The Russian language contains auxiliary and significant parts of speech. A verb belongs to independent parts of speech. “Glagolit” in Old Russian meant “to speak.” Thus, even our ancestors proved that literate speech is impossible without the dynamics of the narrative, which is achieved by using verbs.

What is a verb: morphological and syntactic features

The verb talks about the action of an object. The verb is determined by the questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”. When characterizing a verb, pay attention to its grammatical meaning, morphological features and function in a sentence. The grammatical features of a verb are divided into constant and inconstant.

The points of view of scientists regarding the identification of verb forms differ. There are still debates whether the participle and gerund are distinguished as significant parts of speech, or whether they are just forms of the verb. We will consider them as independent.

Grammatical meaning of the verb

Grammatically, a verb talks about the action of an object. There are several groups of actions that are expressed by verbs:

1. Work, labor of the subject of speech: “sharpen”, “drive”, “build”, “dig”.
2. Speech or mental activity: “talk”, “assume”, “think”, “figure out”.
3. The movement of an object in space, its position: “drive”, “be”, “sit”, “be located”.
4. The emotional state of the subject of speech: “sad”, “hate”, “cherish”, “love”.
5. State of the environment: “evening”, “freezing”, “drizzle”.

In addition to the general grammatical meaning of the verb, it is worth mentioning its syntactic function. In a sentence it is one of the main members, the predicate. The predicate verb agrees with the subject and forms the predicative basis of the sentence with it. Questions are asked from the verb to the secondary members of the predicate group. As a rule, these are additions and circumstances expressed by nouns, adverbs or gerunds.

How the verb changes: constant and inconstant signs

The morphological features of the verb are divided into constant and inconstant. This gradation occurs from the point of view of changing the word itself or only its form. For example, “read” and “read” are two different words. The difference is that “read” is an imperfect verb, and “read” is a perfect verb. They will change in different ways: the perfect verb “read” is not supposed to have the present tense. And “I read” - we read only indicate the number of the verb to read.

Constant signs of the verb:

• type (imperfect, perfect);
• conjugation (I, II, heterogeneously conjugated);
• repayment (non-refundable, returnable).

• gender (feminine, neuter, masculine);
• mood (subjunctive, indicative, imperative);
• number (plural, singular)
• time (present, past, future);

These signs are formative. Therefore, when parsing a verb, they say that it is in the form of a certain tense, mood, gender and number.

Verb moods

The grammatical features of a verb contain mood. One verb can be used in the form of the indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative moods. Thus, this category is included in the inconstant features of the verb.

• Indicative. It is characterized by the fact that the verb in this form can be used in the present, future and past tenses: “the child is playing” (present tense); “the child was playing” (past tense); “the child will play” (future tense). The indicative mood allows you to change the verb in persons and numbers.
• Conditional (subjunctive) mood. Represents an action that can only happen under a certain condition. It is formed by adding the particle would (b) to the main verb: “With your help, I would cope with difficulties.” It is possible to change the conditional verbs by number and gender; in these forms they agree in the sentence with the subject: “She would have solved this problem herself”; “They would solve this problem themselves”; “He would have solved this problem himself”; “Most would solve this problem on their own.” It is important to note that the conditional mood does not involve changing the verb tense.
• Imperative mood. Indicates encouraging the interlocutor to take action. Depending on the emotional coloring, the impulse is expressed both in the form of a wish: “Please answer the question,” and in the form of an order: “Stop shouting!” To obtain an imperative verb in the singular, it is necessary to attach the suffix -i to the stem in the present tense: “sleep - sleep”, it is possible to form it in a suffixless way: “eat - eat”. The plural is formed using the suffix -te: “draw - draw!” Imperative verbs change according to numbers: “eat soup - eat soup.” If it is necessary to convey a sharp order, the infinitive is used: “I said, everyone stand up!”

Verb tense

The morphological features of the verb contain the category of tense. Indeed, for any action it is possible to identify the time at which it occurs. Since the verb changes tenses, this category will be inconsistent.

Verb conjugations

The grammatical features of a verb cannot be fully characterized without the category of conjugation - changing them according to persons and numbers.

For clarity, here is a table:

Other features of a verb: aspect, transitivity, reflexivity

In addition to conjugation, the constant grammatical features of a verb contain the categories of aspect, transitivity and reflexivity.

• Kind of verb. There is a distinction between perfect and imperfect. The perfect form presupposes the questions “what to do?”, “What will it do?” Indicates an action that has achieved a result (“learn”), begun (“sing”) or completed (“sing”). The imperfect is characterized by the questions “what to do?”, “What does it do?” Involves an action that continues and is repeated many times (“jump”).
• Verb reflexivity. It is characterized by the presence of the suffix -sya (-s).
• Transitivity of the verb. It is determined by the ability to control a noun in the accusative case without a preposition (“to imagine the future”), if the verb has the meaning of negation - with transitivity, the noun will be in the genitive case: “I do not observe it.”

So, the signs of a verb as a part of speech are varied. To determine its permanent characteristics, it is necessary to put the part of speech in its initial form. To determine non-constant features, it is necessary to work with a verb taken in the context of the narrative.

