During the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, an intermediate enzyme-substrate complex is formed, in which acetylcholine is linked to the active site of the enzyme through serine. Biochemistry textbook. allowance
The mechanism of action of enzymes (using the example of the enzyme cholinesterase)
In response to the release of acetylcholine by the ending of the nerve fiber, a response of excitation of the nerve cell follows. For this process to proceed continuously, after each act of transfer
nerve impulse, the portion of acetylcholine that caused excitation must be hydrolyzed. Hydrolysis rate: 1-2 mcg (serving) in 0.1-0.2 ms.
The active site of the enzyme consists of two functionally important and spatially separated regions:
connecting, which includes the carboxyl group -COO -, which electrostatically interacts with the charged nitrogen N + of the substrate;
catalytic, responsible for the esterase activity of the enzyme, which includes Ser, His, Tir residues.
During the reaction, the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group Tir of the active center binds to the oxygen atom of acetylcholine (the future alcohol group of the reaction product - choline). As a result, the positive charge on the carbon atom of the acetyl group of the substrate increases, which is attacked by the negatively charged oxygen atom of serine. The negative charge on the serine oxygen atom results from the formation of a hydrogen bond between the serine H atom and the histidine N atom. The bond between C (acetyl) and O (choline) is broken to form acetylserine as an intermediate. The proton split off from serine is bound by the oxygen atom of tyrosine, and the original state of tyrosine is restored. Acetylserine hydrolysis begins with the dissociation of a water molecule due to the interaction of a proton with the N atom of histidine. The released hydroxyl attacks the ester bond of acetylserine. The result of hydrolysis is the release of acetic acid. The hydrogen ion (H+) temporarily bound to the histidine is released and binds to the serine oxygen. The resulting choline and acetic acid are released from the active site due to diffusion.
All the processes described above are more or less simultaneously. Hydrolysis of acetylcholine occurs due to the coordinated action of all functional groups of the active center.
Acetylcholinesterase- an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters acetylcholine.
Acetylcholine is released from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft and binds to a receptor on the postsynapse, thereby transmitting signals between nerve cells. To transmit a new signal, it is necessary to remove “spent” acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholinesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetic acid. New acetylcholine is subsequently synthesized from choline.
Disruption of cholinergic systems is associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Blocking acetylcholinesterase leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine and, consequently, increased excitatory transmission, making this enzyme a promising therapeutic target in drug development. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil, used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, helps reduce the symptoms of the disease.
Irreversible blocking of acetylcholinesterase underlies the mechanism of action of deadly toxic substances: sarin, some snake venoms, organophosphate insecticides, V-gases.
Models of the acetylcholinesterase molecule and its inhibitor donepezil
The (endogenous) acetylcholine formed in the body plays an important role in vital processes: it promotes the transmission of nervous excitation to the central nervous system, autonomic ganglia, and the endings of parasympathetic (motor) nerves. Acetylcholine is a chemical transmitter (mediator) of nervous excitation; the endings of the nerve fibers for which it serves as a mediator are called cholinergic, and the receptors that interact with it are called cholinergic receptors. Cholinergic receptors are complex protein molecules (nucleoproteins) of a tetrameric structure, localized on the outer side of the postsynaptic (plasma) membrane. By nature they are heterogeneous. Cholinergic receptors located in the area of postganglionic cholinergic nerves (heart, smooth muscles, glands) are designated as m-cholinergic receptors (muscarinergic), and those located in the area of ganglionic synapses and in somatic neuromuscular synapses are designated as n-cholinergic receptors (nicotine-sensitive) (S. V . Anichkov). This division is associated with the characteristics of the reactions that occur during the interaction of acetylcholine with these biochemical systems, muscarinic-like (decrease in blood pressure, bradycardia, increased secretion of salivary, lacrimal, gastric and other exogenous glands, constriction of the pupils, etc.) in the first case and nicotine-like ( contraction of skeletal muscles, etc.) in the second. M- and n-cholinergic receptors are localized in various organs and systems of the body, including the central nervous system. In recent years, muscarinic receptors have been divided into a number of subgroups (m1, m2, m3, m4, m5). The localization and role of m1 and m2 receptors are currently the most studied. Acetylcholine does not have a strictly selective effect on various cholinergic receptors. To one degree or another, it affects m- and n-cholinergic receptors and subgroups of m-cholinergic receptors. The peripheral muscarinic-like effect of acetylcholine manifests itself in a slowdown of heart contractions, expansion of peripheral blood vessels and a decrease in blood pressure, activation of peristalsis of the stomach and intestines, contraction of the muscles of the bronchi, uterus, gall and bladder, increased secretion of the digestive, bronchial, sweat and lacrimal glands, constriction of the pupils ( miosis). The latter effect is associated with increased contraction of the circular muscle of the iris, which is innervated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers of the oculomotorius nerve. At the same time, as a result of contraction of the ciliary muscle and relaxation of the ligament of cinnamon of the ciliary girdle, a spasm of accommodation occurs. Constriction of the pupil caused by the action of acetylcholine is usually accompanied by a decrease in intraocular pressure. This effect is partly explained by the expansion of the constriction of the pupil and the flattening of the iris of Schlemm's canal (venous sinus of the sclera) and fountain spaces (spaces of the iridocorneal angle), thereby improving the outflow of fluid from the internal media of the eye. It is possible, however, that other mechanisms are also involved in reducing intraocular pressure. Due to their ability to reduce intraocular pressure, substances that act like acetylcholine (cholinomimetics, anticholinesterase drugs) are widely used to treat glaucoma1. The peripheral nicotine-like effect of acetylcholine is associated with its participation in the transmission of nerve impulses from preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers in the autonomic ganglia, as well as from motor nerves to striated muscles. In small doses, it is a physiological transmitter of nervous excitation; in large doses, it can cause persistent depolarization in the area of synapses and block the transmission of excitation. Acetylcholine also plays an important role as a mediator in the central nervous system. It is involved in the transmission of impulses in different parts of the brain, while in small concentrations it facilitates, and in large concentrations it inhibits synaptic transmission. Changes in acetylcholine metabolism can lead to impaired brain function. Some of its centrally acting antagonists are psychotropic drugs. An overdose of acetylcholine antagonists can cause disorders of higher nervous activity (hallucinogenic effect, etc.). Acetylcholine chloride (Acetylcholini chloridum) is produced for use in medical practice and experimental research.
