National composition of Chechnya. Number and national composition of the Chechen Republic. About the international Chechen diaspora
Dinaev Alikhan Mavladievich
Grozny State Petroleum Technical University
Assistant at the Department of Philosophy
annotation
This article is devoted to the analysis of the demographic situation in the Chechen Republic at the current moment. The natural movement of the population in the region in recent years has differed markedly from all-Russian trends. This arouses great interest in its study. The above analysis shows the dynamics and main trends in fertility, mortality and natural population growth in the republic. The main conclusion is that the demographic explosion that began in Chechnya after the end of the second war appears to be coming to an end.
Dinaev Alikhan Mavladievich
Grozny State Oil Technical University
Assistant of Philosophy's Department
Abstract
This article is devoted to the analysis of the demographic situation in the Chechen Republic at this moment. Natural movement of population in the region recently was different from the national trends. It is of great interest to its study. The analysis reveals the dynamics and trends of fertility, mortality and natural population growth in the republic. The main conclusion is that the population boom that began in Chechnya after the end of the war apparently coming to an end.
The Chechen Republic is among the subjects of the Russian Federation in which the population is growing - and at a fairly high rate. From January 2011 to January 2016, the total population growth was about 120 thousand people - from 1275 thousand to 1394 thousand, respectively. And over the past ten years (since 2006), the total increase has already amounted to more than 250 thousand people. In June, this figure for the first time in history exceeded the 1.4 million mark.
It is known that natural population growth in the republic has been observed for many decades. It reached its peak in 1994 - in the last pre-war year of Chechen history, amounting to just over 1.3 million people. Due to two military companies, mass migration to other regions of Russia and countries of the world, at the beginning of the 21st century this figure dropped to less than a million.
However, after the completion of the main part of the counter-terrorism operation and the establishment of a relatively stable and peaceful situation in the republic, a demographic explosion occurred. Average increase for the period from 2006 to 2016 amounted to approximately 24 thousand people. per year, i.e. about 2% annually. This figure is, of course, incredibly high and currently unattainable for Russia. But if we compare it with the dynamics of other countries of the world, the Chechen Republic would occupy a place only in the sixth ten countries in the ranking of countries in the world by population growth rate, which is calculated using the methods of the United Nations Development Program.
The demographic consequences of the fighting for the republic were so strong that it was possible to restore the pre-war population level only in 2012-2013.
The Czech Republic remains one of the few regions where the rural population predominates over the urban population - 65.2% versus 34.8%. In this, Chechnya is very different from Russia as a whole, and from the vast majority of regions of the country. A larger share of the population lives in the republic's villages than even in traditionally rural neighboring Dagestan. In general, only in the Altai Republic the share of rural residents is higher than in the Chechen Republic. At the same time, when analyzing the dynamics of the urban and rural population, two important conclusions can be drawn.
Firstly, over the past 10 years, the share of the urban and rural population has not changed even by a tenth of a percent. Those. At first glance, one gets the impression that Chechnya is not characterized by the global demographic trend of urbanization of the population. However, in practice, we see that a significant part of primarily rural youth migrate to cities - primarily to Grozny. At the same time, the reason why this process is “not seen” by the statistical service is due to the fact that young people are not officially removed from the place of registration in their native village and are not registered in the cities of the republic. The result is that although thousands and thousands of people live and work most of the time in urban areas, formally and on paper they remain residents of villages.
Secondly, a unique feature of Chechnya is that both urban and rural populations are simultaneously increasing in the republic. And this is an extremely unusual picture for Russia, where thousands of villages across the country are rapidly dying out. Moreover, this happens even in Caucasian regions with a more traditional and patriarchal way of life.
For example, according to many experts, villages in the Republic of Dagestan are quickly disappearing, and young people are actively migrating from mountainous regions to lowland cities. The decline in rural population is accompanied by the destruction of rural settlements. Over the past 20 years, more than 200 villages have ceased to exist in Dagestan. Moreover, more than 50 more settlements are on the verge of extinction, since they have between 1 and 50 people living in them.
The basis for a favorable demographic situation is a high birth rate coupled with low mortality. There is already an established opinion in Russia that the Czech Republic ranks first in the country in terms of the number of births per 1000 population. However, it is not. The Republic of Tyva has been the leader in this indicator for several years now.
At the same time, in recent years in Chechnya there has been a clear and obvious trend towards a decrease in the birth rate. In 2014, 32,894 children were born in the republic, while the year before – 33,361 children. As a result, the birth rate in Chechnya dropped to 24.2 children per thousand people. According to Chechenstat, in 2015. the rate continued its decline, reaching 22.2 children per thousand people.
The most current and recent data from the regional statistical agency show that the rate of decline in the birth rate has even accelerated. From January to June 2016, the coefficient was 20.1. And at the moment there are no obvious prerequisites for reversing the downward trend. However, the birth rate in the republic is significantly higher than the Russian average of 13.3 births per thousand people.
On the other hand, the mortality rate in the Czech Republic is at an extremely low, one might even say minimal level. The mortality rate is only 4.9 people per 1000 population as of last year. Moreover, recently there has been a slow but steady trend towards a decrease in the mortality rate. For example, in the first six months of this year the ratio dropped to 4.8 ppm. The mortality rate is not only noticeably lower than the Russian average (4.9 versus 13.1), but also significantly less than in the most developed and rich countries of Europe. For comparison, in Sweden and Denmark there are approximately 10 deaths per thousand, and in Germany there are about 11 deaths.
But since the decrease in the mortality rate does not compensate for the decrease in the birth rate, the rate of natural population growth decreases. In 2013 it was almost 20, in 2014 – 19.2; in 2015 – 18.3. And in January-June 2016 it decreased to 15.3 people per thousand of the population.
All this allows us to say that the demographic boom that has characterized the region for many years is gradually ending. In general, fertility levels and natural increase are stabilizing.
It is also important to note that the Chechen Republic is the youngest region of Russia. The average age of a resident of this region is just over 27 years, which is a direct consequence of the high birth rate. As a result, Chechnya has the largest proportion of children (under working age, i.e. 15 years) and the smallest proportion of elderly people among all regions of the country. Thanks to this, the region has one of the lowest demographic pressures on people of working age and elderly people - only 164 pensioners, which, for example, is more than three times less than in the “oldest” Russian region - the Kurgan region (501 pensioners as of January 1 2015).
| Mortality (number of deaths per 1000 population) (1936-1944 and 1857-1991 - including data for the Republic of Ingushetia | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| 5,7 | ↗ 5,8 | ↗ 6,6 | ↗ 8,3 | ↗ 8,5 | ↘ 6,5 | ↘ 5,6 | ↘ 5,1 | ↘ 5,0 | ↘ 4,7 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | |||
| ↘ 4,5 | ↗ 5,3 | ↗ 5,6 | ↘ 5,3 | ↗ 5,4 | ↘ 5,0 | ↗ 5,0 | |||
| Natural population growth (per 1000 population, the sign (-) means natural population decline) (1936-1944 and 1857-1991 - including data for the Republic of Ingushetia) (no observations for 1995 - 2002) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2003 | 2004 |
| 15,4 | ↘ 14,5 | ↘ 14,3 | ↗ 16,8 | ↘ 16,1 | ↘ 0,0 | ↗ 0,0 | ↗ 18,4 | ↗ 19,6 |
| 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 |
| ↗ 19,8 | ↘ 18,9 | ↗ 22,4 | ↗ 24,8 | ↘ 23,8 | ↗ 24,4 | ↘ 23,6 | ↘ 20,5 | ↘ 19,9 |
| 2014 | ||||||||
| ↘ 19,2 | ||||||||
| Life expectancy at birth (number of years) (1936-1944 and 1857-1991 - including data for the Republic of Ingushetia) (no observations for 1995 - 2002) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |
| 69,7 | ↗ 69,8 | ↗ 70,4 | ↘ 69,2 | ↗ 71,3 | ↗ 72,9 | ↗ 73,1 | ↗ 74,3 | ↗ 75,5 |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||||
| ↘ 73,2 | ↘ 71,6 | ↗ 72,1 | ↘ 71,9 | ↗ 73,2 | ||||
2002 Census
The results of the 2002 All-Russian Population Census, according to demographer and sociologist Sergei Maksudov (Alexander Babenyshev), are greatly distorted:
The All-Russian Census of 2002, unfortunately, took into account only the permanent population, depriving demographers of the opportunity to control the repeated counting that occurs due to double counting of the same people - at their location and at their place of permanent residence. The result was a huge exaggeration of the population in the territory of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Apparently, the residents themselves were interested in it, counting on receiving compensation for the loss of property and various benefits and therefore classifying themselves as several places of permanent residence (refugee camp, native village, the city of Grozny, where the opportunity arose to occupy an apartment, Moscow or Krasnodar, where some relatives have already moved and others are planning to move). Local authorities, whose budget and prestige are directly dependent on the number of citizens under their care, most likely also took an active part in distorting the census results. Memorial activist A. Cherkasov reports on one of the assessments of the census error. According to his information, in the Shali region, with a population of 104 thousand people, “dead souls” accounted for 27%.