Grammatical meanings grammatical form.

simple(synthetic) and complex(analytical):

Simple (synthetic read

I will write.

paradigm of the word

.

Inflectional;

Classification.

historical changes regulatory options: ; modern and outdated(or obsolete):

Grammatical means and methods (synthetic and analytical).

Grammatical methods (synthetic)

· method of affixation. It consists of attaching various affixes to the roots. Example: book, book, book (the sign of the case is expressed in the affix).

· -method of internal inflection (alternation).

Alternations:

-phonetic

-non-phonetic:1) historical (traditional) - they are not determined by the phonetic position of the sound. There is no explanation for them in the modern sense. They are explained historically: forehead-forehead, day-day, sleep-sleep. They are not internal inflection .2)Grammatical. This is internal inflection - this is also the sound: changes in the root, with which a change occurs. The grammatical meaning of a word, i.e. these are not any alternations of sounds, but only those that express the grammatical meaning. For the first time, the phenomenon of internal inflection was discovered on the material of Germanic (English and German) languages .In the narrow sense - classical understanding in Germanic languages. Example: sing-singen, sang-sang, sung-gesungen, song-gesang. In a broad sense, internal inflection refers to any grammatical alternation in any language. Example: avoid-avoid (the meaning of the form changes), collect-gather-gather, collect (either tense, type, or part of speech) is controversial issue.

· Reduplication (method of repetitions. This is a partial repetition of a root, stem or whole word, with the help of which the grammatical meaning is expressed. Example: orang (Malay language) - person, orang orang - people, talon - field (Philippine Islands ),taltalon-fields.

In Latin, the method of reduplication is used as one of the methods of the basic perfect: tango mordeo cado, tetigi momordi cecidi. In Russian, this method is very rarely used. Only to express a superior degree (red, red) or to express the duration of an action (ask, petitioner).

· Method of stress. This is a change in grammatical meaning with the help of stress. Example: hands-hands (number of cases), pour-pour (type). In some languages ​​where nouns have neon accents, the stress mode will always be the grammatical mode.

· Subpletivism is the combination of different stems into one grammatical pair. In Indo-European prophecy this method is widely represented. Example: formal and personal pronouns: I-me (ego-mei), man-people, talk-say.

Analytical methods-

· way of function words. Lexical meaning is expressed by a significant word, and grammatical by function words. Example: I will read, I would do, the best. French: le chat-cat,du(de)chat-cat,an chat-cat(definitive case).

· method of word order. There are languages ​​where the grammar does not depend on the word order (they have free word order) - Russian and Latin languages: Example: Father loves well-fed, Father loves son, Father loves son, Father loves son, Father loves son-the logical form may change, but not the grammatical form (father-case). Pater filium amat,.Filium pater amat,Amat filium pater. For English, you cannot change the word order. Therefore, in English, the word order method works, but in Russian and Lat, there is no way.

· Method of intonation. The grammatical structure of a sentence changes due to intonation. Example: I hear an unfamiliar voice, I hear an unfamiliar voice.

Grammatical meaning. Basic features of grammatical meaning.

Grammatical meaning is the abstract linguistic content of a grammatical unit, which has a standard expression and acts as an additional meaning to the lexical one. For example, the words smoke and house have different lexical meanings: a house is a residential building, as well as (collectively) the people living in it; smoke is an aerosol formed by the products of incomplete combustion of substances (materials). And the grammatical meanings of these words are the same: noun, common noun, inanimate, masculine, II declension, each of these words can be defined by an adjective, change according to cases and numbers, and act as a member of a sentence. Grammatical meanings are characteristic not only of words, but also of larger grammatical units: phrases, components of a complex sentence. Material expression of grammatical meaning iya is a grammatical device. Most often, grammatical meaning is expressed in affixes. It can be expressed using function words, alternating sounds, changing the place of stress and word order, intonation. Each grammatical meaning finds its expression in the corresponding grammatical form.

The grammatical forms of a word can be simple(synthetic) and complex(analytical):

Simple (synthetic) grammatical form involves the expression of lexical and grammatical meaning in the same word, inside a word (consists of one word): read– verb in the past tense form.

When grammatical meaning is expressed outside the lexeme, it is formed complex (analytical) form(combination of a significant word with a service word): I will read, let’s read! In the Russian language, the analytical forms include the form of the future tense from imperfective verbs: I will write.

Individual grammatical meanings are combined into systems. For example, singular and plural meanings are combined into a number meaning system. In such cases we talk about grammatical category of number. Thus, we can talk about the grammatical category of tense, the grammatical category of gender, the grammatical category of mood, the grammatical category of aspect, etc.

Each grammatical category has a number of grammatical forms. The set of all possible forms of a given word is called paradigm of the word. For example, the paradigm of nouns usually consists of 12 forms, and that of adjectives - of 24.

12.Grammatical categories, their originality in the languages ​​of the world. Historical changes in grammatical categories .

Inflectional;

Classification.

Inflectional - expressed through changing the forms of one word (number and case of nouns, gender, number, case, adjective).