According to chemical theory, a nerve impulse is transmitted from neuron to neuron or to the corresponding organ using special substances - mediators. Mediators are synthesized in the body of the nerve cell and its processes, bind to proteins and accumulate in the form of synaptic vesicles.
Acetylcholine - a mediator at the synapses of the central, parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Synthesized from acetyl-CoA and choline under the influence of choline acetyltransferase and Mg2+, K+, Ca2+ ions. It is formed in the endoplasmic reticulum of a neuron, enters synapses, binds to proteins and accumulates in the form of synaptic vesicles. After the occurrence of a nerve impulse, the acetylcholine-protein complex is split, the transmitter penetrates the synaptic cleft through the pores of the presynaptic membrane and interacts with the cholinergic receptors of the postsynaptic membrane. An action potential occurs and excitation is transmitted from neuron to neuron or to effector cell. Choline is used for re-synthesis of neurotransmitter and other substances.
The hydrolytic breakdown of acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline is catalyzed by an enzyme called “acetylcholinesterase”:
(CH3)3N+ – CH2 – CH2 – O – C – CH3 + H2O Acetylcholinesterase
Acetylcholine O
(CH3)3N+ – CH2 – CH2OH + CH3COOH
Choline Acetic Acid
Catecholamines (sympatins) - mediators of the sympathetic nervous system, chromaffin tissue of the adrenal medulla and clusters of chromaffin cells. These include dopamine, norepinephrine And adrenalin. Mediators are synthesized in the body of the nerve cell and deposited in the form of granules in the nerve endings. After stimulation of a nerve cell, mediators are released into the synaptic cleft, where they interact with α -adreno- and β - adrenergic receptors of the postsynaptic membrane. Mediators are inactivated under the influence of two enzymes: catechol methyltransferase and MAO. The resulting 3-methoxy-adrenaline and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid are neutralized in the liver and are excreted in the urine in the form of paired compounds with glucuronic and sulfuric acids.
Serotonin (5-o-cytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter of the nervous system, formed from the amino acid tryptophan. After providing a biological effect in the synapse, it is deaminated, and the resulting 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid is excreted from the body in the urine.
Histamine formed from histidine under the influence of histidine decarboxylase. The principle of action of histamine is the same as that of other mediators. After exerting its effect, it is inactivated by deamination by histaminase or by binding to cellular proteins.
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) - an intermediate product of metabolism in nervous tissue. It is formed from glutamic acid under the influence of glutamate decarboxylase. It has an inhibitory effect on the functions of dendrites of neurons in the brain and spinal cord and the activity of myoneural plaques. After exerting a biological effect, it is inactivated by transamination with α-ketoglutaric acid.
Communication between individual groups of brain neurons is also carried out using opioid peptides - endorphins And enkephalins, which are neurotransmitters and neuromodulators.
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No. 4 [Annals of Surgery, 2018]
Founded in 1996. A multidisciplinary journal that publishes modern achievements in almost all sections of surgical specialties, including general and private surgery, issues of teaching history, as well as information about the largest scientific and practical centers of domestic and foreign surgery. The regular headings of the journal are the following: “Research centers and schools”, “Reviews”, “Lectures”, “Archive of surgery”, “How it’s done”, “New surgical technologies”, “For a young specialist”, “History of surgery”.
neostigmine) is a drug that reversibly blocks the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, as a result of which hydrolysis stops<...>acetylcholine and increases cholinergic transmission.<...>The parasympathetic nervous system produces the opposite effect: its stimuli promote the release of acetylcholine<...>a drug that reversibly binds to acetylcholinesterase molecules, resulting in hydrolysis stopping<...>acetylcholine and increases cholinergic transmission.
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Glossary of terms and concepts in organic and biological chemistry
FSBEI HPE Orenburg State Agrarian University
The manual presents concepts that reveal the main issues studied in the course of organic and biological chemistry. The manual can be used to test students' knowledge and independently master the course. The reference manual is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying a course in organic and biological chemistry in full-time and part-time forms of study.
Acetylcholine is a nerve impulse mediator, which is an ester of choline and acetic acid<...>Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme of the class of hydrolases (EC 3.1.1.7), catalyzing the reaction of splitting the acetylcholine molecule<...>with the formation of choline and acetic acid; hydrolysis of acetylcholine is necessary for the transmission of nervous excitation<...>trimethylaminoethyl alcohol, present in phosphatidylcholine, plasmalogens, sphingomyelin, acetylcholine<...>Choline acetyltransferase is an enzyme of the transferase class (EC 2.3.1.6), catalyzing the formation of acetylcholine
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No. 2 [Biological membranes: Journal of Membrane and Cell Biology, 2018]
Publishes articles and reviews covering various, primarily physicochemical, aspects of membrane and cell biology. These include: the structure of membranes, their lipid composition and physicochemical properties, as well as the structure of membrane proteins. Particular attention is paid to bioenergetics, membrane transport, reception and regulation processes that are responsible for the transfer of information. A significant place is devoted to works devoted to the study of intercellular contacts and interactions, as well as the structure and function of intracellular membrane formations. The journal publishes fundamental research of a biomedical nature, including those devoted to membrane aspects of immunology. The journal is intended for specialists, young researchers and senior students working in the field of biophysics, biochemistry and cell biology.
» BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES, 2018, volume 35, no. 2, p. 143–149 143 INTRODUCTION Presence of hydrolysis enzyme in cells<...>Cholinesterase inhibitors proserine, eserine and berberine completely blocked the hydrolysis of acetylcholine by cells<...>plant cholinesterases, the red analogue of Ellman's reagent (DOX) was also used, which after hydrolysis<...>It follows from this that cholinesterases, catalyzing the hydrolysis of choline ester, eliminate acetylcholine, leveling<...>Thus, inhibition of cholinesterase results in the absence of acetylcholine hydrolysis, which increases
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Biochemistry textbook. manual for graduate students training areas 06.06.01 Biologist. Sciences
The textbook presents scientific information on the study of the main sections of the discipline “Biochemistry”, indicating questions for intermediate and final control.
