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Do you know how computers actually developed before they acquired the form we are familiar with? It was quite a long story with numerous discoveries, each of which gradually moved humanity towards the digital age.


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2700 BC Abacus. Although the exact location and date of the creation of the abacus remains in question, it is likely that the abacus was invented by the Sumerians (a people of southern Mesopotamia) about 5,000 years ago. With the help of special knuckles, they made it possible to perform quick and quite complex calculations, so the abacus can be called the first computer.


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Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662) The machine went down in the history of the development of computing technology under the name "Pascalina". While working on the device, Pascal made more than 50 different models of his machine, in which he experimented not only with materials, but also with the shape of machine parts. The first working machine was manufactured already in 1842, but its final version appeared only in 1654.


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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 - 1716) The German philosopher, mathematician and physicist Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1670 gave the first description of his arithmetic tool, which allows adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, extracting square roots, using the binary number system. The final version was completed in 1710. It was a more advanced device that used a moving part (a prototype of a carriage) and a handle with which the operator rotated the wheel.


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Charles Babbage (1792 - 1871) In 1822, a prototype Difference Engine was built, capable of calculating and printing large mathematical tables


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The development of computer technology, following the generally accepted classification, can be divided into the following stages: Manual - from the 5th millennium. Mechanical - from the middle of the 17th century. Electromechanical - since the 90s of the 19th century Electronic - since the 40s of the 20th century.


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1801: Jacquard loom. Designed by Joseph Marie Jacquard, it was the first machine to use punched cards to control a series of sequences. The machine used a punched card to change the pattern of the fabric being produced. It was a kind of binary code: according to the principle “there is a hole - there is no hole.” The Jacquard loom was a key step in the development of computer programming.


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At the end of the 19th century, Herman Hollerith in America invented counting and punching machines. They used punched cards for storage. Each such machine could execute only one specific program, manipulating punched cards and numbers punched on them. Counting and punching machines performed perforation, sorting, summing, and printing numerical tables. These machines were able to solve many typical problems of statistical processing, accounting and others.


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The first computer - a universal machine using vacuum tubes - was built in the USA in 1945. This machine was called ENIAC (stands for: Electronic Digital Integrator and Calculator). The designers of ENIAC were J. Mauchly and J. Eckert. The counting speed of this machine exceeded the speed of relay machines of that time by a thousand times.


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In our country, the first computer was created in 1951. It was called MESM - small electronic calculating machine. The designer of the MESM was Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev. Under the leadership of S.A. Lebedev in the 50s, serial tube computers BESM-1 (large electronic calculating machine), BESM-2, M-20 were built. At that time, these cars were among the best in the world.


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The second generation computers were made up of transistors; they took up less space, consumed less electricity and were more reliable. The highest achievement of domestic computer technology created by the team of S.A. Lebedev was responsible for the development in 1966 of the BESM-6 semiconductor computer with a productivity of 1 million operations per second.


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The third generation computer is responsible for the creation of an integrated circuit (IC) in the form of a single crystal, in a miniature case of which transistors, diodes, capacitors, and resistors were concentrated. The creation of processors was carried out on the basis of planar diffusion technology.


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The improvement of integrated circuits led to the emergence of microprocessors implemented in a single chip, including random access memory (LSI - large integrated circuits), which marked the transition to the fourth generation of computers. They have become smaller, more reliable and cheaper. The creation of fourth-generation computers led to the rapid development of mini- and especially micro-computers - personal computers (1968), which allowed the mass user to obtain a means to enhance their intellectual capabilities.


First devices. We can only speculate about when humanity learned to count. But we can say with confidence that for simple counting our ancestors used their fingers, a method that we still successfully use today. What to do if you want to remember the results of calculations or count something that is more than your fingers. In this case, you can make notches on wood or bone. Most likely, this is what the first people did, as evidenced by archaeological excavations. Perhaps the oldest of these tools found is a bone with notches found in the ancient settlement of Dolní Vestonici in the south-east of the Czech Republic in Moravia. This item, called the “Westonica bone,” was allegedly used 30 thousand years BC. e. Despite the fact that at the dawn of human civilizations, quite complex calculus systems had already been invented, the use of serifs for counting continued for quite a long time. So, for example, 2 thousand years BC. On the knees of the statue of the Sumerian king Gudea, a ruler was carved, divided into sixteen equal parts. One of these parts was in turn divided into two, the second into three, the third into four, the fourth into five, and the fifth into six equal parts. Moreover, in the fifth part the length of each division was 1 mm. We can only speculate about when humanity learned to count. But we can say with confidence that for simple counting our ancestors used their fingers, a method that we still successfully use today. What to do if you want to remember the results of calculations or count something that is more than your fingers. In this case, you can make notches on wood or bone. Most likely, this is what the first people did, as evidenced by archaeological excavations. Perhaps the oldest of these tools found is a bone with notches found in the ancient settlement of Dolní Vestonici in the south-east of the Czech Republic in Moravia. This item, called the “Westonica bone,” was allegedly used 30 thousand years BC. e. Despite the fact that at the dawn of human civilizations, quite complex calculus systems had already been invented, the use of serifs for counting continued for quite a long time. So, for example, 2 thousand years BC. On the knees of the statue of the Sumerian king Gudea, a ruler was carved, divided into sixteen equal parts. One of these parts was in turn divided into two, the second into three, the third into four, the fourth into five, and the fifth into six equal parts. Moreover, in the fifth part the length of each division was 1 mm.