Classification shows whether a word belongs to a specific grammatical class. The classification refers to the gender of the noun (not the translation of verbs).

The nominative-semantic meaning of the category indicates certain properties of the object: the number of nouns, the tense of verbs.

Syntactic number, formal categories, not indicating the real properties of the object, perform the function of connecting words in a sentence: gender, number, case of adjectives.

However, grammatical categories are also subject to historical changes, which lead to shifts in norms, their instability, and the emergence of various grammatical variants. These are equivalent regulatory options: shutter - shutter, workshops - workshops; normative options, stylistically unequal: five - five grams, summarize - summarize (the first - bookish, the second - colloquial); normative, semantically unequal options: to the house - to the house, (the train) is moving - moving; modern and outdated(or obsolete): sanatorium - sanatorium, professors - professors, TASS reported - TASS reported; literary and colloquial or dialect: purrs - purrs, lie down, drivers - drivers. In the conditions of Belarusian-Russian bilingualism, the use of vernacular or dialect variants in Russian speech can be supported by the influence of the Belarusian language.

Verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object as a process.

Subject characteristics are expressed in several ways: a) static characteristics or affiliations, denoted by adjectives and pronouns; b) quantitative and ordinal definitions, denoted by numerals; c) dynamic features denoted by verbs.

In terms of their meaning, verbs are contrasted primarily with adjectives, as well as other nominal parts of speech, as words that express a characteristic in the process of its formation, continuation or development. Compare for example: white snow and whitening snow, desk And wrote at the table; two eyes And seeing double; your opinion And grasp the thought. In the named pairs of words of a common root, some denote the characteristics of an object or their quantity, while others express dynamic characteristics associated with human activity or the activity of an object.

The grammatical features of the verb also differ from other parts of speech. Thus, adjectives are associated with nouns that express the meaning of the attribute in the grammatical categories of gender, number and case, dependent on the nouns. A verb can also have the categories of gender (due to connections with the pronoun) and number, depending on the noun, but it must also have the categories of aspect, transitivity/intransitivity, state of manner and time inherent only to it, characterizing the attribute of the subject in a procedural expression.

Processuality, or dynamism, is the formation or deployment of features in a time perspective. Various modal, aspectual shades, indications of an active or passive figure and other additional characteristics are uniquely manifested in the verb, closely associated with its semantics.

A feature of the verb is also the combination in its paradigm of various grammatical forms: dievidminyuvani personal (I'm writing, writing, writing etc.) and generic (wrote, wrote, would write and etc.); case (writing, written) and unchangeable - participles (wrote, having written) and infinitive, or indefinite, forms (write, write).

Divide minyuvani forms of the active, conditional and imperative modes (personal and generic) perform a predicative function in a sentence, acting as a predicate: The train started moving; Soon the linden tree will bloom; Let there be peace. Individual verb forms perform an attributive function (book read, window closed) and functions of circumstances (Having rested, he began to work). The indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) is included in the system of its paradigm as the initial form in which the action (dynamic sign) is expressed, regardless of the figure or object. The grammatical meanings of mood, tense, person (gender) and number are expressed by distinct forms of the verb; The infinitive expresses only the meaning of aspect, transitivity/intransitivity, state. It is these meanings that distinguish the verb form of the infinitive from nouns with a generalized meaning of action. Compare for example getting used is a habit, sending is a message, thinking is thinking, competing is thinking. In syntactic use there is noticeably more in common with the noun: the infinitive can be the subject (To live is to work) application (Ordered to be recalled) inconsistent definition (skills, desire to work), circumstance (My son left to study).

All verbal forms are combined into one coherent system based on the general lexical meaning of the procedural and postal categories of aspect, transitivity/intransitivity and state, as well as their ability to control the nominal form of the oblique case and be combined with observable words, for example: I was going to my father, I would go to school, I would read it in the evening, done a long time ago, saying deliberately, run around.

The verb can mean:

a) real physical action of a person: walk, write, draw;

b) the state in which the item is located: lie down, sleep, stand;

c) formation of the subject: rot, flourish, grow old;

d) a person’s attitude towards someone or something: love, respect, honor;

d) desire: want, wish, want;

e) speeches: speak, tell;

e) thinking: think, dream; T.

Verb forms:

a) indefinite form;

b) personal (non-infinitive) forms;

c) participle;

d) participle;

d) impersonal forms on -but that.

An unchangeable verb form names an action, but does not name time, person, number, or gender; it is called an indefinite form (infinitive).

The infinitive form answers the question what to do? .what to do?

For example: You can choose a friend based on the spirit of your brother, but you can’t choose your own mother.(V. Simonenko).

The indefinite form of the verb is used when you need to name an action in general, regardless of who performs it and when: until you sweat, until then you can(People. Creativity). The infinitive is the initial form of a verb.

The infinitive is characterized by such grammatical features as transitivity (build) and intransitivity (go), type (perfect or imperfect: whiten - whiten, knock - knocked).

