Education

"Including": is a comma needed or not? When to use commas: punctuation rules

August 3, 2015

The members of the sentence, which are in the nature of additional information reported along the way to expand the content of the main statement, belong to the category of connecting. They are entered using separate words, combinations or particles and are separated by commas in writing. We will talk in more detail about such words, or rather about specific examples of the use of some of them.

When a comma is placed near the union "including"

Including - this is a union that is used to clarify or supplement information by adding a new member of the proposal to the existing ones.

On the letter, it should be remembered that the connecting phrase (which includes the union “including”) is separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence. For example:

Today we have gathered all the guys including Pavlik to discuss the situation.
It was already known everywhere including in our town.

And in order for the connecting member or turnover to be considered separate and require commas on both sides, you need to pay attention to the meaning of the statement.

So, in the case when the withdrawal of turnover does not distort the structure of the sentence, it can be considered separate:

In all his works, including and in this story, the author is surprisingly truthful and restrained (the withdrawal of turnover is possible, therefore it is separated by commas).

But in the case of the example: "In all, including e and in this work the author skillfully conveys reality”, the withdrawal will violate the structure - “in all ... the work”, which means that the turnover is not isolated.

Is there a comma between the adjunctive turnover and the union “including”

Please note that the union "including" is not an introductory word, which means that it is not separated from both sides by commas. Moreover, if the unions "a" or "and" are additionally used before the named union, then they form a single combination and are not separated by a comma:

Everyone got what they deserved, and including e Tolik.
Natasha loved to draw portraits, and including and from memory, but she was embarrassed to show them to her friends (as you can see, there is no comma between unions and the combination “including”).

But pay attention to one more detail - for the correct use of the union "including" it is necessary to have in the sentence an indication of the whole, a part of which will be attached with the help of this union. Compare:

How are commas placed near the union "for example"

Often there is another mistake in writing - an extra comma after the word "for example." Commas, by the way, in this case are placed according to several general rules, which we will now present.

If the word "for example" is before the connecting turnover to which it refers, then the whole turnover is separated by commas, and not the word:

Some girls For example Tanya, helped in cleaning the classroom.

If the turnover, including the word "for example", is distinguished by a dash or brackets, then after "for example" commas are placed:

Some girls ( For example, Tanya) helped clean the classroom.

If the word "for example" appears after the connecting member, then in this case, it is separated by commas on both sides:

Some girls helped clean the classroom. Here is Tanya For example, washed the desks.

After "for example" there may be a colon, in situations where it is after a word with a generalizing meaning before homogeneous members:

Some fruits are dangerous to give to allergy sufferers, For example: oranges, pineapples, as well as strawberries and other red berries.

If the mentioned word refers to the whole sentence or to its subordinate part (in the case when it is complex), then it is separated on both sides by commas:

And what will you do if For example, will we meet hooligans?

This rule also applies to phrases that include the combinations “in particular” or “for example” and the like.

How to highlight introductory words

Some introductory words will be discussed next, so it’s worth remembering how they stand out in writing.

Introductory words help clarify what was said or emphasize some part of it. They are always distinguished in oral speech by pauses, and in writing by commas. If such words are at the beginning of the sentence, a punctuation mark is placed after them, and if at the end, then before them, including a comma is needed when the introductory word is in the middle of the sentence. Then it is separated from two sides.

How it stands out in the letter "however"

The word "however" performs both the role of an introductory word, and a union or interjection. Therefore, separating it with commas depends on what role it plays in this sentence and where it is located.

You should know that it never starts a sentence as an introductory word. If it is followed by a separate turnover, then after "however" a comma is placed:

However, looking around, he quickly figured out what to do next.

And in the middle of such a turn, it stands out on both sides:

He listened to the story, not really, however, interesting, and diligently smiling.

When using the specified word as an interjection, a comma is required after and before "however":

However how you have grown during this time!

If “however” is used as a union at the beginning of a sentence, it is not separated by a comma, but when connecting parts of a complex sentence with it, a comma is placed before it:

How to put commas on the word "please"

How commas will stand next to the word “please” largely depends on the context in which it is used. If it is used as an introductory word in order to attract the attention of the interlocutor or as a polite appeal, then it is distinguished by commas according to the rules common for this type of words:

Please, do not remember the flowers in the flower bed.
Tell, Please how to get to Ivanova street?
Sit down, Please.

But there are situations in which commas are not placed next to the word “please”. Firstly, if it is used as a particle meaning "yes", and secondly, if "please" is included in the phrase:

How to put commas next to the word "therefore"

When considering whether there should be a comma before or after the word “therefore”, one should definitely pay attention to the situation in which this adverb is used. Most often it is used as an analogue of the union in compound sentences with a causal meaning:

The sky is overcast with clouds, That's why everyone expected rain.
The cup treacherously tilted, That's why there was a dark stain on the shirt.
Frost hit from the night That's why the sidewalk was covered with ice.

In such situations, a comma is placed before “therefore”, as before a union that connects the two parts of a complex sentence.

By the way, this word is often confused with the introductory word, singling it out with commas in writing, but it is included in the group of particles and adverbs that never belong to introductory words, which means they do not need the said highlighting.

Summarize

If you think about how connecting phrases or introductory words stand out in a letter and whether a comma is also placed after the word “therefore”, remember the nuances that allow you to accurately punctuate. For this:

pay attention to the context of the sentence;
remember that the introductory word, like the connecting turn, is easily removed from the sentence;
do not forget which words cannot act as introductory words;
if the word is still introductory, apply the rules for highlighting them in writing;
and when using the adverb “therefore,” remember the punctuation marks for parts of a complex sentence.

There are rules in the Russian language, the formulation of which turns out to be quite complex, it is difficult to reduce it to some kind of elementary scheme (for example, the rule for spelling adverbs). At first glance, the rule for punctuation marks for introductory words, phrases and sentences consists in a single wording - they are highlighted in writing with commas on both sides. However, in fact, the difficulties associated with the use of introductory words and phrases in texts lead to a huge number of errors in the written work of schoolchildren and applicants.

Standard errors associated with punctuation in introductory words are the following:
The introductory word is not highlighted;
A word is highlighted that is mistakenly taken as an introductory one, but is not one;
The writer uses punctuation marks inaccurately when including an introductory word in the text.
In the first paragraph of this article you can find four cases of using the rule for punctuation with introductory words, although there is only one introductory word - “for example”. The word “however” is not introductory in the proposed context, performing the function of the conjunction “but”; the combinations “at first glance” and “in fact”, considered by many writers as introductory, are not such at all.

So, what words will be introductory and what are the features of using punctuation marks in introductory constructions?

Introductory words and sentences that are not grammatically related to the general structure of the sentence are called introductory. Introductory words are not parts of a sentence; they cannot be asked questions. Introductory sentences and plug-in constructions are not included in the general scheme of the sentence, they are comments that are not related or not closely related to the general meaning of the sentence. Both introductory words and introductory sentences are isolated, that is, the writer uses an emphasizing punctuation mark - paired commas, dashes, parentheses.

Below we will try to understand the specifics of the rules for using introductory words and phrases in the text. In order for everyone to check how accurately they understood the proposed section of the rule, after each fragment they will be offered exercises for independent analysis. Our exercises are somewhat different from those offered in most tutorials. These are not separate phrases, but a coherent text, not entirely traditional in content, but extremely rich in introductory combinations, which will allow you to more effectively work through the completed section of the rule.

Basic rule: The introductory word or phrase is separated by commas on both sides.

The main mistake of most writers is associated with inaccurate knowledge of the list of introductory words. Therefore, first of all, you should learn which words can be introductory, which groups of introductory words can be distinguished and which words are never introductory.

GROUPS OF INTRODUCTORY WORDS.

1. introductory words expressing the speaker’s feelings in connection with what was said: fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to annoyance, to horror, to misfortune, what good...
2. introductory words expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reliability of what he said: of course, undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, obviously, certainly, probably, possibly, true, maybe, should be, it seems, in all likelihood, apparently, essentially, essentially, I think... This group of introductory words is the most numerous.
3. introductory words indicating the sequence of thoughts presented and their connection with each other: firstly, so, therefore, in general, means, by the way, further, however, finally, on the one hand... This group is also quite large and insidious.
4. introductory words indicating techniques and ways of forming thoughts: in a word, in other words, in other words, or rather, more precisely, so to speak...
5. introductory words indicating the source of the message: they say, in my opinion, according to..., according to rumors, according to information..., in opinion..., in my opinion, remember...
6. introductory words, which represent the speaker’s address to the interlocutor: do you see, know, understand, forgive, please, agree...
7. introductory words indicating an assessment of the extent of what is being said: at most, at least...
8. introductory words showing the degree of ordinaryness of what was said: it happens, it happened, as usual...
9. introductory words expressing the expressiveness of the statement: jokes aside, it’s funny to say, honestly, between us...

Writers' mistakes are associated, first of all, with the incorrect characterization of a word as an introductory one, in other words, with the isolation of a word that is not an introductory one.

The following words are not introductory words and are not separated by commas in writing:
literally, as if, in addition, suddenly, after all, here, there, hardly, after all, ultimately, hardly, even, precisely, exclusively, as if, as if, just, meanwhile, almost, therefore, therefore, approximately, approximately, moreover, moreover, simply, decisively, as if... - this group includes particles and adverbs, which are most often mistakenly isolated as introductory ones.
by tradition, by advice..., by direction..., by request..., by order..., by plan...- these combinations act as non-isolated members of the sentence - On the advice of her older sister, she decided to enter Moscow State University. By order of the doctor, the patient was put on a strict diet. According to the author, the novel was supposed to cover the period up to 1825.

