In Russian, there are a lot of rules that make it easier to work with spelling. Some of them are associated with the correct spelling of letters, others - with punctuation marks. Today we will consider such a thing as a proposal with an appeal. What is an appeal? How does it stand out? How does it fit with other words in the sentence?

General concept of circulation

An appeal is either a single word or a group of words that indicate the subject to whom speech is addressed in the text. For example: "Polina, give me pudding and a cup of tea for tea."

As a rule, a sentence with an appeal is distinguished by intonation. If you read this, you will immediately understand to whom it is addressed. For example: “Ivan Karlovich, you are biting. Quickly, pull out the bait."

In more detail, in oral speech, the appeal is usually distinguished by raising and lowering the voice. That is, if one word acts as an appeal, then its first syllable has an increase in voice, and the next one - its decrease. If the appeal is presented in several words, then the voice is raised on the first of them, and on the last one, the voice is lowered.

Where can an appeal be placed in a sentence?

The address is always in the nominative case and is a noun. If we talk about its position in the text, then it can stand in a sentence:

• at first;
• in the middle;
• at the end.

Where is the appeal: examples

For example: “Svetlana, your pies seem to be burnt. Something is smoking in your kitchen." This sentence with an appeal clearly shows that the appeal - "Svetlana" - is at the very beginning of the phrase.

Another example: "Listen, Alexei Kondratievich, there is an article about you in today's press." As can be seen from this sentence, the appeal is located in the center of the utterance. In this case, the appeal will be "Alexey Kondratievich."

For example: “How late you told me about the exam, Slavik. I won't be able to prepare for it." This sentence with an appeal (the word "Slavik"), as you can see, is at the very end.

How is the appeal distinguished in the proposal?

As it becomes clear from the examples, appeals are distinguished by punctuation marks. Moreover, if it stands at the beginning and is calmly pronounced, then on the one hand it stands out with a comma (the punctuation mark is placed after the appeal). If it has a similar arrangement, but is pronounced with a special feeling, then an exclamation mark is placed after it. For example: “Friends! We are glad to tell you good news. From tomorrow we will have two days off a week.

Please note that after "Friends!" are distinguished by an exclamation point, the next word begins with a capital letter.

If the appeal is in the middle of a phrase or sentence, it is separated from both sides by commas. The previous sentence with an appeal (“Listen, Alexei Kondratievich ...”) clearly demonstrates this.

The appeal at the end of the sentence is separated by a comma on one side only. In this case, a comma is placed before the call.

What is the purpose of the call in the test?

Usually, sentences with appeals are used to attract the attention of a particular person. In addition, it is with the help of the appeal that you can demonstrate your attitude towards any person. For example: “Honey, pay attention! I've been walking under the window for the second hour. Open the doors."

In literature, it is often possible to refer to an inanimate object with the help of address. For example: “Tell me the wind, is it possible to feel the need for communication and love?”

Sometimes there are interesting proposals with appeals. In particular, we are talking about sentences that use not one, but several calls at once. For example, "Come on, my darling, Martyn Petrovich, let's find a place to sleep for today."

The address itself is not a member of the sentence, but it can have words dependent on itself. For example: “My dear friend and devoted comrade! A lot depends on your decision today.” At the same time, in the first part of the text (before the exclamation mark), we see the appeal “Friend and comrade”, which is bordered by additional words.

An appeal can refer to one or several subjects at once. In such cases, "and" is placed between these calls. For example: “Kolya and Igor, today it’s your turn to be on duty in the classroom. Take out the trash and dust off the bookshelves." In this case, the appeal is "Kolya and Igor."

In addition, references can be repeated in the same sentence. For example: "Lena, Lena, aren't you ashamed?!"

Often, before the conversion, you can see the interjection particle "o". For example: “Do not despair, O friend. Everything will be alright!"

How sentences with an appeal are separated in business letters: examples

When compiling business documentation, appeals are also used. As a rule, they are written separately from the rest of the text and are marked with an exclamation point. Eg:

Dear users of the Internet provider "XXX"!

The company "XXX" LLC reminds that from 20.07.2015 to 21.07.2015 it carries out preventive maintenance. As a result, the Internet will not work.