This period marked the beginning of the commercial use of electronic computers for data processing. The computers of that time used vacuum tubes and external memory on a magnetic drum. They were entangled in wires and had an access time of 1x10-3 s. Production systems and compilers have not yet appeared. At the end of this period, memory devices with magnetic cores began to be produced. The reliability of computers of this generation was extremely low. This period marked the beginning of the commercial use of electronic computers for data processing. The computers of that time used vacuum tubes and external memory on a magnetic drum. They were entangled in wires and had an access time of 1x10-3 s. Production systems and compilers have not yet appeared. At the end of this period, memory devices with magnetic cores began to be produced. The reliability of computers of this generation was extremely low.


Second generation of computers (years) The elemental base of machines of this generation were semiconductor devices. The machines were intended to solve various labor-intensive scientific and technical problems, as well as to control technological processes in production. The appearance of semiconductor elements in electronic circuits significantly increased the capacity of RAM, the reliability and speed of computers. Dimensions, weight and power consumption have decreased. With the advent of second-generation machines, the scope of use of electronic computer technology has expanded significantly, mainly due to the development of software. Specialized machines also appeared, for example, computers for solving economic problems, for managing production processes, information transmission systems, etc. The elemental base of machines of this generation were semiconductor devices. The machines were intended to solve various labor-intensive scientific and technical problems, as well as to control technological processes in production. The appearance of semiconductor elements in electronic circuits significantly increased the capacity of RAM, the reliability and speed of computers. Dimensions, weight and power consumption have decreased. With the advent of second-generation machines, the scope of use of electronic computer technology has expanded significantly, mainly due to the development of software. Specialized machines also appeared, for example, computers for solving economic problems, for managing production processes, information transmission systems, etc.


This period is characterized by the widespread use of transistors and advanced memory circuits on cores. Much attention began to be paid to the creation of system software, compilers and input-output tools. At the end of this period, universal and quite efficient compilers for Cobol, Fortran and other languages ​​appeared. This period is characterized by the widespread use of transistors and advanced memory circuits on cores. Much attention began to be paid to the creation of system software, compilers and input-output tools. At the end of this period, universal and quite efficient compilers for Cobol, Fortran and other languages ​​appeared. An access time of 1x10-6 s had already been achieved, although most of the elements of the computer were still connected by wires. An access time of 1x10-6 s had already been achieved, although most of the elements of the computer were still connected by wires. Computers of this period were successfully used in areas related to processing sets of data and solving problems that usually required routine operations in factories, institutions and banks. These computers worked on the principle of batch data processing. Essentially, this replicated manual data processing methods. The new possibilities provided by computers were practically not used. Computers of this period were successfully used in areas related to processing sets of data and solving problems that usually required routine operations in factories, institutions and banks. These computers worked on the principle of batch data processing. Essentially, this replicated manual data processing methods. The new possibilities provided by computers were practically not used. It was during this period that the profession of computer scientist arose, and many universities began to provide educational opportunities in this field. It was during this period that the profession of computer scientist arose, and many universities began to provide educational opportunities in this field.