The statisticians who processed the census did not take the necessary measures to eliminate errors and published results that largely contradicted common sense.
Ethnic composition
The only predominant ethnic group is the Chechens (1,031,647 people, 93.5% in 2002), constituting the absolute majority in many [which ones?] [Where?] regions of the republic.
The second largest ethnic group are Russians (40,645 people, 3.7%), who are settled mainly in the city of Grozny (5,295 people, 2.5%), as well as Naursky (6,538 people, 12.8%). %) and Shelkovsky (3992 people, 7.9%) districts. According to the 1989 All-Union Population Census, the number of Russians was 269,130 people or 24.8% of the population of the then Checheno-Ingushetia. Almost the entire Russian population was expelled as a result of the ethnic cleansing of 1991-1994 and the subsequent First Chechen War. It should also be noted that in 2002, Russian military personnel who served in Chechnya were assigned to the Russian population.
Ethnically close to the Chechens, the Ingush (2914 people, 0.3%) form a small community in Grozny (2129 people, 1.0%).
The remaining ethnic groups do not have a clear settlement area and make up less than 1% of the population.
Dynamics of the ethnic composition of the population of Chechnya according to population censuses (data for 1979 and 1989 include regions of the Chi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, now belonging to the Chechen Republic)
| Nationality | 1979 people |
% | 1989 people |
% | 2002 , people |
% | 2010 , people |
% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chechens | 602223 | 60,1 | 715306 | 66,0 | 1031647 | 93,47 % | 1206551 | 95,08 % |
| Russians | 309079 | 30,8 | 269130 | 24,8 | 40664 | 3,68 % | 24382 | 1,92 % |
| Kumyks | 7808 | 0,8 | 9591 | 0,9 | 8883 | 0,80 % | 12221 | 0,96 % |
| Avars | 4793 | 0,5 | 6035 | 0,6 | 4133 | 0,37 % | 4864 | 0,38 % |
| Nogais | 6079 | 0,6 | 6885 | 0,6 | 3572 | 0,32 % | 3444 | 0,27 % |
| Tabasarans | … | … | … | … | 128 | 0,01 % | 1656 | 0,13 % |
| Turks | … | … | … | … | 1662 | 0,15 % | 1484 | 0,12 % |
| Tatars | … | … | … | … | 2134 | 0,19 % | 1466 | 0,12 % |
| Ingush | 20855 | 2,1 | 25136 | 2,3 | 2914 | 0,26 % | 1296 | 0,10 % |
| Lezgins | … | … | … | … | 196 | 0,02 % | 1261 | 0,10 % |
| Kazakhs | … | … | … | … | 470 | 0,04 % | 926 | 0,07 % |
| Dargins | … | … | … | … | 696 | 0,06 % | 701 | 0,06 % |
| Azerbaijanis | … | … | … | … | 226 | 0,02 % | 696 | 0,05 % |
| Ossetians | … | … | … | … | 230 | 0,02 % | 585 | 0,05 % |
| Kabardians | … | … | … | … | 133 | 0,01 % | 534 | 0,04 % |
| Armenians | 14438 | 1,4 | 14666 | 1,4 | 424 | 0,04 % | 514 | 0,04 % |
| Ukrainians | 11334 | 1,1 | 11884 | 1,1 | 829 | 0,1 % | 415 | 0,04 |
| Kistins | … | … | … | … | 136 | 0,01 % | ||
| other | 25621 | 2,56 | 25800 | 2,38 | 4795 | 0,43 % | 3757 | 0,30 % |
| not specified | … | … | … | … | 779 | 0,07 % | 2515 | 0,20 % |
| Total | 1002230 | 100 | 1084433 | 100 | 1103686 | 100,00 % | 1268989 | 100,00 % |
Natural population movement
| Population (x 1000) | Number of births | Number of deaths | Natural increase | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural increase (per 1000) | Total fertility rate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | 1,117 | 27,774 | 7,194 | 20 580 | 24.9 | 6.4 | 18.4 | |
| 2004 | 1,133 | 28,496 | 6,347 | 22,149 | 25.2 | 5.6 | 19.5 | |
| 2005 | 1,150 | 28,652 | 5,857 | 22,795 | 24.9 | 5.1 | 19.8 | |
| 2006 | 1,167 | 27,989 | 5,889 | 22,100 | 24.0 | 5.0 | 18.9 | |
| 2007 | 1,187 | 32,449 | 5,630 | 26,819 | 27.3 | 4.7 | 22.6 | |
| 2008 | 1,210 | 35,897 | 5,447 | 30,450 | 29.7 | 4.5 | 25.2 | |
| 2009 | 1,235 | 36,523 | 6,620 | 29,903 | 29.6 | 5.4 | 24.2 | 3.43 |
| 2010 | 1,260 | 37,753 | 7,042 | 30,711 | 30.0 | 5.6 | 24.4 | 3.45 |
| 2011 | 1,289 | 37,335 | 6,810 | 30,525 | 28.9 | 5.3 | 23.6 | 3.36 |
| 2012 | 1,314 | 34,385 | 7,192 | 27,193 | 26.2 | 5.5 | 20.7 | 3.08 |
| 2013 | 1,336 | 32,963 | 6,581 | 26,382 | 24.7 | 4.9 | 19.8 | 2.93 |
| 2014 | 1,358 | 32,894 | 6,815 | 26,079 | 24.2 | 5.0 | 19.2 | 2.89(e) |
Note: Data on the total fertility rate in 2009-12 are taken from sources of the Federal State Statistics Service.
Settlements
Settlements with a population of more than 10 thousand people
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General Map
Map legend (when you hover over the marker, the real population is displayed):
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Notes
- . Retrieved March 27, 2016. .
- . Retrieved February 7, 2015. .
- . Retrieved October 10, 2013. .
- . Retrieved October 14, 2013. .
- demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus79_reg1.php All-Union Population Census 1979
- . Retrieved June 28, 2016. .
- . .
- www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=31557 Resident population as of January 1 (persons) 1990-2013
- . .
- . Retrieved November 14, 2013. .
- . Retrieved May 31, 2014. .
- . Retrieved November 16, 2013. .
- . Retrieved April 13, 2014. .
- . Retrieved August 6, 2015. .
- Without part of the Sunzhensky district of the modern Chechen Republic
- :
- .
- . Gks.ru (May 8, 2010). Retrieved March 14, 2014.
- www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2016/bul_dr/mun_obr2016.rar Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2016
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An excerpt characterizing the population of Chechnya
Nothing now happened in Pierre's soul similar to what happened in it in similar circumstances during his matchmaking with Helen.He did not repeat, as then, with painful shame the words he had spoken, he did not say to himself: “Oh, why didn’t I say this, and why, why did I say “je vous aime” then?” [I love you] Now, on the contrary, he repeated every word of hers, his own, in his imagination with all the details of her face, smile, and did not want to subtract or add anything: he only wanted to repeat. There was no longer even a shadow of doubt as to whether what he had undertaken was good or bad. Only one terrible doubt sometimes crossed his mind. Isn't this all in a dream? Was Princess Marya mistaken? Am I too proud and arrogant? I believe; and suddenly, as should happen, Princess Marya will tell her, and she will smile and answer: “How strange! He was probably mistaken. Doesn’t he know that he is a man, just a man, and I?.. I am completely different, higher.”
Only this doubt often occurred to Pierre. He also didn’t make any plans now. The impending happiness seemed so incredible to him that as soon as it happened, nothing could happen. It was all over.