At the same time, pay attention to the fact that our appeal already includes the word “respected”, therefore, it is not separated by commas. Another example:

Hello dear subscriber!

Firm "UUU" is pleased to inform you that you can now pay for our services without commission in your personal account.

In this example, you can see that “dear subscriber” acts as a call. In this case, "hello" is not included in the address. It is a bright predicate and therefore stands out with a comma. Similar sentences with an appeal (you can see examples in our article) clearly demonstrate the location of appeals in business letters.

How are introductory words written?

Introductory words are sentences or phrases that introduce a special shade of modality into the text. At the same time, they refer either to certain members of the proposal, or to the proposal as a whole. In addition, water words can convey uncertainty and confidence, as well as other feelings (joy or sadness, admiration). An example of introductory words: "We will certainly keep our promise to raise your wages next month."

Introductory words, which are separated by commas, can be used in sentences along with appeals. Here is one example of a sentence with appeals, introductory words:

It seems, Ivan Petrovich, in this case you have absolutely no control over the question. We will have to turn to a more knowledgeable person.

In this example, “it seems” acts as an introductory word, while the appeal here is “Ivan Petrovich”. In this case, the introductory word is at the beginning of the sentence and, therefore, is separated by a comma on one side. The second comma in this text refers to our appeal.

Here is another example where the introductory word is at the beginning, and the appeal is in the middle:

Looks like your game is lost, dear friend.

Examples of what introductory words can convey:

How does addressing feel next to interjections?

In Russian, there are sentences with appeals and interjections. Recall that interjections are a certain part of speech that serves to endow expressions and sentences with some kind of emotion. Interjections include such short words as: “Oh!”, “Ah!”, “Fathers!”, “Ay!” - and others.

If, together with an interjection in a sentence, there is an appeal, then the first is distinguished by an exclamation mark, and the second by a comma or commas. For example: “Alas! Ivan, Makarovich, your letter was handed over by messenger yesterday.

If the sentence contains the interjection "o" and it is before the appeal, then the exclamation point is not put. For example: “Oh, gods, is it possible to spend hard-earned money like that ?!”

In addition, often an appeal can stand next to an interjection, and then a comma and an exclamation mark are not put between them. For example: "Oh, you, and I had a better opinion of you."

In conclusion, we say that the appeal gives the proposal a special sound. It goes well with both its own kind and other parts of speech. Now you know how sentences are written with appeals and introductory words, as well as with interjections.

Appeal- this is a word or phrase that names the person (less often - the subject) to whom the speech is addressed.

1. Appeal can be expressed in one word and more than one word.

One word address is expressed by a noun or any part of speech in the function of a noun in the nominative case, an ambiguous treatment may include words dependent on this noun or an interjection about:

For example:

Dear granddaughter, why did you rarely call me?

Waiting for a flight from Sochi, go to the arrivals area.

Again I am yours, oh young friends! (the title of the elegy of A. S. Pushkin).

2. An appeal can be expressed by a noun in the form of an oblique case, if it denotes a sign of the object or person to whom the speech is addressed.

For example: Hey, in a hat, are you extreme?

Appeals can be expressed by special, descriptive phrases, which are distinguished as ordinary address-names: - Hey, on the scow!- said Reg (Green); - Hey, who is stronger, come here to the gate(P. Kapitsa).

3. Personal pronouns you and you, as a rule, do not act as appeals: they perform the function of the subject if they have predicate verbs.

For example: If you, the reader, love autumn, then you know that in autumn the water in the rivers acquires a bright blue color from the cold.(Paust.) - the appeal is reader, and the pronoun You combined with the verb you love.

Pronouns You , You can take on the call function in the following cases:

A) in constructions with a separate definition or a defining clause: You are the third from the edge, with a mop on his forehead, I don't know you. I love you!(Ascension); You, whose wide overcoats resembled sails, whose spurs rang merrily and voices, and whose eyes, like diamonds, left a mark on the heart, are the charming dandies of bygone years.(Color);

b) when used independently, usually with interjections hey, well, eh and etc.: Oh, you women, women! Gardening your heads(Cool.); - Oh, you! And don't you mind sitting next to Chebuhayka? - he throws on the go(Cool .); Tsyts, you! She is no longer your servant(M. G.); “He has a headache,” Bayev sympathized with his heart. – Eh-h... you. Residents!(Shuksh.);

V) as part of other requests: Dear friend you are mine don't be ashamed...(Fad.); You are my dear(Shuksh.).

