Grammatical means of connection of parts in a complex sentence. Means of communication of parts in the NGN. Differences between subordinating conjunctions and allied words In a complex sentence, the means of communication are
1 . The main syntactic means of communication in a complex sentence are
subordinating conjunctions,
allied words,
correlative pronominal words(definitive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).
Depending on the indicators of communication, complex sentences are distinguished: 1) union type, 2) relative type, 3) pronoun-correlative type, 4) pronominal-union correlative type.
Unions are simple ( what, to, although, if, how, as if and etc.)
and composite ( because, since, meanwhile, in spite of the fact that etc.) are placed in the subordinate part and serve as an indicator of its subordination to the main one.
Unions assigned to certain types of clauses, i.e. with well-defined semantics are called semantic (because, because- causal; although despite the fact that- concessions; If- conditional, etc.). Conjunctions with indefinite semantics, used in various types of subordinate clauses and having a purely syntactic meaning, are called functional, or asemantic (what how and etc.).
For example, union How can serve to attach subordinate parts with different meanings: explanatory, comparative, temporary, conditional.
Some compound unions ( because, because etc.) are able to dismember. In this case, the first part of the union goes into the main part of the sentence and acquires the function of a correlative word.
Subordinating conjunctions, causal, temporary, conditional, may include the so-called braces, which are located at the beginning of the main part of the sentence.
These are double alliances when...then, if...then, if...so, how...then and etc.): If translated into weight, then dried porcini mushrooms will be many times more expensive than meat, and fish, and the rarest fruits, and honey ...(Sol.).
Words-clamps are possible only with the preposition of the subordinate part, they emphasize the productive nature of the second part of the sentence.
In complex sentences with comparative relations, paired conjunctions are used ( than...those, if...then and etc.):
The sooner you get the job done, the sooner you'll be free..
Paired unions, homonymous with unions with braces, differ from them in that both parts of them are structurally necessary, while braces can be easily omitted. Wed:
If today the weather is rainy, then tomorrow the forecasters promise sunny weather. And If his best friend cannot leave, (then) he will stay with him.
Complex sentences with an allied connection form allied type.
Relative (allied) words are pronouns and pronominal adverbs that serve as a means of connecting the subordinate part with the main ( which, whose, what, what; where, where, from where, how, when and etc.).
Relative words are located in the subordinate part of the sentence. Unlike unions, they are significant words and therefore perform the function of one of the members of the sentence.
Compare, for example, the functions of homonyms: It seemed to him thu someone called out to him. AND He couldn't even imagine What now he has to do.
In the first sentence, the word What performs the function of a union, since it is devoid of semantic significance and serves only as a means of communication and an indicator of syntactic relations between parts of a complex sentence.
In the second sentence, which is a relative (union) word, it, in addition to the connection, plays the role of an addition in the subordinate part of the sentence. Another example: What he wanted to tell me - I never found out.
Relative words having unions as homonyms ( what how) are usually followed by logical highlighting (see the same examples). Complex sentences with relative words in the subordinate part constitute a relative type.
Correlative words- these are definitive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs that are in the main part of the SPP and attach to themselves a subordinate clause that specifies their meaning. They usually make correlative pairs with allied words in the subordinate part. For example:
that - who, that - which, that - whose, there - where, there - where, then - when etc.
The accessory part can be attached to correlative word in the main and with the help of the union:
All apartments looked as if no one had looked after them for many years.
The role of correlative words in structural terms is not the same. They may be necessary, since they participate in the organization of the sentence structure, and are not obligatory, and then they are used only as emphasizing words.
He noticed That that a few people fell behind.
Structural optionality correlative words in some cases is emphasized by the possibility of merging them with the conjunction of the subordinate clause.
in order (,) to ... because (,) in order to
Thus, complex sentences with correlative words in the main part form two structural varieties:
pronominal-correlative type (in the presence of a correlation of pronominal words in the main and subordinate parts) and
pronominal-union correlative type (with the ratio of the pronominal word in the main part and the union - in the subordinate clause).
2. Along with unions, allied and correlative words, there may be others in NGN structural means, For example:
order of parts, ratio of verb forms included in the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence,
intonation,
lexico-morphological character of the word to which the adjective belongs,
some special lexical items.
Part order NGN of different types is not the same: it can be strictly defined or free.
It depends on the structural-semantic nature of the sentence as a whole. Some structural-semantic types of NGN have a strictly fixed sequence of parts.
So, the subordinate clause always follows the main clause in pronominal-union correlative sentences.
Others - allied, relative, pronominal-correlative - are more free in relation to the order of the parts.
The certainty of the order of parts is explained by various reasons, both structural and semantic, and more often by a combination of both.
Some unions are able to attach a subordinate part, only following the main one.
So, subordinate clauses with unions for, good, because, so located after the main part.
Clauses with conditional, temporary unions, which usually occupy a free position in relation to the main part, but when using correlative words, the preposition of the subordinate part is obligatory:
If you come in the evening, then I will help solve this problem..
Adnexal connecting are fixed in the postposition, because carry an additional message. Their location in front of the main part is extremely rare.
Correlation of verb forms of parts NGN is also a syntactic means of their connection.
The aspect-temporal forms of the verbs of the first part of the sentence (regardless of whether it is main or subordinate) usually suggest certain forms of the second part. Especially in cases where there are relations of mutual subordination between parts of the joint venture: It was worth taking a closer look at the drawing, as everything would become obvious.
The combination is used as a means of communication: as for ... then; The fact is that... Verb touch and noun case in such constructions they lose their main lexical meaning and turn into purely connecting elements:
A constructive indicator is the lexical and morphological nature of the word to which the subordinate clause belongs.
So, nouns when spreading suggest a determinative part,
and verbs, short adjectives, impersonal predicative words - explanatory:
He began to work with a speed that amused those present.;
After tea, they began to discuss how to fill this cheerfully started day.;
It is not known who will perform first;
AND Alco, why did you tell me so late.