The infinitive has a suffix ti (t). Suffix t more often used in oral speech and fiction. Eg:

Oh cherry, cherry, why so abundantly non-bearing? Young girl Why don’t you go for a walk?

(Gen. Creativity)

Indefinite verbs are close in meaning to nouns and can be replaced by them in a sentence.

For example: write correctly - competent letter: smoking is harmful - smoking is harmful.

Words eat, pythonki, bainki(and origins, origins; torture, pitki; to bed, spatochki, spatunechki) are verbs that are emotionally charged using grammatical means. Because these words call action (eat, pythons) or condition (bainki), but do not indicate time, person and number, answer questions what to do?, then they should be considered the indefinite form of the verb. There are reasons to consider these words as such, in which the suffix you dissolved by interspersed affectionate suffixes -k-, -onk-, -onk- and under.: is-t (points-) and, pi-t (-onk-) and.

So, eat, pythonki, bainki- verbs in indefinite form.

The infinitive can act as any member of a sentence, but most often it acts as the main member in an impersonal sentence: Either speak wisely, or remain completely silent(People. Creativity). In addition, the infinitive can mean confidence, determination, order, and the like.

Literally a word morphology means “the study of form,” and as a linguistic term it denotes the branch of grammar that studies the structure of words and the expression of grammatical meanings within a word. Those grammatical meanings that are expressed behind outside the word, are studied in another section of grammar - in syntax. And the word as a carrier of meaning, a designation of concepts of the real world, is studied in the “Vocabulary” section.

In the process of verbal communication, people deal with meaning, expressed, for example, in the following sentence: His closet was located under the very roof of a tall five-story building and looked more like a closet than an apartment.(F. Dostoevsky). In order for the meaning of a sentence to become accessible to the reader, the author must not only find the necessary, exact words, but also connect them in such a way that the words can cooperate with each other and are adapted to one another.

In the Russian language, this adaptation is carried out with the help of various endings, which (along with prepositions and some particles, as well as with the help of word order) outwardly express the “relationship” of words, their role in a sentence.

According to characteristic sets of grammatical features, according to the “tendency” to play one or another role in a sentence, according to certain semantic characteristics, grammatical classes of words can be distinguished; they are called parts of speech. The distribution by parts of speech is made on the basis of three criteria - semantic, morphological and syntactic.

Modern grammar of the Russian language distinguishes ten parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral, verb, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, particle, interjection. However, not all linguists adhere to this point of view: some linguists distinguish a different number of parts of speech, since the principles for distributing words into different grammatical classes may be different.

The question of dividing all the words of a language into classes has repeatedly arisen before linguists of different eras and peoples. In the 4th century BC. two prominent philosophers in different parts of the world identified four parts of speech: Aristotle in Ancient Greece - name, verb, member And union(or bunch), Panini in Ancient India in Sanskrit language - name, verb, preposition, particle. In the 8th century BC. the situation is changing - Aristarchus of Samothrace (philosopher of the Alexandrian school) already identifies 8 parts of speech: name, verb, participle, member, pronoun, preposition, adverb. This view of word classes has been maintained in various grammars for a very long time. Thus, in the “Grammar” of Meletius Smotritsky, dating back to the 17th century, one can find a description of the eight parts of speech of the Russian language. M.V. Lomonosov in “Russian Grammar” makes some clarifications: he proposes to distinguish between names. Its classification is as follows: Name(actual name, adjective and numeral), pronoun, verb, participle, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection.

Russian scientists A.A. paid closer attention to morphology at the end of the 19th century. Potebnya and F.F. Fortunatov.

Each of them put forward different principles for classifying words.

A.A. Potebnya suggested putting semantics first, but not forgetting to take into account the syntactic role of the word in the sentence. F.F. Fortunatov believed that the most important thing in classifying words is the consistent implementation of the morphological principle, i.e. taking into account the inflection features of a particular lexeme. Therefore, he called grammatical classes of words formal classes. Subsequently, the principles of classification of parts of speech were built on trying to combine these two principles proposed by outstanding linguists. Among the Russian linguists who paid a lot of attention to morphological problems are A.M. Peshkovsky, A.A. Shakhmatova, L.V. Shcherbu. However, the most outstanding merit belongs to V.V. Vinogradov. His classification of parts of speech is multi-stage in nature and is based on the role of words in a sentence (the first stage is the division of words into parts of speech and particles of speech, i.e. particles, connective particles, prepositions, conjunctions), and on their semantics and features inflections. V.V. Vinogradov identifies a special part of speech – the category of state. Nevertheless, the question of parts of speech - their number and the principles of isolation - has not yet been finally resolved. Traditional school grammar, as already noted, distinguishes 10 parts of speech. Some scholars believe that participles and gerunds are not verbal forms, but separate grammatical classes, due to which the number of parts of speech increases. What if we also add a condition category? However, there is an opinion according to which the number of parts of speech is reduced due to the pronoun. So, N.N. Durnovo, M.V. Panov does not distinguish the pronoun as a special part of speech, although its role as a special group of words is emphasized and its significance for the language is not diminished.