The appeal is not grammatically related to the sentence, is not a member of the sentence.

Punctuation marks when addressing

1. Appeals are usually distinguished (or separated) by commas, and with a special emotional load - by an exclamation point after the appeal.

For example: Congratulations, comrades, on a safe arrival(paust.)

- Don't go, Volodya, - said Rodion(Ch.).

Farewell, it's time, my joy! I'll jump off now, conductor(Past.) . Calm down, wind. Don't bark, water glass(Es.). See clearly, comrade sighted, by the lake in the drain of water(Ascension).

The vocative intonation is enhanced if the appeal is placed at the end of the sentence.

For example:

- Hello, brothers! - he said(Ch.);

Farewell, it's time for the outskirts! Life is a change of ashes(Ascension).

2. Multiple hits are separated by commas or exclamation marks.

For example: " My dear, my dear, my torment, my anguish ", - she read (Ch.); Goodbye, my happiness, my short happiness! (Cupr.); Proletarian! Poor brother... When you receive this letter, I will already be flying away(Ch.).

Appeals connected by union And , are not separated by a comma.

For example: cry, tavern violins and harps (Vozn).

3. If after the appeal there is a definition or application, then it is isolated; such a definition is perceived as a second appeal.

For example: Grandpa, dear where have you been? (rasp.); Miller, darling, get up. On the shore of the lights! (Paust.).

4. Parts of the dissected address are allocated separately, each in itself.

For example: Hear me good, hear me beautiful, my evening dawn, unquenchable love! (Is.); ABOUT, my neglected thank you and kiss you hands of the Motherland, timidity, friendship, family (Past.).

5. If the appeal ends an interrogative sentence, then a question mark is placed after it.

For example: Hear Dmitry Petrovich? I will come to you in Moscow(Ch.); When will Kara-Ada finally be, captain?(Paust.); What's wrong with you, blue sweater?(Ascension); Did you pray at night, birch? Did you pray at night overturned lakes Senezh, Svityaz and Naroch? Did you pray at night Cathedrals of the Intercession and Assumption? (Ascension).

6. Particles oh ah ah and others facing appeals are not separated from them.

For example: Oh my darling my gentle, beautiful garden! (Ch.).

- Prosh, and Prosh! - Called Prokhor Abramovich(Plat.).

Oh Nadya, Nadya we would be happy...(OK.).

Oh whirlwind, feel all the depths and hollows(Past.).

O bunch of retribution! Tossed in one gulp to the West - I am the ashes of an intruder!(Ascension).

Oh youth, phoenix, fool, all in flames cum!(Ascension).

O heart-loving deceptions, delusions of infancy! On the day when the glades turn green, I have no deliverance from you.(Ill.).

7. If there is an interjection before the appeal (unlike a particle, it is accented), then it is separated by a comma or an exclamation mark.

For example:

- Oh, dear Nadia, - Sasha began his usual after-dinner conversation(Ch.);

- Hey, three octopuses for threading, go get the bolt! - From that day on, Zakhar Pavlovich was called the nickname "Three Octopuses for Carving"(Plat.). The word o can also act as an interjection (meaning Oh ): ABOUT, my lost freshness, riot of eyes and flood of feelings (Es.).

An interjection (as a call to attention) can itself act as an appeal.

For example: Hey watch out! Make a closure!(Ascension).

- Hey, be careful out there! shouted Stepakha.(Cool.).

Where? What are you? Hey!(Shuksh.).

8. After the appeal, which is a separate vocative sentence (Sentence-address, i.e., a one-part sentence in which the main and only member is the name of the person addressing the speech), an ellipsis or an exclamation mark is placed - single or in combination with ellipsis.

For example: - Miller! whispered Shatsky.(Paust.); Anya, Anya!(Ch.); - Sing! .. - Lyalka is again in the window(Shuksh.);

- Mother ... And mother! he called his old woman(Shuksh.); “Brothers ...” he said quietly, and his voice broke(Paust.).