If in some cases nouns add an explanatory part, then these are nouns of a certain semantic group, namely: with the meaning of speech, thought, message, i.e. meaning inherent in verb words.***
Subordinate clauses with such nouns are complicated by the defining shade of meaning:
intonation how the means of communication in NGN unites its parts into a single whole.
Thus, the structure of the NGN is determined both by the syntactic means of communication and by the lexical and morphological properties of the words involved in its construction.
1 What is the difference between complex and complex sentences 2 What means of communication in a complex sentence do you know What is common between them and how do they differ 3 What is the role of demonstrative words in a complex sentence 4 What place relative to the main clause in a complex sentence can take subordinate clauses 5 What semantic relationships can be expressed in a complex sentence can take subordinate clauses 6 Tell us about the types of complex sentences, give examples
1 What is the difference between complex and complex sentences
2 What means of communication in a complex sentence do you know What do they have in common and how do they differ
3 What is the role of demonstrative words in a complex sentence
4 What place in relation to the main clause in a complex sentence can be occupied by subordinate clauses
5 What semantic relationships can be expressed in a complex sentence can be occupied by subordinate clauses
6 Tell us about the types of complex sentences, give examples
- A compound sentence is a complex sentence with conjunctions. The parts of this sentence are connected by coordinating conjunctions
A complex sentence is a union sentence, but one part of the sentence depends on the other.
Differences in CPP.
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VSPP means of communication are subordinating conjunctions and allied words. What both types of sentences have in common is that they are means of communication,
The difference is that the unions are not members of the subordinate clause, when allied words, on the contrary, are.
Demonstratives help connect sentences. They can be demonstrative adverbs or pronouns. They always appear in the main clause.
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Any place in a sentence can be before, after the main word.
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Adverbial clauses: place, mode of action and degree, purpose, condition, consequence, concession, time, comparison, cause.
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Explanatory: Mom knew that there was no food at home.
Definitive: Alesya bought the product that the seller recommended to him.
Circumstances, which are divided into:
Places: We arrived at the place where this beautiful waterfall began.
Time: it happened when he came to our school.
Conditions: If he starts to fulfill, then I will start too.
Reasons: Andrey was late because there was no bus.
Targets: Masha ran home to pick up her things.
Consequences: It has already become cold so that I put on a warm kurta.
Concessions: Although today is a day off, we decided to get up early.
Comparisons: He worked as fast as his father once taught him.
Measures and degrees: He is as guilty as we are all.
Mode of action: It was already dark, as it should be in the evening.
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main types and functions
subordinating allied correlative
conjunctions words words
The main syntactic means of communication in NGN are special connecting elements. Formal indicators of the interdependence of the main and subordinate parts are subordinating conjunctions, allied (relative) words, correlative (indicative) words.
subordinating unions.
Recall that in terms of structure, subordinating conjunctions are simple (to, although, if, as if, etc.) and compound (because, despite the fact that, since, etc.). In addition to simple and compound unions, it is necessary to distinguish between double ones, which include words-braces (if ... then, when ... then, how ... then), and paired ones (than ... those). The last two types of unions differ from each other in that if both parts of paired unions are structurally necessary, then in double unions the words-braces can be omitted.
N-r, If you come, then we will make friends.
The sooner the night, the less trouble.
Conjunctions with a clearly defined semantics are assigned to a certain type of subordinate clauses and are called semantic, unambiguous, monofunctional: although, despite the fact that they are concessive, since, because - reasons, etc.
Conjunctions with indefinite semantics, used in various types of subordinate clauses and having a purely syntactic meaning, are called functional, asemantic, syntactic, polyfunctional, polysemantic. These are unions that, in order, like others. Nr, the union how can serve to attach clauses with different meanings to the main part: explanatory (additional) clauses, clause comparisons, temporary, conditions. Some compound unions (because, because) are able to be dismembered. In this case, the first part of the union goes into the main part of the NGN and acquires the function of a correlative word.
S.R.: It would be good not to argue with him, because in disputes he gets excited to the point of rage.
It would be good not to argue with him, because in disputes he gets excited to the point of rage.
The peculiarity of compound unions lies in the fact that, due to the constructive optionality of correlative words in the main part, their first part can freely roam from the main part to the subordinate.
Wed: She wanted to sing so that everyone knew about her happiness.
She wanted to sing so that everyone knew about her happiness.
Such variation is possible with compound unions: because, in order to, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, after etc.
So, subordinating unions in their structure are divided into simple, compound, double and paired subordinating unions. According to the features of functioning, they are divided into semantic and syntactic. NGN with unions in the subordinate part are considered as an allied type of NGN.
Union words.
The function of allied words in NGN is performed by pronouns in the broad sense of this part of speech (whose, which, where, etc.) or with a narrow understanding of the pronoun as a part of speech of pronouns (whose, which, what) and adverbs, pronominal adverbs (where, where, why, where).
Allied words (relative) are located in the subordinate part of the NGN. Unlike subordinating conjunctions, allied words are significant words and therefore perform the function of members of a sentence.
NGN with allied words in the subordinate part constitute the relative type of NGN.
The difference between subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
It is known that the distinction between subordinating conjunctions and allied words is very difficult for both trainees and those who teach questions about the syntax of NGN.
The following common mistakes are common:
- Non-discrimination between homonymous subordinating conjunctions and allied words, such as what, how, when, than, what (would).
- Identification of allied words such as which, which, whose, where, where, where, why, why, why, etc. with subordinating conjunctions.
- Difficulties in recognizing compound conjunctions of the type because, because, due to the fact that, despite the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.
- Incorrect definition of the syntactic function of the allied word.
- Difficulties in posing a semantic question from the main part to the subordinate. For example, a union word that is often parsed as a definition, while this word is often substantiated and can be any member of the subordinate clause.
Wed: You will need a guide who knows the forest paths well.
union. sl. (subst.m-pr.)