In addition, other, more specific problems may arise. One of them is morphological homonymy. The same word “works” in one sentence, for example, as a participle, and in another as a noun: 1) The head of the department, the woman, was too young. 2) The manager spent her weekdays on the phone. In the first sentence the word head is a participle, since it, on the one hand, defines a noun woman, agreeing with it in gender, number and case, and on the other hand, it controls the noun dependent on it department, requiring him to use the instrumental case. Thus, in this sentence the word head combines both the signs of an adjective and the signs of a verb (non-formal, intransitive, active, present tense), i.e. is a participle. In the second sentence the word head is a noun: it plays the role of a subject (stands in a noun), is determined by a verb in the past tense form as a noun. female kind and unity. numbers. From the point of view of word formation, syntactic derivation occurred - a word passed from one part of speech to another. From a morphological point of view, we are dealing with different parts of speech. And they are spelled the same!

The purpose of this article is to recall the order of morphological parsing of a word, pointing out those “tense” places that you need to be able to bypass, that you need to learn to cope with when parsing a word as a part of speech.

Noun

I. General grammatical meaning - denotes an object. The meaning of objectivity is grammatically expressed in a noun. Other parts of speech define the noun in one way or another: fashionable boots, sew boots, ten boots, accordion boots.

II. Grammatical features.

A. Permanent.

1. Proper or common noun. Common nouns denote classes of objects, substances, actions, properties (wood, resin, running, durability), and proper nouns denote unique objects: Moscow, Beethoven, Neva, Russia, Jupiter.

2. Concrete, material, abstract, collective. Indeed, nouns have such ranks in meaning, but they are important not simply because they have different lexical meanings. Nouns are divided into two classes: class of countable objects and class of uncountable objects. The first class includes all concrete nouns that name material objects. Words of this class can vary in number. Words of the uncountable class of objects do not change by number and have a form similar to that of either the singular or the plural. Nouns with an abstract lexical meaning, real nouns, collective nouns and proper nouns belong to this class.
Therefore, it is important to note that the word belongs to the class of countable - uncountable words, and then indicate to which category in meaning the analyzed word belongs.
Of course, cases are also possible when real words are used in the meaning of concrete ones, for example, teas(different varieties), oils, fats. Sometimes nouns denoting individual objects are used in the meaning of real or collective nouns: They sold fluff and feather. It's already hiding sheet golden wet ground in the forest. In such cases, nouns lose their plural. This suggests that you need to be attentive to the exact meaning in which the word is used in a given context.

3. Animate or inanimate. This is a grammatical category that differs in the form of wines. p. – in II class. in units h., and for other inflectional types - in the plural. h. According to this category, words are divided into “grammatically” living - animate - and “grammatically” inanimate - inanimate. I see (who?) boy, horses, dolls, jack, ace, king, dead man, dead man, cat. I see (what?) ghost, field, people, crowds, paintings, tree, grass. Vin.p. nouns of the first group coincide with the gender, of the second group - with the im.

4. Rod. Nouns do not change, but are divided into genders: masculine, feminine, neuter and common.
The gender of a noun can be determined in three ways: 1) in agreement with an adjective or verb in the past tense - blue oh ocean, the ocean stretched -€-xia; 2) by a set of endings, for example, gender. and them. cases – table-€ + table(m.r.) or mouse-€ + mice(f.r.). 3) replacing the noun with the corresponding personal pronoun.
Common nouns include words of the first declension with endings - and I), which characterize a person: roar, greedy, ignorant, arrogant, imagined. Depending on the gender of the named object, these words “work” either as nouns w.r., or as nouns m.r.: Vasya is such a bully! Inga is a terrible crybaby.

B. Non-constant grammatical features include:

1. Number. Most nouns – i.e. nouns belonging to the class of countable words are inflected by numbers and have either a singular form or a plural form.

2. Case. Nouns change by case. The group of borrowed nouns does not change by case, such as cinema, metro, coat, coffee, kangaroo etc. However, in a sentence you can see what syntactic position they occupy: through the grammatical form of words related to them in meaning: Metro was o closed o. Word metro stands in the form of them. p., since it occupies the position of the subject. We will get there (by what?) by metro. In this sentence the word metro stands in place of the indirect object - and according to the control connection coming from the verb we'll get there, we establish its case – instrumental .

III. In a sentence, a noun usually does the job of subject or object, but it can do any other job: be an inconsistent modifier (She had a checkered skirt), application (A beautiful butterfly fluttered over the flowers), circumstance (Father worked in the city), the nominal part of a compound predicate (Volodya was employees) .

. I was looking for peace and wisdom, found oblivion among nature.(A.N. Tolstoy)

Peace - noun.

I. General grammatical meaning – subject, denotes a state, beginning. form - peace.
II. Constant features: common noun, belongs to the class of uncountable objects (type of lexical meaning - abstract), masculine, 2nd declension.
Non-permanent signs: stands in the form of genus. n. (We do not define the form of the number, since this word has no opposition by number.)

III. In a sentence it acts as a complement.

Adjective

I. General grammatical meaning - denotes a feature of an object that is consistent with the word (usually a noun) denoting the object, and does not indicate a relationship to time.