It is distinguished by a comma, or (if it is colored emotionally) - by an exclamation mark. For example: “Children, open your notebooks and get ready to write down the topic of the lesson” or “Vasiliev! I immediately got up and left the classroom.

Despite the fact that the appeal is not a member of the proposal, it can be common (that is, have dependents). In this case, the appeal is highlighted in its entirety - also, . For example: "My beloved husband, in the first lines of the letter to tell you ...".

When parsing a sentence, do not underline the appeal with any line. Only members of the sentence should be underlined, and appeals, like introductory words, are not connected with the sentence from the point of view of grammar, are not its members and are not included in the syntactic scheme of member dependencies. However, check with your teacher, as many of them require you to designate invocations in some way - for example, by placing "address" above them, bracketing them, or using other methods.

An address is a word or a combination of words that names the addressee of the speech. A distinctive feature of this construction is the grammatical form of the nominative case. In addition to defining an object, animate or inanimate, an appeal may contain an evaluative characteristic and express the attitude of the speaker to the addressee. To establish the role of words naming the person to whom the speech is addressed, it is necessary to find out what features this construction can “possess”.

Most often, proper names, names of persons according to the degree of kinship, according to, position in society, position, rank, according to the relationship of people act as an appeal. Less often, animal names, names of inanimate objects or natural phenomena are used as an appeal, usually personified in the latter case. For example:
“You know, Shurochka, I have something to tell you.” In the role of address - a proper name.
- "My brother! How glad I am to see you!" Appeal names a person according to the degree of kinship.
- "Where did you take me,?" The word "ocean" is naming an inanimate object. Such constructions are used in artistic speech, making it figurative and expressive.

In oral speech, the appeal is formalized intonation. For this, different types of intonations are used.
The vocative intonation is characterized by increased stress and the presence of a pause after the appeal. In written speech, such intonation is a comma or an exclamation mark. (My friend, let us dedicate our souls to the homeland with wonderful impulses!)
Exclamatory intonation is usually used in a rhetorical address, naming a poetic artistic image. (Fly, memories!)
Introductory intonation is distinguished by a lowering of tone and a fast pace of pronunciation. (I'm terribly glad, Varenka, that you stopped by to see me.)

If in colloquial speech the main function of addresses is to give a name to the addressee of speech, then in fiction they perform stylistic functions and are carriers of expressive and evaluative meanings. (“Where are you going, thieves’ mug?”; “Good, beloved, we are far from each other.”)

The metaphorical nature of poetic appeals also determines the features of their syntax. For example, common and homogeneous appeals are often used in artistic speech (Hear me, good, hear me, my evening dawn, inextinguishable.) Often they give speech intimacy, special lyricism. (Are you still alive, my old lady?)

Please note that the grammatical form of the appeal coincides with the subject and application. They should not be confused: the subject and the application are members of the sentence and a question is asked to them. An appeal is a construction that is not grammatically related to other members of the sentence, therefore it does not play a syntactic role and a question is not posed to it. Compare:
"Her dreams were always romantic." The word "dreams" is the subject of the sentence.
"Dreams, dreams, where is your sweetness?" This is a syntactic construct.

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PUNICATION SIGNS FOR APPEALS

Section 101. Appeal, i.e. words and combinations of words that name the addressee of the speech, is highlighted (or separated) commas. With increased emotionality, Exclamation point after applying: Congratulations, comrades, with safe arrival(Paust.); - Do not go, Volodya- said Rodion(Ch.); open up thought! Be the music word, strike at the hearts, so that the world triumphs!(Ill.); I will jump now conductor (B. Past.); calm down wind. Don't bark, water glass(Her).

Multiple calls are separated by commas or exclamation marks: "My dear, my dear, my torment, my anguish", - she read (Ch.); Farewell, my happiness, my short-lived happiness!(Cupr.); Proletarian! Poor brother... By the time you receive this letter, I will already be on my way.(Ch.); - Father! Semyon Yakovlevich!- came suddenly ... the voice of a lady(Dost.). Appeals connected by the union and are not separated by a comma: cry, tavern violins and harps, over a black aster with an Afro hairstyle(Ascension).