The most studied are acetylcholine receptors located on the cell membrane<...>These proteins specifically interact with acetylcholine CH3C(O) – OCH2CH2N + (CH3)3 and respond to this by transmitting<...> <...>For example, amidases accelerate the hydrolysis of acid amides.<...>Urease accelerates the hydrolysis of urea to NH3 and CO2.
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Environmental toxicology textbook. allowance
Rostov n/d.: Southern Federal University Publishing House
The textbook examines basic concepts, historical aspects of formation and development, goals and objectives of modern environmental toxicology, mechanisms and features of the toxic effects of chemical pollutants on populations of organisms and biocenoses that are part of ecological systems. Data are presented on the sources and behavior of xenobiotics and other ecopollutants in the environment, their drift, accumulation, bioconcentration, transformation, detoxification and excretion in various biological systems; on responses to the effects of priority ecotoxicants at the population level. Approaches to assessing the toxicity of ecopollutants are outlined, and the principles of ecotoxicological regulation are discussed.
which depends on the intensity of the light flux and the ability of the substance to absorb it), hydrolysis<...>transformations are ensured by various enzyme systems (enzymes) that implement the processes of oxidation and hydrolysis<...>air occurs due to precipitation, diffusion in the boundary layer and chemical degradation processes (hydrolysis<...>The activity of hydrolysis and oxidation processes directly correlates with the intensity of solar exposure<...>acetylcholine - one of the neurotransmitters (neurotransmitters) during the transmission of nerve impulses at synapses
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Toxicology with basics of ecotoxicology textbook. allowance
The textbook contains basic knowledge of general toxicology, industrial toxicology and environmental toxicology. The main classifications of toxic substances, the mechanisms of their action on the human body, addiction and combined effects of poisons, toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, biological characteristics of the body during a toxic effect, toxicological characteristics of the main industrial poisons, main directions for the prevention of occupational poisoning, the basics of environmental toxicology are presented.
<...>This is exactly what AChE does, instantly hydrolyzing ACh, the mediator.<...>Light accelerates hydrolysis and oxidation.<...>Hydrolysis. Water, especially when heated, quickly destroys many substances.<...>The rate of hydrolysis strongly depends on the pH of the medium.
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Free radical processes and the state of membranes during hypothermia [monograph]
Rostov n/d.: Southern Federal University Publishing House
The monograph systematizes and summarizes modern literary data and a large amount of experimental material on the effect of hypothermia on the structural and functional state of membranes during hypothermia of various depths and durations. Results are presented on the significance of oxidative stress in membrane damage during hypothermia. Much attention is paid to the oxidative modification of proteins as one of the specific and reliable markers for free radical pathology. The features of free radical processes in nervous tissue and blood are covered in detail. Data are presented on the effect of hypothermia on membrane-bound enzymes and the structural and dynamic state of membranes. An analysis of the mechanisms of the protective effect of the opioid peptide dalargin is given.
the ester linkage of acetylcholine; b) anionic locus that binds the quaternary nitrogen atom of acetylcholine<...>acetylcholine, the so-called “back door”.<...>Enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine depends on many factors: substrate concentration, temperature<...>At the same time, phosphatidylserine did not contribute to an increase in the rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis, possibly due to<...>acetylcholine and maximum enzyme speed.
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Science - agricultural production. Issue 3(3)
The collection includes materials from scientists from the Research Technological Institute of Animal Husbandry of the Central Black Earth Zone, working in the field of breeding, feeding, physiology, animal hygiene, veterinary medicine and agricultural economics on the application of new research methods in industrial animal husbandry
/which carries out the exchange and transformation of acetylcholine itself.<...>acetylcholine and ensure restoration of nerve impulse conduction.<...>REZNYCHENKO Candidate of Biological Sciences ‘(Research Institute of Forest-Steppe and Polesie of the Ukrainian SSR) Reaction of hydrolysis of acetylcholine chloride<...>The control for reagents is 3 ml of reagent No. 3 (without acetylcholine) mixed with 2 ml of water.<...>acids released during hydrolysis coming from the blood and synthesized in the cell.
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STUDY OF CHOLINESTERASE IN EXPERIMENTAL KERATITIS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
ODESSA STATE UNIVERSITY
This study was undertaken to study disturbances in enzymatic processes in inflammatory diseases of the cornea.
We can only point out indirect data confirming the relationship between the content of acetylcholine in the tissue<...>The essence of the method is that the acetic acid formed during the enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine<...>Data for brain tissue showed a very small (about 9-8%) decrease in the rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis<...>activation of the reaction it catalyzes, i.e. the amount of energy required for the hydrolysis reaction to occur<...>acetylcholine.
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Biochemistry textbook. allowance
During alkaline hydrolysis, casein breaks down into protein and phosphoric acid.<...> <...>It turned out that this inhibitor has close structural similarity to acetylcholine and interacts similarly<...>Table 1 Hydrolysis of starch by salivary α-amylase Name of the substrate and its hydrolysis products Coloring<...>reactions with iodine Time spent on hydrolysis Temperature conditions of hydrolysis Trommer reaction 5.3
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The role of the method of quantum mechanics - molecular mechanics (QM/MM) for modeling chemical transformations in the active centers of cholinesterases is discussed. The molecular mechanisms of the reactivation reaction of butyrylcholinesterase phosphorylated at the catalytic serine residue were studied using various variants of the QM/MM method.
<...>The catalytic mechanism of hydrolysis of AChE and BChE substrates, related to serine hydrolases, is fundamentally<...>intermediate during nucleophilic attack of the catalytic water molecule, hydrolysis reaction products are released<...>also the energy profile for the full cycle of chemical transformations in the active site of AChE during hydrolysis<...>acetylcholine using the QM/MM method were first described in the work.