A joyful, unexpected madness, of which Pierre considered himself incapable, took possession of him. The whole meaning of life, not for him alone, but for the whole world, seemed to him to lie only in his love and in the possibility of her love for him. Sometimes all the people seemed to him to be occupied with only one thing - his future happiness. It sometimes seemed to him that they were all as happy as he was, and were only trying to hide this joy, pretending to be busy with other interests. In every word and movement he saw hints of his happiness. He often surprised people who met him with his significant, happy looks and smiles that expressed secret agreement. But when he realized that people might not know about his happiness, he felt sorry for them with all his heart and felt a desire to somehow explain to them that everything they were doing was complete nonsense and trifles, not worth attention.
When he was offered to serve or when they discussed some general, state affairs and war, assuming that the happiness of all people depended on this or that outcome of such and such an event, he listened with a meek, sympathetic smile and surprised the people who spoke to him with his strange remarks. But both those people who seemed to Pierre to understand the real meaning of life, that is, his feeling, and those unfortunate ones who obviously did not understand this - all people during this period of time seemed to him in such a bright light of the feeling shining in him that without the slightest effort, he immediately, meeting any person, saw in him everything that was good and worthy of love.
Looking at the affairs and papers of his late wife, he did not feel any feeling for her memory, except pity that she did not know the happiness that he knew now. Prince Vasily, now especially proud of receiving a new place and star, seemed to him a touching, kind and pitiful old man.
Pierre often later recalled this time of happy madness. All the judgments that he made about people and circumstances during this period of time remained true for him forever. He not only did not subsequently renounce these views on people and things, but, on the contrary, in internal doubts and contradictions he resorted to the view that he had at this time of madness, and this view always turned out to be correct.
“Perhaps,” he thought, “I seemed strange and funny then; but I was not as mad then as it seemed. On the contrary, I was then smarter and more insightful than ever, and I understood everything that is worth understanding in life, because ... I was happy.”
Pierre's madness consisted in the fact that he did not wait, as before, for personal reasons, which he called the merits of people, in order to love them, but love filled his heart, and he, loving people for no reason, found undoubted reasons for which it was worth loving their.
From that first evening, when Natasha, after Pierre's departure, told Princess Marya with a joyfully mocking smile that he was definitely, well, definitely from the bathhouse, and in a frock coat, and with a haircut, from that moment something hidden and unknown to her, but irresistible, awoke in Natasha's soul.
Everything: her face, her gait, her gaze, her voice - everything suddenly changed in her. Unexpected for her, the power of life and hopes for happiness surfaced and demanded satisfaction. From the first evening, Natasha seemed to have forgotten everything that had happened to her. Since then, she never once complained about her situation, didn’t say a single word about the past and was no longer afraid to make cheerful plans for the future. She spoke little about Pierre, but when Princess Marya mentioned him, a long-extinguished sparkle lit up in her eyes and her lips wrinkled with a strange smile.
The change that took place in Natasha at first surprised Princess Marya; but when she understood its meaning, this change upset her. “Did she really love her brother so little that she could forget him so quickly,” thought Princess Marya when she alone pondered the change that had taken place. But when she was with Natasha, she was not angry with her and did not reproach her. The awakened force of life that gripped Natasha was obviously so uncontrollable, so unexpected for her that Princess Marya, in Natasha’s presence, felt that she had no right to reproach her even in her soul.
Natasha gave herself over to the new feeling with such completeness and sincerity that she did not try to hide the fact that she was no longer sad, but joyful and cheerful.
When, after a nightly explanation with Pierre, Princess Marya returned to her room, Natasha met her on the threshold.
- He said? Yes? He said? – she repeated. Both a joyful and at the same time pitiful expression, asking for forgiveness for her joy, settled on Natasha’s face.
– I wanted to listen at the door; but I knew what you would tell me.
No matter how understandable, no matter how touching the look with which Natasha looked at her was for Princess Marya; no matter how sorry she was to see her excitement; but Natasha’s words at first offended Princess Marya. She remembered her brother, his love.
“But what can we do? she cannot do otherwise,” thought Princess Marya; and with a sad and somewhat stern face she told Natasha everything that Pierre had told her. Hearing that he was going to St. Petersburg, Natasha was amazed.
- To St. Petersburg? – she repeated, as if not understanding. But, looking at the sad expression on Princess Marya’s face, she guessed the reason for her sadness and suddenly began to cry. “Marie,” she said, “teach me what to do.” I'm afraid of being bad. Whatever you say, I will do; teach me…
- You love him?
“Yes,” Natasha whispered.
-What are you crying about? “I’m happy for you,” said Princess Marya, having completely forgiven Natasha’s joy for these tears.
– It won’t be soon, someday. Think about what happiness it will be when I become his wife and you marry Nicolas.
– Natasha, I asked you not to talk about this. We'll talk about you.
They were silent.
- But why go to St. Petersburg! - Natasha suddenly said, and she quickly answered herself: - No, no, this is how it should be... Yes, Marie? That's how it should be...
Seven years have passed since the 12th year. The troubled historical sea of Europe has settled into its shores. It seemed quiet; but the mysterious forces that move humanity (mysterious because the laws determining their movement are unknown to us) continued to operate.
Despite the fact that the surface of the historical sea seemed motionless, humanity moved as continuously as the movement of time. Various groups of human connections formed and disintegrated; the reasons for the formation and disintegration of states and the movements of peoples were prepared.
The historical sea, not as before, was directed by gusts from one shore to another: it seethed in the depths. Historical figures, not as before, rushed in waves from one shore to another; now they seemed to be spinning in one place. Historical figures, who previously at the head of the troops reflected the movement of the masses with orders of wars, campaigns, battles, now reflected the seething movement with political and diplomatic considerations, laws, treatises...
Historians call this activity of historical figures reaction.
Describing the activities of these historical figures, who, in their opinion, were the cause of what they call the reaction, historians strictly condemn them. All famous people of that time, from Alexander and Napoleon to m me Stael, Photius, Schelling, Fichte, Chateaubriand, etc., are subject to their strict judgment and are acquitted or condemned, depending on whether they contributed to progress or reaction.
In Russia, according to their description, a reaction also took place during this period of time, and the main culprit of this reaction was Alexander I - the same Alexander I who, according to their descriptions, was the main culprit of the liberal initiatives of his reign and the salvation of Russia.
In real Russian literature, from a high school student to a learned historian, there is not a person who would not throw his own pebble at Alexander I for his wrong actions during this period of his reign.
“He should have done this and that. In this case he acted well, in this case he acted badly. He behaved well at the beginning of his reign and during the 12th year; but he acted badly by giving a constitution to Poland, making the Holy Alliance, giving power to Arakcheev, encouraging Golitsyn and mysticism, then encouraging Shishkov and Photius. He did something wrong by being involved in the front part of the army; he acted badly by distributing the Semyonovsky regiment, etc.”
It would be necessary to fill ten pages in order to list all the reproaches that historians make to him on the basis of the knowledge of the good of humanity that they possess.
What do these reproaches mean?
The very actions for which historians approve of Alexander I, such as: the liberal initiatives of his reign, the fight against Napoleon, the firmness he showed in the 12th year, and the campaign of the 13th year, do not stem from the same sources - the conditions of blood , education, life, which made Alexander’s personality what it was - from which flow those actions for which historians blame him, such as: the Holy Alliance, the restoration of Poland, the reaction of the 20s?
What is the essence of these reproaches?
The fact that such a historical person as Alexander I, a person who stood at the highest possible level of human power, is, as it were, in the focus of the blinding light of all the historical rays concentrated on him; a person subject to those strongest influences in the world of intrigue, deception, flattery, self-delusion, which are inseparable from power; a face that felt, every minute of its life, responsibility for everything that happened in Europe, and a face that is not fictitious, but living, like every person, with its own personal habits, passions, aspirations for goodness, beauty, truth - that this face , fifty years ago, not only was he not virtuous (historians do not blame him for this), but he did not have those views for the good of humanity that a professor now has, who has been engaged in science from a young age, that is, reading books, lectures and copying these books and lectures in one notebook.
