“Unusual Tag” This game is played by 2 people. You will need a sheet of paper, a pencil and 8 chips of different colors: 4 white and 4 black. If you don’t have any chips on hand, you can use multi-colored pebbles or corks. Draw a playing field of 9 squares on paper. WITH

The most unusual rivers RIVERS PLAY HIDE AND HIDE The Kara-Balta River flows down the Kyrgyz ridge, giving its waters to wheat fields, sugar beet plantations, and orchards. Examining its bed, scientists discovered that even before entering the valley, the river loses about a third of its flow.

UNUSUAL LAKES

The most unusual tails The Australian leaf-tailed gecko has an absolutely fantastic tail. This large arboreal lizard has a strongly flattened body and a wide, flat, leaf-shaped tail of a bizarre shape. Generally short wide flat tails

Question 1. What methods of obtaining food are observed in mammals?

Mammals are divided into: herbivores - their food is green parts of plants, seeds, fruits; those who eat animal food include insectivores, scavengers, and predators; omnivores. However, there is no strict distinction between these groups. Thus, herbivores can also eat animal food. For example, a hedgehog mainly eats animal food - insects, frogs, small rodents, bird eggs, but can diversify its diet with berries and fruits.

Mammals have different methods of obtaining food. The simplest is picking up food from the ground, as voles and mice do. The mole, in search of food - insects and their larvae, digs complex underground passages in the ground with its paws with amazing speed. Martens chase their prey, and cats catch it from ambush. The wolf hunts, the monkeys collect fruit, the bear or cat fishes, etc.

Question 2. Name the functions of digestion in the body.

The main functions of the digestive tract are:

1. Secretory - ensuring the production and secretion of digestive juices (saliva, gastric, pancreatic, intestinal, bile) by glandular cells, containing enzymes and factors (or substances) that ensure their high activity.

2. Motor, or motor, which is carried out by the muscles of the digestive apparatus and ensures a change in the aggregative state of food, its grinding, mixing with digestive juices and movement.

3. Absorption - ensuring the transfer of the final products of digestion, water, salts and vitamins through the mucous membrane from the cavity of the digestive tract into the internal environment of the body (blood and lymph).

4. Excretory (excretory) - realized through the release of certain metabolic products (metabolites), salts of heavy metals, and medicinal substances from the body;

5. Protective - provided by the barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract, which protects the body from harmful agents (bactericidal, bacteriostatic and detoxifying effects).

In the course of evolution, the organisms of herbivores that feed on hard-to-digest plant foods, which contain a lot of fiber (cellulose), have developed special ways of assimilating it, since the gastrointestinal tract of most herbivores does not produce the enzyme cellulase, which breaks down cellulose into glucose. The most common method is to fill the intestines with symbiotic microorganisms that can ferment cellulose and convert it into glucose suitable for absorption. Many mammals digest cellulose in this way.

For example, in ruminant animals of the order Artiodactyls, symbionts (bacteria and ciliates that break down cellulose) are located in the anterior part of the digestive tract, mainly in the multi-chamber stomach, i.e., where digestion occurs, but in many animals (equids from the order Artiodactyls, lagomorphs, termites, etc.) symbionts settle in the posterior part of the intestinal tract - in the cecum and large intestine, i.e., where absorption occurs. Along with the symbiotic method of digesting plant food, many species exhibit coprophagy, i.e., eating their own feces, as a result of which the digested mass is secondarily exposed to the action of microorganisms. Coprophagy, for example, is characteristic of gorillas, lagomorphs and most rodents. It ensures the reabsorption of nitrogen from absorbed intestinal symbionts and the vitamins produced by them.

The saliva of predators does not contain enzymes, since predators do not chew their food, but cut it with powerful jaws and swallow it in large portions. They need a big stomach. It is extensive, accounting for 60-70% of the volume of the entire digestive system. This explains that predators are able to eat up to once a week (since they manage to kill an animal quite rarely). The length of the small intestine in carnivores is much smaller (from 3 to 6 body sizes of the predator) than in herbivores (10-12 body sizes). The large intestine of carnivores is short and smooth. In herbivores, it is long with an uneven surface.

All the variety of ways to obtain food can be reduced to several types.

The forms of self-feeding are quite varied. A number of animals swallow sand, silt, and soil, which then pass through the intestines. Nutrients are absorbed by the body, and undigested residues (mainly minerals) are thrown out through the anus. This is how well-known earthworms feed, as well as some marine animals - sea cucumbers or sea cucumbers.

Many animals living in water are filter feeders based on their feeding habits. They have various devices to create a flow of water towards the mouth opening. With water they also get food, of course, small in size. An example of a filter feeder is the slipper ciliate. Bivalves (pearl oysters, toothless mollusks) also feed on the principle of filtration. On the sides of the mouth they have oral lobes covered with cilia, which push nutrient particles to the mouth opening. Sponges, many crustaceans and annelids are also similar filter feeders. It should be noted that filter-feeding animals play a large positive role in water bodies. They are a powerful factor in the natural purification of water bodies.

It is true that plants have also developed peculiar adaptations in order to exploit animals and feed on them. Take, for example, plants that are used for cross-pollination by bees, butterflies, birds (hummingbirds, sunbirds), bats, bathing from them with nectar, pollen, and sometimes even flower petals. Often an animal acts as a seed distributor and feeds on the fruits of these plants. Plants have also developed, thanks to evolution, protective devices directed against their consumers: thorns, silicon inclusions in the leaves that destroy the teeth of ruminants, unpleasant odors, toxic substances, etc.
Carnivores are no less flexible in their activities and adaptations. Almost every animal has one or more predators. Some of them are highly specialized, such as snakes that feed on bird eggs. Others eat only selected parts of their victims. Many animals suck the blood and soft tissues of the victim.