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No. 4 [Fine chemical technologies, 2009]
The journal "Fine Chemical Technologies" (formerly "Bulletin of MITHT") is published once every two months and publishes reviews and articles on current problems of chemical technology and related sciences. The magazine was founded in 2006. The founder of the journal is the Moscow State Academy of Fine Chemical Technology named after. M.V. Lomonosov (MITHT), now Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies named after M.V. Lomonosov. The journal is included in the List of leading peer-reviewed scientific journals in which the main scientific results of a dissertation for the scientific degree of Doctor (Candidate) of Sciences must be published. The journal is abstracted in the international Chemical Abstracts database and is included in the international catalog of periodicals Ulrich. Under the new name "Fine Chemical Technologies", the journal "Bulletin of MITHT" is published starting from the 1st issue of the 10th volume for 2015.
silica gel 7 Phosphatidic acid Egg phosphatidylcholine 2-4 Obtained from egg phosphatidylcholine by hydrolysis<...>Thus, phosphatidylinositol diphosphate is hydrolyzed to 4-5 nm by the action of phospholipase C. Phospholipids and proteins<...>An example of such an “anchored” protein is acetylcholinesterase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine in synaptic<...>With the participation of phospholipase C, which hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids, modification of phospholipids can occur<...>We assume that SiHCl3, SiCl4 and SiH2Cl2 are completely hydrolyzed by an alkaline solution during the gas cleaning process
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In experiments on sexually mature male (♂) and female (♀) rats, the effect of gonadectomy and hormone replacement therapy on the content and intensity of enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh) in the myocardium of the atria and ventricles during the development of adrenaline myocardial damage against the background of the use of a precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide L-arginine was studied. (600 mg/kg). It was found that removal of the gonads reduces the ability of L-arginine to influence the metabolism of ACh in the myocardium of the atria and ventricles of the heart damaged by adrenaline, which is more pronounced in male rats. The use of sex hormone replacement therapy has a better positive effect on restoring the pattern of dynamics of the content and activity of ACh hydrolysis in the myocardium when it is damaged against the background of L-arginine in the heart of males, which indicates a better sensitivity of the body of these animals to the use of corrective effects, and a greater dependence of the effects of L -arginine from androgen balance.
<...>has a better positive effect on restoring the pattern of dynamics of content and hydrolysis activity<...> <...> <...>The effect of gonadectomy on the activity of mediator hydrolysis under experimental conditions demonstrated a difference
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A biochemical study of serum cholinesterase activity in workers of an industrial enterprise was carried out using the example of petrochemical production. Indicators of average enzyme activity and the prevalence of indicators beyond the reference values were analyzed, depending on the length of service in production, profession and diseases identified in workers. The main diseases, occupational and length of service groups in which cholinesterase activity changes significantly have been identified. The influence of experience and profession on the level of enzyme activity in blood serum is shown.
Cholinesterases (ChE) are a family of enzymes of the class of carboxylic acid hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis reaction<...>
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TRANSMISSION OF EXCITATION IN THE SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA AT DIFFERENT GLYCEMIA ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
LENINGRAD ORDER OF V. I. LENIN STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER A. A. ZHDANOV
In acute experiments on spinal and anesthetized cats, a clear dependence of the bioelectrical activity of the sympathetic section of the nervous system on blood sugar levels was discovered.
Belitsky* 1959; Grob, 1961), on the synthesis of acetylcholine (Feldberg, 1945, 1950) and its destruction by cholinesterase<...>conductivity of non-myelipid presiiotic endings, * with disruption of normal formation, release and hydrolysis<...>Under these conditions, the reaction of the ganglia to a standard dose of acetylcholine was almost no different from the norm.<...>enhanced the effect of acetylcholine.<...>administration of glucose (20 μg), acetylcholine had a pronounced effect.
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ON THE ROLE OF EXTRACELLULAR ANIONS AT REST AND DURING EXCITATION OF NERVE AND MUSCLE CELLS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
M.: INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS OF THE USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
CONCLUSIONS 1. In muscle fibers of crustaceans, the replacement of iotes C1 and the surrounding solution with Br, N02 and J does not affect the resting potential, which on average is 85 + - 1 mV. The replacement of C1 ions with “non-penetrating” anions causes a rapid drop in the resting potential with subsequent restoration of the previous level. Replacing C1 ions with all the anions we studied has little effect on the amplitude and rate of rise of the action potential. The speed of the falling part of the PD in solutions with Br, NO s - and J - increases, and in solutions of salts of sulfate and acetate ions it decreases significantly. These data allow us to conclude that in the muscle fibers of crustaceans, as in vertebrates, C1- ions are normally involved in maintaining the resting potential and in membrane repolarization after the action potential...
Kniga-Service Agency" method based on determining the amount of acetic acid released during hydrolysis<...>acetylcholine. using continuous potentiometer titration with a solution of sodium hydroxide (Elshshor<...>Thus, the action of anions does not occur through the acetylcholine-cholinesterase system.<...>anions causes a change in the magnitude of the tonic contraction of the rectus abdominis muscle of the frog under the influence of acetylcholine
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ANTIOXIDATING ACTIVITY OF NERVE FIBER LIPIDS DURING EXCITATION ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND ORDER OF THE RED BANNER OF LABOR STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER M. V. LOMONOSOV FACULTY OF BIOLOGY AND SOIL
The objective of our work was to study the role and participation of the lipid fraction of the nerve fiber in the free radical process that takes place during excitation, to study one of the most important physicochemical characteristics of lipids - their antioxidant activity (AOA) under normal conditions, under conditions of decreased lability, and also during conduction block.
choline can occur both due to the breakdown and resynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, and due to enzymatic hydrolysis<...>acetylcholine (Nachmansohn, 1969).<...>An increase in choline content can occur due to enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine
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CHLORINED TERPENE CHLORPINAC AS AN ACARICIDE ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
LENINGRAD VETERINARY INSTITUTE
The goal is to study the new acaricide chlorpinac, its physicochemical properties, toxicity for warm-blooded animals, routes of penetration, deposition and excretion of the drug from the body of animals.
In the presence of cholinesterase in the homogenate, this enzyme should destroy acetylcholine, and in the absence<...>cholinesterase in a homogeneous mass, acetylcholine added to it should remain unchanged<...>The frog rectus abdominis muscle was used as a biological indicator for acetylcholine due to<...>determining the concentration of chlorpinac that would inhibit cholinesterase by 50%, i.e., would increase the hydrolysis time<...>acetylcholine twice as much as in the control, a number of experiments were carried out.
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No. 4 [Advances in Physiological Sciences, 2018]
Materials of a review and critical nature are published on various sections of physiology, as well as articles in which the authors, based on the available scientific literature, present original concepts on fundamental theoretical issues, supported by their own experimental material. The journal “Advances in Physiological Sciences” is intended for teachers and specialist physiologists and biophysicists of medical and general biology.