In the midst of the feast, Travkin came in, whom no one called.
with the use of words (subst.m-
etc)
Travkin listened, then went along the message, TsZ_krtrrogo two Germans came out.
union.sl. (subst. m-pr.)
Nadya led the children through a bright corridor, the windows of which overlooked
X. X X X." wihh nnnnnn.
garden.
SO SW.SL J(m-pr)
What is the pop, such is the arrival.
The accuracy in determining the type of the subordinate part depends on the selection of the question, which is asked from the main part to the subordinate part.
union
Cf .: The message that we received these books made us happy (about what? Explanatory clause or additional, depending on the chosen classification)
SOYU 3. sl. (m-n)
The message that we received made us happy (what? Definitive clause)
When distinguishing between subordinating conjunctions and allied words, it must be remembered: in the Russian language there are words that always play only the role of unions or allied words in NGN, and only five words (we have already called them “insidious” words) due to homonymity can act - depending from the content of the sentence - either as subordinating conjunctions, or as allied words.
Table 23
As you can see, there are not so many “insidious” words, but they are often found in NGN, and it is these words that cause the greatest difficulty in the grammatical characterization of NGN.
Rules for delimiting subordinating conjunctions and allied words
- If there is a preposition before the homonymous word, then this is a union
There can be no pretext before the union.
SS(m-sig)
Compare: He politely bowed to Chichikov; nachpgo last answered the same.
SS(m-n)
She spoke French very badly, for which I suffer afterwards.
- You can use the technique of transforming (replacing) a dubious union with a true union, an allied word with another allied word or a functional equivalent (significant word).
Compare: Boris still winced a little, like a drunkard before a glass of wine (which = as if).
SS(m-n)
There are no miracles in the world, except for those that are created by the mind and will of man.
- The conjunction can be omitted, and the meaning of the sentence is preserved.
Wed: We rejoiced when the forest began. (We were delighted - the forest began).
C C (m-nar)
Nobody knows when we'll see each other. (It is impossible to omit the allied word)
- The subordinate clause, which begins with a union word, can be converted into an independent interrogative sentence. The subordinate part, which begins with a union, cannot be transformed in this way.
Wed: It was difficult to determine what this man felt. (How did this man feel?)
union
It was hard to believe that all this was true. (The subordinate clause cannot be converted into an interrogative simple sentence).
- It is possible to attach amplifying particles to the allied words, or exactly, to the union - it is impossible.
Wed: He could not find out when (already) the train would come.
union
He rejoiced when the forest began.
- A logical stress falls on the allied word, while the union is deprived of such stress, i.e. is a curse.
Wed: We willingly give what we ourselves do not need.
union
How many times have they told the world that flattery is vile, harmful.
It must be remembered that in each specific case, several methods of distinguishing between unions and allied words can help at once.
Table 24
The distinction between subordinating conjunctions and allied words
Correlative (indicative) words.
Correlative words, together with conjunctions and allied words, also
are a grammatical means of linking parts of NGN. Correlative words are always in the main part of the NGN and are expressed by definitive, demonstrative and indefinite pronouns (with a broad understanding of this part of speech): that, such, there, there, from there, then, so, because, because, someone, somewhere , something, etc. They attach the subordinate part to the main one, which specifies their meaning.
Correlative words must be distinguished from allied words:
- Correlative words are in the main part, and allied words are in the subordinate clause;
- Correlative words include the subordinate clause;
- Correlative words deprive the main part of semantic completeness;
- Correlative words predetermine the form of the subordinate clause.
- Correlative words make the connection between the main and subordinate parts closer.
- Expressed by significant parts of speech;
- Are members of the proposal;
- Often substantivized.
Wed: Everyone who has experienced the happiness of communicating with a smart person wants to become better, to know more.
specifier)
I am the one whose gaze destroys hope.
The subordinate clause can be attached to the correlative word with the help of an allied word (see examples above) or a union.
For example, the Houses looked like they had not been touched by a human hand for many years.
The role of correlative words in structural terms is not the same. They are either constructively necessary, since they participate in the organization of the structure of sentences, or they are not obligatory and are then used as emphasizing words.
Wed: Such a view of the dwelling appeared before us that we awkwardly stopped.
Lopatin noticed that the regimental commissar was one rush behind them.
In the first sentence, the correlative word such is constructively necessary: without it, the following subordinate clause is impossible. In the second, the correlative word that is easily omitted without prejudice to the general meaning of the sentence. Taking this into account helps to correctly determine the type of the subordinate part: the first NGN with an attributive clause, the second NGN with an explanatory clause (additional) part.
The correlative word must be distinguished from the words-braces, which are part of double conjunctions and can be omitted, as in some cases correlative words. These are double unions of reason, time, conditions - when, then, if. how. That. The words-clamps are also in the main part of the SPP with the preposition of the subordinate part. They emphasize the productive nature of the second part of the sentence. Correlative (indicative) words are in the main part, which is always prepositive in relation to the subsequent subordinate clause.
Wed: If you agree, then I will immediately get to work (double union if .. then).
I am where they are waiting for me (correlative word there).
Correlative words must be distinguished from a part of paired conjunctions, where both parts are structurally necessary.
SS(m-dry) spec.sl(subst.m-pr)
Wed: (The more you get sick), [so get treated].
(The closer the night), [the less trouble] (pair union with what ... with that).
V.V. Babaitseva indicates cases in which correlative words in the main part are necessary:
- When negating, strengthening, highlighting or limiting with the help of special particles, not, only, only, even, the same, etc. of what is said in the subordinate part.
- In the presence of introductory words in the main part, which express the attitude to what is said in the subordinate part.
See: [Such facts occur, of course, because] (that many people love themselves more than the case).
- Correlative words are used in the main part if the subordinate clause correlates as homogeneous with other members of the main part.
Correlative words are not possible in NGN with a subordinate clause, since they perform the function of an additional message.