Third generation of computers (years) Third generation of computers (years) The machines of the third generation included "Dnepr-2", computers of the Unified System (ES-1010, ES-1020, ES-1030, ES-1040, ES-1050, ES -1060 and several of their intermediate modifications - EC-1021, etc.), MIR-2, "Nairi-2" and a number of others. The third generation machines included "Dnepr-2", Unified System computers (ES-1010, ES-1020, ES-1030, ES-1040, ES-1050, ES-1060 and several of their intermediate modifications - ES-1021, etc. ), MIR-2, "Nairi-2" and a number of others. This period is associated with the rapid development of real-time computers. A tendency has emerged according to which, in control tasks, along with large computers, there is also a place for the use of small machines. Thus, it turned out that the minicomputer copes exceptionally well with the functions of controlling complex industrial installations, where a large computer often fails. Complex control systems are divided into subsystems, each of which uses its own minicomputer. A large real-time computer is assigned planning (monitoring) tasks in a hierarchical system in order to coordinate the control of subsystems and process central data about the object. This period is associated with the rapid development of real-time computers. A tendency has emerged according to which, in control tasks, along with large computers, there is also a place for the use of small machines. Thus, it turned out that the minicomputer copes exceptionally well with the functions of controlling complex industrial installations, where a large computer often fails. Complex control systems are divided into subsystems, each of which uses its own minicomputer. A large real-time computer is assigned planning (monitoring) tasks in a hierarchical system in order to coordinate the control of subsystems and process central data about the object.


Fourth generation of computers (years) Software for small computers was initially quite elementary, but by 1968 the first commercial real-time operating systems and high-level programming languages ​​and cross-systems specially developed for them had appeared. All this ensured the availability of small machines for a wide range of applications. Today it is hardly possible to find an industry in which these machines are not successfully used in one form or another. Their functions in production are very diverse; Thus, you can specify simple data acquisition systems, automated test benches, and process control systems. It should be emphasized that the control computer is now increasingly intruding into the field of commercial data processing, where it is used to solve commercial problems. Software for small computers was initially quite elementary, but by 1968 the first commercial real-time operating systems and high-level programming languages ​​and cross-systems specially developed for them had appeared. All this ensured the availability of small machines for a wide range of applications. Today it is hardly possible to find an industry in which these machines are not successfully used in one form or another. Their functions in production are very diverse; Thus, you can specify simple data acquisition systems, automated test benches, and process control systems. It should be emphasized that the control computer is now increasingly intruding into the field of commercial data processing, where it is used to solve commercial problems.


Fifth generation of computers In parallel with the hardware improvements of modern computers, technological developments are also being developed to increase the number of instructions. The first development in this area was MMX (MultiMedia eXtension) technology, which can turn a “simple” Pentium PC into a powerful multimedia system. In parallel with the hardware improvements of modern computers, technological developments are also being developed to increase the number of instructions. The first development in this area was MMX (MultiMedia eXtension) technology, which can turn a “simple” Pentium PC into a powerful multimedia system. By creating MMX technology, Intel sought to solve two problems: first, to use unused capabilities, and second, to increase CPU performance when running typical multimedia programs. For this purpose, additional instructions (57 in total) and additional data types were added to the processor instruction system, and the registers of the floating-point unit perform the functions of working registers. By creating MMX technology, Intel sought to solve two problems: first, to use unused capabilities, and second, to increase CPU performance when running typical multimedia programs. For this purpose, additional instructions (57 in total) and additional data types were added to the processor instruction system, and the registers of the floating-point unit perform the functions of working registers.



Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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History of the creation of the computer Performed by Bogush Olga Mikhailovna Nikolskaya OOSH I-IIIst

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Do you know how computers actually developed before they acquired the form we are familiar with? It was quite a long story with numerous discoveries, each of which gradually moved humanity towards the digital age.

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2700 BC Abacus. Although the exact location and date of the creation of the abacus remains in question, it is likely that the abacus was invented by the Sumerians (a people of southern Mesopotamia) about 5,000 years ago. With the help of special knuckles, they made it possible to perform quick and quite complex calculations, so the abacus can be called the first computer.

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Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519) The first attempts to create computer technology. Confirmation was found in the artist's manuscripts.

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Wilhelm Schickard (1592 - 1635) German scientist, astronomer, mathematician and orientalist, creator of the first calculator,

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Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662) The machine went down in the history of the development of computing technology under the name "Pascalina". While working on the device, Pascal made more than 50 different models of his machine, in which he experimented not only with materials, but also with the shape of machine parts. The first working machine was manufactured already in 1842, but its final version appeared only in 1654.

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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 - 1716) The German philosopher, mathematician and physicist Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1670 gave the first description of his arithmetic tool, which allows adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, extracting square roots, using the binary number system. The final version was completed in 1710. It was a more advanced device that used a moving part (a prototype of a carriage) and a handle with which the operator rotated the wheel.