One of the treatment methods for AD is to increase the level of acetylcholine in the brain.<...>These drugs prolong the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, which leads to<...>Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine and causes it<...>Galantamine increases the concentration of acetylcholine not only by inhibiting AChE, but also by increasing activity<...>Gliatilin is a physiological precursor of acetylcholine, which makes it an interesting subject
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PRODUCTS OF OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION OF MONOAMINES AS BLOCKERS OF FRASHION DIVISIONS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
M.: USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
The objective of this work was to search for specific methods for turning off individual mediators or individual functions of one mediator.
embryogenesis, we used the method of enzymatic inactivation of these substances. As a source of enzyme that hydrolyzes<...>acetylcholine, we have used a number of drugs containing highly active cholinesterase.<...>Acetylcholine and mcholyl, hydrolyzed by ECE, mostly did not have a protective effect.<...>The basis for this action most likely lies in the hydrolysis of endogenous acetylcholine.* This hydrolysis may lead to<...>In the second case, unfertilized eggs were exposed for 30-40 minutes." with hydrolysis volume C 1 of chlorella protein
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Medical and biological foundations of life safety. allowance
The theoretical foundations of the physiological mechanisms of the body that ensure human interaction with the surrounding nature and the industrial environment, the principles and levels of the processes of self-regulation of the body are outlined. The medical and biological characteristics of negative physical and chemical environmental factors, as well as the processes of adaptation and self-regulation under the influence of these factors are given. In addition, the manual covers first aid for life-threatening conditions of the body. The manual is written in accordance with the student training program on the Medical and Biological Fundamentals of Life Safety, compiled on the basis of the State General Education Standard of Higher Professional Education. It can be used by students of environmental engineering specialties and anyone interested in medical and biological problems of life safety.
When excited under the influence of a nerve impulse, chemically active substances are formed in the synapse - mediators (acetylcholine<...>Acetylcholinesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh), a chemical transmitter (mediator) of the nervous system.<...>This is exactly what AChE does, instantly hydrolyzing the ACh mediator.<...>(especially obese) highly active biological substances (histamine, serotonin, acetylcholine) are released from them<...>Elements of group 3 are prone to both hydrolysis and complex formation.
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Biochemistry and molecular biology: textbook
This manual includes a brief summary of the basic theoretical information of plant biochemistry, a guide to laboratory exercises, tasks for independent work and tests that allow you to monitor the degree of student mastery of the material. It is expected that students will independently study various issues of plant biochemistry in more depth, present them in the form of messages and presentations, using modern information technologies.
For this purpose, a special enzyme is used, acetylcholinesterase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to acetate.<...>acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.<...>mainly hydrolysis of acetylcholine (R=CH3).<...>Acetylcholine is the acetic acid ester of choline.<...>acetylcholine: acetylcholine + H2O → choline + acetic acid Write the complete equation for this reaction. No.
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Professional multidisciplinary journal for medical practitioners. Articles in the journal combine practical information, clinical lectures and scientific reviews with medical news. Each issue presents the main thematic sections in the following specialties: therapy, pediatrics, allergology, bronchopulmonology, gastroenterology, gynecology, dermatovenerology, cardiology, psychoneurology, rheumatology, urology; information on professional development from the best medical universities in the country; news, interviews and a page for publishing the works of dissertations.
There is growing evidence that insulin is involved in the production of a number of neurotransmitters, in particular acetylcholine<...>Insulin resistance and supraoptimal insulin levels contribute to decreased acetylcholine levels.<...>Acetylcholine is also essential in the function of insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells.<...>Due to this, the hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is reduced and its action is prolonged.<...>positions after it was found that the use of medications designed to compensate for acetylcholine levels
Preview: Medical advice No. 18 Neurology. Rheumatology. 2015.pdf (0.3 Mb)24
Theoretical foundations of biochemistry textbook. allowance
The textbook on biochemistry is distinguished by a clear and accessible presentation of the basic and chemical structure of the most important substances of the body; the relationships between the chemical transformations of substances in the body and their biological functions are established. The purpose of the textbook is to develop students' understanding of fundamental achievements in the study of the biochemical foundations of life and development.
Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" 57 studied acetylcholine receptors can be cited<...>These proteins specifically interact with acetylcholine CH3C(O) – OCH2CH2N+(CH3)3 and respond to this by transmitting<...>For this purpose, a special enzyme is used - acetylcholinesterase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to acetate.<...>During hydrolysis, in the first stages, ester bonds 1 and 3 are rapidly hydrolyzed, and then slowly proceeds<...>hydrolysis of 2-monoacylglycerol.
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Environmental toxicology: Guidelines Guidelines
Intended for students of the Faculty of Biology and Ecology, studying in the specialty 013100 Ecology (discipline "Ecological Toxicology", block of OPD), full-time study. Table 3.
means "sweet, sugar, glucose") complex organic compounds such as esters that are broken down by hydrolysis<...> <...>acetylcholine by cholinesterase enzymes (ChE).<...>undergoing hydrolysis, as a result of which the active centers of ChE are released for new reactions with acetylcholine<...>
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Biotesting and aquatic toxicology method. instructions
Intended for students studying in the direction 020400.62 Biology (discipline “Biotesting and Aquatic Toxicology”, cycle of knowledge), full-time study.
These processes are realized within a fraction of a millisecond, their intermittency is due to rapid hydrolysis<...>acetylcholine by the enzyme cholinesterase (ChE). When ChE and acetylcholine interact, acetylated<...>enzyme is a fragile compound that quickly undergoes hydrolysis, resulting in the active centers of ChE<...>are released for new reactions with acetylcholine.<...>When ChE interacts with OPA, a phosphorylated enzyme resistant to hydrolysis is formed, which is unable to
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Vocabulary (dictionary-reference book) textbook. allowance
Rostov n/d.: Southern Federal University Publishing House
The textbook “Vocabularium” (dictionary-reference book) is intended for students studying related subjects: chemistry of natural compounds, bioorganic chemistry, biophysical chemistry, nutritional chemistry and a complex of pharmacological disciplines. Focusing on a wide range of readers' interests, the author used commonly used terms found in the texts of books in these areas. Definitions and interpretations were taken from various sources published at different times, paraphrasing was undertaken only for the purpose of greater completeness and clarity of the definition. The volumes of information are not the same, as is the capacity of definitions, however, the phraseology of the explanatory text in the book is in strict accordance with the stable turns of phrase that have developed in science.