See: Father was gone for a long time, which worried us.
It started to rain, so our trip was cancelled.
Thus, NGN with correlative words in the main part form three structural varieties of NGN:
- Pronoun-correlative type (indicative word in the main part + allied word in the subordinate clause);
- Pronominal-union type (indicative word in the main part + conjunction in the subordinate clause).
allied type relative type pronoun
pronominal allied
type type
In addition to subordinating conjunctions, allied and correlative words, other accompanying grammatical means of communication, namely the order of the main and subordinate parts, the grammatical correlation of verb forms included in the main and subordinate parts, intonation, etc., are indicators of syntactic relations between parts of NGN.
- Item types of subordinate parts in WBS. Fixed and non-fixed order of NGN parts. Flexibility - inflexibility of the structure. Contaminated structure proposals
Table 25
The following classifications of SPP are known
The history of syntax has developed three principles for the classification of NGN, which formed the basis of the three most popular classifications of these syntactic structures. These are logical-syntactic, formal-grammatical, structural-semantic classifications of NGN.
Logical-syntactic classification of complex sentences.
It is known that in the history of Russian grammar, the first most complete classification of the clauses in relation to the members of a simple sentence (based on the isomorphism of the clauses with the members of a simple sentence) was developed by F.I. Buslaev. This classification, called traditional (analogous, functional, logical-grammatical), arose in the middle of the 19th century.
F.I. Buslaev believed that "each of the members of the main sentence, except for the predicate, can be expressed by a subordinate clause" (F.I. Buslaev). This initial position allowed the scientist to distinguish the following types of subordinate clauses: subordinate clauses, additional, attributive, adverbial: places, times, modes of action, measures and degrees, reasons, conditions, concessions, comparisons.
The principle of LGK NGN is the isomorphism of the subordinate part to a member of a simple sentence by function.
Cf .: Who is quick-tempered is not angry (= quick-tempered is not angry, i.e. subordinate subject);
Say what is useful (= say useful, i.e. subordinate clause);
It is interesting to talk with a person who has experienced a lot (= with an experienced person, i.e. a subordinate definition);
Petersburg stands where the Neva flows into the Gulf of Finland (= at the confluence of the Neva into the Gulf of Finland, i.e. adverbial adverbial place), etc.
The usual method of determining the type of subordinate clauses is to ask a question to it, similar to the one we ask to the members of a simple sentence.
The classification of F.I. Buslaev was based on the ideas of his predecessors: A. Kh. Vostokov (“Russian Grammar”) and N. I. Grech (“Practical Russian Grammar”).
- I. Grech singled out three types of subordinate clauses, depending on what part of speech they replace in the main one:
I am the one who has happiness (= happy, i.e. subordinate adjective);
They found out when they returned (= upon return, i.e. adverbial clause).
This first attempt to classify the clauses was obviously imperfect, as it clearly mixes morphological and syntactic concepts.
The doctrine of the types of subordinate clauses was further developed in the works of F. I. Buslaev. His classification existed for a long time and became quite traditional - in the future it was subjected only to clarifications and additions. A well-known clarification was made by S.I. Abakumov, who interpreted subordinate clauses as a “detailed member of a sentence”. However, he explained: "They differ from the ordinary members of a simple sentence in that they are predicative." The scientist emphasized that such constructions do not have complete identity. It was Abakumov who supplemented and improved the classification of F. I. Buslaev, proposing, in particular, to consider among the subordinate clauses also the subordinate predicates.
The similarity in function of subordinate clauses and members of a simple sentence is evidenced by a number of data:
- Synonymy of clauses with isolated members of a simple sentence, expressed by participial and adverbial phrases.
- There is a combination of sentence members and subordinate clauses with coordinating conjunctions and, or, yes, but, indicating the homogeneity of the incoming components.
- There are cases of transition of subordinate clauses into members of a simple sentence in cases of phraseologization of subordinate parts.
All of the above phenomena confirm that subordinate clauses perform functions close to the functions of individual members of simple sentences.
The advantages of the logical-grammatical classification of NGN are as follows:
- The main advantage of this classification is the recognition of the objectively existing similarity in the principles of construction and semantics of simple sentences and NGN.
- The logical-grammatical classification of NGN is the first complete classification of clauses based on isomorphism to their members of a simple sentence.
- Now they continue to take into account the functions of subordinate clauses in relation to members of the main sentence.
- This classification is convenient in practical terms - the type of subordinate clauses is determined by a question similar to those questions that are asked to the members of the sentence.
- It has provable arguments: synonymy of subordinate clauses and members of a simple sentence, uniformity of functions of clauses and members of a simple sentence.
- The correspondence between the members of the sentence and the subordinate clauses is approximate, the predicativity of the subordinate clauses is not taken into account, i.e. there is an absolutization of the nature of the ratio of the members of the sentence and the subordinate parts.
- Various and complex semantic relationships between the main and subordinate parts in NGN are not taken into account. Clauses can refer to the entire main part, and not just to its individual member (such, for example, as subordinate corollaries, adjunctive, comparative). These subordinate clauses are characterized by a weaker connection with the main part, which means that they are more independent. In other words, not all subordinate clauses have isomorphism with members of a simple sentence.
- The distinction between subordinate clauses and subordinate subjects, relative attributive and subordinate predicates in most cases is quite artificial. So, clauses identical in structure and semantic relations belonged to different types.
He remembered (what?) how they were friends (subjective clause).
His face was as if he was surprised by something (subordinate predicate).
He had such a face, as if he was surprised by something (subordinate attributive).
Those. the distinction was based on structural differences and, therefore, was associated with elements of a formal-grammatical approach.
And if so, then it is not entirely legitimate to consider this classification as logical.
Conversely, different sentences in terms of structure and grammatical meaning were treated as sentences of the same type.
Wed: He remembered how he went home (subjective clause).