Task 1. Place the missing punctuation marks. Try to figure out which groups the introductory words used in the text belong to.

To my shame, I do not read serious literature, preferring detective stories to it, and between us talking romance novels. Firstly, it seems that I don’t always correctly grasp the author’s intention, but I can well follow the twists and turns of the plot of a crime story. Secondly, I am absolutely not interested in descriptions of the fictional experiences of the characters, so I, as usual, skip almost half of the book. Apparently I am just one of those people who, to put it mildly, should not read “serious” literature. In addition, this literature, in my opinion, is often written by people who have not fully realized themselves in practical activities, in other words, the unemployed, and detective stories are created by former and current employees of the competent authorities, who, you agree, have proven their right to understand the essence of what they are describing. Of course, from the point of view of style, these novels, unfortunately, seem to be copied from one another, but the plots can, without any doubt, excite even an honored philologist.
For example, one cannot help but be captivated by novels about the everyday life of police officers. According to literary scholars, these books are allegedly devoid of artistic merit. Therefore, reading such a work does not essentially develop our intellect, but believe me, the pleasure from the process of complicity in the investigation of a bloody crime essentially adds so much adrenaline that the intellect rises, as it were, by itself. Sometimes the reader guesses before the characters in the novel who, according to the author’s plan, is committing a crime. Maybe it is precisely this illusion of your superiority over the police officers participating in the action that gives you, among other things, a feeling of involvement in the novel’s plot, while unfortunately no one can even virtually imagine themselves as one of the heroes of a postmodern novel.
Further, any detective reading knows that evil will ultimately be punished and, of course, justice will prevail. Thus, these books provide an opportunity to hope for the triumph of good, and in my opinion, this alone is a fairly compelling reason for the publication of such works that essentially do not bother anyone. Maybe many will not agree with me, but you must agree, we all know people who have never mastered “War and Peace” and are unlikely to remember the contents of the novel “Oblomov”, but to be honest, even my friends, professors and academicians, often spend their leisure time leafing through new detective.

Depending on the context, the same words can act either as introductory words or as members of a sentence:

MAYBE and COULD BE, MUST BE, SEEMED act as introductory words if they indicate the degree of reliability of what is being reported - Maybe I’ll come tomorrow? Our teacher has been gone for two days; maybe he got sick. This must be your first time encountering such a phenomenon. I think I saw him somewhere. These same words can turn out to be predicates - What can a meeting with you bring me? How can a person be so dispensable! This should be your own decision. This all seems very suspicious to me.
OBVIOUSLY, POSSIBLY, SHOWN turn out to be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of the statement - You obviously want to apologize for your action? Next month I may go on vacation. Apparently you don't want to tell us the whole truth? The same words can be included in the predicates - It became obvious to everyone that we need to look for another way to solve the problem. This became possible thanks to the coordinated actions of the fire brigade. The sun is not visible because of the clouds.
SURELY, TRUE, EXACTLY, NATURALLY turn out to be introductory when indicating the degree of reliability of what is being reported (in this case they are interchangeable or can be replaced with words of this group that are close in meaning) - You probably (= should be) do not understand how important it is to do this on time. You, right, are the same Sidorov? She was definitely a beauty. All these arguments, of course, are just our assumptions for now. These same words turn out to be members of the sentence (circumstances) - He translated the text correctly (= correctly, circumstance of the course of action). I don’t know for sure (=certainly, the circumstance of the course of action), but he had to do it to spite me. The student accurately (=correctly) solved the problem. This naturally (=naturally) led us to the only correct answer.
BTW is an introductory word if it indicates a connection of thoughts - He is a good athlete. By the way, he studies well too. This word does not act as an introductory word in the meaning of “at the same time” - I’ll go for a walk, by the way, I’ll buy bread.
BTW turns out to be an introductory word, indicating a connection of thoughts - Her parents, girlfriends and, by the way, best friend are against the trip. This word can be used as a non-introductory word in the context - He made a long speech, in which he among other things noted that he would soon become our boss.
FIRST OF ALL, as an introductory word, it indicates a connection of thoughts - First of all (=first of all), is it necessary to raise such a sensitive topic at all? The same word can act as an adverb of time (= first) - First of all, I want to say hello from your parents. It must be said that in the same phrase "first of all" can be considered as an introductory, or not, depending on the will of the author.
REALLY, UNDOUBTEDLY, UNCONDITIONALLY, PROPERLY will be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of the reported - From this hill, indeed (= exactly, in fact, without any doubt), the best view opened. There is no doubt (=really, really) that your child is capable of music. He certainly read this novel. - or to the method of forming thoughts - That, in fact, is the whole story. These same words are not introductory if they appear in other meanings - I really am the way you imagined me (= in reality, in fact). He was undoubtedly a talented composer (= without a doubt, in fact). She is certainly right in offering us such a simple way to solve the problem (=very, quite right). I had nothing actually against the school, but I didn’t want to go to this one (=in general, exactly). The words "really" and "unconditionally", depending on the intonation proposed by the speaker, may in the same context be either introductory or not.
THUS, NEXT, THEN, FINALLY, FINALLY as introductory words they indicate a sequence of thoughts - And, then, she turned out to be a celebrity. Next, we will talk about our conclusions. Thus (=so), our results do not at all contradict those obtained by other scientists. She is smart, beautiful and, finally, she is very kind to me. What, after all, do you want from me? Usually sentences containing the above words complete a series of enumerations, the words themselves have the meaning "and more". In the context above, the words "firstly", "secondly", "on the one hand", etc. may occur. "Thus" in the meaning of the introductory word turns out to be not only the completion of the enumeration, but also the conclusion.

These same words are not highlighted as introductory in meaning: “in this way” = “in this way” - In this way he was able to move the heavy cabinet. “Next” = “then” - Next, the floor is given to the second opponent. Usually in the previous context there are circumstances of time, for example "at first". “Later” = “then, after that” - And then he became a famous scientist. “Finally” = “at the end, finally, after everything, as a result of everything” - Finally, all the affairs were successfully completed. Usually, in this sense, the particle "-something" can be added to the word "finally", which cannot be done if "finally" is an introductory word. In the same meanings as above for “finally”, the combination “eventually” is not introductory - Eventually (= as a result) an agreement was reached.
HOWEVER, it is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence - Rain, however, has been falling for the second week, despite weather forecasters. How cleverly I did it, however! "However" does not turn out to be introductory at the beginning of a sentence and at the beginning of a part of a complex sentence, when it acts as an adversative conjunction (= but) - However, people did not want to believe in his good intentions. We did not hope to meet, but we were lucky.
GENERALLY is introductory in the sense of “generally speaking”, when it indicates the way thoughts are formed - His work, in general, is of interest only to a narrow circle of specialists. In other meanings, the word “in general” is an adverb meaning “in general, completely, in all respects, under all conditions, always” - Ostrovsky is for Russian theater what Pushkin is for literature in general. According to the new law, smoking in the workplace is generally prohibited.
IN MY opinion, IN YOUR opinion, IN OUR opinion, IN YOUR opinion are introductory, indicating the source of the message - Your child, in my opinion, has a cold. Do you think this proves something? The word “in his own way” is not introductory - He is right in his own way.
OF COURSE is most often introductory, indicating the degree of reliability of the statement - We, of course, are ready to help you with everything. Sometimes this word is not isolated if intonation is distinguished by a tone of confidence, conviction. In this case, the word “of course” is considered an intensifying particle - I certainly would have agreed if you had warned me in advance.
ANYWAY more often it is introductory and used for evaluation - I, in any case, would not like to remember this. These words, in any case, indicate the seriousness of his attitude towards life. In the meaning of “always, under any circumstances,” this combination is not introductory - In any case, I had to meet him today and talk to him.
IN REALLY, more often than not, it is NOT introductory, speaking in the sense of “really” - Petya is really good at computers. I really have nothing to do with it. Less often, this phrase turns out to be introductory, if it serves to express bewilderment, indignation - Why are you really pretending to be a smart guy?
IN ITS TURN it can be introductory when it indicates the connection of thoughts or the way thoughts are formed - Among the many modern writers, Vladimir Sorokin is of interest, and among his books, in turn, “The Novel” can be especially highlighted. Having asked me to help him with his work, he, in turn, did not mess around either. The same phrase can be non-introductory in the meaning “in response”, “for one’s part” (= when it’s the turn) - Masha, in turn, talked about how she spent the summer.
MEANS is introductory if it can be replaced with the words “therefore”, “therefore” - The message is complex, which means it needs to be conveyed today. The rain has already stopped, which means we can go for a walk. If she fights us so hard, it means she feels she is right. This word may turn out to be a predicate, close in meaning to “means” - A dog means more to him than a wife. When you are truly friends with a person, it means that you trust him with everything. "So" can be between the subject and the predicate, especially when they are expressed in infinitives. In this case, a dash is placed before “means” - To be offended means to recognize oneself as weak. To be friends means to trust your friend.
ON the contrary, it is introductory if it indicates a connection of thoughts - He did not want to offend her, but, on the contrary, tried to ask her for forgiveness. Instead of playing sports, she, on the contrary, sits at home all day. The combination “and vice versa”, which can act as a homogeneous member of a sentence, is not an introductory one; it is used as a word that replaces a whole sentence or part of it. – In spring, girls change: brunettes become blondes and vice versa (i.e. blondes become brunettes). The more you study, the higher marks you get, and vice versa (i.e. if you do little, the marks will be bad; the comma before "and" appears at the end of the sentence part - it turns out, as it were, a compound sentence, where "on the contrary" replaces its second Part). I know that he will fulfill my request and vice versa (i.e. I will fulfill it, there is no comma before "and", since "vice versa" replaces a homogeneous clause).
AT LEAST it is introductory, if the assessment matters - Misha, at least, knows how to behave, and does not pick his teeth with a fork. This phrase can be used in the meaning of “no less than”, “at least”, then it is not isolated - She will at least know that her father did not live his life in vain. At least five from the class must take part in cross-country skiing.
FROM VIEWPOINT is introductory meaning "in opinion" - From my grandmother's point of view, a girl should not wear trousers. Her answer, from the point of view of the examiners, is worthy of the highest mark. The same turnover may have the meaning "in relation to" and then it is not introductory - The work is going according to plan in terms of timing. If we evaluate the behavior of the heroes of some literary works from the point of view of modern morality, then it should be considered immoral.
IN PARTICULAR, it stands out as introductory if it indicates the connection of thoughts in a statement - She is interested, in particular, in the question of the contribution of this scientist to the development of the theory of relativity. The firm takes an active part in charitable activities and, in particular, helps orphanage No. 187. If the combination IN PARTICULAR is at the beginning or at the end of the connecting structure, then it is not separated from this structure (this will be discussed in more detail in the next section) I love books about animals, especially about dogs. My friends, in particular Masha and Vadim, vacationed this summer in Spain. The specified combination is not distinguished as an introductory one if it is connected by the conjunction “and” with the word “in general” - The conversation turned to politics in general and in particular about the latest government decisions.
MAINLY it is introductory, when it serves to evaluate a fact, highlight it in a statement - The textbook should be rewritten and, mainly, such chapters should be added to it... The room was used on special occasions and, mainly, for organizing ceremonial dinners. This combination may be part of a connecting construction, in which case, if it is at the beginning or end of it, it is not separated from the construction itself by a comma - Many Russian people, mainly representatives of the intelligentsia, did not believe the government’s promises. In the meaning of “first of all,” “most of all,” this combination is not introductory and is not isolated - He was afraid of writing mainly because of his illiteracy. What I like most about him is his relationship with his parents.
FOR EXAMPLE, it will always be introductory, but it is formatted differently. It can be separated by commas on both sides - Pavel Petrovich is a person who is extremely attentive to his appearance, for example, he carefully cares for his nails. If "for example" appears at the beginning or at the end of an already isolated member, then it is not separated from this turnover by a comma - In many large cities, for example, in Moscow, an unfavorable environmental situation is developing. Some works of Russian writers, for example "Eugene Onegin" or "War and Peace", served as the basis for the creation of feature films not only in Russia, but also in other countries. In addition, after “for example” there may be a colon if “for example” comes after a generalizing word before a series of homogeneous members - Some fruits can cause allergies, for example: oranges, tangerines, pineapple, red berries.