But even if we assume that Alexander I fifty years ago was mistaken in his view of what is the good of peoples, we must involuntarily assume that the historian judging Alexander, in the same way, after some time will turn out to be unjust in his view of that , which is the good of humanity. This assumption is all the more natural and necessary because, following the development of history, we see that every year, with every new writer, the view of what is the good of humanity changes; so that what seemed good appears after ten years as evil; and vice versa. Moreover, at the same time we find in history completely opposite views on what was evil and what was good: some take credit for the constitution given to Poland and the Holy Alliance, others as a reproach to Alexander.
It cannot be said about the activities of Alexander and Napoleon that they were useful or harmful, because we cannot say for what they are useful and for what they are harmful. If someone does not like this activity, then he does not like it only because it does not coincide with his limited understanding of what is good. Does it seem good to me to preserve my father’s house in Moscow in 12, or the glory of the Russian troops, or the prosperity of St. Petersburg and other universities, or the freedom of Poland, or the power of Russia, or the balance of Europe, or a certain kind of European enlightenment - progress, I must admit that the activity of every historical figure had, in addition to these goals, other, more general goals that were inaccessible to me.
But let us assume that so-called science has the ability to reconcile all contradictions and has an unchanging measure of good and bad for historical persons and events.
Let's assume that Alexander could have done everything differently. Let us assume that he could, according to the instructions of those who accuse him, those who profess knowledge of the ultimate goal of the movement of mankind, order according to the program of nationality, freedom, equality and progress (there seems to be no other) that his current accusers would have given him. Let us assume that this program was possible and drawn up and that Alexander would act according to it. What would then happen to the activities of all those people who opposed the then direction of the government - with activities that, according to historians, were good and useful? This activity would not exist; there would be no life; nothing would have happened.
If we assume that human life can be controlled by reason, then the possibility of life will be destroyed.
If we assume, as historians do, that great people lead humanity to achieve certain goals, which consist either in the greatness of Russia or France, or in the balance of Europe, or in spreading the ideas of revolution, or in general progress, or whatever it may be, it is impossible to explain the phenomena of history without the concepts of chance and genius.
If the goal of the European wars at the beginning of this century was the greatness of Russia, then this goal could be achieved without all the previous wars and without an invasion. If the goal is the greatness of France, then this goal could be achieved without revolution and without empire. If the goal is the dissemination of ideas, then printing would accomplish this much better than soldiers. If the goal is the progress of civilization, then it is very easy to assume that, besides the extermination of people and their wealth, there are other more expedient ways for the spread of civilization.
Why did it happen this way and not otherwise?
Because that's how it happened. “Chance made the situation; genius took advantage of it,” says history.
But what is a case? What is a genius?
The words chance and genius do not mean anything that really exists and therefore cannot be defined. These words only denote a certain degree of understanding of phenomena. I don't know why this phenomenon happens; I don't think I can know; That’s why I don’t want to know and say: chance. I see a force producing an action disproportionate to universal human properties; I don’t understand why this happens, and I say: genius.
For a herd of rams, the ram that is driven every evening by the shepherd into a special stall to feed and becomes twice as thick as the others must seem like a genius. And the fact that every evening this very same ram ends up not in a common sheepfold, but in a special stall for oats, and that this very same ram, doused in fat, is killed for meat, should seem like an amazing combination of genius with a whole series of extraordinary accidents .
But the rams just have to stop thinking that everything that is done to them happens only to achieve their ram goals; it is worth admitting that the events happening to them may also have goals that are incomprehensible to them, and they will immediately see unity, consistency in what happens to the fattened ram. Even if they do not know for what purpose he was fattened, then at least they will know that everything that happened to the ram did not happen by accident, and they will no longer need the concept of either chance or genius.
Only by renouncing the knowledge of a close, understandable goal and recognizing that the final goal is inaccessible to us, will we see consistency and purposefulness in the lives of historical persons; the reason for the action they produce, disproportionate to universal human properties, will be revealed to us, and we will not need the words chance and genius.
One has only to admit that the purpose of the unrest of the European peoples is unknown to us, and only the facts are known, consisting of murders, first in France, then in Italy, in Africa, in Prussia, in Austria, in Spain, in Russia, and that movements from the West to the east and from east to west constitute the essence and purpose of these events, and not only will we not need to see exclusivity and genius in the characters of Napoleon and Alexander, but it will be impossible to imagine these persons otherwise than as the same people as everyone else; and not only will it not be necessary to explain by chance those small events that made these people what they were, but it will be clear that all these small events were necessary.
Having detached ourselves from knowledge of the ultimate goal, we will clearly understand that just as it is impossible for any plant to come up with other colors and seeds that are more appropriate to it than those that it produces, in the same way it is impossible to come up with two other people, with all their past, which would correspond to such an extent, to such the smallest details, to the purpose that they were to fulfill.
The main, essential meaning of European events at the beginning of this century is the militant movement of the masses of European peoples from West to East and then from East to West. The first instigator of this movement was the movement from west to east. In order for the peoples of the West to be able to make the warlike movement to Moscow that they made, it was necessary: 1) for them to form into a warlike group of such a size that would be able to withstand a clash with the warlike group of the East; 2) so that they renounce all established traditions and habits and 3) so that, when making their militant movement, they have at their head a person who, both for himself and for them, could justify the deceptions, robberies and murders that were accompanied this movement.
And since the French Revolution, the old group, not great enough, is destroyed; old habits and traditions are destroyed; a group of new sizes, new habits and traditions are developed, step by step, and the person who must stand at the head of the future movement and bear all the responsibility of what is to come is being prepared.
According to official data, the current population of Chechnya is 1,413,446 people - slightly more than what it was a year ago (1,394,172 people, an increase of 19,274). For comparison, from 2014 to 2015 the increase was 32 thousand.
The reason is not a decrease in the birth rate or an increase in mortality in Chechnya. According to Rosstat, the republic is one of the third of regions of the Russian Federation (28 out of 85) that have fulfilled the plan to reduce mortality.
At the same time, the republic has the highest proportion of children in Russia - more than 34%. In the national fertility ranking compiled by the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation, Chechnya is in second place after Tuva. In addition, it leads the top ten in terms of natural population growth.
With such indicators, the rate of increase in the population of Chechnya should have been much higher. What is the reason for the decrease in growth?
As a rule, many more people leave Chechnya than arrive, and this trend continues.
From 2008 to 2015 alone, about 150 thousand Chechens left Chechnya, according to the Russian resource RBC. As a rule, many more people leave the republic (both to other constituent entities of the Russian Federation and abroad) than arrive, and this trend continues. As for emigrants, their number has increased sharply over the past two years, which clearly demonstrates situation on the Belarusian-Polish border, where for the second year now thousands of Chechens are trying every day to cross the border of the European Union. Most of those leaving are those who are fleeing from the authorities.
Since the beginning of the second Russian war in Chechnya, more than two hundred thousand Chechens have found a second homeland in other countries of the world. At the same time, the absolute majority of refugees (about 90%) settled in European countries.
Access to quality health care is often cited as one of the reasons for the exodus of the population from the republic. While Grozny authorities talk about “new hospitals” and “ultra-modern medical equipment” purchased all over the world, Chechen women often prefer to give birth in Stavropol or the Krasnodar Territory.
Raisa Satieva from Argun explained in an interview with Kavkaz.Realii that it is better to travel 300-500 km from Chechnya, but be sure of the correct diagnosis. According to her, among her family and friends there are those who have encountered medical errors, rudeness of medical personnel, and lack of medicines in hospitals. All this makes many people want to get treatment outside the republic.
The director of a private enterprise in the city of Shali, Mairbek K., in an interview with Kavkaz.Realii, also confirmed that at the first opportunity he himself travels and sends members of his family to the Stavropol Territory, in particular to Kislovodsk, where “the approach to the sick is much more better than in Chechnya."
The head of the Chechen Republic, Ramzan Kadyrov, called the non-systemic opposition “enemies of the people.” After the scandal caused by this statement, President Vladimir Putin thanked Kadyrov for his effective work. Kadyrov has led the Republic since 2007. RBC found out what Chechnya became under him
Festive procession on one of the central streets of Grozny, dedicated to the Constitution Day of the Chechen Republic (March 23, 2012) (Photo: RIA Novosti)
1. Subsidized
Over nine years, from 2007 to 2015, Chechnya received 539 billion rubles from the federal budget in the form of subsidies, subventions and subsidies. Their annual volume averaged 60 billion rubles, and according to this indicator, the republic is in the top three most subsidized regions (only Dagestan and Yakutia received more in 2013 and 2014).