Acetylcholine (correctly acetylcholine hydroxide, see choline) is a quaternary ammonium base, chemically<...>Acetylcholine is a chemical transmitter of nervous excitation at cholinergic synapses.<...>Acetylcholinesterase 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholine - acetylhydrolase) is an enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes<...>hydrolysis of acetylcholine, as well as other choline esters, for example: Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Agency<...>excessive accumulation of acetylcholine occurs in the nerve cell, which leads to blocking of nerve transmission
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Ecological problems of unique natural and anthropogenic landscapes materials of All-Russian. scientific-practical conference, November 29, 2007
The collection contains materials from the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference on current problems of specially protected natural areas. The focus is on the following issues: plant natural complexes and fauna of protected areas; geological natural monuments; environmental problems and public health; natural and anthropogenic environmental factors and monitoring problems. The materials are published in the author's edition.
There are two main types of ChEs: acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine acetylhydrolase, AChE; E.F. 3.1.1.7)<...>AChE is a specialized enzyme and its main physiological function is the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter<...>The exception is kII for DDVF during the hydrolysis of PrTX and BuTX.<...>It is known that if different substrates are hydrolyzed by one enzyme, then the rate of inhibition of their hydrolysis by the inhibitor<...>Hydrolysis of MeX is not inhibited by its excess.
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Pharmacology textbook for dentist students. faculties
M.: Knowledge Laboratory
The textbook “Pharmacology” for dental faculties of medical universities was written by teachers of the Department of Pharmacology of the Institute of Pharmacy and Translational Medicine of the First Moscow State Medical University. I. M. Sechenov. The content of the textbook fully corresponds to the program of the course being studied. The book introduces the reader to the subject and objectives of pharmacology, sources and stages of creating drugs, the principles of their classification, the basics of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The private pharmacology section contains information about drugs from the main pharmacological groups. Particular attention is paid to drugs used in dentistry. The appendix contains modern prescription forms and rules for prescribing medications.
<...>Takes part in the synthesis of acetylcholine, blocks cholinesterase, thereby increasing acetylcholine levels<...>Like trypsin, it hydrolyzes proteins and peptones to form peptides.<...>Agents that reduce the release of acetylcholine Botulinum toxin type A inhibits the release of acetylcholine<...>Takes part in the synthesis of acetylcholine, blocks cholinesterase, thereby increasing acetylcholine levels
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Fundamentals of ecotoxicology textbook. allowance
Publishing house Orel GAU
The textbook examines the basic concepts of ecotoxicology, presents the parameters of toxicometry and toxicokinstikn, and describes the main patterns of processes and phenomena associated with the sources of toxicants entering the environment. Considerable attention is paid to the patterns of migration of toxicants in agroecosystems, the characteristics of behavior and the significance of toxicants of a chemical, physical and biological nature for natural environments and living organisms.
By imitating part of acetylcholine, they interact with the enzyme and turn off its action for a long period of time<...>In the liver, pyrethroids undergo oxidation and hydrolysis to form glucuronates.<...>acetylcholine - a chemical transmitter of nervous excitation.<...>With the participation of water, pesticides are hydrolyzed.<...>There are the following ways of abiotic decomposition of pesticides: 1) Decomposition by hydrolysis, especially
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No. 1 special issue [Medicine of extreme situations, 2019]
The subject of the journal is information and analytical in the field of clinical, industrial, aerospace, marine and sports medicine, as well as specialized sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and medical care for employees of organizations in certain industries with particularly hazardous working conditions and residents of certain territories. The journal publishes scientific articles, scientific reviews, lectures, cases from clinical practice, short reports in these areas, comments and appeals from the editorial board, annotations of thematic foreign and domestic publications, the main scientific results of dissertations for the scientific degree of Candidate of Sciences, for the scientific degree doctors of science, scientific reviews and testimonials, reports on congresses, symposiums, conferences and other scientific and practical events, methodological recommendations, regulatory and legal documents. The authors of the journal's scientific articles are leading scientists and specialists in the field of clinical, industrial, aerospace, marine and sports medicine, as well as specialized sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and medical care for employees of organizations in certain industries with particularly hazardous working conditions, and residents of certain territories, graduate students, applicants, doctoral students, as well as doctors and specialists of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency.
This enzyme is involved in the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, the accumulation of this neurotransmitter leads to the appearance<...>In this case, the biomarkers of poisoning are compounds Adducts of proteins with OPA Hydrolysis Extraction<...>neurotransmitter acetylcholine to choline and acetic acid, which is the most important process necessary<...>acid obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of AChE using the GC-MS method.<...>acetylcholine, thus, establishing the fact of poisoning with OPA can be established by determining
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Modified electrodes for voltammetry in chemistry, biology and medicine
M.: Knowledge Laboratory
The scientific publication outlines the theoretical basis for the creation and mechanisms of functioning of voltammetric chemical sensors and biosensors based on modified electrodes in solving problems of chemistry, biology and medicine, and monitoring environmental objects. Much attention is paid to new directions in the design and application of modified electrodes - the use of nanoparticles and ionic liquids, biomaterials, electrically conductive polymers, self-organizing, multisensory systems such as “electronic tongue”, detection of substances in a flow.
For example, cholinesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, a substance that does not contain a chiral center<...>Similarly, the presence of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in the transmission of<...>In living organisms, these enzymes catalyze the reaction of only one substrate - acetylcholine.<...>Since acetylcholine is one of the most important and versatile neurotransmitters providing<...>At the end of the 20th century. was recorded annually up to Acetylcholine Choline Cholinesterase Copyright JSC Central Clinical Hospital BIBKOM &
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Organic chemistry. At 4 p.m. Part 3 tutorial
M.: Knowledge Laboratory
The textbook systematically describes organic compounds by class, and also outlines the basic theoretical principles of organic chemistry. The structure and properties of organic compounds are considered from the standpoint of both the theory of electronic displacements and the theory of molecular orbitals. The third part includes chapters on the chemistry of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes, ketones), carboxylic acids and their derivatives, as well as nitrogen-containing organic compounds (amines, nitro- and diazo compounds, azides), phenols, quinones and cycloalkanes.