Task 2. In the text below, place punctuation marks for introductory words. In the phrase in italics, all punctuation marks are missing, try to place them and explain what rules of the Russian language had to be used.

Student 6 "B" class Nikita Pryshchikov was undoubtedly a lazy person. Naturally, his laziness led to him getting bad grades at school, and therefore, of course, he was also a poor student. In general, he could sometimes fight his laziness and then, to the joy of all the teachers, he received a “B”, but Nikita did not often have the desire to overcome himself. By the way, his laziness extended only to doing homework and maybe some other unpleasant chores around the house, such as washing dishes and cleaning the room. But Nikita had time and energy for pranks, computer games and, of course, football. Actually, Pryshchikov had nothing against going to school; some lessons, in particular physical education and drawing, even brought pleasure, but mathematics and mainly the Russian language caused unbearable suffering. First of all, he did not always understand the rule correctly, but perceived it in his own way, as it seemed to him more accurately. Further, Nikita could not apply this rule in practice, which means he made a lot of mistakes. Perhaps he needed more time to understand the material, but Nikita didn’t have it. Coming home from school, he first turned on the computer and played for at least an hour with a toy that was interesting and useful from his point of view. Then he ran into the yard and played football, demonstrating the agility and quick reaction undoubtedly inherent in a boy. He really loved sports, and then a boy needs to run and jump, in the end he must grow up strong and strong. Sitting at home and reading boring books means becoming lethargic and weak, and this in turn can lead to illness. In fact, isn't football more important than books? Nikita expressed these thoughts to his father, and he, in turn, supported his son and protected him from his mother, who, on the contrary, considered the most important thing to be “A” in the diary.
Then Nikita rested, watched TV or played on the computer again. After that, there were just 30 minutes left for lessons, because my mother demanded that I go to bed no later than 21.30. And it was precisely during these half-hours that laziness attacked Nikita, at least this state could only be called that way. The boy listlessly flipped through the pages of his textbooks, mainly trying to remember what was discussed in class and convincing himself that he already remembered everything, and closed the books. Thus, the lessons ultimately remained undone, and among the teachers the opinion grew stronger that Nikita Pryshchikov was undoubtedly a lazy person. You don't really think so?

If the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without violating its structure (usually this happens with the unions “and” and “but”), then the union is not included in the introductory construction - a comma need.

For example: "Firstly, it became dark, and, secondly, everyone was tired."

If the introductory word cannot be removed or rearranged, then the comma after the union (usually with the union "a") not placed.

For example: “She just forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it”, “..., and therefore ...”, “..., and maybe ...”, “..., which means ...”.

If the introductory word can be removed or rearranged, then the comma need after the union "a", since it is not associated with the introductory word.

For example: “She didn’t just not love him, but maybe even despised him.”

If at the beginning of the sentence there is a coordinating union (in an attached meaning) (“and”, “yes” in the meaning of “and”, “too”, “also”, “and then”, “otherwise”, “yes and”, “ and also ", etc.), and then the introductory word, then a comma before it need not.

For example: “And really, you shouldn’t have done this”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “Finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances came to light”; “But of course, everything ended well.”

It happens rarely: if at the beginning of a sentence worth joining union, A the introductory construction is emphasized intonation, then commas are NEEDED.

For example: "But, to my great annoyance, Shvabrin decisively announced ..."; "And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing."

Always WITHOUT commas are written:

Firstly

at first sight

for sure

similarly

More or less

literally

in addition

in the (final) end

in the end

last resort

best case scenario

Anyway

at the same time

overall

mostly

especially

in some cases

through thick and thin

subsequently

otherwise

as a result

due to this

in this case

in the same time

in this regard

mainly

often

exclusively

as a maximum

meanwhile

just in case

in case of emergency

if possible

as far as possible

still

practically

approximately

with all (with) that

with (all) desire

on occasion

likewise

the biggest

at least

actually

in addition

to top it off

by the proposal

by decree

by decision

traditionally

A comma is NOT placed at the beginning of a sentence:

“Before… I was…”

"Since…"

"Before as…"

"Although…"

"As…"

"In order to…"

"Instead of…"

“Actually…”

"While…"

"Besides..."

"Nevertheless…"

“Despite the fact that ...” (at the same time - separately); DO NOT put a comma before "what".

"If…"

"After…"

“And…”

« Finally" in the meaning of "finally" - does not stand out with commas.

« And this despite the fact that…"- in the middle of a sentence, a comma is always placed!

« Based on this, …"- a comma is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

BUT: “He did so on the basis of ...” - the comma is not put.

« After all, if...then..."- a comma before "if" is not put, since the second part of the double union - "then" goes on. If there is no “then”, then a comma before “if” is put!

« Less than two years..."- a comma before "what" is not put, because this is not a comparison.

comma before "How" put only in case of comparison.

« Policies such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ... ”- a comma is placed, because is the noun "politics".

BUT: "… politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ... ”- no comma is placed before“ how ”.

No commas are placed:

"God forbid", "God forbid", "for God's sake"- no commas stand out, + the word "god" is written with a small letter.

BUT: commas are placed in two directions:

"God bless" in the middle of a sentence it is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word "God" in this case is capitalized) + at the beginning of the sentence - it is highlighted with a comma (on the right side).

"God"- in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word "god" in this case is written with a small letter).

"My God"- separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence "God" - with a small letter.

The Russian language is one of the most difficult in the world. A huge number of rules and exceptions leads to the fact that it is difficult to master the language at a good level not only for foreigners, but also for the natives of Russia.

When writing and editing texts, it is often necessary to brush up on the rules of the Russian language. In order not to turn to Google or Yandex every time, I have collected the most important rules on my blog. And I want to start with the rules of punctuation in Russian.

Put a comma or not

« Besides» - always stands out with commas (both at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence).

« More likely” in the meaning of “very likely, most likely” - is separated by commas. For example: “Of course, it’s all because of the cognac and the steam room, otherwise he would most likely keep silent.” In the meaning of "fastest" - does not stand out. For example: "This way, most likely, you could come to the house."

« Quicker» is not separated by commas:

if in the meaning of "better, more willing" For example: "She would rather agree to die than betray him."
if in the meaning of "better to say". For example: "pronouncing some remark or rather an exclamation."