II. Grammatical features.

A. Permanent. Qualitative, relative or possessive. Possessive adjectives are the easiest to define: these words indicate that the attribute belongs to some person or thing, answer the question whose?: Titmouse calendar, fish tail, Zayushkin's hut, wolf nature, crow's throat.
Relative adjectives, characterizing an object, indicate its attribute through its relationship to another object, quantity, etc. All these words are derivatives, formed from other parts of speech: strawberry jam, railway bridge, three-meter height, moonlit night, swan song.

B.
Qualitative adjectives directly indicate the attribute of an object: kind, brave, simple, complex, complete, whole, rich, eternal.
In some cases, relative adjectives can become qualitative. We learn about this from the context - with what word this adjective is used, what it means: wooden gait, golden hands, heart of stone, sugar lips. A qualitative feature can be manifested in an object to a greater or lesser extent, therefore only qualitative adjectives can have such a variable grammatical feature as the degree of comparison.
Only qualitative adjectives can have a short form, therefore, among the unstable features of qualitative adjectives, we note the full or short form.
Let us write down the degree of comparison in which the qualitative adjective stands: in the original, comparative or superlative.
For all adjectives we indicate the forms of gender, number and case.
Let us recall that short adjectives change according to gender and number, the form of the comparative degree does not change in any way.

III. In a sentence, an adjective is most often a definition or a nominal part of a compound predicate; short forms have only one “place of work” - as part of the predicate.

Note. There are a number of words in the Russian language that, in meaning and role in a sentence, are adjectives, but are grammatically unable to express their “class” affiliation. These are words like (language) Hindi,(language) Urdu,(color) Marengo,(trousers) khaki,(skirt) bell-bottom etc. Such adjectives are called analytical, because in order to find out their grammatical meaning, you need to analyze their connections with other words in the sentence. Like any adjective, they define nouns, answer questions Which? which? which?

Example of morphological analysis. He even spoke the language Somalia .

Somalia – adjective, defines a word language.

I,II. Relative adjective (describes a characteristic through its relationship to an object - to language). Unchangeable.

III. The sentence is an inconsistent definition.

Signs contain a lot accurate knowledge and poetry. (K. Paustovsky)

Accurate – adjective, defines the attribute of a word knowledge, beginning form - accurate.

I, II. Qualitative adjective, complete, agreed with a noun in singular form. h., m.r. and family P.

III. In a sentence is an agreed upon definition.

Numeral

This grammatical class of words has not yet been fully formed in modern Russian. It includes words denoting quantity and naming a number, but due to the unformed grammatical features, some words denoting quantity belong to other parts of speech. Words thousand, million, billion– nouns, one– adjective (since it can change both by gender and even by number: one day, one night, one lesson, one day). All ordinal numbers according to a set of grammatical features are relative adjectives. Only three numerals are capable of partial change by gender; these are the words: two(friend, sun) – two(girls), both(friend, sun) – both(girls), one and a half(day, apple) – one and a half(pages).

I. Thus, the general grammatical meaning that unites words into the class of numerals is the designation of the quantity or serial number of an object.

II. Grammatical features. They change according to cases. The words already mentioned have their own special characteristics.
When analyzing numerals, it is customary to note their structure and rank in meaning. According to their structure, numerals are: non-derivative (two, four, ten, one hundred, forty), derivatives (fifteen, twenty, eighty), composite (twenty one, two tenths, one thousand sixty three). Quantitative ones are distinguished by value (seven, eighteen, sixty two), fractional (one ninth, five sixths), collective (two, four), ordinal (third, twenty-fifth, one hundred and fifty-first).

III. Syntactic role. If a numeral names a number, it usually appears in a sentence as a subject or a predicate: Five plus five it will be ten . If the numeral denotes the number of objects, which happens most often, then the numeral together with the noun form an indivisible syntactic unit, and together with the noun they perform the work that is necessary in the sentence: Two sofas stood in the living room. Donut ate five buns for lunch. The squad was missing three guys. His did not have two weeks.

. The temperature in the water reached only plus seven degrees. Semi – numeral.

I. General grammatical meaning – denotes quantity (degrees), beginning form - seven.

II. Grammatical features: quantitative numeral, non-derivative, in gender form. case.

III. In a sentence together with the word degrees forms a compound minor member of the sentence - an addition.

Adverb

I. General grammatical meaning – a sign of an action or attribute (quick to understand, very fast, very funny).

II. Usually, an adverb has a category of meaning: attributive (qualitative, quantitative, image and method of action, comparative-similar), adverbial (place, time, reason, purpose, etc.).

Only one thing can be said about the grammar of an adverb - it does not change, has no forms of inflection, except for one type of adverbs, those formed from adjectives using a suffix -o(s) : they may have a degree of comparison - initial (high, deep), comparative (jumped higher, dived deeper), excellent (highly awarded, deeply touched by concern).

III. In a sentence it is usually an adverbial adverbial clause.

Example of morphological analysis. This thought did not leave me and prevented me from treating him still . (A.S. Pushkin)

Still – adverb.