Acetylcholine performs a vital function in the process of transmitting nerve impulses to muscle tissue.<...> <...>This is easily achieved using the enzyme cholinesterase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to<...>In order for it to return to its original state (relaxed), acetylcholine must be destroyed.<...>This is easily achieved using the enzyme cholinesterase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to
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No. 5 [Russian pharmacies, 2016]
As a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, Ipigrix prevents the enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine
Preview: Russian pharmacies No. 5 2016.pdf (0.5 Mb)35
No. 21 [Russian pharmacies, 2010]
The Russian Pharmacies magazine is a federal-scale industry publication aimed at pharmacy professionals. Among the magazine's authors are well-known scientists, pharmacy managers, top managers, and leading analysts. Information support for the magazine is provided by the company RMBC (Research, Marketing, Business Consulting).
Glutamatergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic; increased concentration of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine<...>Ipidacrine (Axamon) reversibly inhibits acetyl buterylcholinesterase and prevents enzymatic hydrolysis<...>acetylcholine (ACh) and prolongs its action, thereby improving the transmission of excitation in neuromuscular<...>The antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effect is due to hydroquinone, released in the body during hydrolysis<...>The therapeutic effect is enhanced by the specific action of tannins and their hydrolysis products.
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Biological chemistry: educational and methodological manual. Direction of training 060301.65 (33.05.01) – Pharmacy. Graduate qualification – specialist
publishing house NCFU
The manual contains test questions and exercises that help reinforce the material, increase students' interest in studying the discipline, and make the learning process more accessible, easier and independent. Testing promotes the study of the subject and eliminates a formal approach to mastering the material. Completing test tasks not only helps to implement self-control, but also allows you to independently improve and deepen your knowledge, which also contributes to the development of interest in the subject. Intended for students studying in the field of study 060301.65 (33.05.01) – Pharmacy
Nerve endings produce acetylcholine (a transmitter of nervous excitation).<...>Acetylcholine is the acetic acid ester of choline. Write the formula for acetylcholine. 28.<...>Calculate the percentage of choline in lecithin and acetylcholine. 3.<...>The enzyme acetylcholinesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis reaction of acetylcholine: acetylcholine + H2O → choline +<...>The enzyme choline acetyltransferase transfers an acetyl group to the choline molecule: acetyl-CoA + choline → CoA + acetylcholine
Preview: Biological chemistry Educational manual. Direction of training 060301.65 (33.05.01) – Pharmacy. Graduate qualification – specialist.pdf (1.1 Mb)37
Enzyme catalysis
VSU Publishing House
This textbook provides basic techniques for working with enzymes, characterizes enzymes as biological catalysts, as well as their cofactors. The main attention is paid to the mechanisms of action of enzymes, the kinetics of enzymatic reactions, the influence of inhibitors and activators on the rate of enzymatic reactions. In addition, material is presented regarding the biosynthesis of enzymes and their degradation, and characteristics of multienzyme complexes, ribozymes and catalytic antibodies (abzymes) are given.
acetylcholine to choline and acetic acid: When inhibitors are added, acetylcholinesterase activity<...>Scheme of the active center of acetylcholinesterase: A – addition of acetylcholine in the active center of the enzyme<...>The arrow indicates the site of hydrolysis of the ester bond in the acetylcholine molecule; B – connection of a competitive<...>The site of hydrolysis of proserine is indicated, but the reaction is much slower than with acetylcholine; B – connection<...>Endrophonium binds to the active site of acetylcholinesterase, preventing the addition of acetylcholine
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Post-reflex neurobiology of behavior
How are the commands that the brain gives to the executive organs formed? For centuries it was believed that nervous activity is reflexive, that is, it is subject to a simple and seemingly self-evident rule: stimulus - response. But attentive researchers have long questioned this rule. Particularly significant damage was caused to the reflex paradigm by ethologists (field zoologists), who connected the behavior of animals with spontaneous (spontaneous, endogenous) processes in the brain. Since the 1960s. the postulates of ethology are confidently confirmed by testing using cellular neurophysiology methods; neuroethology was born. The book by V. E. Dyakonova and D. A. Sakharov expresses a neuroethological view of the organization and functioning of the nervous system. The experience of their own research allows the authors to pay special attention to the central pattern generators - neural ensembles responsible for the endogenous generation of ordered behavioral acts. Are ideas about central generators applicable to the mechanisms of mental acts? The authors inevitably involve the reader in a discussion of the prospects of the post-reflex paradigm.
acetylcholine.<...>in the indicated synapses of gastropods not due to the hydrolysis of acetylcholine by cholinesterase, but for another reason<...>So, providing cholinergic synapses with an enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine is a relatively<...>acetylcholine.<...>one extremely interesting detail: in two different lines of evolution of cephalopods - in octopods and decapods - for hydrolysis
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Collection of tests on toxicological chemistry
M.: Knowledge Laboratory
This collection was written by employees of the Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry named after. A.P. Arzamastsev Institute of Pharmacy of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education of the First Moscow State Medical University named after. THEM. Sechenov, edited by Dr. Pharm. sciences, prof. G.V. Ramenskoy. The tasks contribute to the formation of skills and abilities necessary for the practical activities of a pharmacist in the field of toxicology. Tests check the level of students' training in general and biochemical toxicology, methods of sample preparation and chemical-toxicological analysis of groups of “metallic” poisons, “volatile” poisons, pesticides, carbon monoxide, acids and alkalis, medicinal and narcotic substances.
RIO PGSHA
The manual provides theoretical material necessary for students to master the discipline. Contains examples, illustrations and tabular material that simplifies the understanding of topics and individual issues.
Bile secreted by the liver plays a significant role in the hydrolysis of fats.<...>Hydrolysis of polysaccharides.<...>Thus, during the hydrolysis of starch, the end products of decomposition are maltose and D-glucose, then hydrolysis<...>Amylopectin is also hydrolyzed to residual dextrin, the end product of hydrolysis, which represents<...>acetylcholine to choline and acetic acid.
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Pharmacology textbook
M.: Knowledge Laboratory
The textbook was prepared by teachers of the Department of Pharmacology of the Institute of Pharmacy and Translational Medicine of the First Moscow State Medical University. THEM. Sechenov, taking into account all the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education of the latest generation. The book presents the main pharmacological groups of drugs, their classification, chemical structure, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, indications and contraindications for use, side effects.