« Quicker» is separated by a comma if it is an introductory word expressing the author's assessment of the degree of reliability of this statement in relation to the previous one (meaning "most likely" or "most likely"). For example: "He cannot be called a smart person - rather, he is on his own mind."

« Of course», « Certainly"- does not stand out with commas at the beginning of the response remark, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction: "Of course it is!".
In other cases, a comma is needed.

Expressions " All in all», « generally" are separated in the meaning of "in short, in a word", then they are introductory and are separated by commas.

« First of all” are separated by commas as introductory words in the meaning of “firstly”. For example: “First of all, he is quite a capable person.” The comma is not put if these words are used in the meaning of "first, first." For example: "First of all, you need to contact a specialist." comma after " A», « But” etc. is not needed: “But first of all, I want to say.” When clarifying, the entire turnover is highlighted: “There is hope that these proposals, primarily from the Ministry of Finance, will not be accepted or will be changed.”

« At least», « at least” - are isolated only when inverted: “This issue was discussed twice, at least.”

« In its turn"- does not stand out with a comma in the meaning of" on its part, "in response, when the turn has come." And as introductory are isolated.

« Literally» - not introductory, not separated by commas.

« Hence". If in the meaning “therefore, thus, it means”, then commas are needed. For example: "So you, therefore, are our neighbors."
BUT! If in the meaning "therefore, because of this, based on the fact that", then the comma is needed only on the left. For example: “I found a job, so we will have more money”; “You are angry, therefore you are wrong”; "You can't bake a cake, so I'll bake it."

« Least". If in the value of "the smallest", then without commas. For example: “At least I will wash the dishes”; "He made at least a dozen mistakes."
BUT! If in the meaning of comparison with something, emotional evaluation, then with a comma. For example: “At a minimum, this approach involves control”, “For this you need, at a minimum, to understand politics.”

« That is, if», « especially if” - a comma is usually not needed.

« That is» is not an introductory word and is not separated by commas on both sides. This is a union, a comma is placed before it (and if in some contexts a comma is placed after it, then for other reasons: for example, to highlight some separate construction or subordinate clause that comes after it).
For example: “It’s still five kilometers to the station, that is, an hour’s walk” (no comma is needed), “It’s still five kilometers to the station, that is, if you go slowly, an hour’s walk” (a comma after “that is” is placed to highlight the subordinate clause sentence "if you go slowly").

« Anyway” are separated by commas as introductory if they are used in the meaning of “at least”.

« Besides», « Besides», « besides (other things)», « besides everything (other things)» are separated as introductory.
BUT! "Besides" is a conjunction, a comma is NOT needed. For example: "In addition to the fact that he does nothing, he also makes claims against me."

« Thereby», « thanks to», « thanks to something" And " along with something» - A comma is usually not required. Separation is optional. The presence of a comma is not an error.

« Especially» - no comma.

« Especially when», « especially since», « especially if" and so on. - a comma is needed before "especially". For example: “Such arguments are hardly needed, especially since this is a false statement”, “especially if it means”, “relax, especially since you have a lot of work ahead of you”, “you shouldn’t sit at home, especially if your partner invites to dance."

« And» - is distinguished by a comma only in the middle of a sentence (on the left).

« Nevertheless"- a comma is placed in the middle of the sentence (on the left). For example: "He decided everything, nevertheless I will try to convince him."
BUT! If “but nevertheless”, “if nevertheless”, etc., then commas are NOT needed.

If " however" in the meaning of "but", then the comma on the right side is NOT put. (An exception is if it is an interjection. For example: “However, what a wind!”).

« In the end"- if in the value" in the end ", then the comma is NOT put.

« Really” is not distinguished by commas in the meaning “in fact” (that is, if this is a circumstance expressed by an adverb), if it is synonymous with the adjective “real” - “real, genuine”. For example: “Her bark itself is thin, not like that of oak or pine, which are really not afraid of hot sun rays”; "You are really very tired."

« Really” can act as an introductory and stand apart. The introductory word is distinguished by intonational isolation - it expresses the speaker's confidence in the truth of the reported fact. In controversial cases, the issue of punctuation is decided by the author of the text.

« Because of”- a comma is NOT needed if it is a union, that is, if it can be replaced with “because”. For example: “As a child, he underwent a medical check-up because he fought in Vietnam”, “maybe it’s all because I love it when a person sings” (a comma is needed, because replace “because” with it is forbidden).

« Anyway". A comma is needed if the meaning is "however". Then this is an introduction. For example: "She knew that, one way or another, she would tell Anna everything."
BUT! The adverbial expression "one way or another" (the same as "one way or another" or "in any case") does NOT require punctuation. For example: "War is somehow necessary."

Always without commas

Firstly;
at first sight;
like;
like;
for sure;
likewise;
More or less;
literally;
in addition;
in the (ultimate) end;
in the end;
as a last resort;
best case scenario;
Anyway;
at the same time;
overall;
mostly;
especially;
in some cases;
through thick and thin;
subsequently;
otherwise;
as a result;
due to this;
nevertheless;
in this case;
in the same time;
generally;
in this regard;
mainly;
often;
exclusively;
as a maximum;
meanwhile;
just in case;
in case of emergency;
if possible;
as far as possible;
still;
practically;
approximately;
with all (with) that;
with (all) desire;
on occasion;
wherein;
likewise;
the biggest;
the least;
actually;
generally;
maybe;
as if;
in addition;
to top it off;
I suppose;
by the proposal;
by order;
by decision;
like;
traditionally;
supposedly.

No comma at the beginning of a sentence

"Before... I found myself..."
"Since…".
"Before as…".
"Although…".
"As…".
"In order to…".
"Instead of…".
“Actually…”
"While…".
“Especially since…”.
"Nevertheless…".
“Despite the fact that ...” (at the same time - separately); DO NOT put a comma before "what".
"If…".
"After…".
"And…".

The comma is placed depending on the position of the words(s) in the text

« Finally" in the meaning of "finally" - does not stand out with commas.

« And this despite the fact that... "- a comma is placed in the middle of the sentence!

« Based on this, ... "- a comma is placed at the beginning of the sentence. BUT: “He did so on the basis of ...” - the comma is not put.

« After all, if...then..."- a comma before "if" is not put, since the second part of the double union - "then" goes on. If there is no "then", then a comma is placed before the "if".

« Less than two years... ”- a comma before“ what ”is not put, because this is not a comparison.

comma before " How» is put only in case of comparison. For example: "Politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ..." - a comma is placed, because. is the noun "politics". BUT: "... politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ..." - there is no comma before "how".

« God forbid», « God forbid», « for God's sake» - not separated by commas.

BUT: commas are placed on both sides:

"Thank God" - in the middle of a sentence is highlighted with commas on both sides. If at the beginning of a sentence, a comma is highlighted (on the right side).
"Honest to God" - in these cases, commas are placed on both sides.
"My God" - is separated by commas on both sides.

Something about introductory words

If the introductory word cannot be removed or rearranged, then the comma after the union (usually with the union “a”) is not put. For example: “She just forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it”, “..., and therefore ...”, “..., and maybe ...”, “..., which means ...”.

If the introductory word can be removed or rearranged, then a comma is needed after the union “a”, since it is not associated with the introductory word, that is, soldered combinations such as “so”, “and by the way”, “and therefore”, “are not formed. maybe,” etc. For example: “She not only didn’t love him, but maybe even despised him.”

If at the beginning of the sentence there is a coordinating union (in the connecting meaning) “and”, “yes” in the meaning of “and”, “too”, “also”, “and then”, “otherwise”, “yes and”, “and also ”etc, and then an introductory word, then a comma before it is not needed. For example: “And really, you shouldn’t have done this”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “Finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances came to light”; “But of course, everything ended well.”

It rarely happens: if at the beginning of a sentence there is an adjunctive union, and the introductory construction stands out intonationally, then commas are needed. For example: "But, to my great annoyance, Shvabrin decisively announced ..."; "And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing."

The main groups of introductory words and phrases

(separated by commas + on both sides if in the middle of a sentence)

1. Expressing the speaker's feelings (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message:

to annoyance;
to amazement;
Unfortunately;
to chagrin;
unfortunately;
to joy;
Unfortunately;
to shame;
fortunately;
to the surprise;
to horror;
bad luck;
for joy;
for luck;
the hour is not even;
there is nothing to conceal;
by misfortune;
fortunately;
strange affair;
amazing thing;
what good, etc.

2. Expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of reality of what is being reported (confidence, uncertainty, assumption, possibility, etc.):

without any doubts;
undoubtedly;
indisputably;
may be;
right;
probably;
apparently;
Maybe;
Indeed;
in fact;
should be;
Think;
Seems;
it would seem that;
Certainly;
Maybe;
May be;
Maybe;
Hope;
presumably;
is not it;
undoubtedly;
obviously;
apparently;
in all probability;
authentic;
perhaps;
I suppose;
in fact;
on the merits;
Truth;
right;
of course;
goes without saying;
tea, etc.

3. Pointing to the source of the reported:

They say;
say;
transmit;
In your;
according to...;
remember;
In my opinion;
in our way;
according to legend;
according to…;
according to…;
according to rumors;
according to the message ...;
according to you;
heard;
report, etc.

4. Pointing to the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation:

All in all;
Firstly;
second, etc.;
however;
Means;
in particular;
The main thing;
Further;
Means;
So;
For example;
Besides;
by the way;
By the way;
by the way;
by the way;
finally;
vice versa;
For example;
against;
I repeat;
I emphasize;
more than that;
on the other side;
On the one side;
that is;
thus, etc.;
as it were;
whatever it was.