If after the appeal there is a definition or application, then it is isolated; such a definition is perceived as a second appeal: Grandfather, cute, where have you been?(rasp.); - Miller darling, get up. On the coast of fire!(Paust.).

Parts of the dismembered appeal are distinguished separately, each on its own: Hear me, good, hear me, beautiful, my evening dawn, unquenchable love! (Is.).

If an appeal ends an interrogative sentence, then a question mark is placed after it: Hear Dmitry Petrovich? I will come to you in Moscow(Ch.); What's wrong with you, blue sweater? (Ascension); Did you pray at night birch? Did you pray at night overturned lakes Senezh, Svityaz and Naroch? Did you pray at night Cathedrals of the Intercession and Assumption? (Ascension).

§ 102. Particles oh ah ah and others before the appeals are not separated from them: Oh my sweet, my tender, beautiful garden (Ch.); Oh Nadya, Nadya we would be happy...(OK.); O beloved deceptions of the heart, delusions of infancy! On the day when the glades turn green, I have no deliverance from you.(Ill.); O sun, red-hot beyond measure fade away, have mercy on the poor earth!(Ill.); Death and death Will you give me one more word to say?(TV).

§ 103. If there is an interjection before the appeal, then it is separated by a comma or an exclamation mark: Ah, my fields, dear furrows you are good in your sorrow(Ec.); - Hey, three octopuses for threading go get the bolt! - From that day on, Zakhar Pavlovich was called the nickname "Three Octopuses under the Carving"(Plat.). The word can also act as an interjection O(in meaning Oh): Oh, my lost freshness, riot of eyes and flood of feelings (Es.).

Note. Homonymous particles and interjections ( oh ah ah) differ as follows: the particle has an amplifying value and is not separated from the address intonationally (it does not have an independent stress); on the contrary, interjections are intonationally independent, percussive, after which there is a pause. Wed: About my cherished field you are now resting after the harvest(Aitm.) - Oh wind! Oh snow storms! (Bl.).

Interjection Hey(as a call for attention) can itself act as an appeal: - Hey, beware! Make a closure!(Ascension); - Hey be careful there! - Shouted Stepaxa(Cool.); - Where? What are you? Hey!.. (Shuksh.); - Hey! It is forbidden! Frosya got scared(Current.).

§ 104. After appeals, which are an independent proposal, put ellipsis or Exclamation point- single or combined with ellipsis: - Miller!- whispered Shatsky(Paust.); - Sing!..- Lyalka is in the window again(Shuksh.); - Mother ... And mother! he called his old woman(Shuksh.).

It is customary to make appeals in official letters on a separate line, after the call is put Exclamation point: Dear comrade (mister) V. V. Ivanov!; Dear Colleagues!

Section 105. Personal pronouns You And You usually do not act as appeals: they perform the function of the subject if they have predicate verbs: If You, reader, love autumn, then you know that in autumn the water in the rivers acquires a bright blue color from the cold(Paust.) - pronoun You- subject ( you love), A reader- explanatory member of the sentence ( You, i.e. reader).

Pronouns you you can serve as a referral in the following cases:

a) in the presence of definitive constructions - separate definitions or definitive clauses of the sentence: You, the third from the edge, with a mop on your forehead, I do not know you. I love you(Ascension); You, whose wide overcoats resembled sails, whose spurs rang merrily and voices, and whose eyes, like diamonds, left a mark on the heart, are the charming dandies of bygone years.(Color.); such pronouns are not subjects; they do not have verb-predicates;

b) when used independently, usually with interjections hey, uh, uh, poof etc. (colloquially): - Chick, you! She is no longer your servant(M. G.); - Hey, you! Answer me(Shuksh.); - Well, you! Don't cross me!

c) in complex appeals: Dear friend you are mine don't be ashamed...(Fad.); Manyushka, you are my dear… (Shuksh.).

§ 106. As appeals, descriptions of the signs of an object, a person can be used. Such invocations are distinguished as ordinary invocation-names: - Hey, on the scow! Reg said.(Greene); - Hey, who is stronger Come here, to the gate!(P. Kapitsa).