7. The Order of the Grand Palace and the Monastic Order On the basis of the Code of 1649, a new institution was created, the so-called Monastic Order, which in reality did not have much significance in resolving the issue of monastic possessions, and in fact did not

In the first place among the production workers of the Moscow Cannon Yard at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries there were cannon and bell makers. They were experts and technical managers of the production process at all its stages.

In the mid-1610s, the position of cannon and bell maker appeared on the staff, which he held until the end of the 1620s. Andrey Chokhov, while all other foundry workers were called Litz. They were the main specialists in the manufacture of cannons and bells. Each of them had to know the casting techniques of both, so the scope of their knowledge was very extensive. Until the end of the 1620s, at the Moscow Cannon Yard, the title of master, who led a group of foundry workers and supervised the entire foundry process, was awarded only to highly qualified specialists or foreign foundry workers.

In addition to production workers, the staff of the Cannon Yard included a kind of “research worker” - master of Pushkar affairs . This position was held in the 1620s Anisim Mikhailov Radishevsky , originating from the service people of the Pushkar order. Anisim Mikhailov compiled the "Military Book" ("Charter of military cannon and other matters related to military science"). Information about this interesting person is quite varied. So, in 1620, in Pushkarskaya Sloboda there was a courtyard of the “bell-wright Onisim Radushevsky”. From archival files we learn that in 1622, during the restoration of fortifications in Putivl, the cache and well were arranged by the “master of Pushkar affairs” Anisim Radishevsky. In 1623, he also supervised the construction of ponds in the palace village of Rubtsovo, and in the record of the award for this work he was named “book printing master Onisim.” After 1629, there was no other “Pushkar master” included in the Order.

After the death of A. Chokhov (1630) and A. Radishevsky (1631), the position of bell and cannon master remained vacant for several years, and the position of pushkar master was completely abolished. Having not found a replacement for A. Chokhov among his compatriots, Moscow decided to invite a foreigner to take his place. In the literature, various assumptions have been made more than once as to why this happened, since by the beginning of the 1630s, the staff of the Cannon Yard consisted of quite mature foundries who had sufficient experience in casting both cannons and bells. Their professional activities fully met the needs of the Russian army for artillery and the needs of Orthodox monasteries and churches for bells. Most likely, the main reason for inviting foreign foundry specialists into the Russian service was the conscious feeding of the domestic craft with European technical experience.

So, around 1630, a cannon master came from Sweden to Moscow. Julius Coyet with his son Anton, who were tasked with making “copper and leather cannons” at the Cannon Yard, i.e. folding - a novelty introduced into artillery by the Swedish king Gustav Adolf. However, according to Kielburger, of the 104 guns cast by Yu. Koyet, only 32 remained after testing, the rest “were torn apart during the first test.” These failures apparently prompted the Russian government to look abroad for more skilled craftsmen. This time the choice fell on the Nuremberg master Hans Falk, which was not accidental, since Germany had the most advanced technologies in the production of weapons at that time, and German cannon masters were most successful in this art. Nuremberg in medieval Germany was the center of the metallurgical industry and was the second city in importance after Munich. G. Falk came to Russia no longer young; in the early 1630s he was about 55 years old. Possessing a wealth of experience, primarily in the casting of artillery pieces, by this time he was known and famous not only in his homeland. The surviving documents do not indicate the exact day of G. Falk’s arrival in Russia. The earliest date by which his name is mentioned in the country is April 1636. Apparently, G. Falk was the first among the foundry specialists of the Cannon Yard, who in the second half of the 1630s was called a cannon and bell master.

Among Russian foundry workers, he was the first to be awarded the title of master after A. Chokhov. Danila Matveev. In this regard, it is interesting to note that until the middle of the 17th century, the production of artillery pieces and bells at the Moscow Cannon Yard was carried out by the same foundries. The division into cannon and bell lits existed only on paper. For example, Andrei Chokhov, Rusin Evseev and Semyon Dubinin, who were listed as cannon casters at the end of the 16th century, also cast bells. A similar practice was observed, according to surviving documentary sources, throughout the first half of the 17th century. In this sense, Ignaty Maksimov, Kondraty Mikhailov, Grigory Naumov, Alexey Nikiforov, Kirill Samoilov, Danila Matveev, Nikifor Baranov and others were all-rounders.

With the growth of productive forces in the foundry industry, naturally, the personnel of the Cannon Yard also grew. Gradually their differentiation began to appear more and more clearly. As before, the responsibilities of each foundry worker included the management of the preparatory, foundry and finishing work for the manufacture of the product he had begun.

At the end of the 1630s, there were already 5 cannon masters at the Cannon Yard (37 students); bell litts - 2 (students - 14). The maximum number of cannon and bell foundry masters at the Moscow Cannon Yard was registered in 1683. The “account book” of the order for this year lists them by name: “Cannon masters Martyan Osipov, Yakov Osipov Dubinin, Khariton Ivanov, Panteley Yakovlev, Osip Ivanov, Evseviy Danilov, Prokhor Ivanov, Yakov Levontev; ...bell masters Fedor Dmitriev,

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Russian officers of the Corps of Engineers. Picture: Lev Kil/ wikipedia.org

Since May 31, 2006, in accordance with the presidential decree “On the establishment of professional holidays and memorable days in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation,” January 21 is the memorable Day of the Engineering Troops. It is noteworthy that it is from this date that the annual list of military holidays and memorable days begins, and this to a large extent reflects the role that military engineers have played in army affairs over the past three centuries.