I. General grammatical meaning - a sign of an action denoted by a verb make do.

II. Belongs to the category of qualitative adverbs and does not change.

III. In a sentence it is a circumstance of the manner of action.

Verb

I. The general grammatical meaning of a verb is a designation of a procedural feature of an object. A procedural feature is one that changes, flows in time, “revives” the motionless objective world, and is opposed to those static features that were named by the previous parts of speech. The verb has the largest set of grammatical features.

II. A. The permanent features of the grammatical system of a verb are the following.

1. View: perfect and imperfect. The easiest way to distinguish one type from another is to put a question to the verb. To the question what to do? imperfect verbs answer the question what to do? Perfective verbs answer. The grammatical meaning behind the name of the species and behind the questions is, of course, different. Thus, verbs of the perfect form indicate that the called action has internally exhausted itself and has come to completion: read, dance, fly, sing and so on. Imperfect verbs denote an action that has neither beginning nor end and does not indicate completion.
Let us recall that in the Russian language there are two-type verbs that by themselves, without context, are not able to indicate the type of action: execute, marry, install telephones, gasify. But each time in a specific text they acquire one or another specific meaning: Were going to (what to do?) marry your son. Every year he gets married(what is he doing?) first one, then another son.

2. Transitivity – intransitivity. The meaning of this grammatical category is that some of the verbs are capable of indicating a process that covers the entire object of their action. These are transitive verbs: build(house) , paint(wall) , to knit(socks) , sing(romance). Formally, transitivity is expressed in the fact that verbs control nouns in the accusative case form without a preposition, and in rare cases, namely when the meaning of a part of an object or negation is expressed, transitive verbs control a noun in the genitive case form: cut the cheese, have no talent. All other verbs are intransitive: think about holidays, live in the Canary Islands, ring the bell, imitate the poet and so on.
Even if in the sentence you are analyzing the verb is used with a noun that is not in the accusative case, but in principle it has such a possibility, you should mark it as a transitive verb: paint quickly, knit from threads, build with workers, sing for pay etc.

3. Refundability – non-refundability. This grammatical feature characterizes the action in terms of direction: non-reflexive verbs indicate the direction of the action to some object, and reflexive verbs direct the action to the person who performs it, compare: rinse - rinse, comb - comb, meet - meet etc. The formal indicator of a reflexive verb is the postfix -sya (s) . It should be added that all reflexive verbs are intransitive.

4. Conjugation. There are two inflectional types of verbs in the Russian language, the so-called first and second conjugations. We need to remember the signs of identifying verbs of I and II conjugations that were studied in elementary school and repeated year after year. Do not forget that in the Russian language there are several differently conjugated verbs. These are the words eat, give, run, want and prefixes from them: give, give, eat, run away and so on.

B. Inconsistent grammatical features.

1. Inclination: indicative, conditional (or subjunctive), imperative.

2. In the indicative mood, verbs change as follows:

a) at times. Let us remind you: imperfective verbs have three forms of tense: past (read), the present (reading), composite future (I will read). Perfective verbs have two forms of tense: past (read), simple future (I'll read);
b) in the past tense - by childbirth And numbers,
V) in the present and future tense - according to persons And numbers.

3. In the conditional mood, verbs change according to gender and number.

4. In the imperative mood - by numbers.

III. In a sentence, the verb in the personal form is always the predicate. The infinitive, or indefinite form of the verb, can be almost any part of the sentence, and other verbal forms - participle and gerund - are discussed below.
Finding the verb in a sentence is not difficult. No one has ever had difficulty defining a word as a verb. Doubts can only arise in cases where one form of the verb is used instead of another form. For example, the form of the conditional mood in the meaning of the form of the imperative mood: Peter, I would go you're getting bread. When analyzing a verb, it is necessary to note that the word is in one form, but the meaning is completely different. In this way, you show that you can distinguish between form and content.

It may also be the other way around, that the form of the imperative mood is used in the meaning of the conditional mood: Pinches of fox hair don't be sorry- if only she had a tail. (I.A. Krylov)

In emotionally charged speech, it often happens that some verb forms can take on the meaning of other verb forms and at the same time have a stylistic coloring. When talking about an important or unusual event in our lives, we often begin our story like this: I'm coming I'm somehow down the street... or I'm coming back I'm going home one day... The form of the present tense in these statements has the meaning of the past tense, but at the same time fixes the listener’s attention on the process of the event, rivets his attention, makes him, as it were, an accomplice in the action that unfolds before his eyes.

"What have I done! / I'm dead!/ To me of his own free will, / The sun itself, / Spreading its ray-steps, / Walks into the field.”, - exclaims the lyrical hero of the famous poem by V.V. Mayakovsky. But the hero is alive. The past tense form has a strong emotional connotation; the verb in this case is close in meaning to the interjection, but does not carry the meaning of the past tense of the indicative mood.

Another example. A.S. Pushkin talks about how he once saw his lyceum friend among the prisoners: I involuntarily turned to him. We are closely look at each other - and me I'll find out Kuchelbecker. We ran into each other's arms.