Everything that was needed on the road was collected (subjective clause too)
- The structure of the subordinate part and the variety of semantic relations in the composition of the NGN are not taken into account.
- In many cases, the conditionality and schematic nature of the definition of the type of subordinate clauses can be traced. So, in the absence of a correlative (indicative) word in the main part, the type of the subordinate clause is sometimes unambiguously impossible to determine.
And vice versa, the presence of a demonstrative word in the main part requires a specific answer without taking into account the structure and nature of the semantic relations between the main and subordinate parts.
Wed: I am the one whom no one loves (subordinate predicate).
The day we met, I will never forget (subjective definitive).
It is no coincidence that D.N. Kudryavsky was ironic about this: “Thus, it turns out that the same sentence can be anything, depending on what it stands next to. This means to define a Christmas tree as a tree near which fir cones lie. It is clear that in this case, a birch tree, under which spruce cones are lying around, can also be called a Christmas tree.
The shortcomings noted were the reason for the refusal in the 60s of XX
V. from the traditional classification in the school course of the Russian language.
Despite these shortcomings, Buslaev's logical-grammatical classification of SPP existed in schools for more than a hundred years (from 1858 to 1959). Today, in the educational complex of V. V. Babaitseva, we see a return to the basics of this classification. In the textbook by S. G. Barkhudarov, the logical-grammatical classification of SPP is partially presented. All SPPs are divided into 3 groups: explanatory, definitive, 9 types of circumstantial.
The type of subordinate part is set in two ways:
- In accordance with which member of the sentence in the main part is the correlative pronominal word specified by the subsequent subordinate clause, i.e. the member of the main part expressed by the correlative word is specified by the subordinate clause.
- If there is no correlative word in the main part, then the type of the subordinate clause is determined in accordance with which missing member of the main part is filled in by the subordinate clause.
Later, S.I. Abakumov, F.L. Shapiro, V.M. Nikitin, A.I.
For example, A.N. Gvozdev presents a more comprehensive review of the types of adnexal SPP; they took into account more signs:
- The function of the subordinate part in relation to a member of a simple sentence;
- Structural features of the main and subordinate parts;
. Varieties of semantic relations between the main and subordinate parts.
A.N. Gvozdev has the following types of subordinate clauses in the classification:
- subordinate clauses;
- Adverbial predicates;
- Adventitious additional;
- circumstantial time;
- circumstantial places;
- circumstantial course of action;
- circumstantial reasons;
- circumstantial goals;
- Circumstances;
- circumstantial concessions;
- Circumstantial measures and degrees
- Consequences;
- Connecting.
The merit of A.N. Gvozdev is seen in the fact that, having retained the traditional principle of NGN classification, he did not present a schematic classification of NGN, but implemented a structural-semantic approach to the classification of NGN, showed the relationship of NGN groups in the general system of this type of complex sentence.
Formal-grammatical classification of complex sentences The principle of the formal-grammatical classification of NGN is their distinction by means of communication between the main part and the subordinate clause.
As a prominent representative of the formal grammatical school in Russia, A. M. Peshkovsky, when classifying SPP, focused on the means of connecting subordinate parts with the main part: subordinating conjunctions and allied words. A.M. Peshkovsky divides into two large classes:
- NGN with allied subordination of subordinate clauses;
- NGN with relative subordination of subordinate clauses,
- Causal (because, how, because, then what, etc.);
- Goals (to, then to, so that, etc.);
- Consequences (so);
- Explanatory (what, to, as if, etc.);
- Explanatory (that is, exactly, somehow);
- Conditional (if, if, if, if);
- Concessions (although, despite the fact that, let);
- Comparative (as, as if, exactly (;
- Temporary (when, as soon as, in the meantime).
As for the SPP with relative subordination (with allied words), A. M. Peshkovsky subdivided them into:
- Self-relative NGN (connection of the subordinate part with any member in the main one). Nr, What is the pop, such is the parish.
- Interrogative-relative NGN (connection of the subordinate clause with the entire main part). For example, We will meet wherever fate sends us.
union
Wed: I know that I wanted to tell the truth. union.word
I know what he wanted to say. Tg
As we can see, the semantic relations
in both sentences they are the same - explanatory, meanwhile, according to A. M. Peshkovsky, these NGNs fall into different groups: 1) NGN with allied subordination, namely with an explanatory union; 2) NGN with relative subordination, namely with self-relative, since the subordinate part refers to the verb in the main part.
Further attempts to systematize NGN on a formal grammatical basis can be traced in the works of L.A. Bulakhovsky and A.B. Shapiro.
A.B. Shapiro, pointing out the mistake of A.M. Peshkovsky, wrote: “The study is carried out as if the main and subordinate clauses are separate, independent sentences. The main and the subordinate continuously interact. However, A.B. Shapiro himself, formally dividing all NGN into two groups depending on the presence/absence of demonstrative words in the main sentence, limits his task in a specific analysis to the traditional classification of subordinate clauses in NGN by means of communication.
A sentence is a syntactic unit characterized by semantic and grammatical completeness. One of its main features is the presence of predicative parts. According to the number of grammatical bases, all sentences are simple or complex. Both of them perform their main function in speech - communicative.
Types of complex sentences in Russian
As part of a complex, two or more simple sentences are distinguished, interconnected by conjunctions or only intonation. At the same time, its predicative parts retain their structure, but lose their semantic and intonational completeness. Methods and means of communication determine the types of complex sentences. A table with examples allows you to identify the main differences between them.
Compound sentences
Their predicative parts are independent in relation to each other and equal in meaning. They can be easily divided into simple ones and rearranged. As a means of communication, coordinating unions are used, which are divided into three groups. On their basis, the following types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection are distinguished.
- With connecting unions: AND, ALSO, YES (= AND), ALSO, NOR ... NOR, NOT ONLY ... BUT AND, HOW ... SO AND, YES AND. In this case, parts of compound unions will be located in different simple sentences.