5. Pointing to the techniques and ways of formalizing the expressed thoughts:

rather;
generally speaking;
in other words;
if I may say so;
if I may say so;
in other words;
in other words;
in short;
better to say;
to put it mildly;
in a word;
to put it simply;
word;
as a matter of fact;
let me tell you;
so to speak;
to be precise;
what is called etc.

6. Representing calls to the interlocutor (reader) in order to draw his attention to what is being reported, to inspire a certain attitude to the facts presented:

believe (whether);
do you believe (do);
see (whether);
you see);
imagine(those);
allow;
do you know);
Do you know);
Sorry);
believe (those);
Please;
understand (those);
understand (whether);
understand (whether);
listen (those);
suppose;
Imagine;
Sorry);
say;
agree;
agree etc.

7. Indicating an assessment of the measure of what is being said:

at least, at least - stand apart only when inverted: "This issue was discussed twice, at least";
the biggest;
the least.

8. Showing the degree of commonness of the reported:

It happens;
used to;
as usual;
by custom;
happens.

9. Expressive statements:

jokes aside;
between us will be said;
speaking between us;
need to say;
it will not be said in reproach;
frankly;
conscience;
in fairness;
confess to say;
say honestly;
funny to say;
Honestly.

Stable comparison expressions are written without commas

poor as a church mouse;
white as a harrier;
white as a sheet;
white as snow;
beat like a fish on ice;
pale as death;
shines like a mirror;
the disease vanished as if by hand;
be afraid like fire;
wanders like a restless;
rushed like crazy;
mumbling like a sexton;
ran in like crazy;
lucky, as a drowned man;
spinning like a squirrel in a wheel;
visible as in the daytime;
squeals like a pig;
lies like a gray gelding;
everything goes like clockwork;
everything is like a selection;
jumped up as if scalded;
jumped up as if stung;
stupid as a cork;
looked like a wolf;
goal like a falcon;
hungry as wolf;
as far as heaven from earth;
trembled as if in a fever;
trembled like an aspen leaf;
everything is like water off a duck's back;
wait like manna from heaven;
wait like a holiday;
lead a cat and dog life;
live like a bird of the sky;
fell asleep as if dead;
frozen like a statue;
lost like a needle in a haystack;
sounds like music
healthy as an ox;
know how flaky;
have at one's fingertips;
walks like a saddle for a cow;
walks side by side like a sewn;
how he sank into the water;
ride like cheese in butter;
sways like a drunk;
swayed (swayed) like a jelly;
handsome as a god;
red like a tomato;
red as a lobster;
strong (strong) like oak;
screams like a catechumen;
light as a feather;
flies like an arrow;
bald as a knee;
it's raining cats and dogs;
waves his arms like a windmill;
rushing about like mad;
wet as a mouse;
gloomy as a cloud;
are dying like flies;
hope like a stone wall;
people like herring in a barrel;
dress up like a doll;
not see how their ears;
dumb as a grave;
dumb like a fish;
rush (rush) like mad;
rush (rush) like crazy;
worn like a fool with a written sack;
worn like a chicken and an egg;
needed like air;
needed like last year's snow;
needed as the fifth spoke in a chariot;
you need a fifth leg like a dog;
peel like sticky;
one as a finger;
remained as a cancer on the rocks;
stopped dead in his tracks;
razor sharp;
as different as day from night;
as different as heaven from earth;
bake like pancakes;
turned pale as a sheet;
turned pale as death;
repeated as if in delirium;
you will go like a little one;
remember your name;
remember as in a dream;
get like chickens in cabbage soup;
hit like a butt on the head;
sprinkle like from a cornucopia;
similar as two drops of water;
went to the bottom like a stone;
appear as if by pike;
devoted like a dog;
stuck like a bath leaf;
to fall like through the ground;
use (use) as from a goat's milk;
disappeared as if he had sunk into the water;
just like a knife to the heart;
blazed like fire;
works like an ox;
understands like a pig in oranges;
vanished like smoke;
play like clockwork;
grow like mushrooms after rain;
grow by leaps and bounds;
drop from the clouds;
fresh as blood with milk;
fresh as a cucumber;
sat as chained;
sit on pins and needles;
sit as if on coals;
listened as spellbound;
looked spellbound;
slept like the dead;
rush like a fire;
stands like an idol;
slender as a Lebanese cedar;
melts like a candle;
hard as a stone;
dark as night;
accurate as a clock;
skinny as a skeleton;
cowardly as a hare;
died like a hero;
fell as if knocked down;
rested like a ram;
stuck like a bull;
mulish;
tired like a dog;
cunning as a fox;
cunning as a fox;
gushing like a bucket;
walked as if plunged into water;
walked like a birthday boy;
walk like a thread;
cold as ice;
thin as a chip;
black as coal;
black as hell;
feel at home;
feel like behind a stone wall;
feel like a fish in water;
staggered like a drunk;
she's like an execution;
clear as twice two is four;
clear as day, etc.

A few words about the homogeneous members of the sentence

The following stable expressions are not homogeneous and therefore are not separated by a comma:

neither this nor that;
neither fish nor fowl;
neither stand nor sit down;
no end no edge;
neither light nor dawn;
neither hearing nor spirit;
neither to himself nor to people;
neither sleep nor spirit;
neither here nor there;
for nothing;
neither give nor take;
no answer, no greeting;
neither yours nor ours;
neither subtract nor add;
and so and so;
and day and night;
and laughter and grief;
and cold and hunger;
both old and young;
about this and that;
both;
in both.

General rule: a comma is not placed inside integral expressions of a phraseological nature, formed by two words with the opposite meaning, connected by a repeating union “and” or “neither”.

Never separated by a comma

1. Verbs in the same form, indicating the movement and its purpose.

I'll go for a walk.
Sit down and rest.
Go take a look.

2. Forming semantic unity.

Can't wait.
Let's sit and talk.

3. Pair combinations of a synonymous, antonymous or associative character.

Search for truth-truth.
There is no end.
Honor to all.
Let's go.
Everything is covered.
It's nice to see.
Purchase and sale questions.
Meet with bread and salt.
Tie hand and foot.

4. Compound words (interrogative-relative pronouns, adverbs, which are opposed to something).

Someone else, but you can't.
Already somewhere, where, and everything is there.

Editor's note.

Commas, punctuation

“In addition” is ALWAYS highlighted with commas (both at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence).

“Most likely” in the meaning of “very likely, most likely” - stands out with commas (Of course, all because of the cognac and the steam room, otherwise he would most likely have kept silent.).

In the meaning of “quickest” - NO (This is the most likely way to get to the house.).

"Quicker". If in the meaning of “better, more willing”, then WITHOUT commas. For example: "She would rather die than betray him." Also WITHOUT commas, if in the meaning of "it's better to say." For example: "pronouncing some remark or rather an exclamation."

BUT! A comma is needed if this is an introductory word expressing the author's assessment of the degree of reliability of this statement in relation to the previous one (in the meaning of "most likely" or "most likely"). For example: "He cannot be called a smart person - rather, he is on his own mind."

“Of course”, “of course” - the word of course is NOT separated by commas at the beginning of the response, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction: Of course it is!

In other cases, a comma is NEEDED.

The expressions “in general”, “in general” are SEPARATED in the meaning of “in short, in a word”, then they are introductory.

“First of all” are isolated as introductory in the meaning of “first of all” (First of all, he is a rather capable person).

These words are NOT highlighted in the meaning of “first, first” (First of all, you need to contact a specialist).

A comma after "a", "but", etc. is NOT needed: "But first of all, I want to say."

When clarifying, the entire turnover is highlighted: “There is hope that these proposals, primarily from the Ministry of Finance, will not be accepted or will be changed.”

“at least”, “at least” - are isolated only when inverted: “This issue was discussed twice, at least.”

“in turn” - is not separated by a comma in the meaning “for its part”, “in response, when it’s their turn.” And as introductory are isolated.

“literally” - not introductory, not separated by commas

"Hence". If in the meaning “therefore, thus, it means”, then commas are needed. For example: "So you, therefore, are our neighbors."

BUT! If in the meaning "therefore, because of this, based on the fact that", then the comma is needed only on the left. For example: “I found a job, so we will have more money”; “You are angry, therefore you are wrong”; "You can't bake a cake, so I'll bake it."

"Least". If in the value of "the smallest", then without commas. For example: “At least I will wash the dishes”; "He made at least a dozen mistakes."

BUT! If in the meaning of comparison with something, emotional evaluation, then with a comma. For example: “At a minimum, this approach involves control”, “For this you need, at a minimum, to understand politics.”

“that is, if”, “especially if” - a comma is usually not needed

"That is" is not an introductory word and is not separated by commas on both sides. This is a union, a comma is placed before it (and if in some contexts a comma is placed after it, then for other reasons: for example, to highlight some separate construction or subordinate clause that comes after it).

For example: “It’s still five kilometers to the station, that is, an hour’s walk” (well, a comma is needed), “It’s still five kilometers to the station, that is, if you go slowly, an hour’s walk (a comma after “that is” is placed to highlight the subordinate clause "If you go slowly").

"In any case" are separated by commas as introductory if they are used in the meaning of "at least".

“Besides”, “besides this”, “besides everything (other)”, “besides everything (other)” are separated as introductory.

BUT! "Besides" is a conjunction, a comma is NOT needed. For example: "In addition to the fact that he does nothing, he also makes claims against me."