For comparison: 680 billion rubles. was spent on large-scale construction in Vladivostok on the eve of the APEC summit in 2012, 160 billion rubles. by this time the state had allocated for construction.
The dependence of the republic's budget on assistance from the center is perhaps the most well-known fact about the Chechen economy: gratuitous transfers all this time accounted for an average of 87% of the region's income. According to the Ministry of Finance, in 2014, 81.6% of Chechnya’s budget came from the federal budget. Only Ingushetia had more - 85.6%. In terms of subsidies per capita, Chechnya, however, is in 8th place (41.5 thousand rubles) after the Chukotka and Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, Magadan Region, Altai, Yakutia, Tyva and Ingushetia.
Since 2007, the volume of aid to the republic has fallen only twice - in 2010 and 2013. In 2015, while aid in other regions decreased by an average of 3%, funding for Chechnya increased by 8%, to 61.3 billion rubles, notes Natalya Zubarevich, director of the regional program of the Independent Institute of Social Policy. At the same time, less than half of the subsidies received by the region are calculated transparently - according to a formula, she adds, the rest is an opaque manual distribution in which the government and relevant departments participate. The Ministry of Finance told RBC that they could not provide summary data on subsidies, and advised to look for this data on the website of the Federal Treasury. However, there was no data on Chechnya there.
2. Laboring woman, young, male
The population of Chechnya at the beginning of 2016 was 1.4 million people, slightly less than 1% of the Russian population. 65% live in rural areas - according to this indicator, Chechnya is surpassed only by Altai.
The republic has the highest natural growth in the country: over the past six years, an average of 21 people have been added per 1 thousand annually. In second place is Ingushetia (19 people per year). And in neighboring Dagestan (fourth place) - 13. In Moscow, for comparison - 1.2.
Lezginka, a traditional Caucasian male solo or couples dance, is very popular in the Chechen Republic. The head of Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov, performed it in public more than once, including at the infamous wedding of the head of the Nozhai-Yurtovsky District Department of Internal Affairs, Nazhud Guchigov, and the minor Luiza Goilabieva. (Photo: Reuters/Pixstream)
There are fewer divorces in Chechnya than anywhere else in Russia: there is less than one divorce per 1 thousand people. According to this indicator, Ingushetia, Dagestan and Chechnya share the last three places. In the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, divorces are already more common - 2.5 divorces per 1 thousand people. In the Stavropol Territory there are 4.3 divorces per 1 thousand people.
According to Rosstat (2014), Chechnya has the largest proportion of children (people under working age) in Russia - 34.7% of the population, the lowest proportion of old people - 9.2% and a high proportion of men in the population (per 1 thousand men in Chechnya there are only 1034 women, and the average in Russia is 1146 women; this is the fourth place from the bottom).
3. Unemployed, but earning money
In terms of unemployment rate as of January 1, 2016, Chechnya is in fourth place (16.7%, or 107.5 thousand unemployed). Ahead are Ingushetia (30.8%), Tuva (20.8%) and Karachay-Cherkessia (17.2%). At the end of 2014, Chechnya was in first place in Russia in terms of registered unemployment (15.7%, 99.5 thousand people). Then more than half (53.2%)unemployed were men of working age (33.2 years). However, Zubarevich doubts the veracity of these indicators and does not exclude that they may be so in order to maintain the volume of benefits or obtain some additional rent.
Low employment can also be judged by the number of people paying taxes in the republic. According to the Federal Tax Service in 2013 (the latest available statistics for the region), there were only 215,580 people, or 16% of the total number of living citizens. Even in the capital of Chechnya, Grozny, the ratio of workers to residents was only 39.3%, which is . And in most villages there are often only 2-10 workers per 100 residents.
According to the average salary level - 21,500 rubles. per month - Chechnya is in 65th place. In 2014, according to Rosstat, wages decreased by another 3% (the worst figure in Russia).
Paradoxically, the real monetary income of the population is growing: the average per capita income of residents of Chechnya, according to Rosstat, in 2014 was 19.8 thousand rubles, according to this indicator the republic ranks 66th among other regions. However, in terms of income growth in 2014 (10.5%), Chechnya took second place after Adygea. Income consists of salaries, social benefits, income from property, etc. and is calculated for each resident of the republic.
This is probably explained by the fact that the largest part of the income structure compared to the rest of Russia - 43.1% - is the mysterious “other income”, including “hidden” and remittances. “There are many people employed in the shadow sector in Chechnya, many residents go to work in other regions - to Moscow or to oil fields - and send money home,” explains Varvara Pakhomenko, an analyst at the International Crisis Group.
4. Easy to climb
Chechnya, according to Rostat statistics, is on the list of regions from which more people leave than come. In 2014, 2.25 thousand more people left the republic than arrived (a total of 12 thousand left Chechnya).
The unfavorable ratio between those who left and those who arrived jumped almost 4.5 times in the middle of Ramzan Kadyrov’s rule: from 757 people in 2010 to almost 3.5 thousand in 2011, and in 2013 it reached 4.7 thousand.
In terms of the number of people leaving, Chechnya is far from the leader in Russia. It is in 54th place, not counting Crimea and Sevastopol. For comparison: in Dagestan the difference between those who arrived and those who left is almost 14 thousand people (as of 2014). According to statistics, the overwhelming majority of those who left Chechnya went to other regions of the country, and only 89 people went abroad, for example in 2014. However, human rights activists are skeptical about these figures. According to the head of the Civic Assistance Committee, Svetlana Gannushkina, 20 thousand Russians left abroad in 2012, and 40 thousand in 2013. Most of them are Chechens, she claims. German authorities reported that in the first half of 2013, almost 10 thousand Russians asked for asylum, a year earlier there were 3.2 thousand, wrote Spiegel. Unofficially, German officials told the publication that the vast majority of Russian asylum seekers came from Chechnya.
5. Safe but restless
In recent years, Chechnya has been consistently recognized as one of the safest regions of Russia, if the state of crime is assessed based on official statistics.
According to the portal of legal statistics of the Prosecutor General's Office, which operates with figures for the last five years, the largest number of crimes was registered in 2010 - 4581. In the next four years, according to official data, crimes in Chechnya became less and less: in 2011 - 4254, in 2012 - 3919, in 2013 - 3636, in 2014 - 3500.
In 2015, Chechnya showed its best result - 3,103 registered crimes. These statistics allowed the republic to drop to 79th place in terms of crime rate, losing in 2015 to only six regions - the Jewish Autonomous Region (2788), Kalmykia (2759), Magadan Region (1350), Ingushetia (1305), Chukotka (629) and Nenets Autonomous Okrug (627).
Neighboring Dagestan lags far behind Chechnya in the ranking of the safest regions. In 2013, when the largest number of crimes was recorded in Dagestan over the past five years (14,003), the republic took 51st place in the ranking and is still not inferior to anyone.
Source: Rosstat
Despite favorable official statistics, Chechnya is one of the few regions of Russia where open attacks by militants on the capital are possible. militants from the Caucasus Emirate arrived in the center of Grozny in several cars, killing three policemen at the entrance who tried to stop the cars to check documents. They then occupied the Printing House in the center of Grozny and the nearby school No. 20. Because of the attack, a counter-terrorist operation regime was introduced in Grozny; for several hours, special forces tried to drive the militants out of the Press House and the school.
This is not the only incident involving militants in present-day Chechnya. As follows from the statistics provided to RBC by the Caucasian Knot portal (on the Caucasian Knot website these data are published in the section “North Caucasus - statistics of victims”), in 2014 alone, ten clashes, two explosions and one terrorist attack were recorded in Chechnya, as a result of which 52 people were killed and 65 were injured. In 2015, Caucasian Knot specialists counted three armed clashes between security forces and militants, two explosions and the same number of terrorist attacks, which resulted in 14 deaths and 16 injuries.
In terms of the level of terrorist danger, Chechnya, as follows from the data of the legal statistics portal, ranks second in Russia after Dagestan. In 2015, 315 terrorist crimes were registered in Chechnya, and 520 in Dagestan.