Present tense, surrounded by past tense forms. The situation reported in the sentence stretches out, even freezes in time - like in slow motion when a movie is played. This moment is so important in the story that it is impossible to “run through it” like the rest, side actions. The present tense form out of place gives the proper stylistic coloring to the text.

Example of morphological analysis. When on a sunny morning in summer, will you go into the forest, then diamonds are visible in the fields and grass.(L. Tolstoy)

Will you go - verb.

I. General grammatical meaning is a procedural feature of the subject (the subject is not expressed in the sentence). Beginning form - go.

II. Grammatical features:

A. Constants: perfective, intransitive, irreversible, belongs to the I conjugation.
B. Inconstant: indicative mood, form of simple future tense, 2nd person (used in a generalized personal meaning), singular. number.

III. The predicate works in a sentence.

A verb is a part of speech that includes words that denote an action or state of an object (answer the questions what to do? what to do?), for example: listen, work, bring in, bloom, save, melt, be sad.

Every verb has an initial form called the indefinite form (or infinitive). Verbs in the infinitive form have formative suffixes -ть, -ти, -ч (see examples above). The indefinite form only names an action or state, without indicating either time, number, or person. Verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive. Transitive verbs denote an action that can move to another object, the name of which is in the accusative case without a preposition. For example: read a newspaper, send a telegram, buy flowers. All other verbs are intransitive. For example: walk in the park, fly south, threaten the enemy. Verbs with a special suffix -sya (-s) are called reflexive. For example: shave - shave, bathe - swim, build - build. All reflexive verbs are intransitive. Verbs come in perfect and imperfect forms. The type of verb shows how the action occurs. Perfective verbs answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of an action, its result, the end of an action, its beginning. For example: draw, throw, bloom, sing. They have two tenses: the past (what did they do? - drew, threw, bloomed, sang) and the future simple, consisting of one word (what will they do? - drew, threw, faded, sang). Verbs do not have perfect forms in the present tense. Imperfective verbs answer the question what to do? and when denoting an action, they do not indicate its completion, result, end or beginning. For example: draw, throw, bloom, sing. They have three tenses: the past (what were they doing? - drawing, throwing, blooming, singing), the present (what are they doing? - drawing, throwing, blooming, singing) and the future complex, consisting of two words: the words will be (you will be, there will be and etc.) and the indefinite form of this verb (what will they do? - they will draw, they will throw, they will bloom, they will sing). Verbs have mood forms that show how the speaker evaluates the action, that is, whether he considers it real, or possible under some condition, or desirable. The Russian language has three moods: indicative, subjunctive and imperative. The indicative mood shows that the action is real, is actually happening, has happened or will happen. For example: In the morning we hit the road. Now we are talking. Tomorrow I will see you again. In the indicative mood, the verb changes tenses and has forms of present, past and future tense. The subjunctive (conditional) mood shows that an action is possible only under a certain condition. For example: Without you, I would not have gotten to the city and would have frozen on the road. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense form by adding the particle would. In the subjunctive mood, verbs change by number, and in the singular by gender (i.e., in the same way as past tense verbs change). For example: to read - would read (m. r.), would read (w. r.), would read (w. r.), would read (pl.). (Pay attention to the separate spelling of the particle would.) The imperative mood denotes an action that is commanded, asked, advised to be performed. For example: Rub her hands. Cover your feet with a blanket. The imperative mood is formed by adding the suffix -i- to the stem of the present (future simple) tense or without a suffix. For example: carry - carry - carry; bring - bring - bring; tell - tell - tell; cook - cook - cook. In the plural, -te is added: carry, bring, tell, cook. In the subjunctive and imperative moods, the verb does not change tenses. In a sentence, verbs in all moods are usually predicate.

Changing verbs in the present and future tense according to persons and numbers is called conjugation. Verbs with the endings -у(-у), -еь(-еь), -ет(-ет), -ем(-ем), -еte(-еte), - ut(-yut) - I conjugation. Verbs with endings -у(-у), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at(-yat) - II conjugation. The verbs want, run are differently conjugated. In units h. the verb to want is conjugated according to the I conjugation (I want, you want, wants), and in the plural. h. - according to the II conjugation (we want, want, want). The verb to run has a 3rd person plural. including form I conjugation (run), the remaining forms - II conjugation (run, run, run, run). Among the verbs, there is a group of impersonal verbs that do not change either in number, or in persons, or in gender. Impersonal verbs are used in two forms: 1) in a form that coincides with the form of the 3rd person singular. Part of the present (future simple) tense, for example: it is dawning, dawning, dawning, chilling, getting dark; 2) in a form that coincides with the neuter form of the past tense, for example: it was dawning, it dawned, it dawned, it was chilly, it was getting dark. In a sentence, impersonal verbs are predicates, and they do not (and cannot have) a subject. For example: 1. It was slightly windy all night. 2. I'm not feeling well. Personal verbs can also have an impersonal meaning. For example: 1. A tree was set on fire by a thunderstorm. (Wed: Lightning lit a tree.) 2. The smell of hay over the meadows. (Wed: Hay smells nice.)