“Because of this,” “because of that,” “because of that,” and “along with that,” a comma is usually not required. Separation is optional. The presence of a comma is not an error.

“Moreover” - WITHOUT a comma.

“Especially when”, “especially since”, “especially if”, etc. - a comma is needed before "especially". For example: “Such arguments are hardly needed, especially since this is a false statement”, “especially if it means”, “relax, especially since you have a lot of work ahead of you”, “you shouldn’t sit at home, especially if your partner invites to dance."

"Moreover" - is highlighted by a comma only in the middle of the sentence (on the left).

"Nevertheless" - a comma is placed in the middle of the sentence (on the left). For example: "He decided everything, nevertheless I will try to convince him."

BUT! If “but nevertheless”, “if nevertheless”, etc., then commas are NOT needed.

If "however" means "but", then the comma on the right side is NOT put. (An exception is if it is an interjection. For example: "However, what a wind!")

“In the end” - if in the meaning “in the end”, then the comma is NOT put.

“Really” is NOT separated by commas in the meaning of “in fact” (that is, if this is a circumstance expressed by an adverb), if it is synonymous with the adjective “valid” - “real, genuine”. For example: “Her bark itself is thin, not like that of oak or pine, which are really not afraid of hot sun rays”; "You are really very tired."

"Really" can act as an introductory and SEPARATE. The introductory word is distinguished by intonational isolation - it expresses the speaker's confidence in the truth of the reported fact. In controversial cases, the issue of punctuation is decided by the author of the text.

“Due to the fact that” - a comma is NOT needed if it is a union, that is, if it can be replaced with “because”. For example: “As a child, he underwent a medical check-up because he fought in Vietnam”, “maybe it’s all because I love it when a person sings” (a comma is needed, because replace “because” with it is forbidden).

"Anyway". A comma is needed if the meaning is "however". Then this is an introduction. For example: "She knew that, one way or another, she would tell Anna everything."

BUT! The adverbial expression "one way or another" (the same as "one way or another" or "in any case") does NOT require punctuation. For example: "War is somehow necessary."

Always WITHOUT commas:

Firstly

at first sight

for sure

similarly

More or less

literally

in addition

in the (final) end

in the end

last resort

best case scenario

Anyway

at the same time

overall

mostly

especially

in some cases

through thick and thin

subsequently

otherwise

as a result

due to this

in this case

in the same time

in this regard

mainly

often

exclusively

as a maximum

meanwhile

just in case

in case of emergency

if possible

as far as possible

still

practically

approximately

with all (with) that

with (all) desire

on occasion

likewise

the biggest

at least

actually

in addition

to top it off

by the proposal

by decree

by decision

traditionally

The comma is NOT included

at the beginning of a sentence:

“Before… I was…”

"Since…"

"Before as…"

"Although…"

"As…"

"In order to…"

"Instead of…"

“Actually…”

"While…"

"Besides..."

"Nevertheless…"

“Despite the fact that ...” (at the same time - separately); DO NOT put a comma before "what".

"If…"

"After…"

“And…”

“Finally” in the meaning of “finally” - DOES NOT stand out with commas.

“And this despite the fact that ...” - in the middle of a sentence, a comma is ALWAYS put!

“Based on this, ...” - a comma is placed at the beginning of the sentence. BUT: “He did this based on...” - a comma is NOT placed.

“After all, if ..., then ...” - a comma before “if” is NOT put, since the second part of the double union comes next - “then”. If there is no “then”, then a comma before “if” is put!

“Less than two years…” - a comma before “what” is NOT put, because this is NOT a comparison.

A comma before "HOW" is placed only in case of comparison.

“Politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ...” - a comma is placed, because is the noun "politics".

BUT: "... politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ..." - a comma is NOT put before "how".

Commas are NOT included:

“God forbid”, “God forbid”, “for God's sake” - do not stand out with commas, + the word “God” is written with a small letter.

BUT: commas are placed in two directions:

"Glory to God" in the middle of the sentence is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word "God" in this case is capitalized) + at the beginning of the sentence - is highlighted with a comma (on the right side).

“By God” - in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word “god” in this case is written with a small letter).

"My God" - is separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence "God" - with a small letter.

If the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without disturbing its structure (usually this happens with conjunctions “and” and “but”), then the conjunction is not included in the introductory construction - a comma is NEEDED. For example: "Firstly, it became dark, and, secondly, everyone was tired."

If the introductory word cannot be removed or rearranged, then a comma is NOT placed after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction “a”). For example: “She just forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it”, “..., and therefore ...”, “..., and maybe ...”, “..., which means ...”.

If the introductory word can be removed or rearranged, then the comma is NEEDED after the union “a”, since it is not associated with the introductory word, i.e. soldered combinations such as “so”, “and by the way”, “and therefore”, “are not formed. maybe,” etc. For example: “She didn’t just not love him, but maybe even despised him.”

If at the beginning of the sentence there is a coordinating conjunction (in the connecting meaning) (“and”, “yes” in the meaning of “and”, “too”, “also”, “and that”, “and that”, “yes and”, “ and also”, etc.), and then an introductory word, then a comma in front of it is NOT needed. For example: “And really, you shouldn’t have done this”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “Finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances came to light”; “But of course, everything ended well.”

It happens rarely: if at the beginning of a sentence there is a connecting conjunction, and the introductory construction is highlighted intonationally, then commas are NEEDED. For example: "But, to my great annoyance, Shvabrin decisively announced ..."; "And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing."

The main groups of introductory words and phrases

(highlighted by commas + on both sides in the middle of a sentence)

1. Expressing the speaker's feelings (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message:

to amazement

Unfortunately

unfortunately

to joy

Unfortunately

fortunately

to the surprise

for joy

for luck

not even hour

nothing to hide

unfortunately

fortunately

strange affair

amazing thing

what good, etc.

2. Expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of reality of what is being reported (confidence, uncertainty, assumption, possibility, etc.):

without any doubts

undoubtedly

may be

probably

Maybe

Indeed

in fact

there must be

it would seem

May be

Maybe

presumably

is not it

undoubtedly

obviously

apparently

in all probability

truly

essentially

of course

needless to say

3. Pointing to the source of the reported:

transmit

In your

according to…

remember

our way

according to legend

according to…

rumored

by post...

your way

report, etc.

4. Pointing to the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation:

Firstly,

second, etc.

in particular

For example

Besides

by the way

vice versa

For example

against

I repeat

I emphasize

more than that

on the other side

On the one side

that is

thus etc.

as it were

whatever it was

5. Pointing to the techniques and ways of formalizing the expressed thoughts:

rather

generally speaking

in other words

if I may say so

in other words

in short

better to say

to put it mildly

in a word

to put it simply

as a matter of fact

let me tell you

so to speak

to be precise

what is called etc.

6. Representing calls to the interlocutor (reader) in order to draw his attention to what is being reported, to inspire a certain attitude to the facts presented:

do you believe

do you believe (do)

see (do)

you see)

imagine(those)

allowable

do you know)

Do you know)

Sorry)

believe (those)

Please

understand (those)

do you understand

listen (those)

suppose

Imagine

Sorry)

agree

agree etc.

7. Indicating an assessment of the measure of what is being said:

at least, at least - are isolated only when inverted: "This issue was discussed twice, at least."

the biggest

at least

8. Showing the degree of commonness of the reported:

as usual

according to custom

happens

9. Expressive statements:

no joke

between us will be said

just between you and me

need to say

not in reproach will be said

frankly

according to conscience

in fairness

confess say

tell the truth

funny to say

Honestly.

Set expressions with comparison

(without commas):

poor as a church mouse

white as a harrier

white as a sheet

white as snow

beat like a fish on ice

pale as death

shines like a mirror

sickness vanished

fear like fire

wandering like a restless

rushed like crazy

mumbling like a sexton

ran like crazy

lucky, as a drowned man

spinning like a squirrel in a wheel

seen as day

squeals like a pig

lying like a gray gelding

everything goes like clockwork

all as a choice

jumped up like crazy

stupid as hell

looked like a wolf

naked as a falcon

hungry as wolf

as far as heaven from earth

shaking like a fever

trembled like an aspen leaf

he's like water off a duck's back

wait like manna from heaven

wait like a holiday

lead a cat and dog life

live like a bird of the sky

fell asleep like the dead

frozen like a statue

lost like a needle in a haystack

sounds like music

healthy as a bull

know how flaky

have at one's fingertips

rides like a cow saddle

goes along like a sewn

how to sink into the water

ride like cheese in butter

swinging like a drunk

swayed (swayed) like a jelly

handsome as god

red like a tomato

red as a lobster

strong (strong) like oak

screaming like crazy

light as a feather

flies like an arrow

bald as a knee

it's raining cats and dogs

waving his arms like a windmill

thrashing around like crazy

wet as a mouse

gloomy as a cloud

dropping like flies

hope like a stone wall

people like herring in a barrel

dress up like a doll

not see how their ears

mute like a grave

dumb like a fish

rush (rush) like crazy

worn like a fool with a written sack

runs like a chicken and an egg

needed like air

needed like last year's snow

needed like the fifth spoke in a chariot

needed like a dog's fifth leg

peel like sticky

one like a finger

left like a stranded cancer

stopped dead in his tracks

razor sharp

as different as day from night

as different as heaven from earth

bake like pancakes

pale as a sheet

pale as death

repeated like crazy

you go like a little

remember your name

remember like a dream

get into cabbage soup like chickens

hit like a butt on the head

fall like a cornucopia

look like two drops of water

went down like a stone

appear as if on cue

loyal like a dog

stuck like a bath leaf

fall through the ground

use (use) as from a goat's milk

disappeared into the water

just like a knife to the heart

blazed like fire

works like an ox

understands like a pig in oranges

vanished like smoke

play like clockwork

grow like mushrooms after the rain

grow by leaps and bounds

drop from the clouds

fresh as blood and milk

fresh as a cucumber

sat as if chained

sit on pins and needles

sit on the coals

listened spellbound

looked spellbound

slept like the dead

hurry like fire

stands like a statue

slender as a Lebanese cedar

melts like a candle

rock hard

dark as night

as accurate as a clock

skinny as a skeleton

cowardly as a rabbit

died like a hero

fell down like a wreck

stuck like a sheep

lean like a bull

mulish

tired as a dog

cunning like a fox

cunning as a fox

gushing like a bucket

walked as if plunged into water

walked like a birthday

walk like a thread

cold as ice

thin as a sliver

black as coal

black as hell

feel at home

feel like behind a stone wall

feel like a fish in water

staggered like a drunk

she's like a punishment

clear as twice two four

clear as day, etc.