6. Paramilitary
Data on the number of security forces in Chechnya - military personnel from the Ministry of Defense, employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the FSB, the Investigative Committee and the Prosecutor General's Office - vary. As follows from open sources, media reports and human rights activists, the main group of security forces in Chechnya are fighters from several units of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs. Formally, they are subordinate to Moscow, in particular to the central apparatus of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, but, as, for example, the head of the “Committee for the Prevention of Torture” Igor Kalyapin says, they take instructions exclusively from Kadyrov and his entourage.
According to Novaya Gazeta, the backbone of Kadyrov’s security bloc consists of private security forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the republic. This unit is entrusted with some of the most critical areas of work - the protection of oil enterprises and the Kadyrovs’ ancestral village of Tsentoroy. Novaya notes that 2,400 soldiers serve in the “non-departmental regiment”. In second place in terms of the number of fighters is the special forces regiment under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Chechnya (1600-1800).
Other security forces in which security forces loyal to Kadyrov work are the “North” and “South” battalions of the 46th division of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. According to Novaya, about 2,000 soldiers serve in these units. In addition, in Chechnya there are two separate regiments of patrol service (1200-1500 soldiers each) and a commandant's security company (500-1000 soldiers). There are also riot police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Chechnya: according to Novaya, which is confirmed by Kalyapin, there are no more than 350 fighters. In total, the “army” of Chechen security forces can range from 10 thousand to 12 thousand people, says the human rights activist. The Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Investigative Committee and the Ministry of Defense were unable to respond to RBC’s requests for information about the number of their employees.
7. Socially unprotected
Chechnya is in penultimate place in the country in terms of the number of hospital beds (after Ingushetia). According to Rosstat, there are 157.8 people per bed in the republic. The largest number of new hospital beds appeared in 2011 - 2596. Then their number began to decline: from 10 thousand in 2012 and 2013 to 8.7 thousand in 2014. In 2014, no new hospital beds appeared at all. Chechnya, however, is not alone here: there are 46 other such regions in Russia.
The republic ranks last in the number of doctors and nursing staff - 13.3 thousand. There are 140.7 people per medical staff member. (also the worst indicator in Russia).
According to Rosstat statistics, Chechnya has the largest queue for kindergartens among Russian regions: 146 children per 100 places (in Ingushetia, the closest in terms of this indicator, 129 children). Only 29.6% of children under the age of seven go to preschool educational institutions.
The number of schools, according to statistics, has not changed much since 2005: in 2005 there were 460, in the 2014/15 academic year - 480. On average, 21 children study in one class in a Chechen school. For comparison: the most filled classes are in St. Petersburg and Moscow (25-26 children), and the least filled classes are in the Oryol region (13 children). Nevertheless, there are clearly not enough schools in the republic: 41.8% of students continue to attend school in the second and third shifts; among Russian regions, this figure is the worst in Chechnya. At the same time, 18.4 thousand teachers work in Chechnya. This is 19th place among regions, with Moscow in first.
Chechnya is the leader in the number of minors in Russia, which explains the large number of teachers compared to many regions, says Igor Remorenko, rector of the Moscow City Pedagogical University.
The number of students in Chechnya has grown by almost 9.7 thousand over ten years. However, only 19.4% of the residents employed in the republic’s economy have a higher education. This is the smallest percentage in Russia (the largest is in Moscow and North Ossetia: 48.2 and 42.2%). Most of the working population of Chechnya graduated from 11 grades of school - 50.7%.
8. Fast
During Ramzan Kadyrov’s tenure at the head of Chechnya, the number of premium cars in the republic was constantly growing, mainly the most expensive segment of German and Japanese brands - Mercedes, BMW, Audi, Lexus.
A year after Kadyrov began leading the republican government, in 2007, 40 premium cars were registered in Chechnya (according to the Autostat company).
Finance Minister Anton Siluanov stated that Chechnya is the leader in Russia in the number of official cars for officials. Ramzan Kadyrov vehemently denied this: “... we have not written off the old equipment for many years, we continue to use it to this day” (quote from RIA Novosti). In Kadyrov’s own garage, according to Gazeta.Ru, there is a Mercedes-Benz S 600 Pullman Guard, and his guards travel in luxury SUVs Porsche Cayenne or Mercedes Gelandewagen In the photo: Bikers drive in a column along Akhmat Kadyrov Avenue during the 10th anniversary celebration adoption of the Constitution of the Chechen Republic (Photo: RIA Novosti)
In 2008, when a crisis hit the country, the number of expensive cars in the republic increased more than fourfold - 173 cars. In 2011, 201 expensive cars were already registered, but the peak came in 2013, when 343 premium cars were registered in Chechnya.
Mercedes immediately became the most popular brand in Chechnya. So, in 2007, out of 40 registered premium cars, 15 were Mercedes; in 2008, 72 German cars were registered, in 2009 - 73, in 2010 - 103, in 2011 - 126, in 2012 - m - 84, in 2013 - 170, in 2014 - 266, in 2015 - 208.
Lexus is in second place in popularity among Chechens, but in terms of sales, cars from the Japanese manufacturer lag significantly behind the demand for Mercedes in Chechnya. In 2007, 12 Lexus were registered in the republic, and in 2008 - already 52. Then purchases decreased slightly - to 17-45 cars per year (see infographics).
The top three in popularity is closed by the German BMW.
The financial well-being of the Chechens is on par with the financial well-being of neighboring Dagestan. As follows from Autostat statistics, Dagestan, in terms of consumer preferences in the premium segment of cars, is identical to Chechnya, but not completely. In Dagestan, Lexus is more popular than Mercedes. In 2015, 113 Mercedes and 133 Lexus cars were registered in the republic.
In the neighboring Stavropol Territory, which has one and a half times more inhabitants, the demand for premium cars is several times higher than in Chechnya and Dagestan. According to Avtostat statistics, the peak of sales of expensive cars in the region occurred in 2014: then 2,581 premium cars were registered.
9. Believer
There are 931 mosques in the region, according to data from the Spiritual Administration of Muslims in Chechnya: 314 cathedral mosques, where Friday prayers are performed, and 617 quarter mosques (mosques for daily prayer). In 2014, 31 mosques were built, in 2015 - 43.
For comparison: in Tatarstan there are 1,485 mosques (increased by 50 mosques since 2014), in Dagestan - 1,580 (by 80 mosques), in Ingushetia - 217 (by 27), according to the Council of Muftis of Russia.
According to RBC calculations, Chechnya has the largest number of mosques per person in Russia: about 1,490 residents per mosque. In Dagestan - 1908, in Ingushetia - 2181, in Tatarstan - 2610. According to a report by Delloite and the Kuwaiti company Noor Telecommunications Company, there are 500 Muslims per mosque in the world (2014 data). In Turkey - 931 people, in Iran - 1080, in Saudi Arabia - 111. Indonesia has the most mosques - 818.6 thousand, and there are 309 residents per mosque.
In December, construction began in Shali of a mosque named after the head of the republic with a capacity of 10 thousand people (the same as the “Heart of Chechnya” in Grozny named after the former President of Chechnya Akhmat-Khadzhi Kadyrov, father of Ramzan Kadyrov). The project was developed by Uzbek architects. Construction of the facility is planned to be completed within three years. Photo: construction of the Ramzan Kadyrov mosque in the city of Shali (December 24, 2015) (Photo: RIA Novosti)
Orthodox churches in Chechnya are managed by the Makhachkala diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church (territories of Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechnya). Seven Orthodox parishes are registered on the website of the Ministry of Justice in Chechnya, five of which opened only in 2014. In Ingushetia - three, in Dagestan - 15.
10. Not Russian
According to the last two population censuses (2002 and 2010), the number of Russians in Chechnya has almost halved. In 2002, there were 1.1 million Chechens and 40.6 thousand Russians in the republic. In 2010, there were already 1.2 million Chechens and 24.3 thousand Russians. According to the 2010 census, Chechnya is the republic with the most pronounced titular nationality in terms of numbers. Chechens (excluding Akins) made up 95.1% of the population there. In Ingushetia, representatives of the titular nation were 94.1% (Russians in the republic - 0.78%, and Chechens - 4.55%), in the Republic of Tyva Tuvinians - 82%. The statistics do not take into account citizens who did not indicate their nationality.