The whole city was already asleep, I Same went home. Soon Anton Not only read all the books in the home library, but also turned to his comrades.
A feature of compound sentences is that the events described in different predicative parts can occur simultaneously ( AND thunder rumbled, And the sun broke through the clouds), sequentially ( The train rumbled And a dump truck followed him) or one follows from the other ( It's already quite dark And had to disperse).
- With opposing unions: BUT, A, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), ZATO, SAME. These types of complex sentences are characterized by the establishment of opposition relations ( Grandpa seemed to understand everything. But Grigory had to convince him of the need for a trip for a long time.) or matching ( Some fussed in the kitchen A others began to clean the garden) between its parts.
- With dividing unions: EITHER, OR, NOT THAT ... NOT THAT, THAT ... THAT, OR ... OR. The first two unions can be single or repetitive. It was time to get to work, or he was going to be fired. Possible relationships between parts: mutual exclusion ( Whether Pal Palych really had a headache, either he just got bored), alternation ( Her whole day That covered melancholy, That suddenly approached an inexplicable fit of fun).
Considering the types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection, it should be noted that the connecting unions ALSO, ALSO and the adversative SAME are always located after the first word of the second part.
The main types of complex sentences with a subordinate relationship
The presence of the main and dependent (subordinate) parts is their main quality. The means of communication are subordinating conjunctions or allied words: adverbs and relative pronouns. The main difficulty in distinguishing between them is that some of them are homonymous. In such cases, a hint will help: the allied word, unlike the union, is always a member of the sentence. Here are examples of such homoforms. I knew exactly What(union word, you can ask a question) I should look for. Tanya completely forgot What(union) the meeting was scheduled for the morning.
Another feature of NGN is the location of its predicative parts. The place of the adnexa is not clearly defined. It can stand before, after or in the middle of the main part.
Types of clauses in NGN
Traditionally, it is customary to correlate dependent parts with members of a sentence. Based on this, three main groups are distinguished into which such complex sentences are divided. Examples are presented in the table.
Type of adnexa | Question | Means of communication | Example |
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Determinants | Which, which, whose, when, what, where, etc. | There was a house by the mountain, a roof whom already lost some weight. |
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Explanatory | Case | What (s. and s.s.l.), how (s. and s.s.l.), so that, as if, as it were, either ... or who, like others. | Michael did not understand How solve the problem of. |
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circumstantial | When? How long? | When, while, how, barely, while, since, etc. | The boy waited until then Bye the sun hasn't set at all. |
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Where? Where? Where? | Where, where, from where | Izmestiev put the papers there, Where no one could find them. |
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Why? From what? | Because, since, because, due to the fact that etc. | The cab driver stopped for the horses suddenly snorted. |
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Consequences | What follows from this? | It cleared up in the morning So the squad moved on. |
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Under what condition? | If, when (= if), if, once, in case | If the daughter did not call for a week, the mother involuntarily began to worry. |
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For what? For what purpose? | In order to, in order to, so that, in order to | Frolov was ready for anything to get this place. |
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Despite what? Against what? | Although, despite the fact that, let, for nothing, whoever, etc. | The evening was generally a success. Although and there were minor flaws in its organization. |
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Comparisons | How? Like what? | As, as, exactly, as if, as, as, as, as, as, as, | Snowflakes flew down in large, frequent flakes, as if someone poured them out of a bag. |
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Measures and degrees | To what extent? | What, to, how, as if, as if, how much, how much | There was such silence What it became somehow uncomfortable. |
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Connecting | what (in indirect case), why, why, why = pronoun this | There was no car from what anxiety only increased. |
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NGN with multiple clauses
Sometimes a complex sentence may contain two or more dependent parts that relate to each other in different ways.
Depending on this, the following ways of linking simple to complex sentences are distinguished (examples help to build a diagram of the structures described).
- With consistent submission. The next subordinate part depends directly on the previous one. It seemed to me, What this day will never end because more and more problems.
- With parallel homogeneous subordination. Both (all) subordinate clauses depend on one word (the whole part) and belong to the same species. This construction resembles a sentence with homogeneous members. There can be coordinating conjunctions between subordinate clauses. It soon became clear What it was all just a bluff So what no major decisions were made.
- With parallel heterogeneous subordination. Dependents are of different types and refer to different words (of the whole part). Garden, which sown in May, already gave the first harvest, That's why life became easier.
Associative compound sentence
The main difference is that the parts are connected only in meaning and intonation. Therefore, the relationship between them comes to the fore. It is they who influence the punctuation marks: commas, dashes, colons, semicolons.
Types of non-union complex sentences
- The parts are equal, the order of their arrangement is free. Tall trees grew to the left of the road , to the right stretched a shallow ravine.
- The parts are unequal, the second:
- reveals the contents of the 1st ( These sounds caused anxiety: (= namely) in the corner someone rustled insistently);
- complements the 1st ( I peered into the distance: there appeared someone's figure);
- indicates the reason Sveta laughed: (= since) the neighbor's face was smeared with mud).
3. Contrasting relationships between parts. This is manifested in the fact that:
- the first indicates a time or condition ( I'm five minutes late - no one else);
- into the second unexpected result ( Fedor just got overclocked - the opponent immediately remained in the tail); opposition ( The pain becomes unbearable - you endure); comparison ( Will look frowningly - Elena will immediately burn with fire).
JV with different types of communication
Often there are constructions that have three or more predicative parts in their composition. Accordingly, between them there can be coordinating and subordinating unions, allied words, or only punctuation marks (intonation and semantic relations). These are complex sentences (examples are widely presented in fiction) with various types of connection. Michael has long wanted to change his life, But something constantly stopped him; as a result, the routine dragged him more and more every day.
The scheme will help to summarize information on the topic “Types of complex sentences”:
Grammatical means of connecting parts in a complex sentence
1. The main syntactic means of communication in a complex sentence are special connecting elements, formal indicators of the interconnectedness of parts. These are subordinating conjunctions, relative (union) words, correlative words (definitive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs). Depending on the type of formal indicators of communication, complex sentences are distinguished: 1) union type; 2) relative type; 3) pronominal-correlative type; 4) pronominal-union correlative type.