Do not confuse with homogeneous members

1. The following stable expressions are NOT homogeneous and therefore are NOT separated by a comma:

neither this nor that;

neither fish nor fowl;

neither stand nor sit down;

no end no edge;

neither light nor dawn;

neither hearing nor spirit;

neither to himself nor to people;

neither sleep nor spirit;

neither here nor there;

for nothing;

neither give nor take;

no answer, no greeting;

neither yours nor ours;

neither subtract nor add;

and so and so;

and day and night;

and laughter and grief;

and cold and hunger;

both old and young;

about this and that;

both;

in both.

(General rule: a comma is not placed inside integral expressions of a phraseological nature, formed by two words with opposite meanings, connected by a repeating conjunction “and” or “neither”)

2. NOT separated by a comma:

1) Verbs in the same form, indicating the movement and its purpose.

I'll go for a walk.

Sit down and rest.

Go take a look.

2) Forming semantic unity.

Can't wait.

Let's sit and talk.

3) Pair combinations of a synonymous, antonymous or associative nature.

Search for truth-truth.

There is no end.

Honor to all.

Let's go.

Everything is covered.

It's nice to see.

Purchase and sale questions.

Meet with bread and salt.

Tie hand and foot.

4) Compound words (interrogative-relative pronouns, adverbs, which are opposed to something).

Someone else, but you can't.

Already somewhere, where, and everything is there.

In what cases is “SAME” written separately?

“In the same way” in the meaning of “also”, in the meaning of “so” or if you can drop the particle “same” (that is, if you can ask “how?”) is written separately.

If "and also" - always together!

"No coincidence" and "No coincidence." Both continuous and separate writing is allowed. The latter - with the strengthening of negation.

"Incomparable to anything ..." - always (!) Separately.

“Not similar”, “not similar”, “not similar” - is always written separately.

"Not necessary" is always written separately.

"In the middle" - always written in one word.

"Not much" - it is written together. BUT: "not much, but a little bit ..."

“A little” - meaning “little” - is written together.

“Despite ...” - always together. BUT: he walked without looking around... (i.e. without looking around).

“Not quite” is always separate.

“Not quite” ready (adverb). BUT: “I don’t agree with everything...” (pronoun).

“It’s not economical” - together.

I don't feel well. He doesn't study well. In other cases, “not important” is always written separately!

“It’s worth asking a question...” - together.

He worked hard. BUT: He has quite a few friends!

“Impregnable fortress”, “The fortress is impregnable” (take the fortress by storm).

“One of the most troubled areas...” - if it means “noisy”, then it is written together.

“Under-salt” - in the meaning of “over-salt”, “under-fulfilled” - in the meaning of “over-fulfilled” - is always written together!

“Whatever he did…”, “As soon as the deputy did not fight…” - it is written “NOT”.

In these cases, “what” ALWAYS has to do with it!!! separately:

Why am I here?

Why is he here?

I have nothing to do with this.

What do I have to do with it?

And this despite the fact that... (“while” - separately).

“I will do this in any case, regardless of anything...” - (in this case, “from what” is separate, “nor”).

An innocent person.

Present - in the meaning of “show” (always ask questions: what? whom?). “Allow me to introduce (who?) your new employee...”

Provide - always ask questions: to whom? What? - “Grant (what?) leave without pay...”

“Misunderstandings are involved in ... (test)” - if the preposition “on” comes next, then “e” is written.

“He was also involved in this fight...” - if the preposition is “in”, then it is written “a”.

“The charge was reclassified to a more lenient one” - one “n” (ask the question: what has been done?)

Which is correct: finish or finish?

“Graduated” from an educational institution. BUT: I “finished” the work.

Which is correct: to put it on or not?

Put on (antonym of “take off”) - hat, skirt, coat, trousers, suit, dress, shirt.

Dress (antonym “undress”) - a child, a doll.

“How many rubles”, “How many people” - always separately. The same applies to the word “for so many rubles”, “for so many people” - the meaning is “quantity”, “number”.

“As much”, “as much” - is written separately if a noun follows.

In other cases, “as much” and “as much” are always written together!

“Nothing other than...”, “None other than...” - a comma is always placed before “as”; “not that”, “not who” - separately and with the letter “e”.

“Nothing else helped...” - “nothing” is written together.

“Many Turks”, “many Georgians” are correct (“many Turks”, “many Georgians” - there are no such words).

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are in capitals, but the armed forces are in lowercase.

Russian army - with capitals in official use, with lowercase - in non-official use.

Supermarket, supergiant, super leader - always spelled together. “Super” - when merging with any noun, it is always written together.

“Army commander”, “fleet commander” - ask the question: with what?

“Army command”, “fleet command” - ask the question: what?

“Store manager” - ask the question: with what?

“Sergeant Major, take command of (what?) the regiment.”

“He lives in Vnukovo, Domodedovo, Chertanovo, Kosovo, Sarajevo” - without quotes, inclined (like the word “milk”).

Airport names are NOT put in quotation marks and, as a rule, are NOT declined. (They don’t bow if there is a generic word “airport”. They may bow if the word “airport” is missing, but they might not bow - this is not a mistake).

The particle “taki” is written with a hyphen:

- after adverbs: right, again, right...

- verbs: he came, he left...

- particles: after all, really...

BUT: if it is (this is a union), it’s big, it’s still young, it’s still the same.

The letter “Y” is placed in 4 cases:

1) In literature for children and foreigners.

2) In proper names (Alena, Mikhalev, Catherine Deneuve...). In addition to those that coincide in spelling with common nouns, they are formed from them, for example: Black Sea.

3) In unfamiliar words (Alentra River...)

4) If this changes the meaning of the word (bucket or buckets, recognizes or recognizes).

Individual names of people, which have turned from proper names into common nouns, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: ladies' man, philanderer, philanthropist, mentor.

Surnames or names used in the plural with a positive assessment are written with a capital letter, and names used with a negative assessment are written with a lowercase letter; cf.: “In the sixties, many boys dreamed of being Gagarins and Titovs.” “And how many other dog dogs, plushkins, and little boxes were there in Russia?”

If a foreign surname has two male names, then it is put in the plural form: Toivo and Jukka Hyppenen. With two female names, the surname is given in the singular form: Tatyana and Tarja Hyppenen. When combining male and female names, as well as with the words “family”, “spouses”, “brothers”, the singular form is retained.

North Caucasus Military District (in geographical and administrative-territorial names, but - North Caucasus section of the border)

Spaces, dashes, hyphens, periods, numbers

Headings and subheadings do not contain dots.

Always written with a space after the period:

After the abbreviation "thousand." point is set. After the reduction of gr. (graph; group; degree; citizen; Greek) a dot is also put.

Do not put a dot after the abbreviations m (meter), g (gram), kg (kilogram), million, billion, ha.

The general rule is this: after the words carved out (million, billion), a period is NOT placed. Carved words are words in which letters and (or) syllables, except for initial and final letters, are carved, and the remaining ones are pulled together into an abbreviated word.

Abbreviations Sat, Mon, Thu - these are mixed abbreviations, abbreviations that combine several ways of forming an abbreviation: a carved word with a graphic abbreviation. Thus, the period is not placed after the carved words, but is placed after the mixed abbreviations.

gg. - with a dot at the end

The initials are separated from each other and from the surname with a non-breaking space. V. V. Putin, J. R. R. Tolkien.

The abbreviated word is separated from the proper name by a non-breaking space.

st. Shchorsa

Moscow

metro them. Lenin

Between the number (№) and the number (5) - always put a space:

№ 5, № 10, № 12.

BUT this type of writing is NOT allowed:

A space is placed between the paragraph sign and the numbers. Section 22

5%, 25%, 100% - always with a space.

20 percent (between the number and the word - always a hyphen without spaces).

This spelling is also allowed: 20% (without spaces).

A short or long DASH is placed between the numbers without spaces:

1–2, 3–5, 25–80, 125–200, 15–20%, 7–8 cm, 15–18 cm, 29–35 km, these events took place in the 10th–12th centuries, etc.

in 1941–1945;

BUT! in the period 1917 - 1950s - an em dash with a space, because it is NOT between the numbers. At the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries (BUT not "centuries").