It is not at all uncommon for animals to alternate phases of their life cycle, with each stage having a special type of food. For example, frog tadpoles are herbivores, while adults are carnivores. This distribution of food not only reduces the tension of competition between adult animals and their descendants, but also contributes to the optimal selection of food necessary for the development and growth of the body.

Page 1 of 2

In the competition for food over many millions of years, animals have developed certain eating habits and demonstrated amazing adaptability in the process of evolution. This includes changes in the structure of the body necessary for obtaining and consuming food, and changes in behavior that are of no small importance.

Some animals were able to change their habitat and adapt to different food, while others learned to get food faster and in an easier way.

There are truly wonderful methods of hunting, but the most amazing is the use of tools by animals to obtain food. For a very long time it was believed that only humans were capable of this, but it turned out that many animals could do this.

Thousands of years ago, several finches arrived on the distant Galapagos Islands, which became the ancestors of a number of new specialized species of these birds. Being originally granivores, they adapted to their environment by learning, among other things, to use food that was different from what they were used to on the mainland. The photo shows a woodpecker finch feeding on insects. He removes them from rotten wood using tools such as cactus thorns, twigs or wood chips.

Catching butterflies

Not all spiders weave webs from their webs and wait for prey. Some actively hunt with just one sticky thread. Among these most dexterous hunters are spiders, which could be called “angler fish”. They are distributed everywhere, but the most famous species live in Australia. This creamy-red robber sits on a plant and drops a thread with a few drops of sticky substance from it, like a fishing rod. As soon as the spider notices a butterfly or other potential victim, it begins to perform intensive movements with its improvised “fishing rod”, hoping to hook the prey. If he succeeds, the victim hangs, glued to the sticky drop. The spider then pulls up the thread and eats the prey. It is believed that the “fishing rod” emits a smell that female butterflies use to attract males.

Splasher fish

The splash fish lives in mangrove swamps on the coasts of Southeast Asia. Mangroves are a maze of tree roots that are flooded with water twice a day. Countless different species of animals live here, especially insects that take refuge in the green trees during high tide. Bryzgun “has developed a special technique with which he can collect insects from trees. Releasing a stream of water from a mouth adapted for this purpose, he shoots it with great accuracy. Its gray-green color and flat back allow it to camouflage itself well in mangroves, making it very difficult for insects to notice.

Sea otter sea otter

Sea otters (sea otters) living off the Pacific coast of North America are also known for their ability to use tools. To open the shells of large mollusks or break the shells of sea urchins, the sea otter hits them against a flat stone, which, floating on its back, it holds on its stomach. Some otters carry such a stone with them all the time.

black heron

The African black heron forages for food in ponds and swamps, hunting small fish, mammals and reptiles. The most interesting thing is how this little heron behaves in preparation for a successful hunt. Walking slowly through the water, the heron spreads one or both wings, creating a shaded place on the water, which allows it to better see its prey, and the fish instinctively feels more confident and less vigilant.

Biology

Class

Types of Digestive Systems

Metabolism- a set of processes of substances entering the body, their transformation in it and the removal of metabolic products to the outside.

One of the most important functions of the body - metabolism - provides nutrition.

Autotrophic organisms can synthesize organic substances for themselves, using either the energy of the sun (phototrophs) or the energy of inorganic compounds (chemotrophs).

Heterotrophs cannot synthesize organic matter themselves. They take it from other organisms (these can be phototrophs and other heterotrophs).

The main difference between plant and animal organisms is the method of obtaining energy for life, the difference in the method of nutrition. The method of nutrition determines the structure and basic biological functions of the body

Types of heterotrophic nutrition.

Nutrition- this is the process of entering the body of nutrients necessary for its normal functioning.

Animals, fungi, insectivorous plants and most bacteria feed heterotrophically.

Holozoic. With this type of nutrition, thanks to a complex set of digestive enzymes, the body can consume complex, often solid, organic compounds.

Saprotrophic. With this type of nutrition, the body feeds on solutions of simple organic substances. Sometimes the body secretes enzymes directly onto the substrate and then absorbs the resulting nutrients. By destroying dead plants and animals, saprotrophs play an important role in the cycle of substances.

Microphages- absorb food into small particles.

Macrophages- eat food in large pieces.

The most common methods of capturing food by animals: with the help of pseudopodia (amoeba), with the help of cilia (ciliates), with the help of tentacles (cuttlefish), zishkryabuvannya (garden snail), ingestion, suction.

Animal nutrition can be divided into stages such as food extraction, digestion and absorption.

Methods of obtaining food by animals.

Despite the fact that almost all animals are heterotrophs, they can get their food in different ways.

There is a distinction between a simple method of obtaining food and symbiosis.

A simple method of obtaining food common in the animal kingdom. Most animals get their food directly, without any special devices or tricks. Some animals feed on plants, others eat various animals and do this in a wide variety of ways, in accordance with their organization. There are also omnivores. Moreover, these animals do not enter into any relationship with the animals or plants that serve them as food.

Symbiosis- a common phenomenon in living nature of a natural, not accidental, community of living beings (symbionts) belonging to different systematic groups.

Mutualism- one of the types of coexistence of organisms, in which each of them brings a certain benefit to the other. For example, hermit crabs and sea anemones, ruminants and their rumen microorganisms.

Commensalism- a form of relationship between two species of animals, in which one species (comensal) feeds on the leftover food of the second (host) or microorganisms living in the same host organism. For example, many flagellates and amoebas living in the body of higher animals and humans feed mainly on bacteria living in it and do not cause disease in the host.

The phenomena of commensalism between plants and animals deserve attention. For example, ants, settling on a plant, protect it from insects that damage the leaves.