Unions are simple ( what, to, although, if, how, as if etc.) and composite ( because, since, meanwhile, in spite of the fact that etc.) are placed in the subordinate part and serve as an indicator of its subordination to the main one: The war, as if it was waiting for them, looked into their eyes(Fad.); Tsvetukhin came up with a trip to the doss house to study the types, because the theater was preparing "At the Bottom"(Fed.).
Unions assigned to certain types of clauses, i.e. with clearly defined semantics are called semantic ( because, because- causal; although despite the fact that concessions, etc.). Conjunctions with indefinite semantics, used in various types of subordinate clauses and having a purely syntactic meaning, are called functional(what, to, like, etc.).
For example, the union how can serve to attach subordinate parts with different meanings - explanatory, comparative, temporary, conditional: He did not hear how the greedy wave was rising(P.); Why does Arapa love his young Desdemona, as the moon loves the dark nights?(P.); His deserted corner was rented out, as the term expired(P.); And now I’m so used to it that I won’t even move when they come to tell us that the villains are prowling near the fortress(P.). The union how (in combination with that in the main part) can also form a subordinate clause with the meaning of the cause, which is currently perceived, however, as obsolete: I brought him healthy and unharmed - and as the river had not yet become, and there were no bridges anymore - I sent him to Lev Sergeevich(P.).
Some compound unions ( because, because) can be split. In this case, the first part of the union goes into the main part of the sentence and acquires the function of a correlative word. Wed: It would be good to avoid "ideological" conversations with him, because he probably freaks out in disputes(M. G.). - It would be good to avoid "ideological" conversations with him, because he probably freaks out in disputes.
Subordinating conjunctions causal, temporary, conditional may include words-clamps, which are located at the beginning of the main part of the sentence. These are double alliances when... then, if... then, if... so, how... then and etc.): If you agree, then I will immediately connect with our dear employees(Kupr.). Words-clamps are possible only with the preposition of the subordinate part, they emphasize the productive nature of the second part of the sentence. In complex sentences with comparative relations, paired conjunctions are used ( than...those, if...then and etc.): The sooner the fire burned out, the more visible the moonlit night became.(Ch.).
Paired unions, homonymous with unions with braces, differ from them in that both parts of them are structurally necessary, while braces can be easily omitted. Wed: If in the Aleksandrovsky District the climate is maritime, then in the Tymovsky District it is continental.(Ch.). - ... If his best friend Volodya cannot leave, then he, Tolya Orlov, will stay with him(Fad.). Complex sentences with an allied connection form an allied type.
Relative (allied) words- these are pronouns and pronominal adverbs that serve as a means of connecting the subordinate part with the main ( which, whose, what, what; where, where, from where; how, when and etc.). Relative words are located in the subordinate part of the sentence. Unlike unions, they are significant words and therefore perform the function of one of the members of the sentence. Compare, for example, the functions of homonyms: I could clearly see that his face was in tears.(M. G.). - The old man could not answer what he would do with the treasure(Ch.). In the first sentence, the word that performs the function of a union, since it is devoid of semantic significance and serves only as a means of communication and an indicator of syntactic relations between parts of a complex sentence. In the second sentence, what is a relative (union) word, since it does not lose its syntactic fullness and acts as an object in the subordinate part of the sentence. Another example: I did not immediately realize that my neighbor also shot(S. Bar.). - What will happen in the dark, I had no idea(S. Bar.).
Relative words that have unions as homonyms (what, how) are usually accompanied by logical highlighting. Complex sentences with relative words in the subordinate clause constitute a relative type.
Correlative words- these are definitive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs that are in the main part of a complex sentence and attach to themselves a subordinate clause that specifies their meaning. Pronominal words usually appear in relation to the allied words in the subordinate part and form correlative pairs with them: he ... who, that ... which, that ... whose, there ... where, there ... where, then ... when. For example: And yet I've always envied those who got up on the bugle(S. Bar.); Everything related to the household interested my mother as little as if she lived in a hotel.(Nab.); A long road leads to where Muravia, the ancient Muravian country, should be.(Tward.).
The subordinate clause can be attached to a correlative word (or a phrase with a correlative word) in the main and with the help of a union: The outbuildings were dilapidated and looked as if they had not been touched by caring human hands for many years.(Shol.); He wondered at his sister; she did not seem so beautiful to arouse such love in a young man(M. G.).
The role of correlative words in structural terms is not the same. They are either constructively necessary, since they participate in the organization of the sentence structure, or they are not obligatory, and then they are used only as emphasizing words. Wed: I love and am used to seeing you so holy clean that even a stain of dirt on your dress casts a black shadow on my soul.(M. G.). - ... Lopatin noticed that the regimental commissar was one rush behind them(Sim.). In the first sentence, the correlative word is constructively necessary, without it the following subordinate clause is impossible (with the given structure and given semantics); in the second, the pronoun that is easily omitted without prejudice to the general meaning of the sentence, and the main structural feature of the sentence - the verbal dependence - is also preserved. Such a constructively optional pronoun becomes mandatory if it is included in a number of homogeneous members when listed: “Maybe this is my last spring,” thought Lermontov, but immediately began to hastily think about something else - about Shcherbatova, about what had already been repaired, it must be the ferry, and in a few hours he would part with her(Paust.).
The constructive optionality of correlative words in some cases is emphasized by the possibility of their merging with the union in the subordinate clause. Wed: She even felt cold with happiness and wanted to sing so that everyone knew about her happiness.(Paust.). - She even felt cold with happiness and wanted to sing so that everyone knew about her happiness. - She even became cold with happiness and wanted to sing so that everyone knew about her happiness.