Always given in Roman notation:

century (XIX century);

numbers in the name of kings, tsars and other rulers, including the numbers of popes (Peter I, Charles IX);

designations of quarters of the year (II quarter);

numbers of congresses, congresses, international associations;

numbers of the Olympic Games (XXII Olympic Games).

The digits of a number are separated from each other by a space (except for dates, numbers, designations of machines and mechanisms).

Plus, minus and plus-minus do NOT beat off the number following it:

20°C, -42, ±0.1.

Binary signs of mathematical operations and ratios are beaten off on both sides.

Numbers up to and including 9 (nine) are written in words! “This war lasted for five years…”, “They didn’t eat anything for almost four days”, etc.

BUT! Not always. Exceptions: dates, numbers, amounts, large number of numbers, etc.

"One-two", "two-three", "three-four", "five-six", etc. - numbers (in verbal version) with a difference of one unit - are ALWAYS written with a HYPHEN and without spaces. BUT!

In other cases - ALWAYS DASH with spaces! "One - three", "one - four", "one - five", "one - six", "two - four", "five - seven", "three - eight".

A dash is placed if there is a value "from and to". Train Moscow - St. Petersburg. Pipeline Syktyvkar - Uryupinsk. In July - August we had a rest on the sea.

A dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called a doctrine, scientific institution, document, etc.

The physical law of Boyle - Mariotte, the Molotov - Ribbentrop pact.

A hyphen is not allowed if the connection includes a component that contains a space or already contains a hyphen. The hyphen in such compounds should be replaced by a dash:

company - the owner of the structures

female members of the board of directors

artillery lieutenant

senior lieutenant - artilleryman

house-museum

house - a monument of architecture

aggressor states

NATO member states

Increments after numbers

“3rd grade student” is an ordinal number (answers the question “which account, which account, which account, which account”). Therefore, "go" is put.

“1st place”, “They took 3rd place” is an ordinal number (answers the question “how many”, how many), so “e” (increment) is put!

“Teenager 14 years old”, “Boy 12 years old” is a cardinal number. Therefore, no extensions (14, 12) are NOT set.

BUT! In the marine theme, the “rank” is written only in numbers and without extension: “Captain 1st rank”, “Captain 3rd rank”, etc. - “go” is NOT written.

The extension is also NOT used:

- with Roman numerals,

- calendar numbers,

- in the numbers of articles (in legislation), volumes, chapters, pages, illustrations, tables, appendices, etc., if the generic word (volume, chapter) precedes the numeral: on p. 196, v. 5, in the table. 11, in app. 1 (but: on the 196th page, in the 5th volume, in the 11th table, in the 1st appendix).

“On the 1st, on Monday, we went ...” is an ordinal number. But there is no name of the month, so the increment “go” follows.

“2009” - if there is the word “year”, then the increment is NOT written (2009, 2009 is wrong!). "In 2009, the following events occurred..." is the correct spelling.

“2009” - if there is no word “year”, then the increment is written (2009, 2009 ...) - “2009 is marked by the following events ...”

In the 20-30s.

In 1920.

In the 20th year of the nineteenth century ...

In 1995-1996 (gg.)

From 1990 to 1995 (The letter “Y” after “year” is NOT written!)

At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century (dash + spaces are put).

CORRECT: 33.5 years. 33.5 years is wrong!

CORRECT: "150th anniversary" or "150th anniversary".

"150th anniversary" - this spelling is NOT allowed!

Need to know

CORRECT: “Three gold medals each” - (since “medal” is feminine).

“Three gold medals…” is the wrong spelling!

Over the past two years.

For the first five months.

Over the next couple of centuries. - The ending “IE” because it comes before the numeral.

Over the past quarter century.

Over the past half century.

“Over the last two weeks” - because “week” is feminine.

“For the last two years” - (year - masculine).

“Due to illness...” - all together. BUT: “Keep in mind that...” - separately.

The verb “to suffer” does NOT exist. There is a verb "TO TORTURE". "I suffered..."

BUT: I'm suffering; you are suffering; he is suffering; they are suffering.

University, universities - always in small letters.

The names of music albums, songs, discs, films, works, etc. - are written in quotation marks.

Latin in quotation marks is not taken.

Special correspondent, staff correspondent, photo correspondent, correspondent account, deputy head - we write in one word and without dots.

“An earthquake with a magnitude of 6 points”, “A book worth 200 rubles” - the preposition “v” is NOT used in such cases!!!

CORRECT: “An earthquake with a magnitude of six,” “A book worth 200 rubles.”

“Those in power” - (separately), (nominative case), “those in power.”

“Those in power” is only the second word. “I am pleased with the powers that be.”

“The powers that be” - both words decline. “I am pleased with the powers that be.”

“My comrades and I...” - meaning: “My comrades and I went to the cinema...”.

“Companions” - “My comrades were with me,” i.e. my friends were next to me.

Dot the i - English i without quotes.

Monument to (who?) Pushkin.

Monument to (who?) Gorky.

“We approached the monument to (who?) Pushkin.”

Memorial to (who?) Lenin.

Statue of (who?) the leader.

Monument to (what?) glory.

Monument to (who?) Peter.

Bust (who?)

Obelisk (to whom?)

Kalashnikov assault rifle. BUT: “he picked up Kalashnikovs” - meaning weapons, + with a small letter.

British intelligence MI6 (MI6), but counterintelligence MI5 (MI5) (domestic intelligence MI5 is not correct)

"Vdrabadan" is not a dictionary word. “Drunk vdrabadan” - “v” is written together.

"Kozhimit"

“Insolently” - “in” together.

We screwed up.

Once, many times.

Captain-lieutenant (hyphenated) - the second word is declined. “There is no (who?) lieutenant commander...”

Plant and machine - KamAZ

Signor - for Italians.

Señor - for the Spaniards.

freebie - with an “a”.

To ridicule means “mockery”.

conjuncture - meaning “circumstances”.

persona non grata (no hyphen)

in military style (with a hyphen).

dehydration (one letter “g”).

Ded Moroz, Ded Moroz (fairy-tale character; a person dressed as this character). BUT: Santa Claus, Santa Claus (meaning a toy).

Santa Claus (both words are capitalized, hyphenated).

Realtor (not “realtor”, not “realtor” and not “realtor”)

fighting dog, but - a dog of fighting breeds

Immigrant and emigrant: immigrant - for the country to which

he has migrated and is an emigrant for the country he left.

Aircraft: Boeing-737, Ruslan, Airbus-320, but Il-86, An-26, A-320.

Taganskaya station (circular)

Taganskaya station (radial)

Winter Olympic Games, Summer Games; Sochi Olympics; White Olympics

Paralympic Games

Deaflympics

Names of organizations - only the first word is capitalized.

Geographical names - capitalize each word.

Nicknames, nicknames - capitalize every word

Positions - lowercase.

Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered the house.

(“The commandant” is the subject, “entered” is the predicate). Therefore, a comma is placed after “officer”.

Cheerful and cheerful, Radik was a favorite. (“Radik” is the subject, “was” is the predicate).

The car has been repaired and repaired.

After all (a hyphen is added).

In a familiar way, in a friendly way.

It’s not surprising that... (“NOT” - continuous).

I can't wait (separately, without a hyphen).

Like it or not (no hyphen, no comma).

Hamas - masculine (not cl.)

NATO (n.g.) - North Atlantic Treaty Organization or North Atlantic Alliance

The Second World War

World War I

The Great Patriotic War

directly proportional (separately)

Guinness Book of Records

ready-to-wear

power lines

flash mob (not flash mob, not flash mob, not flash mob)

persona non grata

babysitter

Manhattan

face control

second hand

happy end

mass media

media mogul (media... - the first part of complex words, written together)

promo video (promo... - the first part of complex words, written together)

investigative, operational-search

Scientologists

come, go (NOT “come”!)

New York - hyphenated, BUT New Yorkers - together

businesswoman

business class with a hyphen, BUT economy class together

purchasing power (NOT purchasing power!)

Experiment on humans (not “on humans”)

parking space

suit by Yves Saint Laurent

video conferencing

Dubai (hanging around like a "barn" - in Dubai)

video conferencing

losing weight (not losing weight)

retailer (not retailer, not retailer, not retailer)

Thailand (NOT Thailand)

This is NOT the way to write:

“Moscow airports are currently operating according to actual weather conditions due to heavy fog. This gives pilots the right to independently make decisions about the possibility of taking off or landing, or leaving for alternate airfields.”

You can replace this nonsense, for example, like this:

“The fog made adjustments to the operation of airports (to the regular schedule of arrivals and departures). Several flights were delayed, several went to an alternate airfield.”

“The weather also affected the flight schedule at the capital’s airports. Only those crews and aircraft that are approved to operate in such conditions take off and land.”

This is NOT the way to write:

"Earthquake with a magnitude of six", "earthquake with a magnitude of six on the Richter scale"

Magnitude is NOT measured in points, it is a dimensionless quantity. This is the energy released at the epicenter.

The points estimate the destructive force on the surface.

Magnitude (on the Richter scale) and intensity (points) are different things and cannot be mixed. Details for the curious are here: nkj.ru/archive/articles/712/

Correct writing:

“An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.0” (NOT points!), “an earthquake with a magnitude of five magnitudes on the Richter scale”, “The intensity of the tremors was six points”, “an earthquake with a magnitude of six points” (if the word is “points”, then NOT on the Richter scale! ).