Esterases Hydrolysis of esters Novocain Amidases Hydrolysis of amides Novocainamide, xicaine, chlorpropamide<...>In the synaptic cleft, acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesteresis to form choline<...>Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acetylcholine to choline and acetic acid.<...>The hydrolysis process lasts 100 μs.<...>Metabolized by hydrolysis and excreted in the urine.
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Scientific foundations of biotechnology. Part I. Nanotechnologies in biology textbook. allowance
M.: Prometheus Publishing House
This publication introduces the reader to the wonderful world of nanotechnology - a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary area of scientific knowledge and technology, which constitutes the main modern trend in the development of science and production. The purpose of the publication is to familiarize future teachers with the essential elements of nanotechnology and, taking into account the biological orientation of students, with the specifics of nanobio- and bionanotechnologies based on the use of living organisms (phages, viruses) and biomolecules, their components (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, etc.). etc.), as objects of nanotechnological developments, as well as with the manifestations, discoveries and implementations of nanobiotechnological processes in various fields of science and production, medicine, pharmacology, monitoring, security, social sphere, etc.
The monograph is devoted to the most important area of prevention in dentistry - the use of fluoride compounds to prevent dental caries. The work highlights the place of fluorine in the environment, fluoride metabolism, the physiological role of this microelement and the mechanism of its anti-caries effect. Modern approaches to fluoride prevention of dental caries are sufficiently fully covered. An example of developing a caries prevention program based on the use of fluoride compounds is given. Particular attention is paid to the toxic effects of fluorides. Included are the results of research conducted at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education of the Kemerovo State Medical Academy of Roszdrav, and the developments of employees of this department are presented.
Monofluorophosphate ion releases free fluorine as a result of hydrolysis under the influence of phosphatases, usually<...>At the first stage there is
In a textbook written by teachers of the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, the modern theoretical foundations of chemical thermodynamics and chemical kinetics are outlined, and their practical applications are considered. Compared to the previous one, the new edition has been significantly revised and expanded. The book consists of two parts: in the first - theory, in the second - questions and tasks, examples of test papers, tables of physical and chemical data, basic physical and chemical formulas, as well as the necessary mathematical minimum and other useful applications. All problems have answers or instructions for solutions.
Calculate the heat of hydrolysis of sucrose.<...>The hydrolysis of acetylcholine is catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, the turnover frequency of which is<...>How long does it take for an enzyme to break down one molecule? acetylcholine hydrolyzes hydrolysis substrate CENTA β-lactamase TEM-1 (A) and TEM171 (B)<...>Acetylcholinesterase is responsible for the rapid hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, leading to transmission termination<...>acetylcholine using the QM/MM method were first described in the work.<...>glucuronoxylan, and XylE is more effective at hydrolyzing arabinoxylan.<...>However, silanes in aqueous solutions are extremely active and hydrolyze very quickly. 3.
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No. 5 [Cardiology in Belarus, 2013]
Covers current issues of prevention, medicinal and surgical treatment of diseases of the heart and cardiovascular system. The publication assists in establishing connections between specialists in the Republic of Belarus, as well as from near and far abroad, and provides a platform for the exchange of views on the use of new methods and technologies for recognizing, treating and preventing diseases of the cardiovascular system in childhood and adulthood.
influence of gonadectomy and hormone replacement therapy on the content and intensity of enzymatic hydrolysis<...>its hydrolysis in terms of total cholinesterase activity (TCEA).<...>The process of ACh hydrolysis also turned out to be sensitive to hormonal imbalance.<...>The effect of gonadectomy on the activity of mediator hydrolysis under experimental conditions demonstrated a difference<...>activity of ACh formation, taking into account the synergy of the process of synthesis of the mediator and its enzymatic hydrolysis
Preview: Cardiology in Belarus No. 5 2013.pdf (0.1 Mb)49
Dictionary of terms and definitions on the physiology and ethology of farm animals. allowance
Kalmyk State University
The dictionary of terms and definitions on the physiology and ethology of farm animals is a systematic scientific reference publication. Definitions in physiology form the basis for a scientific understanding of the most complex life processes occurring in the body of healthy animals.
Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that blocks synapse function by hydrolyzing acetylcholine to acetate and choline<...>G, vasodilators: histamine, acetylcholine, nrostoglandins, brady1SHKININ circulate in the blood in small amounts<...>End plate potential is a miniature potential that occurs during the spontaneous release of acetylcholine<...>Thiaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of thiamine.<...>Cholinesterase is an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, resulting in the restoration of synapse function.
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No. 8 [Clinical laboratory diagnostics, 2015]
Founded in 1955. Editor-in-Chief – Vladimir Nikolaevich Titov, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry of Lipid Metabolism of the Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex of the Russian Ministry of Health. The journal has been published as a monthly professional scientific and practical publication since 1955 (until 1992 under the name “Laboratory Business”). For many years, the journal has been the main source of scientific and practical information for employees of clinical diagnostic laboratories and played the role of a stimulus for improving laboratory provision of medical care. The journal publishes scientific and practical materials prepared by employees of scientific, educational and medical institutions in Russia and foreign countries: original articles, literature reviews, lectures by prominent specialists in various disciplines of laboratory medicine, descriptions of complex clinical and diagnostic cases of diseases, information on scientific and practical events, discussions between supporters of different approaches to solving current problems, answers of scientists and health care managers to pressing questions of laboratory practitioners. It publishes translations of articles by foreign authors that are of the greatest scientific and practical interest to specialists in our country and published in professional scientific literature abroad (in particular, in the journal “Clinical Chemistry”, with which a corresponding agreement has been concluded).
Increase the parameters of TG hydrolysis by activating lipolysis on monolayer membranes of lipid “droplets”<...>Activate TG hydrolysis and oxidation of SFA + MFA in IVF, as occurs in brown adipose tissue cells,<...>The accumulation of palmitic TGs, which are hydrolyzed by IVH and adipocyte lipase at a low rate, leads to<...>Hydrolysis of substrates (lipids, proteins, polysaccharides) in the stomach and small intestine. 2.<...>acetylcholine into choline and acidic components (acetic, propionic or butyric acids).
Preview: Clinical laboratory diagnostics No. 8 2015.pdf (8.6 Mb)