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Charles Babbage (1792 - 1871) In 1822, a prototype Difference Engine was built, capable of calculating and printing large mathematical tables

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The development of computer technology, following the generally accepted classification, can be divided into the following stages: Manual - from the 5th millennium. Mechanical - from the middle of the 17th century. Electromechanical - since the 90s of the 19th century Electronic - since the 40s of the 20th century.

11 slide

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1801: Jacquard loom. Designed by Joseph Marie Jacquard, it was the first machine to use punched cards to control a series of sequences. The machine used a punched card to change the pattern of the fabric being produced. It was a kind of binary code: according to the principle “there is a hole - there is no hole.” The Jacquard loom was a key step in the development of computer programming.

12 slide

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At the end of the 19th century, Herman Hollerith in America invented counting and punching machines. They used punched cards for storage. Each such machine could execute only one specific program, manipulating punched cards and numbers punched on them. Counting and punching machines performed perforation, sorting, summing, and printing numerical tables. These machines were able to solve many typical problems of statistical processing, accounting and others.

Slide 13

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The first computer - a universal machine using vacuum tubes - was built in the USA in 1945. This machine was called ENIAC (stands for: Electronic Digital Integrator and Calculator). The designers of ENIAC were J. Mauchly and J. Eckert. The counting speed of this machine exceeded the speed of relay machines of that time by a thousand times.

Slide 14

Slide description:

In our country, the first computer was created in 1951. It was called MESM - small electronic calculating machine. The designer of the MESM was Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev. Under the leadership of S.A. Lebedev in the 50s, serial tube computers BESM-1 (large electronic calculating machine), BESM-2, M-20 were built. At that time, these cars were among the best in the world.

15 slide

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The second generation computers were made up of transistors; they took up less space, consumed less electricity and were more reliable. The highest achievement of domestic computer technology created by the team of S.A. Lebedev was responsible for the development in 1966 of the BESM-6 semiconductor computer with a productivity of 1 million operations per second.

16 slide

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The third generation computer is responsible for the creation of an integrated circuit (IC) in the form of a single crystal, in a miniature case of which transistors, diodes, capacitors, and resistors were concentrated. The creation of processors was carried out on the basis of planar diffusion technology.

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The improvement of integrated circuits led to the emergence of microprocessors implemented in a single chip, including random access memory (LSI - large integrated circuits), which marked the transition to the fourth generation of computers. They have become smaller, more reliable and cheaper. The creation of fourth-generation computers led to the rapid development of mini- and especially micro-computers - personal computers (1968), which allowed the mass user to obtain a means to enhance their intellectual capabilities.

Presentation for the Computer Literacy Club class on the topic "History of the Computer"

The presentation tells about the history of the development of computers in the world and in our country. No other machine in history has brought such rapid and profound changes to our world.Computers create thousands of conveniences and services in our daily lives.

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Slide captions:

History of the computer

The first calculating machine. At all times people had to count

The first computers At the end of the 19th century, Herman Hollerith in America invented counting and punching machines. They used punched cards to store numerical information.

The first computers G. Hollerith founded a company producing counting and punching machines, which was then transformed into IBM, now the world's most famous computer manufacturer.

The first computer - a universal machine using vacuum tubes - was built in the USA in 1945.

The first computers in our country. In our country, the first computer was created in 1951. It was called MESM - small electronic calculating machine. The designer of the MESM was Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev

Electronic computer technology is usually divided into generations

Second generation

Third generation They were called integrated circuits (ICs)

Fourth generation A microprocessor is a miniature brain that works according to a program stored in its memory.

Fifth generation Fifth generation computers are machines of the near future. Their main quality should be a high intellectual level.

No other machine in history has brought such rapid and profound changes to our world. Thanks to computers, such significant achievements as landing vehicles on the surface of the Moon and exploring the planets of the solar system became possible. Computers create thousands of conveniences and services in our daily lives. They operate anesthesia equipment in operating rooms, help children study in schools, and “invent” video tricks for cinema. Computers took over the functions of typewriters in newspaper offices and counting machines in banks. They improve the quality of television pictures, operate telephone exchanges and determine the price of purchases at the department store register. In other words, they have become so firmly established in modern life that it is almost impossible to do without them.

Internet resources: http://www.obyava.zp.ua/26520.html computer http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82 %D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%AD%D0 %92%D0%9C&noreask=1&img_url=upload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F3%2F36%2FColossusRebuild_12.jpg&pos=5&rpt=simage&lr=37 the first computer http://osvoenie-pk.ru/ustr_istoria.htm history of the computer http://chernykh.net/content/view/12/36/ computer history http://pix.com.ua/ru/art/museums/museums_of_ottawa_hull/519031-upsee.html abacus