According to the charter, the engineering troops. Translated from the dry statutory language, this means that a colossal amount of work falls on the shoulders of military engineers! They are engaged in the repair and operation of engineering equipment of all types, engineering reconnaissance of terrain and objects, mining and demining, creating non-explosive barriers and obstacles, constructing military roads in any area, building bridges and arrangement of crossings, erecting fortifications, from field to in-depth command posts , are responsible for camouflaging troops and equipment from the enemy’s optical and radio reconnaissance and, in addition, are engaged in the extraction and purification of water for the army and provide the troops with electricity, including the deployment of field power networks.

Of course, the engineering troops began to perform all these duties not from the first days of their existence, but gradually. And that’s to say: there were very few first Russian military engineers. During the first quarter of a century of its existence, the Russian engineering troops grew in number to only three and a half hundred people: 12 staff officers, 67 chief officers and 274 conductors. And it all started with an even smaller number of people who, in 1701, were accepted into the newly opened School of the Pushkar Order.

A decree on the creation of this military educational institution - the first in Russia! - was signed by Peter I on January 21 (10), 1701. The original decree, alas, has not been preserved in the archives, but in the report of the Artillery Order (the Pushkar Order received this name in 1701) for the years 1701–1705 there is another document that says: “In the year 1701, on the 10th day of January The decree of the great sovereign ... ordered to build wooden schools in the new cannon yard and in those schools to teach Pushkar and other foreign ranks of people's children their verbal written literacy in numbers and other engineering sciences with diligence and having learned not to leave Moscow without the decree, also to a rank other than artillery not to leave, and to feed and water them in the above-mentioned schools.” In the same decree, Peter especially noted that “engineers are sorely needed during attack or defense, what is the place and should be had, who not only thoroughly understand fortification and have already served in that, but also to be courageous, since this rank is more dangerous than other dangers.” prone to eat."

The Pushkarsky Prikaz school was a two-year school and consisted of three classes, each of which consistently prepared students to comprehend engineering science. Since not all nobles and other minors entered school with the required degree of literacy, the first grade - “verbal school” - filled precisely this gap. The next class was called “digital school,” and mathematics was taught there. The third class - “engineering school” - already provided in-depth knowledge in the field of military engineering and artillery.

Within a year, it became clear that the training of artillerymen and military engineers needed to be carried out according to different programs, and on July 19, 1702, the “engineering school” was divided into two classes: “pushkar” and “engineering”. In the same year, 24 people were transferred to engineering - and this number, perhaps, should be considered the first reliably known number of Russian military engineers.

On January 16, 1712, Peter ordered “to increase the engineering school, namely: to find a master from the Russians who would teach numbers, or to send to the Sukharev Tower (to the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences - RP) for this teaching, and when they finish arithmetic, teach geometry as much as before engineering; and then give it to an engineer to teach fortification and always keep the full number of 100 people or 150, of which two-thirds, or according to need, were from the nobility.” But since one hundred military engineers a year was clearly not enough for the rapidly growing Russian army, in 1719, by Peter’s decree, the St. Petersburg Engineering School was created, with which in 1723 the Moscow Engineering School, transferred to the capital, was merged.

In 1722, the Table of Ranks placed engineering officers at a rank above infantry and cavalry officers, which is not surprising given how high the requirements were for their educational level. This was also directly stated in the documents of the Military Collegium: “Engineering and mining officers, both in rank and in salary, are distinguished from army officers because they are superior to other officers who only serve with a single sword... Which officers are skilled in engineering , before these are promoted to the highest ranks.” This also applied to existing officers of other specialties: in order to push them to master the intricacies of engineering, success in training was linked to promotion in rank: “It is essential that officers know engineering, and non-commissioned officers will also need to be trained in it, and sometimes even that will not be known.” , then there will be no higher ranks of the producer.” To organize such training without interruption from service, since 1722, the position of chief engineer officer was introduced for each army regiment. Not only was he, in essence, a regimental engineer and the head of all engineering work, but he was also responsible for the engineering training of other officers.

100th anniversary of the school of the Pushkar order (now the Alexander Military School)

100th anniversary of the school of the Pushkar order (now the Alexander Military School). Photo: Courtesy of M. Zolotarev/russkiymir.ru

Russian military engineers played a colossal role in all the wars that Russia fought after 1701. During the Patriotic War of 1812, only in the first stage, during the retreat from the western borders, they built 178 bridges and repaired 1920 miles of roads, ensuring freedom of maneuver for the Russian army. During the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War of 1853–1856, sappers under the command of the most talented military engineer Eduard Totleben created a unique fortification system that ensured the inaccessibility of Russian positions for almost a year. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878, military engineers achieved an amazing result: during the defense of the Shipka Pass, several attacks by Suleiman Pasha’s troops were repelled without the use of artillery or rifle fire at all, solely through electrically controlled landmines.

The engineering troops also played a colossal role during the First World War, on the eve of which the Russian army had 30 sapper battalions, 27 engineer and telegraph parks and 7 separate sapper companies, consolidated into 7 sapper brigades. And, of course, without the heroism and everyday courage of military engineers, victory in the Great Patriotic War would have been impossible. By the end of the war, the Red Army consisted of 98 engineer-sapper and 11 pontoon-bridge brigades, 7 engineer-tank regiments, 11 pontoon-bridge regiments, 6 flamethrower-tank regiments, 1042 engineer and sapper and 87 pontoon-bridge battalions (including including in brigades), as well as 94 separate companies and 28 separate detachments for various purposes. They installed more than 70 million anti-tank and anti-personnel mines, cleared 765 thousand square meters of mines. km of territory and 400 thousand km of tracks, built 11 thousand bridges and equipped about 500 thousand km of tracks. Over 100,000 soldiers, sergeants, officers and generals of the Red Army engineering troops were awarded orders and medals, 655 of them became Heroes of the Soviet Union, 294 became full holders of the Order of Glory, and 201 engineering units and formations were transformed into guards units.