Thus, complex sentences with correlative words in the main part form two structural varieties: pronominal correlative type (in the presence of a correlation of pronominal words in the main and subordinate parts) and pronoun-conjunctive correlative type (with the ratio of the pronominal word in the main part and the union - in the subordinate clause).
2. In addition to conjunctions, allied and correlative words, indicators of syntactic relations between parts of a complex sentence can also be other means that usually act as companions to the main one: the order of the parts, the ratio of verb forms included in the main and subordinate parts, intonation, lexical and morphological the nature of the word to which the subordinate clause refers, some special lexical elements.
Part order complex sentence of different types is not the same: it can be strictly defined or free. It depends on the semantic-structural nature of the sentence as a whole. For example, some semantic-structural types of complex sentences have a strictly fixed sequence of parts. So, the subordinate clause always follows the main clause in pronominal-union correlative sentences. Others - allied, relative, pronominal-correlative - are more free in relation to the order of the parts. The certainty of the order of parts is explained by various reasons, both structural and semantic, and more often by a combination of both.
For example, some subordinating conjunctions attach only the subordinate clause following the main one. So, subordinate clauses with unions for, good, because, so located only after the main part: I do not feel this coldness, for my place in the great mechanism of life is clear to me.(M. G.); I did not feel superfluous among them, fortunately no one asked about my age and even my name(S. Bar.). Clauses with other unions, for example, conditional, temporary, usually occupying a free position in relation to the main part, lose this freedom as soon as they are complicated by braces. In this case, the preposition of the subordinate part is obligatory: If a person's ability to dream is taken away, then one of the most powerful incentives that give rise to culture, art, science and the desire to fight for the sake of a beautiful future will disappear.(Paust.). Some types of subordinate clauses, such as connecting ones, are fixed in position after the main part, which is explained by their function of an additional message. If they are placed in front of the main part, which is extremely rare, then this is perceived as an inversion. Definitive and explanatory clauses are placed in postposition with respect to the word they propagate, although here, for stylistic purposes, inversion is sometimes acceptable.
Correlation of verb forms parts of a complex sentence is also an additional means of their connection.
The aspect-temporal forms of the verbs of the first part of the sentence (regardless of whether it is main or subordinate) usually suggest certain forms of the second part. Yes, in the proposal The leaf came off and flew away only on the third day in the evening, when a thunderstorm wind struck in the face from behind the Dnieper steeps and lightning, overtaking each other, began to beat into the blackened water.(Paust.) The verbs of the main part came off and flew away in the form of the past tense correspond to the same grammatical meanings of the verbs of the subordinate part (other forms in the second part of the sentence are impossible).
The constructive role of verb forms is especially pronounced in those special cases when there is no conjunction in the subordinate part, and the main, always postpositive, has a connecting element: As soon as you turn your head, as a bizarre sensation would disappear without a trace.(Greene).
As a means of communication in the structure of a complex sentence, some special lexical items. This is typical of complex sentences with such structural elements as as for ... then; The fact is that... The verb to touch and the noun case in such constructions lose their main lexical meaning and turn into purely connecting elements: As for the metaphysical fermentations of feeling and mind, then, you know, this is a matter of taste.(M. G.); The fact is that there is nothing more practical in the world than those fantasies that only a few now dream of.(Kupr.).
The constructive indicator is lexico-morphological character the word to which the adjective belongs. So, when spreading, nouns assume a determinative part, and verbs, short adjectives, impersonal predicative words - an explanatory part: Jumping out of bed, he began to dress with a speed that both embarrassed and amused him.(M. G.); After tea, they began to discuss how to fill this cheerfully started day.(M. G.); It is not known who will be the suffering side(M. G.); Are you glad you're home?(Ch.); But it's a pity that you gave me this wonderful lesson so late.(Paust.). If in some cases nouns add an explanatory part, then these are nouns of a certain semantic group, namely: with the meaning of speech, thought, message, i.e. the meaning of verb words. Subordinate clauses with such nouns are complicated by the defining shade of meaning: This letter and the money were returned with the news that Petruha had been killed in the war.(L. T.); Greene wanted to please the old man, who had already come to terms with the idea that Alexander's son had turned out to be a worthless vagabond.(Paust.). Thus, the combination of "verbal" semantics and the form of the noun also gave the combination of the functions of the subordinate. complex sentence are, as it was found out, firstly, the conditional and non-verbal dependence of its parts; secondly, grammatical means of communication of parts. As for the semantics of clauses, it turns out that it is not strictly assigned to each specific structural type. There are single-valued types, there are two-valued types, and there are multi-valued ones. So, structures with the relation of the subordinate part to the verb, adjective, impersonal-predicative word have a subordinate part only with an explanatory meaning (unambiguous structures). The clauses related to the noun are two-valued: they can be definitive and explanatory (the most typical, however, are structures with a definitive clause; explanatory ones are seen only with nouns of a special lexico-semantic group). The subordinate clauses in the structures of the adjectival type are very diverse: both attributive, and explanatory, and adverbial (of different types). Structures with non-verbal dependence are more limited by the semantics of subordinate clauses - they always have a circumstantial meaning (excluding connective, contrastive and explanatory constructions), but specific types of adverbial clauses are diverse.
The means of communication (unions, allied and correlative words) are also not strictly assigned to certain structural types, with the exception of structures with a conditional dependence of the pronominal type (with the obligatory correlation of pronominal words or pronominal words and unions). For example, substantive subordination in complex sentences can be both relative and allied, as well as verbal, etc. Sentences with non-verbal dependence of parts are also heterogeneous in terms of the type of connection - they have both relative subordination and allied.
The semantic-structural classification can be represented as follows: complex sentences with a subordinate clause defining, explanatory, adverbial (time, place, cause, mode of action, degree, measure, conditional, concessive, consequence, purpose); complex sentences with a subordinate clause; complex sentences with a comparative clause; complex sentences with comparative relations between parts; complex sentences with explanatory relationships between parts.
