtain meat food. If the cave or built dwelling was comfortable and successful, then it could serve for several generations. Their life was short.

Inventions in a new era - Neolithic

People have always respected the wolf for its intelligence, perseverance, speed, excellent sense of smell and strength. And the man tames the wolf. So he had a friend and hunting assistant and protector - a dog. And then primitive man learned to make new weapons by bending branches - this is how the bow appeared. With his invention it was possible to hunt animals from afar. Now a pack of dogs tracked the animal, directed it to the right place and from afar, with the help of a bow, without fear of being maimed, the man hunted. What was hunting like in those days? This was the main occupation of primitive people, which made it possible to obtain meat food.

Questions and answers

What concerns did primitive man have? The answer is to feed yourself, find a cave for a quiet life, protect yourself.

What tools did primitive people use to obtain meat? The answer is javelin, spear, bow and arrows.

What weapons did the fishermen need? The answer is a harpoon.

What was the occupation of primitive people that allowed them to obtain meat food? The answer is hunting and fishing. Moreover, hunting is a drive of animals, slaughtering weak animals that lag behind the pack. This was especially convenient and less dangerous.

What drawings were depicted on people's homes? The answer is animals, people, hunting scenes.

What was the largest animal that primitive people drew? The answer is bison.

What period is called the Stone Age? The answer is Paleolithic.

Who was the ancestor of intelligent man? The answer is Cro-Magnon.

The most ancient hunting tools allow us to think that primitive man learned to make them himself and pass on his knowledge to other people in the community. Primitive people figured out how to make them very slowly and primitively, but this developed them, and elements of what we now call culture appeared. They learned to live together, their perception of the world expanded. They learned to draw and make flutes - this is how they expressed their feelings. Now, seeing how the Australian aborigines live, who were completely cut off from the whole world before the arrival of Europeans, we can imagine how primitive people lived.

Much later, people mastered the production of metal, or rather bronze, weapons and household items - vessels, vats, jewelry and amulets.