According to the 2010 census, 234.1 thousand Chechens lived in other regions of Russia, except Chechnya - more than 16.2% of representatives of this nationality, not counting the Akin Chechens. Of these, in Dagestan - 93.6 thousand, in Ingushetia - 18.7 thousand, in Moscow - 14.5 thousand, in the Stavropol Territory - almost 12 thousand, in the Tyumen region - almost 11.5 thousand.
For comparison: 60.62 thousand Ingush live outside the republic (12.8% of all Ingush). 7.2% of Avars (the largest nationality in Dagestan) live outside the republic.
11. Under construction
Chechnya has a high rate of housing commissioning, and this figure increased sharply only in 2014: from 366 to 1,140 private houses and almost from 2.9 thousand to 11 thousand apartments (Chechnya took 23rd place in this indicator). And the price of completed construction work increased from 3.4 billion rubles. in 2005 to 25.4 billion rubles. in 2014. According to Rosstat, the average price per 1 sq. m in 2014 in Chechnya - 42.4 thousand rubles. for primary housing and 38.6 thousand for secondary housing. Among new housing, these are the highest prices in the North Caucasus District. Resale is more expensive only in Karachay-Cherkessia - 40.5 thousand per 1 sq. m. m. According to an employee of one of the Grozny real estate agencies, in the center of the Chechen capital housing costs from 40-50 thousand rubles. for 1 sq. m.
How the center of the capital of Chechnya has changed
However, in Chechnya, residents mostly build private houses. The share of private houses in the total construction volume is the highest in the country - 95.5%. It dropped to 60.3% only in 2010.
12. Non-profit
The most famous non-profit organization in Chechnya is the Regional Public Foundation named after. Hero of Russia Akhmat Kadyrov, founded in 2004. The fund's assets have been consistently growing throughout the years of Kadyrov Jr.'s reign. In 2011 they amounted to 939.4 million rubles, in 2014 - 1.6 billion rubles. (according to SPARK). For comparison: the assets of the Russian Wildlife Fund (WWF) in 2013 amounted to 370.1 million rubles, the Podari Zhizn fund - 943.4 million rubles. in 2014, the charitable foundation of billionaire Vladimir Potanin - 93 million.
The founders of the Kadyrov Foundation are six individuals. These are Ramzan Kadyrov himself, the head of the republican State Traffic Safety Inspectorate Shamkhan Denilkhanov, the head of the service for supporting the activities of justices of the peace of the republic Khalid Vaikhanov, the deputy general director for security of Grozneftegaz OJSC Abusupyan Daaev and the head of the Chechen Ministry of Emergency Situations Ruslan Yakhyaev. Aimani Kadyrova, the mother of the head of Chechnya, is the president of the foundation and one of the founders.
The current head of Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov, and his father, former president of the republic Akhmad Kadyrov, took part in military operations against federal troops during the first Chechen campaign. Both switched sides to the federal government in 1999. After the death of his father on May 9, 2004, during an explosion at the Dynamo stadium in Grozny, Ramzan Kadyrov was first appointed first deputy prime minister of the republic, then became prime minister, and three years after his 30th birthday, he took his father’s place. Photo: Chechen President Akhmat Kadyrov and the head of the security of the President of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov (April 24, 2002) (Photo: PhotoXPress)
According to messages on the foundation’s website, it is building schools, hospitals and houses in the republic “on instructions from the President of the Chechen Republic.” He also sponsors martial arts tournaments taking place in Chechnya. A representative of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia told RBC that all new mosques are being built in Chechnya with the organization’s money. In total, the foundation built 190 mosques in the republic, and also built mosques in Crimea, Yaroslavl, Turkey, Israel, and even helped flood victims in the Far East. Construction costs are unknown.
Varvara Pakhomenko calls the Kadyrov Foundation a “completely opaque structure”: its detailed financial report is not publicly available, and its donors are unknown. According to the Kommersant newspaper, funds were transferred to the fund by famous entrepreneurs, Chechens by origin, Ruslan Baysarov and Umar Dzhabrailov. In addition, Kommersant writes, employees of budgetary organizations transfer 10% of their income to it. According to the publication’s interlocutors, this happens in a voluntary-compulsory form, although donations are formalized.
According to the Company magazine, the fund was the main investor in three of the seven buildings of the Grozny City complex - a 30-story business center, a five-star hotel with 303 rooms and a residential complex with 115 apartments. With money from the foundation, in 2009, the Center for Islamic Medicine was built in Grozny (the foundation is also its founder), where they “remove damage, the evil eye, treat eczema and psoriasis, set dislocations” and “the basis is not medical instruments and drugs, but the word of Allah “, it is said on the website of the central mosque of the republic “Heart of Chechnya”.
In addition, the organization is the sole founder of several companies that win government contracts. For example, the company of the Megastroyinvest fund, according to the SPARK-Marketing database, has won state tenders worth almost 4.8 billion rubles since 2012. Megastroyinvest, with money from the state and the republic, carried out major renovations of residential buildings, built schools, hospitals, the building of the Vainakh state ensemble, the Groznensky industrial park, a cement plant, etc. In addition to Megastroyinvest, the fund established the Iceberg refrigeration plant, the Chechen Mineral Waters plant, the Colosseum and Bolu Travel companies. Until recently, the fund was the founder of Leader Auto, the official dealer of AvtoVAZ in Chechnya, and the Grozny Avia airline. Megastroyinvest and the Kadyrov Foundation did not respond to RBC’s request at the time of publication.
“This is an almost unique case when a large regional fund is associated with the current leader of the region,” says political scientist Alexander Kynev. As a rule, foundations are organized by former heads of constituent entities, and such organizations are engaged in “all kinds of cultural, historical, social projects.” The only exception is the Bashkir Charitable Foundation “Ural”. The current chairman of its council is the former president of the republic, Murtaza Rakhimov. In particular, funds from the sale of Bashneft in 2005 were allocated to the fund. The fund's assets, according to SPARK, in 2014 amounted to 53 billion rubles.
13. Not businesslike
By the end of 2014, according to Rosstat, 9.7 thousand enterprises were registered in Chechnya. True, there is no data on which of them are working and which are simply created and do not conduct economic activities. In other regions of the North Caucasus Federal District there are much more business entities: in Dagestan, for example, there are 34.1 thousand organizations, in the Stavropol Territory there are 56.8 thousand.
Of the 9.7 thousand Chechen companies, financial results are known for only 1,200 companies, and only 15 of them had revenues for 2014 exceeding 1 billion rubles and profits exceeding 1 million rubles. per year - only from 125 Chechen companies.
The largest enterprise in terms of revenue is Gazprom Mezhregiongaz Grozny CJSC, a subsidiary of the capital's Regiongasholding (the granddaughter of Gazprom), which supplies gas to all residents and enterprises of Chechnya. In 2014, the company earned 4.3 billion rubles. The net loss, however, is about 6.9 billion. For comparison: the revenue of Gazprom Mezhregiongaz Stavropol in the same year was about 35 billion rubles, Gazprom Mezhregiongaz Pyatigorsk was 25 billion. In second and third place in terms of revenue is Nurenergo "(4.2 billion rubles) and Grozneftegaz (4 billion rubles), owned by the Russian government.
Four companies from the top 10 are engaged in construction - these are Inkom-alliance, Hi-Tech Project, Chechen-plast and Art. Revenue varies from RUB 3.7 billion. up to 1.3 billion rubles, and two of them have incomes that almost completely coincide with the volume of government contracts. Another company, Pharmsnab, is engaged in the trade of medicines, vehicles, etc. Its revenue (1.5 billion rubles) also practically coincides with the volume of government orders being fulfilled. The remaining two are Trans Metal (trade, metal processing, cargo transportation, revenue - 1.5 billion rubles) and Kuntsevo Auto Trading (dealer of 14 automobile brands, actually operates in Moscow, revenue 1.5 billion rubles) .
Among the companies that showed a profit (44.6 million rubles) is the oil producing company Chechenneftekhimprom, which was previously controlled by Rosneft, and at the end of 2015 was transferred to the ownership of Chechnya by the decision of President Vladimir Putin.
The total revenue of the ten largest companies in Chechnya is 27 billion rubles. This is almost three times less than, for example, the revenue of the cosmetic retailer L’Etoile (62 billion rubles in 2014), and less than the revenue of Yandex, which in 2014 amounted to 50.8 billion rubles.
According to the Central Bank at the end of 2015, Chechnya does not have its own banks (with a parent organization in the republic), but there are branches of four federal ones (Sberbank, Rosselkhozbank, Svyaz-Bank and Anelik Bank).
In terms of the volume of loans issued to individuals (RUB 16 billion) and the share of overdue loans (5%), Chechnya is almost at the very bottom of the list. For comparison: in the Stavropol Territory, residents took out loans in the amount of 151.5 billion rubles, the overdue rate was 10.1%. This is due in no small part to cultural and religious taboos prohibiting usury.
Chechnya ranks last in Russia in terms of the number of organizations with the participation of foreign capital: there are only two of them in the republic, and one of them is registered in Cyprus, an offshore jurisdiction popular among Russians.
The result is obvious: although the gross regional product of Chechnya per capita has been growing in recent years by 13-15% per year, in 2013 (the most current statistics at the moment) it was the lowest in Russia (88.5 thousand rubles. ). In 2011, Ingushetia was in the lead by a slight margin (63.6 thousand rubles per capita), and Chechnya was in second place (67.2 thousand rubles).
The largest share in the GRP structure is occupied by public administration, military security and social security - this means that most of the money in the economy is earned in the public sector, explains Karen Vartapetov, a credit analyst at Standard & Poor's. In terms of GRP dependence on the public sector, Chechnya is in third place. place after Ingushetia and Tyva. In second place in the GRP structure is wholesale and retail trade, repair of vehicles, motorcycles, household products and personal items (18.4%), and in third place is education (11.9%).
14. Not attractive for investment
In the RAEX rating of the Expert RA agency in 2015, Chechnya is included in a disadvantaged group of regions with insignificant investment potential and high risks. Only Ingushetia and Tyva have worse investment potential than Chechnya: both republics, in addition to insignificant potential, promise investors extreme risk.
Chechnya was also part of this group and left only in 2014. This happened due to the trend towards a decrease in terrorist activity - the main risk for the republic, Anna Stolbova, deputy head of the regional research department of Expert RA, explained to RBC. “However, since the second half of 2014, we have again seen an increase in terrorist activity,” she adds. “In addition, the potential decline in investment from the state is becoming increasingly clear, which, against the backdrop of existing financial difficulties in the region, puts pressure on the position in the ranking.”
Indeed, Chechnya cannot boast of serious investments in the region. A number of large projects have been announced in the republic, but so far there is no data on their successful implementation. For example, in 2014, the Ministry of Industry of Chechnya, together with the Derways company (Karachay-Cherkessia) and the Moscow Industrial Bank (MIB), announced the construction of the Yugavto plant in Argun. According to the plans, the plant for the production of light-duty trucks was supposed to start operating in 2015, but, as RBC clarified at the IIB, only pre-design work is currently being carried out, although the bank really intends to invest in this project, but it was not possible to get an answer to the question about the amount of investment.
Also, the Ministry of Industry of Chechnya announced in 2010 that they were planning to start producing phones together with the South Korean company Pine-7. However, nothing is known about the fate of this project. There is no information about the construction of a cascade of hydroelectric power stations worth 86 billion rubles. (the investor should be the Slovenian company Rico Group), nor about a shoe factory with the participation of the Slovenian company Alpina. Rico Group and Alpina did not respond to RBC's request within a week.
However, some investors are ready for high risks. Among the projects that have been completed in the republic are the Kokadoyskaya small hydroelectric power station on the Argun River, a mineral water bottling plant in the Sunzhensky district and a new brick factory in Grozny. True, the hydroelectric power station was built with budget money, the plant with money from the Kadyrov Foundation (it owns 100% of the enterprise), and the investors of the brick factory are unknown (according to SPARK, it belongs to Shamkhan Aslakhadzhiev).
15. iPhone lover
In terms of retail trade turnover per capita, Chechnya, according to Rosstat, ranks 80th in Russia. Despite this, the first federal food retailer Lenta will enter the local market in February. Currently, several federal networks are already operating in Chechnya, including Euroset, Uyuterra, Sportmaster and Eldorado.
According to the company, the average bill in Chechnya in December amounted to 4.9 thousand rubles, which is significantly higher than the average for the Southern Federal District (SFD) and Moscow (this is partly due to the fact that the share of financial services in the sales structure is smaller - money transfers, account replenishment, etc., than in the rest of Russia).
At Eldorado (two stores in Chechnya), the average check and traffic are also higher than in the Southern Federal District and Moscow, assures Karen Matevosyan, development director of the Eldorado chain. “These are some of the best stores in the country,” he says. “The most popular are televisions and digital equipment, especially Apple brand products.” The picture is similar with the average bill in Uyuterra: in Chechnya it is 15% more than in Russia (1 thousand rubles) and in the KupiVip online store. “The Chechen Republic is among the top 5 regions in terms of average bill - it is almost 1 thousand rubles. higher than in Moscow, and 2 thousand higher than the average bill in Russia,” says company representative Nadezhda Gurskaya. — This may be due, among other things, to a large number of purchases of luxury items.
16. Sports
Ramzan Kadyrov has two favorite sports clubs - the football club Terek and the fighting club Akhmat. The Terek football club is one of Kadyrov’s longest and most expensive projects, who tries not to miss a single important match of the team, and sometimes that opponents and judges begin to get nervous.
The budget of Terek, whose president is Kadyrov’s closest associate Magomed Daudov (Speaker of the Chechen Parliament), is not disclosed, but the media has repeatedly reported information about $50-70 million a year. According to this indicator, Terek is among the top 10 richest football clubs in Russia, behind Zenit, Lokomotiv, Spartak, CSKA and Rubin.
Terek's sponsors, as follows from the information on the club's website, are the Foundation named after. Akhmat Kadyrov, SAT & Company holding, uniting metallurgical and mining enterprises of Kazakhstan. Over the years, highly paid football players and coaches worked at Terek. In 2009, for example, Argentine forward Hector Bracamonte moved to Terek, whose salary in Grozny, according to media reports, reached $1.5 million a year. In 2011, Terek was headed by the famous former Dutch football player and coach Ruud Gullit. His contract, as the media wrote, could be from €4 million.
The Akhmat fight club is a relatively new hobby of the head of Chechnya. Located on the territory of the largest sports complex in the region - the Coliseum sports hall. The total area of the facility is 8000 sq. m, the one-time capacity of spectators is up to 5 thousand people. The construction was financed by the same Foundation. Akhmat Kadyrov. The club itself also bears his name.
The club announced the conclusion of contracts with promising fighters Abdul-Kerim Edilov, Ruslan Magomedov, famous kickboxer Roman Kryklya and others. The cost of one contract for any of the named athletes, as one of the promotion companies told RBC, can vary from $2 thousand to $10 thousand. per month: fighter’s salary, medical care, training and camps. Judging by the club's official reports, athletes also regularly travel to international training camps. Visa support, insurance and expenses for the stay of one athlete, for example, at a training camp in Poland, where Akhmat fighter Zelimkhan Umiev recently went, will cost an additional $5 thousand.
Another expense for the Chechen government, in addition to spending on Akhmat, is the organization of competitions. According to RBC’s interlocutor in one of the large promotion companies, holding one event like the recent “Terrible Battle” in Chechnya costs about 15 million rubles. There were 14 “Terrible Battles” in total. Based on this, we can assume that the budget of all MMA tournaments in Chechnya can reach 200 million rubles. The estimate includes props, lighting, entertainment, prize money and advertising. Part of the costs can be recouped through ticket sales, a source in an agency specializing in sports advertising tells RBC.
17. Popular
The head of the Chechen Republic is one of the most popular bloggers, if this name can be applied to a representative of government. Your most popular account - on Instagram— Kadyrov started broadcasting only three years ago (from February 2013) and almost immediately became one of the leaders in the number of subscribers among Russian politicians. Now he has about 1.65 million readers and viewers: in addition to personal and official photographs, the head of Chechnya regularly posts videos of his training, games with children, meetings with residents of the republic, etc., and his meetings with subordinates “without ties” in sportswear a set table has long been a hallmark of the working days of Chechen officials. Ahead of Kadyrov in popularity is perhaps Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, whose Instagram has more than 2 million subscribers.
